Index

Acacia decora pollen grain, 200 Anemone, 12 Achrotelium, 177 Aneuploidy, 112 Actinomycin D, binding properties of, 19 Angiospermae Acyrthosiphon pisum, 266 classification Adaptation to aridity, 175 phylogenetic,35-106 Adaptive strategies, 321 published during last 10 years, 36 Adoxus obscurus, 237-238,241, 243 table, 56-66 Aecidium physalidis, 151 families, tropical, 49 Aeciospore, 175 fossils, earliest, 48 Aecium, 153, 154 origins, 48-50 Aegilops, 127 plasticity, 53 A. longissima, 116 synopsis of, 56 Agoseris, 11 Anisoploidy, development of, 222 Alary dimorphism, 267 of parthenogenetic forms, 221 polyphenism in Gerridae, 267-268 Annonales, 56 Alchemilla, 143 Annonidae, see Dicotyledoneae Algae Annoniflorae, 56,69 population growth rate, 378 Annonopsida, see Angiospermae response structure, 375 Anomis sabulifera, 271 Alismatales, 65 Anthomyces brasiliensis teliospore, 193 Alismatiflorae, 97 Apargidium, 11 Alleles Aphid geographic distribution of A and C, 403 control of phenotype, 266 normal environment for A and C, 386 cycle, seasonal, 265 Allium cepa, 13 parthenogenesis in, 209, 238-239 A. fistulosum, 13 phenotype A. pulchellum, 22 control, 266 Allopolyploid, 107 plasticity, 265-267 Alteration of generations, heterogonous, plasticity, phenotypic, 265-267 218 sexuality, chromosomal basis, 266 Amentiferae, 87 Aphis fabae, 238 Amphicoely, 350, 355, 356 Aplopsora, 157 Amphiploid, 107 Apomictic species, 211, 248 first fertile reported, 109 Apomorph, 348 Anacyclus plantago, 12 Aquifoliaceae, 71 Analysis Arales,65 of morphocline, 360 Araliineae, 93 of morphology, 360 Araschnia levana, 263,271-274,322 Ancestors of flowering , immediate Archaeopteryx, 357-360 common, 50-51 relation to origin of birds, 357

449 450 Index

Archaeopteryx (cont'd) Campanulales, 59,80 and theropod dinosaurs, 358 Capparales, 58, 77 Arecales, 65 Carausius morosus, 211 Areciflorae, 99 C. croceus, 281 Aricia agestis, 317 Casuarinales, 61 A. artaxerxes, 317 Cell proliferation, 14, 26 Aridity, adaptation to, 175 DNA content and mitotic cycle correla• Ariflorae (formerly Spathiflorae), 98 tion, 14 Armadillo variety of triticale, 118 Ceratium, 264 introduced in 1969, 125 Ceriodaphnia, 315 Arrhenotoky, 244 C. corn uta, 264 Asplanchna, 264 C. eurytheme, 271,280,281,284 , 95 seasonal phenotypes, 296 , 64, 94, 95 Chaconia, 158 Auriculariales, 146 C. ingae, 159 rust originated from parasitic, 147 Chamaenerion, 237 and Uredinales, 148 Chaoborus americanus, 315 Automixis, 211, 247, 248 Character Autopolyploidy, 6, 231 analysis, 339 in parthenogenetic weevil, 237 definition, 338 Autotetraploids, crossing of, 7 extrinsic, 336-337 Avena, 168 intrinsic, 336-337 primitive, 345 Baeodromus, 158 principle of commonality of distribution, Banding on chromosome 347 C,19 of shared and derived states, 347 G,19 recognition of primitive and shared, 347 Q,19,22 state, 339, 340, 345 technique, 21-22 Chardoniella, 158, 187 Basidium Chenopodiales, 60, 84 evolu tion of, 176 Chenopodiiflorae, 83 internal, 176-178 Chimpanzee and man, genetic distance, 259 Beetle Chlamydomonas reinhardii, 376 response structure, 375 Chromatin Berberidales, 57 definition, 20 Betaiain, 44 relation of banding pattern to molecular Bignoniales, 63, 90, 91 structure, 20 Biotic zones of northwestern Europe, 234 structure at molecular level, 23 Blastospora, 185 Chromosome Bombyx mori, 245 DNA and plant evolution, 1-34 Boraginineae, 94 lagging, 114 Brachionus, 264 metaphase, linear differentiation, 17 Bradshaw's modifications in rye, 112 developmental option, 316 number in vascular plants, 8 model, 313-316 organization, analyzing for, 18-19 rule, 314 plant evolution and DNA, 1-34 Brasenia schreberi, 70-71 staining, differential, 17 Britten and Davidson's regulatory model, structure, analyzing for, 18-19 321 Chronocline, 342 Chrysella, 177 californica octad, 201 Chrysomelid,237-238 Index 451

