Year-Round Use of Coastal Lakes by Marbled Murrelets

The Condor 88:473-477 0 The Cooper Ornithological Society 1986

YEAR-ROUND USE OF COASTAL LAKES BY MARBLED MURRELETS

HARRY R. CARTERS AND SPENCER G. SEALY Department of Zoology, Universityof Manitoba, Winnipeg,Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada

Abstract. Sixty-seven records (from 1909 to 1984) of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) using 33 freshwater lakes along the west coast of North America (78.6% in British Columbia, 12.1% in Alaska, 6.1% in Washington,and 3.0% in Oregon)were compiled and analyzed. The preponderanceof recordsfrom southernBritish Columbia lakespossibly reflects the abundance of coastal lakes there that are accessibleto high numbers of murrelets and observers. Fifty-three ofthe lake-userecords were obtained during the species’breeding season (April throughSeptember); 13 were from the nonbreeding season(October to March). Most lakes used were within 20 km of the ocean, but a few murrelets were reported at lakes 50 to 75 km inland (Cultus, Harrison, and Swan Lakes, British Columbia). The multiple records of Marbled Murrelets using Cultus and Harrison Lakes suggestthat theselakes are near nestingareas, and as such,are the farthest distances inland Marbled Murrelets can be expected to nest. Five or less individuals usually were reported in each record, althoughup to 46 were seenin summer on Nitinat Lake, Vancouver Island. Feeding occurred on some lakes in British Columbia, apparently mainly at night: the stomachs of four murrelets contained fingerling sockeyesalmon (Oncorhynchusnerka), while another stomachcon- tained the remains of salmon fry. Kev words: Marbled Murrelet: Brachvramuhusmarmoratus; alcid; inland; lake; feeding; nocturnal behavior;breeding; nonbrekding. I

INTRODUCTION on the surface of a lake, flying over (or near) Marbled Mm-relets (Brachyramphus marmor- a lake, collected on a lake, or otherwise found atus) nest solitarily along much of the coast of “at lakes.” Records were obtained from: lit- the north Pacific Ocean (Drent and Guiguet erature; examination of specimens in most 1961, Sealy et al. 1982, Day et al. 1983, Sealy major museums in North America, and many and Carter 1984). Although the nestingbiology smaller oneson the west coast;field notes, sight of the Marbled Mm-relet is little known, the records, and nest records housed in the British species is abundant and distributed widely Columbia Provincial Museum (Victoria); and usually within a few kilometers of shore (Sealy through solicitation of workers who have stud- 1975, Sealy and Carter 1984). Twelve nestsof ied seabirdsalong the west coast. We consid- this specieshave been found: on tree branches ered recordsbetween April and September and (Kuzyakin 1963, Binford et al. 1975), on open between October and March to be from the ground (Ornithological Society of Japan 1975, breeding and nonbreeding seasons,respective- Simons 1980, Day et al. 1983) and in cavities ly (see Sealy 1974, Carter 1984, Carter and (Johnston and Carter 1985). Murrelets have Sealy 1984). We measured the shortest dis- been presumed to fly directly to and from the tance between the shorelines of lakes and salt ocean and their nestsduring the night (Simons water, using topographic maps (1:250,000). 1980,Hirschetal. 1981, CarterandSealy 1983, Distances reported are minimal because Carter 1984). Notwithstanding this presump- murrelets were often recorded at the far reach- tion, they have been observed usingfreshwater es of lakes. lakesduring the breeding and nonbreeding sea- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION sons. To determine the nature of this use, we compiled recordsof Marbled Murrelets at lakes RECORDS OF MARBLED MURRELETS AT LAKES on the west coast of North America. These Sixty-seven records of Marbled Mm-relets at records reveal a more diverse use of inland 33 lakes have been reported on the west coast habitats by Marbled Murrelets than has been of North America from 1909 through 1984 recognized. (Table 1). Most of these lakes were in British Columbia (78.8%), while 12.1, 6.1, and 3.0% METHODS were in Alaska, Washington, and Oregon, re- We compiled records of Marbled Mm-relets at spectively. Most lakes in British Columbia lakes throughout their range in North America (88.5%) were on Vancouver Island and the ad- (Alaska to California). We defined a lake rec- jacent mainland. Several factors apparently ord as one or more mm-reletsobserved sitting contribute to the preponderance of records from southern British Columbia: the abundance, distribution and accessof lakes to mur- I Received 6 January 1986. Final acceptance 4 June 1986. relets and observers, observer effort, and the ZPresent address:Point Reyes Bird Observatory, 4990 size of Marbled Mm-relet populations. South Shoreline Highway, Stinson Beach, CA 94970. of British Columbia to the southern limit of

