ZULULAND DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY

WASTE DISPOSAL SITE REGIONALISATION INVESTIGATION: ZULULAND DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY

April 2007

Client: Compiled By: Zululand District Municipality Kwezi V3 Engineers Private Bag X76 P.O. Box 467 3538 3100 PROJECT NO: 225280PW0 ZULULAND DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY: WASTE DISPOSAL SITE REGIONALISATION INVESTIGATION

Table of Contents

TECHNICAL DEFINITIONS ...... V

1 INTRODUCTION...... 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.2 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK...... 1

1.2.1 National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998...... 2

1.2.2 Environment Conservation Act 73 of 1989...... 4

1.2.3 The Physical Planning Act 125 of 1991 ...... 5

1.2.4 National Water Act 36 of 1998 ...... 5

1.2.5 Health Act 63 of 1977 ...... 5

1.2.6 DWAF Minimum Requirements for Landfill, 2nd edition, 1998 ...... 6

1.2.7 National Waste Management Strategy and Action Plans...... 6

1.3 GENERAL ...... 7

2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION...... 8

2.1 GENERAL ...... 8

2.2 WASTE GENERATION ...... 8

3 STATUS QUO AND FUTURE OF EXISTING DISPOSAL FACILITIES ...... 11

3.1 GENERAL ...... 11

3.2 UPHONGOLO...... 11

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3.2.1 Belgrade...... 11

3.2.2 Pongola...... 12

3.2.3 Magudu ...... 12

3.3 EDUMBE...... 13

3.3.1 /eDumbe ...... 13

3.3.2 Frischgewaagd / Ebilonjeni ...... 13

3.4 ABAQULUSI...... 14

3.4.1 ...... 14

3.4.2 Vaalbank / / Thuthukane...... 14

3.4.3 EMondlo / Bhekumthetho...... 15

3.4.4 Vryheid...... 15

3.4.5 Alpha...... 16

3.4.6 Coronation ...... 16

3.4.7 Enyathi Township...... 17

3.4.8 Nkongolwana ...... 17

3.5 ...... 17

3.5.1 Nongoma ...... 17

3.6 ULUNDI ...... 18

3.6.1 ...... 18

3.6.2 Ulundi...... 19

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3.6.3 ...... 19

3.6.4 Emakosini Settlement ...... 20

3.7 MAPPING OF EXISTING AND PROPOSED DISPOSAL SITES ...... 20

3.8 SUMMARY: FUTURE OF EXISTING FACILITIES...... 22

3.9 COST ESTIMATE: UPGRADING AND CLOSURE OF EXISTING SITES ...... 25

4 WASTE DISPOSAL REGIONALISATION ...... 29

4.1 GENERAL ...... 29

4.2 PROPOSED SIZING OF REGIONAL LANDFILLS AND TRANSFER STATIONS .29

4.3 COST ESTIMATE FOR ESTABLISHING A REGIONAL LANDFILL SITE/S AND TRANSFER STATIONS...... 34

4.3.1 Classify the proposed landfill/transfer station...... 34

4.3.2 Identifying a suitable regional landfill site/transfer station in a particular area...... 34

4.3.3 Feasibility study on the best alternative ...... 34

4.3.4 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and other investigations...... 35

4.3.5 Prepare Designs for Proposed Landfill Site/Transfer station ...... 35

4.3.6 Apply for permit from Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT)...... 35

4.3.7 Compilation of Tender Documents, Tender Letting and Adjudication...... 35

4.3.8 Equipment Requirements...... 35

4.3.9 Cost Estimate: Establishment and Operation of Regional Disposal Site/s ...... 37

4.3.10 Cost Estimate: Establishing and Operation of Transfer Station/s ...... 38

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4.3.11 Total Cost Estimate CAPEX and OPEX: Option 1 and 2 (Road Transport)...... 41

4.4 WASTE BY RAIL OPTION...... 42

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS...... 45

APPENDIX A: MAP INDICATING POSITIONS FOR REGIONAL LANDFILL SITE AND TRANSFER STATIONS.

APPENDIX B: CAPITAL AND OPERATIONAL CALCULATIONS FOR TRANSFER STATIONS.

APPENDIX C: CAPITAL AND OPERATIONAL CALCULATIONS FOR DIFFERENT OPTIONS

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TECHNICAL DEFINITIONS

Aquifer is a water bearing formation capable of supplying a sufficient yield for a community based potable water source.

Cell is a volume of waste generally placed during one working day and covered on all horizontal surfaces by cover soil.

Communal Landfill is the smallest landfill classification with a capacity of less than 25 tonnes per day.

Composting is the controlled aerobic biological decomposition of organic matter, such as food scraps and plant matter, into humus, a soil-like material. Aerobic is the decomposition process in the presence of oxygen.

Confirmation of Site Feasibility is the initial step in the DWAF permitting process that establishes the basic site features and general feasibility for a fully permitted landfill.

Controlled landfill is a solid waste management facility used for the disposal of non-hazardous domestic waste and non-infectious medical waste, which employs compaction of wastes, covering of waste with soil cover material, and the management of leachate and gaseous materials produced by the organic decomposition of the landfilled waste, all in such a manner as not to harm human health and minimize negative impacts to the environment.

Daily cover is a daily application and compaction of approximately 15 centimetres of soil intended to control blowing litter, odours, flies, rats and fires, intended for an exposure of less than one week.

Design Drawings are drawings prepared by the landfill designer and include dimensions, specifications and other technical data regarding the construction of the landfill.

Domestic solid waste (General Waste) is solid waste generated by single or multifamily residential dwellings, and solid waste of a non-hazardous nature, generated by wholesale, retail, institutional or service establishments such as office buildings, stores, markets, restaurants, theatres, hotels, warehouses, industrial operations and manufacturing processes.

Final Cover is an application and compaction of soil on the landfill after it has reached its designed elevation. The final cover soil shall be relatively impermeable and have a thickness of approximately 50 centimetres.

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Groundwater is all waters flowing or existing under the ground surface.

Hazardous waste is any waste, which by reason of chemical reactivity, or toxic, explosive, corrosive or other characteristics causes danger or is likely to cause danger to human health or the environment, whether alone or in combination with other wastes. Hazardous waste is categorized in four hazard ratings with 1 being the most hazardous and 4 being the least hazardous.

Incineration is the controlled combustion of solid waste employing closed combustion chambers, controlled combustion air, temperature monitoring and control to insure complete combustion of organic matter with a minimum of undesirable air emissions and wastewater discharges.

Intermediate cover is an application and compaction of cover having the same functions as daily cover but applied at a thickness of 30 centimetres, intended to be exposed for a period of one week to one year.

Landfill Classification is a system under the DWAF Minimum Requirements for classifying landfill according to the type and size (TPD) of the landfill, and its potential for significant leachate generation.

Landfill gas is the gaseous by-product of organic decomposition of landfilled waste. Landfill gas contains significant concentrations of methane gas, which is explosive at concentrations exceeding 5 percent.

Leachate is the liquid by-product of organic decomposition of landfilled waste or any liquid that comes in contact with solid waste in a sanitary landfill.

Lift is a series of one or more landfill cells forming a section of landfilled waste that extends horizontally across the landfill.

Medical waste is any waste generated by hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, doctor's offices, medical laboratories, research facilities and veterinarians, which are infectious or potentially infectious;

Operating Plan consists of drawings, descriptions and other documents regarding the operation of the landfill, placement of waste, building daily cells and lifts, leachate management, landfill gas management and all other functions related to the operation of the landfill.

Operator is the person or organisation responsible for the operation of the landfill. The operator may be the owner, another public agency or private contractor.

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Owner is the person or organisation that owns the property and/or facilities that constitute the landfill

Perimeter drains are open ditches surrounding the landfill installed to prevent surface water from entering the landfill.

Recycling is the sorting, processing, and transportation of solid waste materials, products or containers for the purpose of remanufacture or reuse.

Scavenging is the unauthorised separation of solid waste for recyclable materials and food for human consumption.

Solid Waste is waste of a solid nature generated by a person, business or industry.

Solid Waste Management facility is any facility used for the transportation, processing or disposal of solid waste, and includes transfer stations, recycling facilities, composting facilities, waste incinerators, and sanitary landfills.

Sorting is the authorised separation of solid waste materials for the purpose of recycling or disposal, either at the source of generation or at a solid waste management facility.

Special waste is a non-hazardous waste, which due to its nature requires special or separate handling at a sanitary landfill. Special wastes include but are not limited to tires, asbestos, demolition waste, industrial sludges of a non-hazardous nature, paper mill sludge, olive oil waste, abattoir wastes and petroleum waste oil.

Surface water is all water in or coming from a water source, which is found on the surface of the ground, excluding water under the surface of the ground and seawater.

Transfer Station is a facility that receives solid waste from collection vehicles and reloads that waste into larger vehicles for transfer to a disposal or processing facility.

Vectors are birds, insects, and rodents capable of carrying disease-causing bacteria, viruses or fungi from one host to another.

Water Balance is a method for determining the potential for significant leachate generation, which includes climatic conditions (rainfall and evaporation) and site condition.

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Working area is the area of the landfill where waste is unloaded, compacted and covered. It generally includes adequate space for several trucks to unload at the same time, for waste compaction and storage of cover soil.

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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The Zululand District Municipality appointed KV3 Engineers to investigate the economic viability of waste disposal site regionalisation. The Zululand District Municipality (ZDM) is situated in the central to northern region of KwaZulu- in . ZDM comprises the Local Municipalities of UPhongolo, eDumbe, Abaqulusi, Nongoma and Ulundi

The reason to investigate regionalisation of disposal sites is that the existing Ulundi site was said to be closed by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF), the Nongoma site is running out of airspace and the Vryheid site has a remaining life span of two years at the most. This, together with the fact that the management of operations is a problem at most of the existing disposal sites, as well as the diminishing capacity to manage these waste disposal sites, forced the Zululand District Municipality to look into the feasibility of regionalisation of waste disposal sites.

Kwezi V3 Engineers compiled the Waste Management Master Plan in 2002 for the District Municipality. During this investigation the existing disposal sites were investigated to see whether the existing sites can be upgraded to conform to the Minimum Requirements published by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) and/or the permit conditions of those sites that are in possession of a permit, or whether the sites must be closed and rehabilitated. This investigation included a cost estimate on the findings for upgrading and closure of certain landfills. The status quo of these sites were now again confirmed with the various Local Authorities, but the main purpose of this investigation is to determine the economic viability of establishing regional waste disposal facilities with transfer stations. The investigation was done for transport of waste by road as the first option (with the establishment of one regional site between Ulundi and Vryheid, or with the establishment of two regional sites namely one at Vryheid and one at Ulundi, with the necessary transfer infrastructure in place) and secondly for the transport of waste by rail in the case of one centralised regional landfill between Ulundi and Vryheid.