Chrysomyxa, 143,150,151,158,177, Dahlgren's phylogenetic tree in transection, 179,181 67 Chrysopa carnea, 263 Danaus plexippus, 296 Chrysopsora, 177 Daphnia, 264 Cionothrix, 158 D. lumholtzii, 264 Cistales, 58, 77 D. magna, 238 Cis tiflorae, 76 Darlingtonia cali/ornica, 72-73 Clade, phylogenetic, 166 Dehiscence, imperfect, 166 Cladistic analysis, 345 Deoxynoonuclelc acid, see DNA problems, 345-346 Desmanthus illinoensis, pollen octad, 200 Cladocerans, 263-265 Desmella, 148, 168, 184 Classification, 140-144 Diabole cubensis, 194 concepts, strong, 45-48 Dicotyledoneae, 55-64 convictions, strong, 45-48 taxa incertae sedis, 66 explanation, 68-102 Diapause, 263, 268, 315, 316 philosophy, 36-48 Didymopsora, 158 towards a more natural, 186-199 Dietel's work(1900, 1928),143,147,148, Qaviceps purpurea, 126 187 Cleavage Dinosaur, 358 nuclei fuse, 213 theropod, 358 Clethraceae,73 Diorchidella australis, 193 Cnephia mutata, 225-226 Diplodactylinae, 353 Coelophysis, 359 Dipsacales, 63,93 Colchicine, 6, 107 Diptera,219 Coleoptera, 212, 219 Dipyxis, 164, 185 Coleosporium, 143, 150, 157, 177 Distribution, geographic, 336,403 Colias, 279-284 of different races, 219-221 C. eurytheme, 319 Disturbance during meiosis, 113 Commelinales, 65, 100 DNA Commeliniflorae, 100 cellular content in microorganisms, 4 Competition, 399-401 in plants, 4, 9-10, 13 Control, environmental of seasonal pheno- and chromosome, 1-34 types, 278 environmental induction of changes in Convergence, 337-338 content, 14-15 Cordia, 164 function, 15-17 Cornales, 63, 92 histone complex, 24 Crepis, 12 nuclear amounts and evolutionary change, Cronartium, 158,181,187 2 Crossopsora, 158 and plant evolution, 1-34 Ctenolophon, 83 structure, 15-17 Cunonineae, 89 satellite, 16, 17,21 Curculionidae, parthenogenetic, 228 variation in content per chromosome Cyclanthales, 65 without correlated change in com• Cyclomorphosis plexity, 8-14 in Cladocerans, 263-265 Dobzhansky, Theodosius in rotifers, 263-265 awards, 412 Cyrillaceae, 73 bibliography, 413-448 Cystopsora, 179 career, 409-412 C. oleae, 178 curriculum vitae, 409-410 Cytogenetics, 111-112 Dormancy, 263 Cytospora, 184 Double-tracking of life cycle, 181 452 Index