I4731 474 HARRY R. CARTER AND SPENCER G. SEALY

TABLE 1. Records of Marbled Murrelets at lakes along the west coastof North America (n = 67 recordsat 33 lakes).

Record NO. “0. Locatmn Date birds’ Notes Source(s)’

Alaska 1 Harlequin Lake 25 Jun 1980 L at lake Patten (1982) 2 Iliama Lake 27 Jul 1940 some on water Gabrielson (1944), Gabrielson and Lincoln (19 59) [USNM 5896391 Lake Aleknagik 14 Jun 1980 2 on water Gibson (1980) Little Kitoi Lake 12 Jun 1977 5-7 on water D. J. Forsell (in litt.) Little Kitoi Lake 16 Jul 1977 15-20 flying D. J. Forsell (in l&t.) Little Kitoi Lake 17 Jul 1977 50+ flying D. J. Forsell (in Zitt.) Little Kitoi Lake 2 Aug 1977 many flying D. J. Forsell (in l&t.) British Columbia 8 Alouette Lake 30 Nov 1981 1 at lake R. W. Campbell (in litt.) 9 Bobs Lake 24 Jun 1981 at lake R. W. Campbell (in lilt.) 10 Cameron Lake 1 Ott 1981 at lake R. W. Campbell (in litt.) 11 Campbell Lake 1 Jul 1922 heard calling T. Pearse(BCPM-FN) 12 Camobell Lake 9 May 1975 at lake R. W. Campbell (in lk) 13 Campbell Lake summer heard calling H. T. Laing (in ht.) 14 Comox Lake summer some heard calling H. T. Laing (in litt.) 15 Cowichan Lake 28 Nov 1923 many on water Munro (1924) 16 Cowichan Lake 7 Jan 1924 12 on water Munro and Cowan (1947) [ROM 26, 2, 28, 1; ROM 827601 17 Cowichan Lake 24 Dee 1924 at lake Simpson (1925) 18 Cowichan Lake 27 Dee 1925 at lake Simpson (1926) 19 Cowichan Lake 27 Dee 1926 at lake Simpson (1927) 20 Cowichan Lake May-Jun flying Munro (1924) 21 Cultus Lake winter 1932-l 933 many on water [ROM 34, 2, 27, 1 label] 22 Cultus Lake 4 May 1933 1 on water [ROM 34, 2, 27, 11 23 Cultus Lake 28 Dee 1936 at lake kicker(1937) 24 Cultus Lake 11 Apr 1959 2 at lake R. W. Camobell (in ht.1 25 Cultus Lake 13 Jun 1964 1 at lake Boggsand Boggs( 1964) 26 Drizzle Lake Jul 2 on water Reimchen and Douglas ( 1984) 27 Eden Lake summer some on water Guiguet (1956, in Mt.) 28 Gray-Garrett Lakes 1 Aug 1975 8+ flying H. A. Telosky (BCPM-SRF) 29 Great Central Lake 4 May 1941 3 on water G. C. Carl (BCPM-FN)’ 30 Great Central Lake 23 Sep 1970 5+ on water W. E. Barraclough(in litt.) 31 Great Central Lake 13 Jul 1971 1 flying W. E. Barraclouah(in litt.) 32 Great Central Lake 1 Aug 1978 some on water W. E. Barraclough(in litt.j 33 Great Central Lake 6 Jun 1984 9 on water K. Vermeer (in ht.) 34 Harrison Lake 3 Dee 1926 6 on water Stewart (1927) [BCPM 61621 35 Harrison Lake 28 Apr 1928 14-16 on water Brooks (1928) [BCPM 6 16714 36 Harrison Lake 13 Dee 1980 1 at lake R. W. Campbell (in litt.) Harrison Lake 3 Jan 1981 2 at lake R. W. Campbell (in ht.) :; Henderson Lake 10 Nov 1922 many on water Munro (1923, 1924) 39 Henderson Lake 25 Jun 1982 2 on water Sealy and Carter (1984) 40 Kantm Lake 16 Jun 1982 1 flying Sealy and Carter (1984) 41 Kennedy Lake 28 Jun 1925 some flying Darcus (1927) 42 Kennedy Lake 29 Jun 1925 some on water Darcus (1927), Young (1927) 43 Kennedy Lake 19 Jun 1969 8 on water Campbell (1970) 44 Kennedy Lake 2 Jun 1978 1 at lake R. W. Campbell (in ht.) 45 Kennedy Lake 7 Jun 1984 2 on water K. Vermeer (in ht.) 46 Kennedy Lake 19 Jun 1984 4 on water K. Vermeer (in l&t.) 47 Kennedy Lake 20 Jun 1984 7 on water K. Vermeer (in litt.) 48 Kennedy Lake 26 Jun 1984 2 on water K. Vermeer (in ht.) 49 Kennedy Lake 3 Jul 1984 7 on water K. Vermeer (in ht.) 50 Kumara Lake 19 Aug 1974 some at lake R. A. Cannings (BCPM-SRF) 51 Nimpkish Lake May 1975 2 at lake R. W. Camebell (in ht.) 52 Nimpkish Lake 14 Jun 1984 5 on water K. Vermeer (in lik.) ’ 53 Nitinat Lake 21 Jun 1984 46 on water K. Vermeer (in ht.) 54 Pitt Lake 11 May 1963 2 on water R. W. Campbell (in litt.) Pitt Lake 11 Jun 1973 2 on water W. C. Weber (BCPM-SRF) :: Pitt Lake 4 May 1975 1 at lake R. W. Campbell (in ht.) 57 Powell Lake 7 Aug 1979 1 on water C. H. Burton (BCPM-BCNRS) Powell Lake 13 Jun 1981 3 at lake R. W. Campbell (in litt.) :; Ruby Lake 11 Jun 1981 1 at lake R. W. Campbell (in ht.) 60 Swan Lake Jun 1979 1 at lake R. W. Camnbell fin ht.) 61 Tsusiat Lake 14 Jun 1982 some heard calling T. A. Carson (in ht.) 62 Vernon Lake 15 Jun 1984 5 on water K. Vermeer (in Zitt.) FRESHWATER LAKE USE BY MARBLED MURRELETS 415