The waste generation in the District was calculated and an assessment of waste disposal regionalisation was performed to determine the feasibility of the different options.

1.2 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK

Following is a short summary of all the relevant legislation pertaining to landfill management.

The South African Constitution (Act 108 of 1996) is the supreme law of the land. All law, including environmental waste management planning must comply with the Constitution.

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The Constitution states that the people of South Africa have the right to an environment that is not detrimental to human health, and imposes a duty on the state to promulgate legislation and to implement policies to ensure that this right is upheld. All departments of state or administration in the national, provincial or local levels of government have similar obligations. The principles of co- governance are also set out in the Constitution and the roles and responsibilities of the three levels of government are defined.

According to the Constitution, responsibility for waste management functions is to be devolved to the lowest possible level of government. Local government therefore is assigned the responsibility for refuse removal, refuse dumps and solid waste disposal. Provincial government has the exclusive responsibility to ensure that local government carries out these functions effectively.

In addition to the Constitution, a number of government policies and statutes are relevant to landfill management at the local government level, which includes the following:

National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998

Environment Conservation Act 73 of 1989

Physical Planning Act 125 of 1991

National Water Act 36 of 1998

Health Act 63 of 1977

Minimum Requirements for Waste Disposal by Landfill, 2nd edition, 1998

Minimum Requirements for the Handling and Disposal of Hazardous Waste, 2nd Edition, 1998

Minimum Requirements for Monitoring at Waste Management Facilities, 2nd edition, 1998

National Waste Management Strategy and Action Plans.

1.2.1 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ACT 107 OF 1998

The National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) provides for co-operative governance by establishing principles and procedures for decision-makers on matters affecting the environment. An important function of the Act is to serve as an enabling Act for the promulgation of legislation to effectively address integrated environmental management. Some of the principles in the Act are – Accountability; Affordability; Cradle to Grave Management; Equity; Integration; Open Information; Polluter Pays; Subsidiary; Waste Avoidance and Minimisation; Co-operative Governance; Sustainable Development; and Environmental Protection and Justice.

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Chapter 2 makes provision for the establishment of the Committee for Environmental Co-ordination (CEC). The objective of the committee is to promote the integration and co-ordination of environmental functions by the relevant organs of state and in particular to promote the achievement of the purpose and objectives of environmental implementation plans and environmental management plans.

Chapter 3 requires that national government departments that have waste management responsibilities and every province must develop environmental implementation plans (EIPs) every four years and an environmental management plan (EMP). Local government is obliged to exercise its responsibilities in accordance with these plans and to report annually within four months from the end of its financial year on implementation of the environmental management plan or environmental implementation plan. Provincial government must ensure that municipalities adhere to the relevant environmental implementation and management plans within its province, as well as the principles in the preparation of any policy, programme or plan, including the establishment of Integrated Development Plans (IDPs) and Land Development Objectives (LDOs).

Chapter 7 imposes a duty of care in respect of pollution and environmental degradation. Any person who has caused significant pollution or degradation of the environment must take steps to stop or minimise the pollution. Where an incident occurs that is potentially detrimental to the environment, the person who is responsible for the incident or the employer must, within 14 days of the incident, report to the Director-General, provincial head of department and municipality. The relevant authority may specify measures to address the problem and remediate the area within 7 days. The Acts also attach consequences for breaching the duty of care, namely that government authorities are empowered to issue directions and to remediate the situation and recover costs where the directions are not complied with.

Chapter 8 provides that the Minister and every MEC and municipality may enter into an environmental management co-operation agreement with any person or community for the purpose of promoting compliance with the principals laid down in NEMA. Environmental Co- operation Agreements may contain an undertaking by the person or community concerned to improve the standards laid down by law for the protection of the environment and a set of measurable targets and a timeframe for fulfilling the undertaking.

Chapter 9 allows the Minister to make model by-laws aimed at establishing measures for the management of environmental impacts of any development within the jurisdiction of the municipality, which may be adopted by the municipality as by-laws. Any municipality may request the Director-General to assist it with its preparation of by-laws on matters affecting the environment and the Director-General may not unreasonably refuse such a request. The Director-General may institute programmes to assist municipalities with the preparation of by-laws for the purposes of implementing this Act.

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1.2.2 ENVIRONMENT CONSERVATION ACT 73 OF 1989

The object of the Environment Conservation Act is to provide for the effective protection and controlled utilisation of the environment. The ECA was amended in 2005 (Environment Conservation Amendment Act 50 of 2003) to provide for the transfer of the administration of waste disposal sites from the Minister of Water Affairs and Forestry to the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. This transfer was enacted with the publishment of Government Gazette No 28346 to be implemented as from 3 January 2006. Any person who intends to establish or operate a waste disposal site must apply for a permit from the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. The permit is made subject to a number of conditions, which inter alia pertain to the design, construction, monitoring and closure of a waste disposal site.

Waste is defined in ECA to mean ”any matter, whether gaseous, liquid or solid or any combination thereof, which is from time to time designated by the Minister by notice in the Gazette as an undesirable or superfluous by-product, emission, residue or remainder of any process or activity”. Waste products may originate from domestic, commercial or industrial activities. In a subsequent regulation (GN 1986 0f 24 August 1990) the Minister excluded the following wastes from those covered by ECA, i.e. sewage sludge, radioactive waste, building rubble, as well as mining, metallurgical and power generation wastes. These wastes are dealt with under other legislation. The Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism however amended the definition of waste to include building rubble used for filling or levelling purposes on 3 February 2003.

In terms of the Section 19 of the Act, it is an offence to litter on any place to which the public has access and the person or authority in charge of the area must provide containers for the discarding of litter. In addition, every authority in control of any place must remove the litter within a reasonable time. Provision is made for the appointment of inspectors to investigate compliance with the Act. In terms of Section 24A of the Environment Conservation Act, a competent authority may make regulations with regard to the control of the dumping of litter.

Section 20 deals with waste management, including with the establishment and operation of waste disposal sites. A disposal site is any site used for the accumulation of waste for the purpose of disposal or treatment. Such sites may only be operated under a permit issued by the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism and may be subject to specified conditions. The DWAF Minimum Requirements documents form the basis for the permitting process and may be included as permit conditions, thereby becoming legally binding on the permit holder. The permit holder is generally required to operate, maintain and attend to the closure of a waste disposal site in compliance with the permit conditions, as well as in accordance with the guidelines set out in the Minimum Requirements documents.

Environment Impact Assessment Regulations, regarding activities defined under Section 21(1) of the Environment Conservation Act, have been promulgated in Government Notice R1183 of 5

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September 1997. An environmental impact assessment must be conducted prior to the establishment of waste disposal facilities.

1.2.3 THE PHYSICAL PLANNING ACT 125 OF 1991

The objective of the Physical Planning Act 125 of 1991 is to provide for the division of the country into regions and to promote regional development. Policy plans consist of broad guidelines for the future physical development of the area and restrictions are placed on the use of land in the area to which the plan relates. Local authorities are required to develop urban structure plans for their areas of jurisdiction.

1.2.4 NATIONAL WATER ACT 36 OF 1998

The National Water Act contains a number of provisions that impact on waste management, including the disposing of waste in a manner, which detrimentally impacts on a water resource and the discharge of waste into a water resource. The Act allows the Minister to make regulations for:

Prescribing waste standards, which specify the quantity, quality and temperature of waste that may be discharged or deposited into or allowed to enter a water resource.

Prescribe the outcome or effect, which must be achieved through management practices for the treatment of waste before it is discharged or deposited into or allowed to enter a water resource.

Requiring that waste discharged or deposited into or allowed to enter a water resource be monitored and analysed according to prescribed mechanisms.

1.2.5 HEALTH ACT 63 OF 1977

The Health Act 63 of 1977 provides measures for the promotion of health, for the rendering of health services and defines duties of certain authorities which render health services in the Republic

Section 20 sets out the duties and powers of local authorities. It provides that every local government is obliged to take measures to maintain its district in a clean and hygienic condition and to prevent the occurrence of any nuisance, unhygienic or offensive condition or any other condition, which could be of danger to the health of any person. A “nuisance” includes any accumulation of refuse or other matter that is offensive or is injurious or dangerous to health. The local government is obliged to abate the nuisance or remedy the condition and to prevent the pollution of any water intended for the use of the inhabitants of its district.

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Draft regulations for the control of environmental conditions constituting a danger to health or a nuisance were published in GNR21 of 14 January 2000. In terms of the proposed regulations, registration is required for: concerns that to carry out a scheduled trade, including waste incineration, waste (including medical waste) disposal sites and waste collecting, sorting, treating or processing sites.

1.2.6 DWAF MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR LANDFILL, 2ND EDITION, 1998

The Minimum Requirements provide applicable waste management standards or specifications that must be met, as well as providing a point of departure against which environmentally acceptable waste disposal practices can be assessed. The objectives of setting Minimum Requirements are to:

Prevent water pollution and to ensure sustained fitness for use of South Africa’s water resources.

Attain and maintain minimum waste management standards in order to protect human health and the environment form the possible harmful effects caused by the handling, treatment, storage and disposal of waste.

Effectively administer and provide a systematic and nationally uniform approach to the waste disposal process.

Endeavour to make South African waste management practices internationally acceptable.

Before a waste disposal site permit is issued, adherence to the Minimum Requirement conditions will be required from the permit applicant. The Minimum Requirements promote the hierarchical approach to waste management, as well as a holistic approach to the environment.

1.2.7 NATIONAL WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY AND ACTION PLANS.

The overall objective of this strategy is to reduce the generation of waste and the environmental impact of all forms of waste and thereby ensure that the socio-economic development of South Africa, the health of the people and the quality of its environmental resources are no longer adversely affected by uncontrolled and uncoordinated waste management. The internationally accepted waste hierarchical approach was adopted of waste prevention/minimisation, recycle/reuse, treatment and finally disposal.

The strategy outlines the functions and responsibilities of the three levels of government and where possible, firm plans and targets are specified. During the development of the strategy a number of priority strategic initiatives were identified which were categorised into short-term (by the year

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2004), medium-term (by the year 2008) and long-term (by the year 2012) initiatives. Action plans have been developed for the short-term initiatives for integrated waste management planning, a waste information system, waste minimisation and recycling, general waste collection, waste treatment and disposal, and capacity building, education, awareness and communication. A logical framework analysis approach was adopted to develop the Action Plans that analysed the problems, stakeholders, and the risks to successful implementation followed by the development of outputs, activities, inputs and assumptions, as well as a proposed allocation of functions, roles, and responsibilities of the three levels of government.