Drepanosiphum platanoides, 267 , 88 Drimys winteri, 52 Factor Drosophila species, 245-246 environmental, dimensions of, 373 accidental parthenogenesis, 244, 245 fundatrix of Bonnemaison(1951), 266 D. affinis, 245 interval of Lees, 266 D. mangabeirai, 245 time of Wilson (1938), 266 D. mercatorum, 246 Faga1es,61 D. parthenogenetica, 222, 245 Fecundity, 398 D. polymorpha, 245 Fisher's theorem of natural selection, 226 Duplication-differentiation cycle of Bridges (1935), 3-5 ancestors, immediate common, 50-51 Dynamics of two alleles, competitive, 399, plasticity, 53 400 Flush population, 128 evolutionary, analysis of, 356-407 Fly, leaf-mining, 225 structure approach, 365-407 Forest, tropical rain, 13 9, 185 of prey-predator population, 401 Fouquieriaceae, 80 Fundatrix factor of Bonnemaison (1951), Ebenales, 58, 76 266 Ecotypes of plants, 312 Fungi, fossil record, 138 Edythea, 184 Endocronartium, 187 Gambleola, 158, 187 Endogone, 147 Gap, morphological Endomeiosis, 238 principle of minimal, 347 Endophylloides, 187 stratigraphic, 347 Endophyl/um, 151, 187 Gekkonidae, 349 Endopolyploidy, 7-8 Gekkoninae, 353 Environment, interaction with genotype, 366 Gekkota, 349-356 Enzymes, 26 Gene electrophoresis, 210, 227 acidic proteins as regulators of, 26 Ergot, 126 action, 26 Ericales, 58, 76 assimilation, 316-319 Erinnyis ello, 271 recombination, 217-218 Eriosporangium, 158 variation, 226-243 Erynnis, 276 Genetics Eublepharinae, 353 electrophoretic, 261 Euchromatin, 14 physiological, 266 Eucommia ulmoides, 87 regulatory, 262 Euphorbiales, 59, 79 Genotype, 336 Euscelis incisus, 270 identical, 260 E. plebejus, 270 interaction with environment, 366 Euschistus tristigmus, 270 nonidentical, 260 Everes comyntas, 312,313 parthenogenetic, 249 Evolution polyploid, 249 biological, 406 population growth rate, 366 considerations, 247-248 transition to phenotype, 261 convergent, 40, 144-145 Gentianales, 63, 90, 91 direction of, 42 Geraniales, 60, 83 resulting from competition between Gerris, 315 species and population, 399 genetics of wing length, 267 of teliospore, 158 G. argentatus, 267 trends, 42 G. lacustris, 267 reversible, 42 G. iateralis, 267 Index 453