TABLE 1. Continued.

Record NO. “0. Location Date btrdsl Notes Source(s)’

63 Victoria Lake 15 Aug 1981 at lake R. W. Campbell (in ht.) 64 Woss Lake 15 Jun 1984 on water K. Vermeer (in litt.) Washington Lake Quinalt 18 Jul 1964 3 flying Boggsand Boggs(1964) Lake Washington winter some on water Dawson and Bowles (1909) Oregon 61 Devil’s Lake 4 Sep 1933 1 on ground Jewett (1934), Gabrielson and Jewett (1940) ’ ’ All recordsare of after-hatching-yearbirds exceptfor recordnos. 43 (I bird), 57 and 67 which werehatching-year birds. i Sourcesin squarebrackets refer to specimenshoused in the British Columbia Provincial Museum(BCPM), Royal Ontario Museum(ROM), and the U.S. National Museum (USNM). Other sourceshoused in the BCPM include field notes(FN), sight recordfiles (SRF),,andnest records scheme (BCNRS). ’ ’ Carl indicatedthat thesebirds were collectedat “Camp 6” while he was en route to Stamp Falls. This locatmnis presumedto be Great Central Lake throughconversation with local people. 4 This specimenbears the date 25 April 1925. the samelocality and plumageas reportedby Brooks(1928), but lacksa collector’sname. the Marbled Mm-relet’s range in California and “presumably feeding,” among flocks of (Sealy et al. 1982) Marbled Mm-relets and Mew Gulls (Lams canus)in the middle of a coastal lakes are less abundant. In Alaska, lake at night (record nos. 30 and 32, also see where Marbled Mm-relets are most abundant, Guiguet 197 1). J. A. Munro observed murre- observer frequency is low. Nevertheless, rec- lets “diving and apparently feeding in deep ords of Marbled Mm-relets at lakes are wide- water, some distance out from shore” (record spread. no. 15). The behavior of murrelets at lakes is little Many of the lakes on which murrelets have known. At 20 lakeswhere it was known if birds been recorded are large nurseries for juvenile were on the water or flying, 85 .O%of lakes had salmon (Foerster 1968, Robinson and Barra- been reported to have mm-reletson the water. clough 1978). Juvenile salmon occur in the Only a few recordswere basedon vocalizations center of lakes at night (Pella 1964), where heard at night (record nos. 11, 13, 14 and 6 1). Barraclough observed murrelets. Barraclough Thus, most records presumably were obtained (in litt.) further remarked that, in summer at during daytime. Most records (46.3%) report- Great Central Lake, juvenile sockeye migrate ed 15 murrelets at lakes. In most cases,how- from depths of 45 to 90 m in the day to near ever, we could not determine how much of the the surface(0 to 30 m) after sunsetuntil shortly lake had been surveyed. Record nos. 41 to 49 before dawn. He recorded murrelets at 20: 15, were of birds observed in Clayoquot Arm of 00:30, and 23:00 hr (PDT) in record nos. 30 Kennedy Lake, the least accessibleportion of to 32, respectively. Murrelets may feed often the lake, and the farthest from roads. Here, at night when fish are available closer to the single or groups of 2 mm-reletswere dispersed surface of lakes. Murrelets also feed at night widely as noted at other lakes (Munro 1924; on the ocean (Carter and Sealy 1984). Juvenile Brooks 1928; K. Vermeer, in litt., 19 Decem- salmon occasionally undergo “dawn rises” ber 1984). Since most lakes were about 30 km (Robinson and Barraclough 1975) making long (range 2 to 130 km), it is likely that the them available near the surface in the first few actual numbers of mm-relets using lakes are hours of daylight. Observations of murrelets higher than reported. Four records reported on lakes during the day