The roles and responsibilities in terms of the NWMS for local government include:

Integrated waste management planning: Local government will be responsible for the compilation of general waste management plans for submission to provincial government.

Waste information system: Local government will be responsible for data collection.

Waste minimisation: Local government will implement and enforce appropriate national waste minimisation initiatives and promote the development of voluntary partnerships with industry.

Recycling: Local government are to establish recycling centres and/or facilitate community initiatives.

Waste collection and transportation: Local government are to improve service delivery. Private public partnerships to assist service delivery are encouraged.

Waste disposal: Local government is to take responsibility for the establishment and management of landfill sites, and to promote development of regionally based facilities. Formalising and controlling of scavenging is the responsibility of the permit holder.

1.3 GENERAL

It must be noted that some of the above Acts and Regulations are currently (2007/08) under review for changes and / or additions, and some are due for complete replacement with new Acts soon.

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SECTION 2: BACKGROUND INFORMATION

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2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

2.1 GENERAL

Due to the scarcity of land for the development of new landfills, as well as economics of scale advantages of waste disposal regionalisation, the need for landfill sharing or regionalisation was investigated. According to the National Waste Management Strategy and Action Plan for Waste Disposal developed by DWAF and DEAT in 1998, waste disposal regionalisation should take place on a more significant scale so as to bring down the total number of landfills in the country that will need to be operated and create pollutions risks if not properly designed, constructed, operated and rehabilitated.

The economic viability of waste disposal regionalisation was investigated for the following two options:

1. A centralised regional waste disposal site between Ulundi and Vryheid with the necessary transfer infrastructure at Vryheid, Paulpietersburg/eDumbe, Nkongolwana, Louwsburg, eMondlo, Ulundi and Nongoma.

2. Two regional waste disposal sites, one at Ulundi and one in the Vryheid area, with the necessary transfer infrastructure at Paulpietersburg/eDumbe, Nkongolwana, Louwsburg, eMondlo, and Nongoma.

Both above options will be investigated for waste transport by road, but option one will be investigated for the waste by rail option as well.

2.2 WASTE GENERATION

In order to investigate the feasibility for disposal regionalisation and sizing of transfer infrastructure, it was necessary to re-assess the volumes of waste generated within the Zululand District Municipality.

The effective annual population growth rate for the ZDM as depicted in the 2006 WSDP document and allowed for 2006 to 2009, is 0.96%. This figure was used to classify the disposal facilities in ZDM.

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2.2.1.1 WASTE GENERATION

The waste disposal facilities within the ZDM do not have a weighbridge and no accurate records are available and therefore the quantities of waste disposed of are not known exactly. The daily tonnages of waste generated were obtained by applying industry standard per capita waste generation rates to the figures for the population served. These rates vary with the socio-economic standing of the population, from 0.1 kg per capita per day in the low income areas, to 1.25 kg per capita per day in the affluent areas e.g. Vryheid. The figures were also compared with the Master plan study done by KV3 in 2002, allowing for a 10% increase in waste volumes, and compares very well.

The mathematical estimation of the amount of waste generated within the municipal area is indicated in the table below. This was used only to calculate the current waste generation volumes, while the classification of the sites and therefore the calculations for sizing of the sites was done according to the Maximum Rate of Deposition (as prescribed in the Minimum Requirements for Waste Disposal by Landfill document).

PER CAPITA GENERATED 2007 VOLUME AREA WASTE WASTE 3 POPULATION (M /DAY) GENERATION (TONS/DAY)

Uphongolo

Belgrade 5 763 0.1 kg/p/d 0.576 3.8

Pongola 23 912 0.12 kg/p/d 2.869 19.1

Magudu 450 0.1 kg/p/d 0.045 0.3

EDUMBE

Paul Pietersburg/eDumbe 15 447 1.1 kg/p/d 16.9 112.6

Frischgewaagd/Ebilonjeni 25 633 0.27 kg/p/d 6.920 46.1

ABAQULUSI

Louwsburg 5 979 0.3 kg/p/d 2.989 19.9

Vaalbank/Hlobane/Thuthukane 13 200 0.1 kg/p/d 1.320 8.8 and surrounding villages eMondlo/Bhekumthetho 37 471 0.48 kg/p/d 17.986 119.9

Vryheid 35 500 1.25 kg/p/d 44.375 295.8

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PER CAPITA GENERATED 2007 VOLUME AREA WASTE WASTE 3 POPULATION (M /DAY) GENERATION (TONS/DAY)

Alpha 550 0.25 kg/p/d 0.140 0.9

Coronation 4 395 0.2 kg/p/d 0.879 5.86

Enyathi 1 037 0.2 kg/p/d 0.207 1.38

Nkongolwana and surrounding 8600 0.5 kg/p/d 4.300 6.9 villages

NONGOMA

Nongoma and surrounds 3 842 0.8 kg/p/d 3.073 20.4

ULUNDI

Mahlabatini 296 0.1 kg/p/d 0.029 0.19

Ulundi 73 570 0.2 kg/p/d 14.714 98.09

Babanango 2 394 0.1 kg/p/d 0.239 1.59

Emakosini 5 740 0.1 kg/p/d 0.574 3.8

Note: Annum = 260 day (5 day week)

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SECTION 3: STATUS QUO AND

FUTURE OF EXISTING

DISPOSAL FACILITIES

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3 STATUS QUO AND FUTURE OF EXISTING DISPOSAL FACILITIES

3.1 GENERAL

The status quo of existing disposal sites were re-assessed to determine its future, and to compare the economic viability of upgrading these existing sites versus the regionalisation scenario.

3.2 UPHONGOLO

3.2.1 BELGRADE

3.2.1.1 LANDFILL

The landfill is situated west of the town in an eroded earthy ditch (donga). The site is unacceptable from an environmental point of view. In the rainy season the landfill drains into a small stream approximately 300m from the site. The site has no permit, is not fenced, has no access control, is not covered with topsoil and has no storm water control measures in place. Informal recycling does take place. The site has to be rehabilitated and closed.

3.2.1.2 NEEDS ANALYSIS

♦ Provision of a regular service.

♦ Additional staff.

♦ Adequate financial resources.

♦ Additional equipment.

♦ Closure and rehabilitation of existing dump.

♦ Identification and permitting of a new site or other alternatives.

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3.2.2 PONGOLA

3.2.2.1 LANDFILL

The landfill is situated north west of town at the foot of a hill. A permit application was submitted to DWAF in December 1999. The Municipality was requested to re-apply for an authorisation (to be controlled through Directions). An authorisation has not been issued to date. The site is fairly new and has an estimated lifespan of approximately 15 years. The site is fenced with the necessary access control in place. The development of the site is however not according to the development plan as in the permit application. A cell has been excavated but the excavated material is not placed on the up-stream slope side of the excavation, resulting in storm water running into the cell. Waste is therefore tipped next to the cell in these instances. There are no storm water diversion berms in place further aggravating the above problem. Waste is burned from time to time on the site which is illegal.

The Pongola Landfill Site

3.2.2.2 NEEDS ANALYSIS

♦ Equipment to operate the landfill.

♦ Assistant to the Environmental Health Officer.

♦ Upgrading of the landfill.

♦ Education on good operating practices.

3.2.3 MAGUDU

3.2.3.1 LANDFILL

Residents each have their own backyard pits where they dispose of their waste and this seems to be adequate for the small volumes of waste generated.

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3.2.3.2 NEEDS ANALYSIS

None 3.3 EDUMBE

3.3.1 PAULPIETERSBURG/EDUMBE

3.3.1.1 LANDFILL

The landfill is situated approximately 3.5km south of town next to the Vryheid road in a valley runoff. The landfill is approximately 0.5 ha, operated without a permit and not operated according to any plan. The end-tip method of disposal is utilised which is not a recommended method for disposal on a site of this nature. The site is not fenced, has no equipment and is open to anyone any time of day and night. There is a dilapidated guardhouse at the entrance to the actual tip face. This site needs to be closed and rehabilitated as soon as possible. Informal recycling takes place on site since there are a number of houses in close proximity of the site. Waste is also burned from time to time on the site which is an illegal practise.

3.3.1.2 NEEDS ANALYSIS

♦ Additional equipment should the town expand.

♦ Identification and permitting of new site/transfer station.

♦ Rehabilitation and closure of the existing landfill.

3.3.2 FRISCHGEWAAGD / EBILONJENI

3.3.2.1 LANDFILL

There is a developed landfill for the area, which has been sadly vandalised and misused. Sections of the fence were stolen and the rest was removed by the Municipality and stored at their offices. The site has a storm water cut-off drain; phases have been developed in addition to cells in certain places. The landfill is approximately 30ha with a life of at least 50 years. The size is an estimate since without the fence in place it is very difficult to determine the size. The operation at the site is not up to standard. The operation and design need to be upgraded to conform to the permit conditions for the site.

3.3.2.2 NEEDS ANALYSIS

♦ Upgrading of the existing landfill.

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3.4 ABAQULUSI

3.4.1 LOUWSBURG

3.4.1.1 LANDFILL

A permit application was recently drafted and was submitted to DWAF. The permit is for the extension of the existing site and there is currently no access control and partially fenced. The waste is not covered and set alight occasionally. Informal recycling occurs at the site. The site needs to be upgraded in terms of drainage, access control, development of cells and a formal development plan.

Louwsburg Landfill Site

3.4.1.2 NEEDS ANALYSIS

♦ Upgrading of existing landfill once permit has been issued.

♦ Implementation of operating and maintenance plan as per the permit application.

3.4.2 VAALBANK / HLOBANE / THUTHUKANE

3.4.2.1 LANDFILL

All waste collected in the area is supposed to be disposed of at the Vryheid landfill. There is however a waste dump at Hlobane that is situated in an open field close to town and covers an area of approximately 800m². The site has no access control, no drainage system, is not fenced and has no permit from DWAF. In general the site is unacceptable from an environmental point of view and no recycling occurs at the site. The site should be closed and rehabilitated as soon as possible.

3.4.2.2 NEEDS ANALYSIS

♦ Closure and rehabilitation of the existing illegal dump.

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3.4.3 EMONDLO / BHEKUMTHETHO

3.4.3.1 LANDFILL

The landfill for this area is located on the western side of Emondlo very close to residential houses. The waste is dumped in a natural runoff which causes pollution during the wet season: This site will have to be closed and rehabilitated as soon as possible.

3.4.3.2 NEEDS ANALYSIS

♦ Identification and permitting of a new site or alternative disposal at the Vryheid landfill.

♦ Rehabilitation and closure of existing dump.