Gerris (cont'd) Improvement, agronomic, 125-126 G. odontogaster, 267 Inference, phylogenetic G. paludum, 267 analysis of morpho cline, 356 Gerwasia, 184 approach to problems of, 338-340 Grade, evolutionary, 166 examples of, 349-360 Grain and intrinsic characteristics, 337 compound, 199 and methodology, 335-363 shedding of pollen, 202 and paleontology, 346-348 shriveled, 126 recognition of character state, 356 Grastrimargus africanus, 271 and vertebrate record, 335-363 Groupings, natural, disintegration of, 46 Input mutation, 403 Groups of species, 109-111 Insects, miscellaneous, 269-272 Growth rate of population, 371 parthenogenesis, evolution of, 209-257 Gryllodes sigillatus, 271 see individual insects G. thoracicus, 268 International Maize and Wheat Improve• Gymnoconia, 187 ment Center in Mexico, 109 Gymnosporangium, 175 Inversion pleomorphism, 226 Irregularity, meiotic, 112 Hamamelidales,61 in triticale, 115 Hamamelidflorae,86 Hamaspora, 172-174 Jacksoniella, 158 Hamster, Syrian, 317 Hazen Camp on Ellesmere Island, 180 Karyology, 1, 3, 18 Hazen Valley, 181 Kunkelia, 187 Hemileia, 185 Herpobasidium, 148 Lagosuchus, 359 H. filicinum, 147 Lamiaies, 64, 94 Hestina assimilis, 275 Laphygma exempta, 271 Heterochromatin, 14, 19, 20 L. exigua, 271 Heterochromatization, evolution of, 23 Lathyrus, 11 Heteroecism Leafhopper, 270 circumstances promoting, 156 Lecythidaceae, 75 habit originated early, 155 Lees' interval factor, 266 host alternation, 154 Leitneriales, 61 origin, 154-157 Lepidoptera, 218 Heterogeneity, environmental, 259 aberrations, temperature-induced, 317 Heterozygosity, 216 Leucania vitellina, 276 Hexaploid, see Triticale Life cycles, 140-144 Hieracium, 248 as a concept, 142 Histone, basic, 23, 24 double-tracking, 181 -DNA complex, 24 Liliales, 64 Hoechst 33258, 19 Liliidae, see Monocotyledoneae Homoplasy, 338 Liliiflorae, 96 Homoptera,211 Line of relationship, see Relationship line Homozygosity, 216 (RL) Hordeum bulbosum, 118 Linineae,83 H. vulgare, 118 Living fossils, 37 Hyalospora, 148, 149, 157, 176, 184,186 Lock-and-key hypothesis of Dufour (1844), Hybrid wheat-rye, 109, see Triticale 270 Hymenoptera, 219 Locusta migratoria, 269 and parthenogenesis, 209, 212 Lonchoptera dubia, 222, 224-225 Hyracotherium, 346 L. jurcata, 224 454 Index

Lycaena helloides, 305 Myricales, 61 L. phlaeas, 263, 273 Myrtales, 62, 90 Lycaenopsis argiolus, 277, 312 Myrtiflorae, 90 Lycium, 164 Myzus persicae, 238

Malthusian parameter, 17, 368 Najadales, 65 Malvales, 58, 78 Nemobius yezoensis, 271 Malviflorae,78 Nepenthaceae,73 Mammalia, 356-357 Nephenthes mirabilis, 74-75 Maravalia, 182 Nephotettix cincticeps, 270 Masseella, 158 Niche, rectangular survival, 367 Mayr's threshold selection, see Waddington's Nicotiana genetic assimilation N. plumbaginifolia, 118 Megoura viciae, 266 N. tabacum, 118 Meiosis transfer of disease resistance, 108 disturbances during, 113 Nothoravenelia, 172 duration of cycle, 112 Nucleoprotein, acidic, 23 metaphase, 114 Nucleotide sequence, 8 premeiotic doubling of chromosome, 215 multiplied tandem fashion along the Melampsora, 157,171,179 chromosome, 8 M. uredinia, 171 Nucleotype, 2 Melampsoraceae, 188 Nymphaeales,57 Melampsorella, 157 Nymphalis, 273 M. caryophyllacearum, 151 N. antiopa, 302,307,318 Melampsoridium, 148, 157, 170 N. californica, 313, 318 M. betulinum, 157,171 N. urticae, 272, 302, 318 Melanization of wing, 281, 296 Meliponinae, 204 Ochropsora, 177, 181 Miagia, 171 Ochthiphila polystigma, 222 Microfungi, convergence in, 145 Olea dioica, 178 Microphanerophyte, autophytic, 53 Oleales, 59,82 Microseris, 11 Olivea, 148, 172, 184 Migration of butterflies, 313 Oocyte, parthenogenetic, 212 and photoperiod, 313 Oogenesis, 211 MiIesia, 176 Organs once lost, 43 MiIesina, 149, 157 Orthoptera, 211, 218, 271 Mimicry, 199,203 OsmundJz, 169 Mimosoid pollen geometry, 200 Otio"hynchus dubius, 220 , pollen grains, 199-203 O. salicis, 235 Mitosis cycle, 14 O. scaber, 228-234,241 and DNA, 14 distribution, geographic, of genotypes, Mixia osmundae, 146 232 Monocotyledons, 64-66, 96 in Europe on spruce, 228 Monophylesis,47 genotypes in Finland, 230-233 Monophyly, 337-338 o. singularis, 236 Moraba virgo, 222-224 Outburst, evolutionary, 138 Morphocline, 339, 348 analysis of, 340-341 Paedogenesis, 218, 339 parallelism in, 342 Paleomammology, 357 Morphology, 137, 336 Paleontology, 335 Moth larva, 271 Panaxia dominula, 276 Index 455