may suggestthat they between 20 and 50 mm-relets (record nos. 6, are exploiting prolonged availability of prey. 18, 19, and 53). Guiguet (1956) reported mm-relets taking off from Eden Lake at dawn, circling to heights, FEEDING IN LAKES and flying towards the ocean. T. E. Reimchen Collected Marbled Murrelets had been feeding (in litt., 24 June 1981) recorded Marbled in lakes. In record no. 29, G. C. Carl noted Mm-reletsonce (record no. 26) despitehundreds that the stomachs of 3 birds contained 1, 2, of daylight hours at Drizzle Lake, yet he oc- and 5 yearling Kokanee (Oncorhynchusnerka casionally heard wingbeatspresumably of this kennerlyi),respectively. In record no. 22, W. specieslanding on the lake at night and leaving E. Ricker found that 1 stomach contained 2 before dawn. fingerling sockeye(0. nerka).In record no. 3 5, R. M. Stewart noted that “the stomach was REGULARITY OF USE OF LAKES full of small fish which looked like salmon fry The anecdotal nature of observations of Mar- [Oncorhynchusor Salmo sp.].” Observational bled Murrelets at lakes and nocturnal use of records suggestfeeding, as well. W. E. Barra- lakes by murrelets make it difficult to deter- clough (in litt., 3 1 March 198 1) and T. Gjernes mine the regularity of use of lakes. Only Ken- used a spotlight to observe murrelets diving nedy and Little Kitoi lakes have more than 476 HARRY R. CARTER AND SPENCER G. SEALY one record in the same summer (Table 1). Sim- forested areas, lakes provide access to non- ilarly, only Cowichan and Cultus lakes have coastal tree-nesting habitat. Binford et al. more than one record in the same winter (Ta- (1975) speculatedthat Marbled Mm-relets se- ble 1). Six lakes (18.2%) have records of murre- lect old-growth coniferous trees with easy ac- lets in different summers, three lakes (9.1%) cessto brancheson which to nest. Thus, adult have recordsin different winters, and four lakes mm-relets may stage and feed on lakes near (12.1%) have recordsin both summer and win- their nests.Fledglings, on the other hand, may ter. Brooks (1928) and Munro (1924) further use lakes while en route to the ocean (Carter noted that murrelets occurred regularly during and Sealy, unpubl.). winter at Harrison and Cowichan lakes, re- Use of lakes by mm-relets during the non- spectively. Ricker (1934) must have observed breeding seasonprobably occurs in conjunc- mm-relets regularly in winter at Cultus Lake tion with visits to nestingareas. Juvenile salm- becausehe figured a mm-relet in basic plumage on are present in lakes during the winter but in a diagram that summarized predators of are deeper and lessaccessible than in summer sockeye salmon at the lake. Some mm-relets (Robinson and Barraclough 1975). Nesting probably use lakes regularly during the breed- areas are visited in the nonbreeding seasonat ing season.Use during the nonbreeding season night and at dawn in California where few or is restricted to coastal lakes that regularly do no lakes occur nearby (Chaseand Paxton 1966, not freeze over which occur from southern Singer and Verardo 1975, Winter and Laymon British Columbia south (Titus 1969, Allen 1979, Sowls et al. 1980, R. A. Erickson, pers. 1977). comm.). Cassin’s Auklets (Ptychoramphus aleuticus)and Common Murres (Uris aalge) also visit nesting areas regularly during the IMPORTANCE OF LAKE USE TO MARBLED nonbreeding season,primarily to defend nest MURRELETS sites in high-density nesting situations and to The 67 records above indicate that use of lakes court (Manuwal 1974; Birkhead 1976; M. P. is