3.4.4 VRYHEID

3.4.4.1 LANDFILL

The landfill is situated north east of the town outside the industrial area. The municipality applied for a permit in 1995 but has not received any permit to date. The landfill is classified as a GSB+ site with an estimated size of 5ha. The B+ classification is due to the fact that the landfill is generating leachate. The site has an estimated life span of 2 years remaining and an alternative site need to be identified urgently. Some remedial measures such as a leachate detection and collection system might have to be initiated to ensure correct long term care of the site after closure. The site is fenced and there is access control to the site. In general the site is fairly well operated. Informal recycling occurs at the site. There is a squatter camp next to the site. There are two landfill compactors at the site.

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3.4.4.2 NEEDS ANALYSIS

♦ Upgrading programme for equipment.

♦ Identification and permitting of new landfill.

♦ Budget for closure and rehabilitation of existing landfill.

3.4.5 ALPHA

3.4.5.1 LANDFILL

People dispose of waste in their backyards.

3.4.5.2 NEEDS ANALYSIS

♦ Identification and permitting of a new landfill/transfer infrastructure.

3.4.6 CORONATION

3.4.6.1 LANDFILL

The dumpsite is situated approximately 300m north west of the town. The site has no permit from DWAF but based on the volumes, it would most probably be a communal site. The site covers an area of approximately 2400m², is not fenced, no drainage system, no access control, has no site facilities, is not operated according to any standards and is generally in an unacceptable condition from an environmental point of view.

Coronation Dump Site

3.4.6.2 NEEDS ANALYSIS

♦ Alternative disposal measures i.e. new landfill or disposal at other landfill.

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♦ Closure and rehabilitation of existing landfill.

3.4.7 ENYATHI TOWNSHIP

3.4.7.1 GENERAL

Enyathi Township is situated approximately 25 km south east of Vryheid and has an estimated population of 1037 people. No services are rendered and no landfill/dumpsite exists.

3.4.8 NKONGOLWANA

3.4.8.1 LANDFILL

The landfill is operated according to the trench system. The landfill site is not permitted. There is no cover material available, not sufficient drainage, no access control, the site is not fenced and there are no site facilities. The trenches need to be upgraded and no recycling occurs.

3.4.8.2 NEEDS ANALYSIS

♦ Closure or upgrading of the existing landfill.

3.5 NONGOMA

3.5.1 NONGOMA

3.5.1.1 LANDFILL

The landfill is situated south east of the town on the slope of a valley. Access to the site in wet weather conditions is nearly impossible. The site has no permit, no access control, is not fenced and is not covered. There is also evidence that the site is set alight regularly. This site is totally unacceptable from an environmental point of view. A couple of trenches were previously used but they are either full or cannot be reached by the collection vehicles due to waste that has been dumped randomly.

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Nongoma Dump Site

3.5.1.2 NEEDS ANALYSIS

♦ Identification and permitting of new site/transfer station.

♦ Closure and rehabilitation of existing site.

3.6 ULUNDI

3.6.1 MAHLABATINI

3.6.1.1 LANDFILL

The dumpsite is situated north of town on a hillside. This is an illegal dumping site. The site has no permit, no access control, is not fenced, the waste is not covered and there is no drainage. This site has to be closed and rehabilitated as soon as possible. The Mahlabatini Dump Site

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3.6.1.2 NEEDS ANALYSIS

♦ Rehabilitation and closure of the existing landfill.

3.6.2 ULUNDI

3.6.2.1 LANDFILL

The landfill at Ulundi is situated approximately 8km south of the town (CBD). A permit application was submitted in June 1996, but DWAF refuses to issue a permit for the further operation of the site. The site therefore has to be properly closed and rehabilitated. A permit for closure and rehabilitation will have to be prepared and submitted to DEAT. Waste is currently being disposed of in skips at a transfer station in Ulundi from where the contractor (Dolphin Coast Waste Management Services) transports the waste to the Empangeni landfill site.

3.6.2.2 NEEDS ANALYSIS

♦ Upgrading and permitting of transfer station

♦ Regionalisation investigation

3.6.3 BABANANGO

3.6.3.1 LANDFILL

The landfill site has been permitted by DWAF in 2002. The site is operated according to the trench system. A number of trenches have been excavated with waste being disposed of randomly in the trenches. Cover material is available from the excavated material. There is access control to the site although the guardhouse and toilets were vandalised. There seems to be a lack of a drainage system on and around the site. The site receives approximately 20 bags of waste per day, which is sometimes burned. There is no equipment on site. Trench with burning waste Vandalised guard house

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3.6.3.2 NEEDS ANALYSIS

♦ Operate landfill according to approved operational report and permit conditions.

3.6.4 EMAKOSINI SETTLEMENT

3.6.4.1 LANDFILL

None

3.6.4.2 NEEDS ANALYSIS

♦ Implementation of formal waste collection service and transport of waste to Ulundi transfer station.

3.7 MAPPING OF EXISTING AND PROPOSED DISPOSAL SITES

The following map indicates the existing and proposed disposal sites, should regionalisation not be considered:

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3.8 SUMMARY: FUTURE OF EXISTING FACILITIES

Future of existing facilities Estimated remaining Potential for Area Permit Requirements Alternative lifespan expansion (years)

eDumbe Paulpietersburg/eDumbe No 0 None Frischgewaagd

Frisgewaagd/Ebilonjeni Yes 50+ Good Equipment -

UPhongolo Belgrade No 0 None New site Improve Pongola/ In process 20+ - - operation Magudu - - - - -

Abaqulusi Upgrading as per Louwsburg In process 20+ Good - new design Identification and permitting of a new site Rehabilitation Vaalbank/Hlobane/Thuhukane No 0 None or disposal at the and closure Vryheid site or Coronation

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Estimated remaining Potential for Area Permit Requirements Alternative lifespan expansion (years)

Identification and Rehabilitation permitting of a new site Emondlo/Bhekumthemelo No 0 None and closure or disposal at the Vryheid site

Rehabilitation In process Identification and Vryheid 5 None with a view to since 1995 permitting of a new site closure Identification and Identification and Alpha _ _ _ permitting of a permitting of a new site new site Possibility, needs to be Investigation into Identification and Coronation No 0 further future of landfill permitting of a new site investigated Vrede Village and Clifdale - - - - -

Possibility for Enyati - - Disposal at Vryheid new landfill Require more Nkongolwana No ? Possibility detailed Disposal at Vryheid investigation

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Estimated remaining Potential for Area Permit Requirements Alternative lifespan expansion (years) Nongoma Rehabilitation Identification and Nongoma No 0 None and closure permitting of a new site

Ulundi Rehabilitation Mahlabatini No 0 None Disposal at Ulundi and closure Permit for closure of existing landfill Identify alternative Ulundi Refused 0 Not allowed and permit for landfill site operating transfer station Operating Babanago Yes 25+ Good - procedures Emakosini - - - - -

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3.9 COST ESTIMATE: UPGRADING AND CLOSURE OF EXISTING SITES

The following table provides a cost estimate for the establishment/upgrading of the existing waste disposal sites:

Cost estimates Jul 07 - Jun Jul 08 - Jun Activity Area 08 09 eDumbe Paulpietersburg/eDumbe Identification and permitting of new site R 260,000.00 Rehabilitation and closure of existing site R 300,000.00 Detail design and tender process R 120,000.00 Construction and commissioning R 700,000.00

Frisgewaagd/Ebilonjeni Upgrading of existing landfill R 300,000.00 Total R680,000.00 R 1 000,000.00

UPhongolo Belgrade Identify interim site-possible final site R 70,000.00 Permitting of site R 180,000.00 Rehabilitation and closure of existing R 200,000.00 dump Detail design and tender process R 110,000.00 Construction and commissioning R 460,000.00 Total R 360,000.00 R 660,000.00

Abaqulusi Nkongolwana Identification and permitting of new site R 180,000.00 Vaalbank/Hlobane/Thuhukane Rehabilitation and closure of existing site R 210,000.00 Coronation Detail design and tender process R 100,000.00 Construction and commissioning R 460,000.00 Permitting of identified site, detail design Alpha R 140,000.00 and tender process

Construction and commissioning R 490,000.00

Identification, design, permitting of Enyati R 250,000.00 Communal site

Construction and Commissioning R 490 000.00

Emondlo/Bhekumthemelo Identification and permitting of new site R 190,000.00 Rehabilitation and closure of existing site R 250,000.00 Detail design and tender process R 95,000.00 Construction and commissioning R 550,000.00

Vryheid Identification and permitting of new site R 220,000.00 Rehabilitation and closure of existing site R 560,000.00 Detail design and tender process R 560,000.00 Construction and commissioning R 6,500,000.00 Total R 1,945,000.00 R 9,300,000.00

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Nongoma Nongoma Identification and permitting of new site R 180,000.00 Rehabilitation and closure of existing site R 210,000.00 Detail design and tender process R 100,000.00 Construction and commissioning R 460,000.00 Total R 280,000.00 R 670,000.00 Ulundi Ulundi Rehabilitation and closure of existing site R 550, 000.00 Upgrading and permitting of transfer station R 330,000.00 Total R 330,000.00 R550,000.00 TOTAL R 3 595,000.00 R12 180,000.00

Additional to the CAPEX above, capital will be required for purchasing the required equipment.

Cost estimates Area Equipment Amount eDumbe Paulpietersburg/eDumbe Loader (FEL) R 1 000 000.00 Tipper R 570 000.00 Water Cart R 620 000.00 Frisgewaagd/Ebilonjeni Loader (FEL) R 1 000 000.00 Tipper R 570 000.00 Water Cart R 620 000.00 Total R 4 380,000.00

UPhongolo Belgrade Loader (FEL) R 1 000 000.00 Tipper R 570 000.00

Water Cart R 620 000.00

Total R 2 190,000.00

Abaqulusi Nkongolwana Loader (FEL) R 1 000 000.00 Vaalbank/Hlobane/Thuhukane Tipper R 570 000.00 Coronation, Alpha, Enyati Water Cart R 620 000.00

Emondlo/Bhekumthemelo Loader (FEL) R 1 000 000.00 Tipper R 570 000.00 Water Cart R 620 000.00

Vryheid Landfill Compactor R 2 500 000.00 Loader (FEL) R 1 000 000.00 Tipper R 570 000.00 Water Cart R 620 000.00 Total R 9 070 000.00

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Nongoma Nongoma Loader (FEL) R 1 000 000.00 Tipper R 570 000.00 Water Cart R 620 000.00

Total R2 190 000.00 Ulundi Ulundi None – waste taken away to Empangeni

Total R 0 TOTAL R 17 830 000.00

The total CAPEX required for the upgrading, establishment, permitting of the waste disposal sites, as well as the equipment required for the proper operation of the sites would be R 33 605 000.00.

NOTE: The concern is that the upgrading and closure of existing sites would not guarantee proper operation of the sites because of the diminishing capacity within Local Authorities.