Pandanales, 65 Phragmidium (cont'd) Papilio machaon, 269, 304, 309 P. ivesiae, 163 P. polyxenes, 268 P. potentillae, 163 P. xuthus, 269 P. speciosum, 163 P. zelicaon, 276,303,304,316,319 P. uredinia, 172 Papilionidae, pupal color, 268-269 Phragmopyxis, 164 Parallelism, 337-338 Phyciodes campestris, 273, 302 in morphocline, 342 P. tharos, 273,274 Parameter, Malthusian, 368 Phylogeny, 48, 66-68, 178,360 Paraphysis, 172-174 cannot be achieved by consensus, 48 capitate, 171 without rules, 178 marginal, 171, 173 Physopella, 158 specialized, 173 Phytolaccaceae, 84 Pararge egeria, 273 Phytomyza crassiseta, 222, 225 Parasitism, 45 Phytophthora, 147 Parsimony Pieridae,279-301 applied to optimal phyletic scheme, 348- Pieris, 279,284-290,298 349 P. callidice, 275 principle of, 345, 348-350 P. crucivora, 313 rule of, 350 P. napi, 273, 274, 309 Parthenogenesis complex, 290-296 apomictic, 211-213 P. occidentalis, 275,284,285, 302-305, automictic, 213-217 308,316 blind alley of evolution, 227 P. occidentalis nelsoni, 285, 290 cyclical,217-218 P. octavia, 275 genetic effects of, 238 P. palmeri, 143 cytological basis of, 209-218 P. polyxenes, 269 in Diptera, 224-225 P. protodice, 263,284,285,296-301, facultative, 247 305,306,316 generative, 216-217 P. rapae, 316 genetic effects of cyclical, 238 P. virginiensis, 291, 321 geographic, 219 Pileolaria, 162 haploid,216-217 Pinus, 158 origin of, 243-248 Pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea), 170 and polyploidy, 218-219 Pittosporales, 62, 89 rudimentary, 244 Plants, 1-34, 107, 140, 145 types of, 211 ancestors of flowering, 50-51 Pedicel, 161 chromosomes, 1-34 fracture, 160 DNA, 1-34 Pentaphragma, 81 evolution, 1-34 Pentaphylaceae,73 early of flowering, 140 Peridium, uredinal, 170, 171 polyploidy, 107 Phakospora, 158 vascular, 8 Phalacroseris bolanderi, 11 Plasticity, phenotypic, 53, 260-262, 273, Phenotype, 246, 336,365, 366,368 279,320,321 response patterns, 366, 368 anatomy of flowering plants, 53 Photoperiodism, 272 angiosperm, 53 in butterfly migration, 313 characteristic, 260 Phragmidiaceae, 191 developmental, 262 Phragmidium, 163,164,172-174 physiology, 279 P. occidentale, 174 in plants, 320 456 Index

