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Essential Oil Inhibits LPS-Induced Inflammation in RAW 264.7 Cells

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Essential Oil Inhibits LPS-Induced Inflammation in RAW 264.7 Cells Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 77 (3), 482–486, 2013 Kuromoji (Lindera umbellata) Essential Oil Inhibits LPS-Induced Inflammation in RAW 264.7 Cells y Hayato MAEDA, Mao YAMAZAKI, and Yohtaro KATAGATA Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan Received September 5, 2012; Accepted December 10, 2012; Online Publication, March 7, 2013 [doi:10.1271/bbb.120692] Kuromoji (Lindera umbellata) essential oil (KEO) has tion of prostaglandins causes inflammatory disorders. long been used in Japan as a traditional medicine. It Therefore, inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 under contains linalool (C10H18O), a naturally occurring small inflammatory disorder condition by macrophages is a terpenoid. For this study, we investigated the anti- useful strategy to screen anti-inflammatory drugs.6) inflammatory effect of KEO in lipopolysaccharide Essential oils diluted from several plants have been (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Mouse macro- used for a long time in perfumery, aromatherapy, food, phage-like RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated with LPS. and flavors. Many essential oils are known to be potent Then they were treated with 25 or 50 g/mL of KEO antibacterial and antifungal agents.7) Some essential for 24 h. KEO suppressed LPS-induced pro-inflamma- oil components reportedly have anti-inflammatory ac- tory cytokine production such as that of nitric oxide tivity.8) The advantage of these components in anti- (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor- inflammatory therapy is their low or negligible toxicity. (TNF- ) in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, Therefore, such components are useful in the long-term inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 chemoprevention and chemotherapy of inflammation. (COX-2) mRNA expression and protein levels were Kuromoji, a deciduous shrubby tree native to cool and suppressed by treatment with KEO cells. In addition, by warm temperate areas of Japan, is known as a spicebush treatment with 25 or 50 g/mL of linalool showed the because its twigs and leaves contain aromatic compo- same anti-inflammatory effect. The results suggest that nents. Consequently, kuromoji branches are used as KEO and linalool can be regarded as a natural resource indoor decorations and to produce shavings for aromatic for use in anti-inflammatory therapeutic products. baths. Furthermore, kuromoji essential oil (KEO) ob- tained through steam distillation is used traditionally as Key words: essential oil; Kuromoji (Lindera umbellata); a medicine for neuralgia, stiff neck, and back pain. The RAW 264.7 cells; linalool main KEO components are terpenes and alcohol esters, of which linalool is the most abundant component. Inflammation is a complex process mediated by the Geranyl acetate, an ester in KEO, has a relaxing and activation of various immune cells. Macrophages play a calming effect on humans. Other terpenes (limonene and central role in mediating various immunopathological -pinene) and alcohols (geraniol and cineol) in essential phenomena during inflammation, including the over- oils have beneficial activities in various diseases, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflam- supporting anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity effects.8,9) matory mediators such as IL-6, TNF- , and NO.1–4) NO These terpenoid components become ligands in nuclear has been identified as an important molecule involved in receptors, regulate gene expression, and ameliorate regulating biological activities in vascular, neural, and conditions related to these diseases.10) immune systems. NO produced by activated macro- Linalool, a monoterpene compound that is reportedly phages has been found to mediate host defense func- a major volatile component of the essential oils of tions, including antimicrobial and antitumor activities, several aromatic species, is used in traditional medicine but excess production of it causes tissue damage systems to relieve symptoms and to cure various associated with acute and chronic inflammation.5) iNOS ailments, both acute and chronic. It was evaluated is key enzyme producing large amounts of NO through recently for its psychopharmacological activity in mice, macrophages. Increased NO production has been im- revealing marked dose-dependent sedative effects on plicated as a cause of diverse inflammatory diseases, the central nervous system,11,12) including protection including rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis. against pentylenetetrazol, picrotoxin, and transcorneal Moreover, COX-2 promotes prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) electroshock-induced convulsion, and its hypnotic and synthesis from arachidonic acid. Cyclooxygenase hypothermic properties.13) Furthermore, several recent (COX) exists in two major isoforms, COX-1 and reports have stated that linalool shows anti-proliferative COX-2. COX-1 is expressed constitutively in many activity against some solid tumor cells such as melanoma tissues and COX-2 is an inducible enzyme expressed in cells