The cost estimate for the operation and management of the abovementioned sites in the ZDM will be as follows:

Cost estimates for Operation and Maintenance Area Personnel Amount (per annum) eDumbe Paulpietersburg/eDumbe FEL Operator R 78 566.00 Truck driver R 101 421.00 Litter picker, gate guard R 65 244.00.00 Plant operating and Capital redemption R 486 000.00 per annum Frisgewaagd/Ebilonjeni Loader (FEL) R 78 566.00 Tipper R 101 421.00 Water Cart R 65 244.00.00 Plant operating and Capital redemption R 486 000.00 per annum Total R 1 462 462.00

UPhongolo Belgrade FEL Operator R 78 566.00 Truck driver R 101 421.00

Litter picker, gate guard R 65 244.00.00

Plant operating and Capital redemption R 486 000.00 per annum Total R 731 231.00

Abaqulusi Nkongolwana FEL Operator R 78 566.00 Vaalbank/Hlobane/Thuhukane Truck driver R 101 421.00 Coronation, Alpha, Enyati Litter picker, gate guard R 65 244.00 Plant operating and Capital redemption R 486 000.00 per annum

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Emondlo/Bhekumthemelo FEL Operator R 78 566.00 Truck driver R 101 421.00 Litter picker, gate guard R 65 244.00 Plant operating and Capital redemption R 486 000.00 per annum

Vryheid LC operator R 165 684.00 FEL Operator R 78 566.00 Truck driver R 101 421.00 2 Litter pickers, gate guard R 130 488.00 Gate guard R 65 244.00 Plant operating and Capital redemption R 774 000.00 per annum Total R 1 031 905.00 Nongoma Nongoma FEL Operator R 78 566.00 Truck driver R 101 421.00 Litter picker, gate guard R 65 244.00 Plant operating and Capital redemption R 486 000.00 per annum Total R 731 231.00 Ulundi Ulundi Gate guard R 65 244.00. 3 general workers R 195 732.00 Contract with Dolphin Coat Waste R 900 000.00 Management Total R 1 160 976.00 TOTAL R 5 117 805.00 The total OPEX required to operate and manage the waste disposal sites in ZDM is R 5 117 805.00 per annum.

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SECTION 4: WASTE DISPOSAL

REGIONALISATION

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4 WASTE DISPOSAL REGIONALISATION

4.1 GENERAL

Due to the scarcity of land for the development of new landfills, as well as economics of scale advantages of waste disposal regionalisation, the need for landfill sharing or regionalisation was investigated. According to the National Waste Management Strategy and Action Plan for Waste Disposal developed by DWAF and DEAT in 1998, waste disposal regionalisation should take place on a more significant scale. The economic viability of waste regionalisation was investigated for two options:

Option 1:

♦ A centralised regional waste disposal site between Ulundi and Vryheid with the necessary transfer infrastructure at Vryheid, Paulpietersburg/eDumbe, Nkongolwana, Louwsburg, eMondlo, Ulundi and Nongoma.

Option 2:

♦ Two regional waste disposal sites, one at Ulundi and one in the Vryheid area, with the necessary transfer infrastructure at Paulpietersburg/eDumbe, Nkongolwana, Louwsburg, eMondlo, and Nongoma.

The status for the landfill sites in uPhongolo remains as discussed in Section 3 since the distance to the regional site/s from Pongola is too far and would not be economically viable to transport the waste to the regional site

Both options 1 and 2 were investigated for waste transport by road, and option 1 was investigated for the waste by rail option as well.

4.2 PROPOSED SIZING OF REGIONAL LANDFILLS AND TRANSFER STATIONS

The sizing of the proposed landfills and transfer stations was done according to the Minimum Requirements for Waste Disposal by Landfill, Second Edition 1998. The Minimum Requirements forms a reference framework of standards for waste management in South Africa and also facilitates the enforcement of the landfill permitting system provided for in terms of Section 20(1) of the Environment Conservation Amendment Act, 2003 (Act 50 of 2003).

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Section 3 of the above document deals with landfill classification. Described below is the sizing of the landfill. This was taken directly from the MR.

Calculating the MRD from the IRD

The following formula provides the basis for calculating the MRD from the IRD.

MRD = (IRD)(1+d)t (See Appendix 3.1)

where:

IRD = initial rate of deposition of refuse on site in T/day.

d = expected annual development rate, based on expected population growth rate in the area served by the landfill.

t = years since deposition started at IRD

MRD = maximum rate of deposition after t years

The following table, Table 3, presents the landfill size classification based on the MRD. General waste landfills are divided into four size categories; Communal, Small, Medium and Large. Where the MRD is borderline, the Responsible Person must always use the higher class.

Landfill Size Class

Landfill Maximum Rate of Size Deposition (MRD) Classes (Tonnes per day)

Communal C <25

Small S >25 <150

Medium M >150 <500

Large L >500

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The IRD was obtained from the estimated tonnages as calculated in Section 3.2.1.1 above. The landfills will be classified as general landfills, which mean that only general domestic waste can be disposed of at these landfills.

The climatic water balance, which determines whether significant leachate will be generated and if leachate management is required or not, can be explained as follows.

Direct quote from the Minimum Requirements:

The potential for leachate to be generated by a landfill depends on the water balance associated with the site, i.e. the Site Water Balance. This is affected by such factors as rainfall, evaporation, moisture content of incoming waste and water ingress into the waste body on account of poor landfill site selection, design and operation. Of these, however, the relationship between rainfall and evaporation will, as general rule, determine the Site Water Balance. Climate is the most common cause of leachate generation.

As ambient climate is the major uncontrollable cause of significant leachate generation at a landfill, a Climatic Water Balance is used as the first step in determining the potential for significant leachate generation (see Section 3.4.2 of Minimum Requirements for Waste Disposal by Landfill).

The Climatic Water Balance indicates whether the climate in which a landfill is located will cause it to generate significant leachate or not. It is thus a tool to alert the developer, as early as possible, to the need to address leachate management in the landfill design and costing. In many instances, this may be applied even before the site for the landfill is selected.

Thereafter, Site Specific Factors, such as waste moisture content, and ingress of runoff and ground water into the waste body, must be taken into account (see Section 3.4.3 of Minimum Requirements for Waste Disposal by Landfill).

The Climatic Water Balance is not a detailed classical water balance, such as one that would be used to determine ground water recharge. It is a simple calculation that assists in deciding whether leachate management is required or not. It therefore provides a conservative means of determining whether or not significant leachate generation will occur.

The Climatic Water Balance (B) is calculated using only the two climatic components of the full water balance, namely Rainfall ® and Evaporation (E).

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The data used are the precipitation and A-pan evaporation or S-pan evaporation, easily obtainable form the latest edition of the Department’s evaporation and precipitation records [Ref. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry: Hydrological Information Publication No. 13: Evaporation and precipitation Records.]. The Responsible Person must identify the most representative weather station, or station, on which to base the calculations.

The Climatic Water Balance is defined by:

B = R - E

where:

B is the Climatic Water Balance in mm of water R is the rainfall in mm of water E is the evaporation from a soil surface in mm of water.

Based on previous experience in the area it is fairly safe to assume that most of the landfills will be a B- i.e. no significant leachate generation will occur if properly managed.

Based on the above the proposed regional landfills and transfer stations were classified as indicated in the following table:

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Landfill size Landfill Proposed positioning of Tonnages /day Area MRD based on 30 class- facility (IRD) year life ification

eDumbe Paulpietersburg/eDumbe 16.9 New transfer station at Frisgewaagd/Ebilonjeni Paulpietersburg 6.92

Total 23.82 31.73 Small GSB- UPhongolo Belgrade 3.49 Pongola/Ncotshane New site at Belgrade Magudu Total 3.49 4.64 Communal GCB- Abaqulusi Nkongolwana 4.3 Vaalbank/Hlobane/Thuhuk ane New transfer station at 1.32 Nkongolwana (Option 1 and Coronation 0.879 2) Alpha 0.14 Enyati 0.207 Total 6.846 9.11 Communal GCB- New transfer station at Louwsburg 2.989 Louwsburg (Option 1 and 2) Total 2.989 3.98 Communal GCB-

Vryheid 44.375 59.104

Total (Option 1 and 2) (Waste accumulated at New transfer station at Vryheid (Option 1) or new Vryheid from eDumbe, 96.01 127.87 Small GSB- eMondlo, Louwsburg, regional landfill within 10 - 15 Nkongolwana and km radius of CBD (Option 2) surrounds)

New transfer station between Emondlo/Bhekumthemelo the two settlements (option 1 17.986 and 2) Total 17.986 23.956 Small GSB- Nongoma Nongoma transfer station New transfer station at 3.073 (Option 1 or option 2) Nongoma Total 3.073 4.093 Communal GCB- Ulundi Nhlazatshe regional landfill New regional site in 114.645 152.69 Medium GMB- (Option 1) Nhlazatshe area

Ulundi 15.556

Ulundi transfer station New transfer station (Option (Option 1) or Ulundi 18.629 24.81 Small GSB- regional landfill site 1) or new regional landfill at (Option 2) Ulundi (Option 2)

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4.3 COST ESTIMATE FOR ESTABLISHING A REGIONAL LANDFILL SITE/S AND TRANSFER STATIONS

The work to be executed for the establishment of a regional waste disposal site or transfer station shall include the following:

4.3.1 CLASSIFY THE PROPOSED LANDFILL/TRANSFER STATION

The proposed landfill must be classified to determine the waste disposal needs and to use the landfill class as a basis for cost-effective site selection, investigation, design and operation. The proposed site must be classified according to

♦ The type of waste involved

♦ The size of the waste stream, and

♦ The potential for significant leachate generation

4.3.2 IDENTIFYING A SUITABLE REGIONAL LANDFILL SITE/TRANSFER STATION IN A PARTICULAR AREA.

Due consideration of alternative sites is a requirement and a basic Integrated Environmental Management (IEM) principle. Appropriate candidate sites must be identified and investigated before the regional landfill can be selected.

Numerous economic, environmental and public acceptance criteria (information to be obtained from EIA process) must be considered in identifying candidate sites. The site selection process must be evaluated on a negative impact basis eliminating areas with fatal flaws. No extensive in depth study must be done on the candidate sites.

4.3.3 FEASIBILITY STUDY ON THE BEST ALTERNATIVE

The most suitable site must be identified and confirmed with the authorities. A feasibility study will then be done on the best site and will include a conceptual design, preliminary geohydrological investigation and a preliminary environmental impact assessment (the latter investigation to be done as part of EIA process).

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4.3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) AND OTHER INVESTIGATIONS

In terms of Section 24 and 24 D of the National Environmental Management Act, 1998 a detailed environmental impact assessment must be performed on the identified landfill site.