a widespreadand regular behavior of at least Harris, pers. comm.; Carter, pers. observ.). some Marbled Mm-relets on the west coast of Since mm-reletsnest solitarily, we suspectthat North America. The Asiatic subspeciesof the limited use of lakes in winter possiblyis related Marbled Murrelet (B. m. pen&) also useslakes to suchactivities as courtship, pairbond main- in summer along the coasts of Sakhalin and tenance, and prospecting. Kamchatka (Koslova 1957, Vyatkin 198 l), but few details are available. Records of Asiatic Marbled Murrelets (Sealy et al. 1982) and oth- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS er alcids at lakes in North America that are Our fieldwork on murreletswas funded by Canadian Wild- hundreds to thousandsof kilometers from salt life Service Scholarshipsto Carter and grants from the water, represent extralimital occurrences of Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (GO232 and T1639) to Sealy. We thank the cu- disoriented individuals. rators of several museums who permitted us to examine Most lakes used by Marbled Mm-relets are or borrow specimens,but especiallyC. J. Guiguet and E. within 20 km of the ocean. The few records of H. Miller (British Columbia Provincial Museum), J. A. murrelets at lakes from 50 to 75 km inland Dick (Royal Ontario Museum), and M. R. Browning (U.S. National Museum) in whosecollections specimens ofMar- (Cultus, Harrison, and Swan lakes) represent bled Murrelets at lakes were discovered. R. W. Campbell the farthest inland records known (Carter and (British Columbia Provincial Museum) permitted us to Sealy 1983, unpubl.). The regular use of Cultus extract and cite records from the British Columbia nest and Harrison lakes suggeststhat these lakes and sight record files and from the field notes of G. C. are near nesting areas and reveal the farthest Carl and C. J. Guiguet housedthere. Specialthanks to W. distances inland Marbled Murrelets can be E. Barraclough, R. W. Campbell, T. A. Carson, R. A. Erickson, D. J. Forsell, C. J. Guiguet, H. T. Laing, M. L. suspectedto nest. Nesting has been confirmed McAllister, T. E. Reimchen, and K. Vermeer for providing up to 35 km inland (Carter and Sealy, unpubl.). unpublished records and useful comments on the occur- All lakes used by Marbled Murrelets presum- rencesand activities of murrelets at lakes. This is Contri- ably occur within potential nesting habitats. bution No. 329 of the Point Reyes Bird Observatory. This is supported by two records of hatching- LITERATURE CITED year birds (record nos. 43, 56), one record of a downy chick (record no. 66), and one record ALLEN, W.R.T. 1911. Freeze-up, break-up and ice thick- of a female with a well-developed ovum (re- ness in Canada. Fish. Environ. Canada, Atmosph. Environ. Serv., CLI-1-77. cord no. 35) at lakes. During the breeding sea- BINFORD, L. C., B. G. ELLIOTT, AND S. W. SINGER. 1975. son, Marbled Murrelets may supplement their Discovery of a nest and the downy young of the Mar- diets or obtain fish for their chicks from lakes, bled Murrelet. Wilson Bull. 87:303-3 19. thus promoting nesting further inland. Use of BIRKHEAD, T. R. 1976. Breeding and survival of guil- lemots (Uriu a&e). Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Oxford, En- Alouette and Pitt lakes (< 20 km inland) could gland. lead to use of Cultus and Harrison lakes farther BOGGS, B., AND E. BOGGS. 1964. Northern Pacific coast inland (53 and 73 km inland, respectively). In region. Am. Birds 18530-532. FRESHW‘ A TER LAKE USE BY MARBLED MURRELETS 477