and renal cell adenocarcinoma cells14) and inflammation-related cells such as macrophages, pro- HepG2.15) It induces apoptosis in human leukemia ducing large amounts of prostaglandins. Excess produc- cells.16) Our previous study indicated that KEO mainly y To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel/Fax: +81-172-39-3790; E-mail: [email protected] Abbreviations: LPS, lipopolysaccharide; NO, nitric oxide; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF- , tumor necrosis factor- ; NO, inducible NO synthase; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; NF-B, nuclear factor-B; PPAR , peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Kuromoji Inhibits LPS-Induced Inflammation 483 containing linalool showed antitumor activity against cleavage of the tetrazolium salt WST-1 by mitochondrial dehydrogen- several human tumor cell lines.17) In addition, Peana ase of viable cells. et al. have reported that linalool and the corresponding  5 ester (linalyl acetate) exhibited anti-inflammatory activ- Quantification of NO production. RAW 264.7 cells (5 10 cells/ 18) mL) were cultured in a 24-well culture plate with 500 mL medium and ity in rat inflammation model experiments. Therefore, incubated as described previously. The nitrite-containing culture KEO containing linalool and other terpenoids is neces- medium was measured as an indication of NO production based on sary to elucidate anti-inflammatory principles. the Griess reaction. Briefly, 100 mL of cell culture medium was mixed In murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells, LPS with 100 mL of Griess reagent (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI) in a stimulation alone can induce the production of pro- 96-well culture plate. After incubation of 10 min at room temperature, inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators. the optical density was determined at 550 nm using a microplate reader. Fresh culture medium was used as the blank in all experiments. Thus, this experimental model is useful for drug The nitrite concentration in the samples was measured by serial screening and for the evaluation of potential inhibitors dilution the standard curve of NaNO2. of the inflammatory response. The present study was undertaken to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity Extraction of total RNA and quantitative RT-PCR analysis. The of KEO by adjusting the production of pro-inflammatory total RNA of the cultured cells was extracted (Quick Gene mini 80; cytokines and inflammatory mediators by LPS-stimu- Fujifilm, Tokyo) following to the manufacturer’s instructions. Then lated RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, the effect was total RNA was reverse-transcribed by High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription (Applied Biosystems Japan, Tokyo) for cDNA synthesis. compared to that of linalool of which is a major IL-6, TNF- , COX-2, and iNOS mRNA expression was measured component of KEO. using a real-time PCR detection system (Opticon 2; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA). Thunderbirdtm SYBERÒ qPCR Mix Materials and Methods (Toyobo, Osaka, Japan) was used in the PCR reaction. PCR cycling was done at 95 C for 1 min at 95 C for 15 s and 60 C for 1 min for 40 Chemical reagents and cells. For use in this study, Mouse cycles. The primer sequences used for RT-PCR were the following: 0 0 0 macrophage-like cell line RAW 264.7 cells were purchased from DS 5 -CCA CGG CCT TCC CTA CTT C-3 (forward) and 5 -TTG GGA 0 Pharma Biomedical (Osaka, Japan). Linalool was from Tokyo Chemi- GTG GTA TCC TCT GTG A-3 (reverse) for mouse IL-6 0 0 cal Industry (Tokyo). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was from Biological (NM 031168.1); 5 -CAC AAG ATG CTG GGA CAG TGA-3 0 0 Industries (Kibbutz Beit, Israel). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (forward) and 5 -TCC TTG ATG GTG GTG CAT GA-3 (reverse) 0 (DMEM) was from Nissui Pharmaceutical (Tokyo). ELISA kits for for mouse TNF- (NM 013693.2); 5 -TGC CTC CCA CTC CAG ACT 0 0 0 TNF- and IL-6 were from Immuno-Biological Laboratories (Gunma, AGA-3 (forward) and 5 -CAG CTC AGT TGA ACG CCT TTT-3 0 Japan) and Shibayagi (Gunma, Japan). Anti-iNOS, anti-COX-2, and (reverse) for mouse COX-2 (NM 011198.3); 5 -GGA TCT TCC CAG 0 0 anti- -actin antibodies were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa GCA ACC A-3 (forward) and 5 -CAA TCC ACA ACT CGC TCC 0 0 Cruz, CA), Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI), and AbD SeroTec AA-3 (reverse) for mouse iNOS (NM 010927.3); 5 -CAT GGC CTT 0 0 (Raleigh, NC) respectively. All other chemicals, guaranteed to be of CCG TGT TCC TA-3 (forward) and 5 -GCG GCA CGT CAG ATC 0 reagent or tissue-culture grade, were from Sigma-Aldrich Japan CA-3 (reverse) for mouse GAPDH (NM 008084.2). PCR reactions (Tokyo) or Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). were normalized to GAPDH. Isolation of Kuromoji essential oil (KEO). KEO was donated by Detection of IL-6 and TNF-a in the supernatants. The concen- Enjyakudo (Aomori, Japan). Fresh kuromoji leaves and branches were trations of IL-6 and TNF- in the culture supernatants were determined collected in the mountains near the city of Aomori, and were heated to by ELISA, conducted using a Mouse IL-6 ELISA Kit (Immuno- boiling.
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