Investigations must inter alia cover the physical geography, and sub-surface aspects (geology and geohydrology).

4.3.5 PREPARE DESIGNS FOR PROPOSED LANDFILL SITE/TRANSFER STATION

Once investigations have been completed, detailed construction and operational plans and associated works including infrastructure, storm water, must be drawn up. Complete drawings and schedules of quantities for the tender and construction stages must be included as part of the detailed design.

4.3.6 APPLY FOR PERMIT FROM DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS AND TOURISM (DEAT)

A permit application for the proposed site which include all the previous findings and address all the issues in the Minimum Requirements such as classification, health aspects, designs, operating and maintenance plan must be submitted to DEAT, for approval.

4.3.7 COMPILATION OF TENDER DOCUMENTS, TENDER LETTING AND ADJUDICATION

The compilation of Tender documents, tender letting and adjudication must be done to appoint of a suitably qualified contractor for the construction of the landfill site.

4.3.8 EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS

The type of equipment is usually determined by the cost of the service to the residents, the condition of the collection roads (surface alignment, etc), the distance to the landfill and the number of collection points serviced per day.

The road condition that the collection vehicle has to drive on plays a major factor when deciding on a particular collection vehicle. Waste collection in rural areas where the condition of the roads is poor can be done by a tractor and trailer, but in urban areas the more sophisticated REL compactors will be used. For the purpose of this regionalisation investigation, only the vehicles required for transporting waste from the transfer station to the regional waste disposal site is considered. In the regional context where the regional

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landfill site is more than 20 km from the transfer station, ‘Roll on Roll off’ trucks with demountable containers will be used. Once the containers are filled at the transfer station, the ‘Roll on Roll off’ truck will collect the container and it will be transported to the regional landfill site and emptied.

Roll-on roll-off containers have a volume of, normally 28 m3, and a loaded maximum capacity of approximately 12 ton to 13 ton. The containers utilised for compactor application is totally enclosed, with a large door at the one side with an opening with a sliding gate for the compactor to compact through, and is emptied by opening the door and tipping the container, normally with the Ro-Ro truck transporting the container. The truck is equipped with a hydraulic hook lift system which pulls the container on the back of the truck, and is used for further manipulation of the container. The compaction ratio of 2.3:1 was used to determine the number of containers required to remove the daily waste volumes generated, as well as the number of trips to the landfill site required to service the specific transfer station (Refer to Annexure B for details).

With regard to equipment on the landfill, a landfill compactor, loader, water container and tipper will be found to ensure effective operating conditions at the landfill site.

Landfill Compactor

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4.3.9 COST ESTIMATE: ESTABLISHMENT AND OPERATION OF REGIONAL DISPOSAL SITE/S

Option 1: One regional landfill site

The location of regional waste disposal was theoretically determined to be a centralised site between Ulundi and Vryheid. The site will be located in the Nhlazatshe area. This site was classified as a GMB- waste disposal site, calculated for a 30 year life span, and will be able to receive all the waste in the District. Waste from the various Local Authorities, except for the waste from uPhongolo, will be disposed of at the site. Waste from the Nongoma transfer station will be transferred to the Ulundi transfer station, which also accepts the waste from Ulundi. The waste will be compacted at the Ulundi transfer station and transported to the regional landfill site at Nhlazatshe. The waste from eMondlo -, eDumbe/Paulpietersburg -, Nkongolwana - and Louwsburg transfer stations will be transported to the Vryheid transfer station, which also accepts the waste from Vryheid. The waste will be compacted at the Vryheid transfer station and transported to the regional site. Option 1 therefore involves the establishment of 7 transfer stations.

Option 2: Two regional landfill sites

Option 2 involves the establishment of two regional waste disposal sites, one at Vryheid and one at Ulundi. Waste from the Nongoma transfer station will be transferred to the regional waste disposal site at Ulundi for disposal. The waste from Ulundi will be disposed of directly at the regional site at Ulundi.

The second regional site will be located at Vryheid and will receive waste directly from Vryheid, as well as the waste that will be transported from the eMondlo -, eDumbe/Paulpietersburg -, Nkongolwana – and Louwsburg transfer stations. Option 2 therefore involves the establishment of 5 transfer stations.

Both regional sites classify as G:S:B- waste disposal sites. The capital cost for the establishment for a Class G:S:B- disposal site would be cheaper than for the establishment of a Class G:M:B- disposal site. The personnel and equipment required for both Classes of landfill sites was kept the same to ensure good operation at these sites

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Cost Estimate: CAPEX and OPEX: regional landfills

OPTION 1 OPTION 2

(One Regional site) (Two regional sites)

Professional fees: Identifying and Permitting of site/s R 950 000.00 R 1 500 000.00 Capital cost (establishment of site/s) R 9 500 000.00 R 15 600 000.00 Equipment Required: Landfill Compactor R 2 500 000.00 R 5 000 000.00 Loader (TLB) R 500 000.00 R 1 000 000.00 Tipper R 570 000.00 R 1 140 000.00 Water cart R 620 000.00 R 1 240 000.00 Total: 4 190 000.00 Total: 8 280 000.00 CAPEX TOTAL R 14 640 000.00 R 25 480 000.00 Plant operating cost and Capital Redemption per R 1 710 330.00 R 3 420 660.00 annum Personnel Requirements: per site

1 x site supervisor R 231 170.00 R 462 340.00 1 x LC operator R 165 684.00 R 331 368.00 1 x FEL operator R 78 566.00 R 157 132.00 1 x Truck drivers R 101 421.00 R 202 842.00 2 x spotters R 130 488.00 R 260 976.00 1 x security R 65 244.00 R 65 244.00 4 x litter pickers R 253 904.00 R 507 808.00

OPEX TOTAL (per annum) R 2 736 807.00 R 5 408 370.00

The capital cost for the establishment of one G:M:B- disposal site was calculated as R 9 500 000.00 while the capital cost for the G:S:B- disposal site at Vryheid calculated as R 8 500 000.00 and Ulundi G:S:B- regional disposal site as R 7 100 000.00.

4.3.10 COST ESTIMATE: ESTABLISHING AND OPERATION OF TRANSFER STATION/S

Since a transfer station is regarded as a disposal site in terms of Section 1 of the Environment Conservation Act, the steps for the establishment and permitting would be the same as mentioned above in Section 4.3.

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Option 1: Seven transfer stations

Option 1 involves the establishment of 7 transfer stations from where the waste will be transported to the centralised regional landfill site at Nhlazatshe.

The logistics will be as follows:

eMondlo Louwsburg eDumbe Nkongolwana Vryheid Nongoma Ulundi

Waste volumes 23.356 3.98 31.73 9.11 127.87 4.093 24.81 (tons/day)

No of 28 m3 8 3 10 4 7 2 5

containers

No of trucks 1 01 1 1 2 1 1

No of trailers 1 01 1 1 2 0 1

No of trips to 3 trips per Three trips per 4 trips per 1 trip per day 2 2 trips per 3 1 trip per 4 1 trip regional site day with week with day with with truck and day with truck day with with truck

truck and truck and truck and trailer full and trailer full truck full and trailer

trailer full trailer full trailer full (2 trucks); 1 full’ and 1 trip per day additional

with truck and trip once a

trailer full (1 week with truck) and 1 truck full

additional trip

per day with only a truck

full (1 truck)

1 Since the waste from Nkongolwana and Louwsburg will be taken to Vryheid and the fact that Nkongolwana and Louwsburg are located on the same main road to Vryheid, the truck from Nkongolwana will be used to also collect the containers at Louwsburg, therefore the reason for no truck and trailer at Louwsburg. The operational cost for the truck collecting the containers at Louwsburg was however included at the Louwsburg transfer station operational cost. The capital cost for the truck which will be used to collect the containers at Louwsburg was included in the capital cost for Nkongolwana (more waste to be transferred from Nkongolwana area). The truck from Nkongolwana will therefore do 1 trip

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per day with a truck and trailer full to Vryheid and three extra trips per week to collect the containers from Louwsburg for storage at Vryheid.

2 The containers from eMondlo-, eDumbe/Paulpietersburg-, Nkongolwana-, and Louwsburg transfer stations will be taken to the Vryheid transfer station where it will be emptied and the waste compacted together with the waste from Vryheid and then transported in compactor containers to the regional landfill site at Nhlazatshe.

3 The containers from the Nongoma transfer station will be transported by doing 1 trip per day with a truck full to the Ulundi transfer station where it will be emptied and together with the waste from Ulundi compacted and taken to the regional landfill site at Nhlazatshe.

4 The waste from Ulundi (now includes the uncompacted waste from Nongoma which was compacted at Ulundi transfer station into compactor containers) will be taken to the regional landfill site at Nhlazatshe once a day with a truck and trailer full. An extra trip once a week with a truck only will be necessary to transport the additional container not filled during the week to the regional landfill site.

Option 2: Five transfer stations

Option 2 involves the establishment of 5 transfer stations from where the waste will be transported to two regional landfill sites, one at Vryheid and one at Ulundi.

The logistics for option 2 will be the same as for option 1 since the containers from eMondlo-, eDumbe/Paulpietersburg-, Nkongolwana- and Louwsburg will now be disposed of at a regional landfill site at Vryheid (together with the waste from Vryheid) and not stored at the Vryheid transfer station as in option 1. The containers from Nongoma transfer station will be emptied at the Ulundi regional waste disposal site, together with the waste from Ulundi itself.

Therefore for option 2, the transfer stations of Ulundi and Vryheid is cut out.

OPTION 1 OPTION 2

(Seven transfer stations) (Five transfer stations)

Professional fees: Identifying and Permitting of t/stations R 1 960 000.00 R 1 400 000.00 (R 280 000 / transfer station)

Capex R 19 500 000.00 R 9 400 000.00

CAPEX TOTAL R 21 460 000.00 R 10 800 000.00 OPEX TOTAL (per annum) R 8 621 510.00 R 3 981 110.00

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For more detail on the Capex and Opex for the transfer stations, please refer to Annexure B.

4.3.11 TOTAL COST ESTIMATE CAPEX AND OPEX: OPTION 1 AND 2 (ROAD TRANSPORT)

The total cost estimate for Option 1 and Option 2 using road transport is as follows:

OPTION 1 OPTION 2

(1 regional landfill & Seven (2 Regional Landfills & Five transfer stations) transfer stations)

CAPEX (Regional R 14 640 000.00 R 25 480 000.00 landfills) CAPEX (Transfer R 21 460 000.00 R 10 800 000.00 stations) CAPEX TOTAL R 36 100 000.00 R 36 280 000.00 OPEX (Regional R 2 736 807.00 R 5 408 370.00 landfills) OPEX (Transfer R 8 621 510.00 R 3 981 110.00 stations) OPEX TOTAL (per R 11 358 317.00 R 9 389 480.00 annum) Note: Since the status quo for uPhongolo will be maintained as mentioned in Section 3 (due to distances which are too far), the capital and operational cost for the uPhongolo landfill need to be added to the above cost estimates for the regionalisation scenario in order to compare the economic viability of regionalisation.