BROOKS,A. 1928. Does the Marbled Murrelet nest in- ORNITHOLOGICALSOCIETY OF JAPAN. 1975. Check-list of land? Murrelet 9:68. Japanesebirds. Fifth Edition. Gadden Co., Tokyo. CAMPBELL,R. W. 1970. Recent information on nesting PATTEN,S. M. 1982. Seasonaluse of coastalhabitat from colonies of Mew Gulls on Kennedy Lake, Vancouver Yakutat Bay to Cape Fairweather by migratory sea- Island, British Columbia. Syesis3:5-14. birds, shorebirdsand waterfowl, p. 295-603. In En- CARTER,H. R. 1984. At-sea biology of the Marbled viron. Assess.Alaskan Cont. Shelf, Final Rept. Prin- Murrelet (Bruchyrumphusmarmorutus) in Barkley cipal Invest. Vol. 16, Biol. Studies. Sound, British Columbia. M.Sc.thesis, Univ. of Man- PELLA,J. J. 1964. SockeyeSalmon fry distribution and itoba, Winnipeg. growth in Lake Aleknagik, Alaska, during the summer CARTER,H. R., ANDS. G. SEALY. 1983. Inland Marbled of 1962. M. SC.thesis, Univ. of Washington, Seattle. Murrelets. Pac. Seabird Group Bull. 10:63. REIMCHEN,T. E., AND S. DOUGLAS. 1984. Seasonaland CARTER,H. R., ANDS. G. SEALY. 1984. Marbled Murre- diurnal abundance of aquatic birds on the Drizzle let (Bruchyrumpusmurmorutus) mortality due to gill- Lake Reserve, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Co- net fishing in Barkley Sound, British Columbia, p. lumbia. Can. Field-Nat. 98:22-28. 212-220. In D. N. Nettleshin. G. A. Sanaer, and P. RICKER,W. E. 1934. Plankton organismsand their re- F. Springer [eds]. Marine birds: their feed&g’ecology lation to the sockeyeof Cultus Lake. Biol. Board Can., and commercial fisheries relationships. Can. Wildl. Prog. Rep. of Pac. Biol. Station and Pac. Exp. Station Serv. Spec. Publ. No. 21:14-17. CHASE,T., AND R. 0. PAXTON. 1966. Middle Pacific RICKER,W. E. 1937. (Christmasbird census,1936.) Ved- coast region. Am. Birds 20:87-90. der Crossing.British Columbia. December 28. 1936. DARCUS,S. J. 1927. Discovery of the nest of the Marbled Can. Field-Nat. 51:27. Murrelet (Bruchyrumphusmurmorutus) in the Queen ROBINSON,D. G., ANDW. E. BARRACLOUGH.1975. Sock- Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Can. Field-Nat. eye Salmon (Oncorhynchusnerku) in Great Central 41:197-199. Lake, British Columbia: length, weight, age and food DAWSON,W. L., AND J. H. BOWLES.1909. The birds of of specimenssampled durine. 1974. Fish. Res. Board Washington. Occidental Printing Co., Seattle. Can., Man. Rept.Ber. No. 258. DAY, R. H.,.K. L. OAKLEY, AND D. k. BARNARD. 1983. ROBINSON,D. G., AND W. E. BARRACLOUGH.1978. Pop- Nest sites and eaasof Kittlitz’s and Marbled murre- ulation estimates of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynch& lets. Condor 85:%5-273. nerku) in a fertilized oliaotroohic lake. J. Fish. Res. DRENT,R. H., ANDC. J. GUIGUET. 1961. A catalogueof Board Can. 35:85 l-860.