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4.4 WASTE BY RAIL OPTION

The economic viability of the waste by rail option will be investigated for Option 1 (centralised regional waste disposal site at Nhlazatshe).

Due to the large distances between towns in the ZDM, the possibility of transporting waste by rail when investigating disposal site regionalisation was investigated. The waste by rail option was investigated because a railway line already exists between Vryheid and Ulundi close to the proposed regional disposal site. The cost of installing side rail lines, and special equipment to load and of-load waste containers were inter alia investigated.

Compacted waste will be transported by rail from the Vryheid and Ulundi transfer stations to the centralised landfill site at Nhlazatshe. In this case the transfer stations at Ulundi and Vryheid need to be established close to the railway stations in the two towns.

The design for transfer stations as established for the waste by road option will be amended to allow for the compaction of waste by a compactor, pushed into compactor containers and manual transfer of full compacter container(s) with a truck (with hooklift) to an open platform for temporary storage and/or the manual transfer of full container(s) with a truck (with hooklift) and onto awaiting rail trucks with the assistance of a turn table mechanism.

Discussions were held with Ms Maranda Muller from Transnet in the Vryheid office who is responsible for controlling the railway activities between Vryheid and Ulundi and she has confirmed that it would be possible to investigate the transport of waste by rail to the centralised waste disposal site at Nhlazatshe. Discussions were also held with Mr Jaffta from Knysna who is responsible for the waste by rail from Knysna to Mossel Bay to obtain information on transport cost etc.

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The following information will be applicable to the establishment (CAPEX) and operation (OPEX) of the two transfer stations at Vryheid and Ulundi:

Vryheid Ulundi

Waste volumes(m3/week 1 492 289 compacted)

Compactor Containers to be 56 11 removed per week

Transport cost (R1330 per R 297 920 per month R 58 520 per month container)

Personnel requirements at t/s R79 750 per month R 47 750 per month

Total Opex at transfer R 377 670 per month R 106 270 per month stations

Construction cost of transfer R 7 000 000 R 3 100 000 station including siding at Ulundi station

Turntables (R251 900 per R 2 770 900 (11) R 755 700 (3) turntable)

Total Capex at transfer R 9 770 900 R 3 855 700 stations

Therefore, the Total Capex for the two transfer stations would be R 13 626 600, and the Total Opex for the two transfer stations would be R 5 807 280 per annum.

The Opex and Capex cost for the other transfer stations as for Option 1 as calculated for waste by road would be the same as for waste by road and should be added.

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Waste containers will be transferred to the centralised regional waste disposal site at Nhlazatshe. Therefore, for the waste by rail option the CAPEX and OPEX cost at the regional landfill site at Nhlazatshe will also have to be included for this option. This will be as follows:

Item Cost Estimate

Professional fees: Identifying and Permitting of landfill site R 950 000.00 Capital cost (establishment/construction of site) R 9 500 000.00 Equipment Required: 2 x Truck for loading and of loading R 2 400 000.00 purposes from railway sideline to landfill Establishment of sideline rail at R 500 000.00 Nhlazatshe station Landfill Compactor R 2 500 000.00 Loader (TLB) R 500 000.00 Tipper R 570 000.00 Water cart R 620 000.00

CAPEX TOTAL R 17 540 000.00 Plant operating cost and Capital Redemption per annum R 1 899 600 Personnel Requirements: per site

1 x site supervisor R 231 170.00 1 x LC operator R 165 684.00 1 x FEL operator R 78 566.00 3 x Truck drivers R 304 263.00 2 x spotters R 130 488.00 1 x security R 65 244.00 4 x litter pickers R 253 904.00 Running costs for loading and off loading R 403 200.00 trucks from railway sideline to landfill per annum

OPEX TOTAL (per annum) R 3 532 119.00

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SECTION 5: CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

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5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The following table indicates the CAPEX, OPEX and R/ton disposal cost for:

1. status quo (should regionalisation not be considered)

2. the regionalisation scenario for waste by road transport for Option 1 – (a centralised regional waste disposal site between Ulundi and Vryheid with the necessary transfer infrastructure at Vryheid, Paulpietersburg/eDumbe, Nkongolwana, Louwsburg, eMondlo, Ulundi and Nongoma) and Option 2 - two regional waste disposal sites, one at Ulundi and one in the Vryheid area, with the necessary transfer infrastructure at Paulpietersburg/eDumbe, Nkongolwana, Louwsburg, eMondlo, and Nongoma)

3. the regionalisation scenario for waste by rail transport for Option 1.

Capex (R/t) Opex (R/t)

Maintain Status Quo 7,322.07 1,727.32 (upgrading/closure) of existing sites

Waste by Rail (for Option 1) 7,810.48 3,066.93

Waste by Road (Option 1) 7,536.93 2,975.88

Waste by Road (Option 2) 8,747.75 3,144.50

From the above it can be seen that it would be the cheapest option for ZDM to maintain the status quo with regard to existing facilities, including the upgrading of existing sites, closure of certain sites and the establishment of new replacement sites namely:

♦ The identification and permitting of new landfills at Paulpietersburg, Belgrade, Nkongolwana, eMondlo, Nongoma, Vryheid.

♦ Transfer of waste from Ulundi to Empangeni landfill site under existing contract with Dolphin Coast Waste Management.

♦ Permitting of the proposed Alpha Village landfill site.

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Regionalisation are however been recommended due to the diminishing capacity of staff and the capability to properly manage the waste disposal sites.

Should the ZDM decided to regionalise waste disposal, the most cost effective option would be the waste by road for option 1 namely a centralised regional waste disposal site between Ulundi and Vryheid with the necessary transfer infrastructure at Vryheid, Paulpietersburg/eDumbe, Nkongolwana, Louwsburg, eMondlo, Ulundi and Nongoma.

The waste by rail option is more expensive than the waste by road for Option 1, and the possibility of trains not running on time could make the waste by rail option problematic and is therefore not recommended.

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ANNEXURE A:

Map indicating positions for regional landfill site and transfer stations

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ANNEXURE B:

Capital and Operational calculations for Transfer Stations

Waste&Enviro/225280PW0/Design-Reports & Docs/Investigation0312_Status Quo Review_Zululand DM Edumbe Transfer station

INFO

MRD (30 years) 31.73 t/d Volume 1058 m3 per week No 37.77 28 m3 containers per week Units 5 days per week Volume 212 m3 per day No 7.55 28 m3 containers per day

Rollon Rolloff R 50,000.00 Cost per container Truck R 950,000.00 Cost per truck Trailer R 250,000.00 cost per trailer

CAPEX

Containers 10 R 50,000.00 R 500,000.00 truck 1 R 950,000.00 R 950,000.00 trailer 1 R 250,000.00 R 250,000.00 Site 1 R 1,000,000.00 R 1,000,000.00

Capex Total R 2,700,000.00

NOTE: 4 Trips per day with truck and trailer full Trips per week 20

Total trips per week 20 OPEX distance return 110 km Round trip (trfs to site to trfs) Number of trips 20 per week Cost per km R 12.00 R/km Includes fuel, maintenance, etc Cost per week R 26,400.00 R/week

Cost per month R 105,600.00 R per month

Staff - Unskilled 2 Salary R 5,000.00 R per month Gateguard 1 Salary R 9,250.00 R per month Supervisor 1 Salary R 15,000.00 R per month Cost per site R 34,250.00 R per month Driver Salary (x1) R 8,500.00 R per month

Total salary R 42,750.00 R per month

Opex Total R 148,350.00 Months per year 12 R 1,780,200.00

Total for ( ) years 5 R 11,601,000.00 Nkongolwana Transfer station

INFO

MRD (30 years) 9.11 t/d Volume 304 m3 per week No 10.85 28 m3 containers per week Units 5 days per week Volume 61 m3 per day No 2.17 28 m3 containers per day

Rollon Rolloff R 50,000.00 Cost per container Truck R 950,000.00 Cost per truck Trailer R 250,000.00 cost per trailer

CAPEX

Containers 4 R 50,000.00 R 200,000.00 truck 1 R 950,000.00 R 950,000.00 trailer 1 R 250,000.00 R 250,000.00 Site 1 R 600,000.00 R 600,000.00

Capex Total R 2,000,000.00

NOTE: 1 Trips per day with truck and trailer full Trips per week 5

Total trips per week 5 OPEX distance return 52 km Round trip (trfs to site to trfs) Number of trips 5 per week Cost per km R 12.00 R/km Includes fuel, maintenance, etc Cost per week R 3,120.00 R/week

Running cost p/m R 12,480.00 R per month

Staff - Unskilled 1 Salary R 5,000.00 R per month Gateguard 1 Salary R 9,250.00 R per month Supervisor 1 Salary R 15,000.00 R per month Cost per site R 29,250.00 R per month Driver Salary (x1) R 8,500.00 R per month

Total salary R 37,750.00 R per month

Opex Total R 50,230.00 Months per year 12 R 602,760.00

Total for ( ) years 5 R 5,013,800.00 Louwsburg Transfer station

INFO

MRD (30 years) 3.98 t/d Volume 133 m3 per week No 4.74 28 m3 containers per week Units 5 days per week Volume 27 m3 per day No 0.95 28 m3 containers per day

Rollon Rolloff R 50,000.00 Cost per container Truck R 950,000.00 Cost per truck Trailer R 250,000.00 cost per trailer

CAPEX

Containers 3 R 50,000.00 R 150,000.00 truck 0 R 950,000.00 R 0.00 trailer 0 R 250,000.00 R 0.00 Site 1 R 600,000.00 R 600,000.00

Capex Total R 750,000.00 Truck and trailer from Nkongolwana NOTE: 3 Trips per week with truck and trailer full Trips per week 3

Total trips per week 3 OPEX distance return 200 km Round trip (trfs to site to trfs) Number of trips 3 per week Cost per km R 12.00 R/km Includes fuel, maintenance, etc Cost per week R 7,200.00 R/week

Running cost p/m R 28,800.00 R per month

Staff - Unskilled 1 Salary R 5,000.00 R per month Gateguard 1 Salary R 9,250.00 R per month Supervisor 1 Salary R 15,000.00 R per month Cost per site R 29,250.00 R per month Driver Salary R 0.00 R per month Use Nkongolwana driver