- _ British Columbia sea-bird colonies. Occas.Pap. B.C. SEALY,S. G. 1974. Breeding phenology and clutch size Prov. Musetim No. 12. in the Marbled Murrelet. Auk 9 1:10-23. FOERSTER,R. E. 1968. The sockeyesalmon. Fish Res. Board Can. Bull. No. 162. SEALY,S. G. 1975. 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A list of seabird nesting sites in rumphusmurmorutusperdix (Pallas)] in North Amer- Barkley Sound, British Columbia. Syesis4:253-259. ica. Auk 99~778-781. SIMONS,T. R. 1980. Discovery of a ground-nestingMar- HIRSCH,K. V., D. A. WOODSY,AND L. B. ASTHEIMER. bled Murrelet. Condor 82:1-9. 1981. Growth of a nestling Marbled Murrelet. Con- dor 83:264-265. SIMPSON,G. B. 1925. (Christmas bird censuses,1924) JEWETT,S. G. 1934. The mystery of the Marbled Murre- Lake Cowichan. V.I.. B.C.. December 24. 1924. Can. let deepens.Murrelet 15:24. Field-Nat. 39321. ’ ’ JOHNSTON,S., AND H. R. CARTER. 1985. Cavity-nesting SIMPSON,G. B. 1926. Christmas bird censusfrom Lake Marbled Murrelets. Wilson Bull. 97:1-3. Cowichan, B.C. Can. Field-Nat. 40: 10. KOSLOVA,E. V. 1957. Charadriiformes, suborderAlcae. SIMPSON,G. B. 1927. Christmas bird census at Lake Fauna of USSR: Birds 2(3): l-140. (English transla- Cowichan. B.C. Can. Field-Nat. 41:lO. tion by R. Ettinger, Israel Program for Scientific SINGER,S. W., ANDD. R. VERARDO. 1975. The murrelet’s Translations, Jerusalem, 1961.) _ nest discovered. Pac. Discovery 28: 18-2 1. KUZYAIUN. A. P. 1963. IOn the biology of the Lona- SOWLS,A. L., A. R. DEGANGE,J. W. NELSON,AND G. S. billed ‘(Marbled) Mu&let.] Ornitolozya 6:3 15-320. LESTER. 1980. Catalog of California seabird colo- (Translation in Van Tyne Memorial Library, Univ. nies. U.S. Dept. Int., Fish Wildl. Serv., Biol. Serv. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.) Prog. FWS/OBS 37/80. MANUWAL,D. A. 1974. Effectsof territoriality on breed- STEWART,R. M. 1927. Marbled Murrelet taken at Har- ing in a population of Cassin’s Auklet. Ecology 55: rison Lake, British Columbia. Murrelet 8: 16. 1399-1406. TITUS, R. L. 1969. Freezing level statisticsfor Canada. MUNRO,J. A. 1923. A preliminary report on the relation Can. Dept. Transport, Meteorol. Branch, Climato- of various ducksand gullsto the propagationof Sock- logical Studies No. 12. eye Salmon at Henderson Lake, Vancouver Island. VYATKIN, P. S. 1981. [New information on the distri- Can. Field-Nat. 37:81-83; 107-116. bution of seabirdson the shore of Kamchatka.] Byul. MUNRO, J. A. 1924. Miscellaneous bird notes from Mosk. Ova. Ispyt. Prir. Otd. Biol. 86: 14-l 8. (In Rus- southernVancouver Island 1923. Can. Field-Nat. 38: sian with English summary.) 147-150; 175-177. WINTER,J., AND S. A. LAYMON. 1979. Middle Pacific MUNRO, J. A., AND I. McT. COWAN. 1947. A review of coast region. Am. Birds. 33:309-311. the bird fauna of British Columbia. B.C. Prov. Mu- YOUNG, C. J. 1927. A visit to the Queen Charlotte Is- seum Spec. Publ. No. 2. lands. Auk 44:38-43.