Total salary R 29,250.00 R per month

Opex Total R 58,050.00 Months per year 12 R 696,600.00

Total for ( ) years 5 R 4,233,000.00 Nongoma Transfer station

INFO MRD (30 years) 4.093 t/d Volume 136 m3 per week No 4.87 28 m3 containers per week Units 5 days per week Volume 27 m3 per day No 0.97 28 m3 containers per day

Rollon Rolloff R 50,000.00 Cost per container Truck R 950,000.00 Cost per truck Trailer R 250,000.00 cost per trailer

CAPEX

Containers 2 R 50,000.00 R 100,000.00 truck 1 R 950,000.00 R 950,000.00 trailer 0 R 250,000.00 R 0.00 Site 1 R 600,000.00 R 600,000.00

Capex Total R 1,650,000.00

NOTE: 1 Trips per day with truck full Trips per week 5

Total trips per week 5 OPEX distance return 112 km Round trip (trfs to site to trfs) Number of trips 5 per week Cost per km R 12.00 R/km Includes fuel, maintenance, etc Cost per week R 6,720.00 R/week

Running cost p/m R 26,880.00 R per month

Staff - Unskilled 1 Salary R 5,000.00 R per month Gateguard 1 Salary R 9,250.00 R per month Supervisor 1 Salary R 15,000.00 R per month Cost per site R 29,250.00 R per month Driver Salary (x1) R 8,500.00 R per month

Total salary R 37,750.00 R per month

Opex Total R 64,630.00 Months per year 12 R 775,560.00

Total for ( ) years 5 R 5,527,800.00 Ulundi Transfer station (Option1)

INFO MRD (30 years)(Ulundi and Nongoma) 24.81 t/d Volume 289 m3 per week (compacted) No 10.72 27 m3 containers per week Units 5 days per week Volume 58 m3 per day No 2.14 27 m3 compactor containers per day

Compactor container R 80,000.00 Cost per container Truck R 950,000.00 Cost per truck Trailer R 250,000.00 cost per trailer Compactor M 450 X R 630,000.00 cost per compactor

CAPEX Compactor M450X 1 R 630,000.00 R 630,000.00 Compactor containers 5 R 80,000.00 R 400,000.00 truck 1 R 950,000.00 R 950,000.00 trailer 1 R 250,000.00 R 250,000.00 Site 1 R 1,500,000.00 R 1,500,000.00

Capex Total R 3,100,000.00

NOTE: 1 Trips per day with truck and trailer full Trips per week 5 1 Extra trip once a week with truck full Trips per week 1 Total trips per week 6 OPEX distance return 120 km Round trip (trfs to site to trfs) Number of trips 6 per week Cost per km R 12.00 R/km Includes fuel, maintenance, etc Cost per week R 8,640.00 R/week

Running cost p/m R 34,560.00 R per month

Staff - Unskilled 3 Salary R 5,000.00 R per month Gateguard 1 Salary R 9,250.00 R per month Supervisor 1 Salary R 15,000.00 R per month Cost per site R 39,250.00 R per month Driver Salary (x1) R 8,500.00 R per month

Total salary R 47,750.00 R per month

Opex Total R 82,310.00 Months per year 12 R 987,720.00

Total for ( ) years 5 R 8,038,600.00 Vryheid Transfer station (Option 1)

INFO MRD (30 years) 127.87 t/d Volume 1492 m3 per week (compacted) No 55.25 27 m3 containers per week Units 5 days per week Volume 298 m3 per day No 11.05 27 m3 containers per day

Compactor container R 80,000.00 Cost per container Truck R 950,000.00 Cost per truck Trailer R 250,000.00 cost per trailer Compactor M 450 X R 630,000.00 cost per compactor

CAPEX

Containers 15 R 80,000.00 R 1,200,000.00 truck 3 R 950,000.00 R 2,850,000.00 trailer 3 R 250,000.00 R 750,000.00 Site 1 R 2,200,000.00 R 2,200,000.00

Capex Total R 7,000,000.00

NOTE: This includes containers from eDumbe, Nkongolwana, Louwsburg, Vryheid and eMondlo 2 Trips per day with truck and trailer full (x 2 trucks) Trips per week 20 1 Trips per day with truck and trailer full (x 1 truck) Trips per week 5 1 Extra Trips per day with truck full (1 truck) Trips per week 5 Total trips per week 30 OPEX distance return 156 km Round trip (trfs to site to trfs) Number of trips 30 week Cost per km R 12.00 R/km Includes fuel, maintenance, etc Cost per week R 56,160.00 R/week

Running cost p/m R 224,640.00 R per month

Staff - Unskilled 6 Salary R 5,000.00 R per month Gateguard 1 Salary R 9,250.00 R per month Supervisor 1 Salary R 15,000.00 R per month Cost per site R 54,250.00 R per month Driver Salary (x3) R 25,500.00 R per month

Total salary R 79,750.00 R per month

Opex Total R 304,390.00 Months per year 12 R 3,652,680.00

Total for ( ) years 5 R 25,263,400.00 eMondlo Transfer station

INFO MRD (30 years) 23.956 t/d Volume 799 m3 per week (compacted) No 28.52 28 m3 containers per week Units 5 days per week Volume 160 m3 per day No 5.70 28 m3 containers per day

Rollon Rolloff R 50,000.00 Cost per container Truck R 950,000.00 Cost per truck Trailer R 250,000.00 cost per trailer

CAPEX

Containers 8 R 50,000.00 R 400,000.00 truck 1 R 950,000.00 R 950,000.00 trailer 1 R 250,000.00 R 250,000.00 Site 1 R 700,000.00 R 700,000.00

Capex Total R 2,300,000.00

NOTE: 3 Trips per day with truck and trailer full Trips per week 15

Total trips per week 15 OPEX distance return 60 km Round trip (trfs to site to trfs) Number of trips 15 week Cost per km R 12.00 R/km Includes fuel, maintenance, etc Cost per week R 10,800.00 R/week

Running cost p/m R 43,200.00 R per month

Staff - Unskilled 2 Salary R 5,000.00 R per month Gateguard 1 Salary R 9,250.00 R per month Supervisor 1 Salary R 15,000.00 R per month Cost per site R 34,250.00 R per month Driver Salary (x1) R 8,500.00 R per month

Total salary R 42,750.00 R per month

Opex Total R 85,950.00 Months per year 12 R 1,031,400.00

Total for ( ) years 5 R 7,457,000.00 Nhlazatshe regional landfill (Waste by Rail)

Info:

No 27m3 compactor containers per week 70 No 27m3 containers per day 14

CAPEX: Professional fees: Identifying and Permitting of landfill R 950,000.00 site Capital cost (establishment/construction of site) R 9,500,000.00 Equipment Required: 2 x Truck and trailer for loading and of loading R 2,400,000.00 purposes from railway sideline to landfill Establishment of sideline rail at Nhlazatshe station R 500,000.00

Landfill Compactor R 2,500,000.00 Loader (TLB) R 500,000.00 Tipper R 570,000.00 Water cart R 620,000.00

CAPEX TOTAL R 17,540,000.00

OPEX distance return 20 km Round trip (trfs to site to trfs) Number of trips 35 week Cost per km R 12.00 R/km Includes fuel, maintenance, etc Cost per week R 8,400.00 R/week

Cost per month R 33,600.00 R per month Plant operating cost and Capital Redemption per month R 158,300.00 R per month Personnel R 102,443.25 R per month

OPEX TOTAL per month R 294,343.25

OPEX TOTAL per year R 3,532,119.00

Total for (5 ) years R 35,200,595.00 ZULULAND DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY: WASTE DISPOSAL SITE REGIONALISATION INVESTIGATION

ANNEXURE C:

Summary: Capital and Operational Cost for different options

Waste&Enviro/225280PW0/Design-Reports & Docs/Investigation0312_Status Quo Review_Zululand DM SUMMARY: CAPEX AND OPEX Regionalisation scenario (Waste by Road) Tonnage CAPEX OPEX CAPEX OPEX ton per year R R/a R/t R/t Edumbe Transfer station 8,249.80 2,700,000.00 1,780,200.00 327.28 215.79 Nkongolwana Transfer station 2,368.60 2,000,000.00 602,760.00 844.38 254.48 Louwsburg Transfer station 1,034.80 750,000.00 696,600.00 724.78 673.17 Transfer stations Nongoma Transfer Station 1,064.18 1,650,000.00 775,560.00 1,550.49 728.79 Ulundi Transfer Station 6,450.60 3,100,000.00 987,720.00 480.58 153.12 Vryheid Transfer Station 33,246.20 7,000,000.00 3,652,680.00 210.55 109.87 eMondlo Transfer Station 6,228.56 2,300,000.00 1,031,400.00 369.27 165.59

Regional site option 1 Regional site at Nhlazatshe 39,696.80 14,640,000.00 2,736,807.00 368.80 68.94 Regional site at Ulundi 6,450.60 12,040,000.00 2,704,185.00 1,866.49 419.21 Regional sites option 2 Regional site at Vryheid 33,246.20 13,440,000.00 2,704,185.00 404.26 81.34

Option 1: Total (including status quo uPhongolo) 7,536.93 2,975.88 Option 2: Total (including status quo uPhongolo) 8,747.75 3,144.50

Regionalisation scenario (Waste by Rail) Vryheid 33,246.20 9,770,900.00 4,532,040.00 293.90 136.32 Ulundi 6,450.60 3,855,700.00 1,275,240.00 597.73 197.69 Edumbe Transfer station 8,249.80 2,700,000.00 1,780,200.00 327.28 215.79 Transfer stations Nkongolwana Transfer station 2,368.60 2,000,000.00 602,760.00 844.38 254.48 Louwsburg Transfer station 1,034.80 750,000.00 696,600.00 724.78 673.17 Nongoma Transfer Station 1,064.18 1,650,000.00 775,560.00 1,550.49 728.79 eMondlo Transfer Station 6,228.56 2,300,000.00 1,031,400.00 369.27 165.59

Regional waste disposal site at Nhlazatshe Nhlazatshe landfill 39,696.80 17,540,000.00 3,532,119.00 441.85 88.98

Total for waste by rail option (including status quo uPhongolo) 7,810.48 3,066.93

STATUS QUO (existing sites)

Nongoma 1,064.18 3,140,000.00 731,231.00 2,950.63 687.13 Ulundi 5387.05 880,000.00 1,160,976.00 163.3547 215.5124 Edumbe 8,249.80 6,060,000.00 1,462,462.00 734.5633 177.2724 Abaqulusi 24,996.40 20,315,000.00 1,031,905.00 812.717 41.28214 uPhongola 1206.4 3,210,000.00 731,231.00 2660.809 606.1265

Total for this option 7,322.07 1,727.32