Plasticity, phenotypic (cont'd) Primulales, 58, 76 of root, 53 Pristurus, 355 of stem, 53 Proangiosperms, 51 Plebeius acmon, 312,313 Procoely, 355 Plesiomorph, 348 Prospodium, 162, 184 Poaceae, 101 P. appendiculatum, 163 Poineae, 101 Proteaceae, 90 Polarity, 339-345, 355 Proteales, 62, 90 Polemoniaceae, 80 Protein, chromosomal, 23-26 Polioma, see Eriosporangium Prototaphrina, 146 Poliotelium, 182 Puccinia, 159,160, 162, 164, 166,167, Polites sabuleti, 302 172,173,176,181,187 Pollen geometry, 200 P. afra, 164 Polydrosus mollis, 235-236 P. andropogonis, 175 Polygonales, 61 P. angustata, 168 Polygonia, 277-279 P. annulatipes, 163 Polymorphism, 22, 222-226, 236, 249, autoecism, 155 261,314 P. bistortae, 180 chromosomal, 222-226 P. confraga, 163 examples of, 222 P. cordiae, 164 maintained by fluctuating selection pres• P. coronata, 168 sure, 314 P. dasantherae, 143 in parthenogenetic populations, 249 P. dioicae, 158 Polyphenism, 259-333 P. gerascanthi, 164 atypical kind for an aphid, 267 P. graminella, 180 in butterfly, 272-279 P. graminis, 140-142 control of seasonal, 284 life cycle, schematic, 141 definition, 261 P. palmeri, 175 evolution, 313-316 P. poae·nemoralis, 175 geographic variation, 301-312 P. punctiformis, 151 occurrence in nature, 262-272 P. rangiferina, 168 plankton, 264 P. recondita, 173, 180 seasonal, 25 9-333 teliospore, 160, 166, 167 variation, geographic, 301-312 P. tumidipes, 164 Polyploidy,5-7,218-222 P. variabilis, 143 autopolyploid, 6 P. violae, 143 in parthenogenetic insects, 218-222,228 Pucciniaceae, 189 significance, 5-7 Pucciniosira, 158 substitutional,117-124 Pucciniastraceae, 188 Polyteny, 5-7 Pulsatilla, 12 Population, 229, 373, 397,403 Pupal backround, matching phenomenon, genetics, 22-23 268 geographic distribution of alleles, 403 Pycnium, 151, 152, 182, 183 growth rate, 371, 372 Pycnoscelus surinamesis, 211 phytoplankton, 373 Pygopodidae, 349,353 species, 397 Pyrrhocerus, 270 size, 371 Pythium, 147 tetraploid, 229 P. zelicaon, 309 Populus, 171 Precis, 276 Rafflesiales, 60 P. coenia, 275 Rafflesiiflorae, 82 Index 457

Ravenelia, 162, 199-204 Short-cycling, 179-181 R. cassiae·covesii, 163 Shrub, phylogenetic, 66-68 R. pringld, 193, 197 Similarities in flowering plants, 145 Raveneliaceae, 192-199 morphological, 347 Regeneration, nutrient, 404 Sipyloidea sipylus, 211 Relationship line, 372 Skierka, 158 Replacement, biological, 43 Smerinthus ocllata, 271 Response, coevolutionary, 401 Solanales, 59,79 and prey-predator population dynamics, Solenobia, 221,222 401-402 S. triquetrella, 219,221,239-243,246, Response structure, 395-398,401,406 247 Rhamnales, 59, 79 Sorataea, 172 Rhyniella, 169 Sorus, 183-186 Richtungs-Kopulations-Kern (RKK), 214, Spathiflorae, 98 246 Specialization, primitive features,S 0-54 Richtungsplasma, 221 Sphaerophragmium, 162 RKK, see Richtungs-Kopulations-Kern Sphenodon, 354 Rosaceae, 88 Sphenosuchus, 359 Rosales, 61, 88 Sphinx liqustri, 271 Rosiflorae, 87 Spodoptera abyssiniae, 271 Rosineae, 88 Spores, 168, 174-176 Rosner variety of triticale, 118, 125 discharge mechanism, evolution of, 149 Rust eaters of rust, 168 classification, 143, 149 resistant, 174-176 evolution, early, 145-154 Spumula quadrifida, 200 and relationship to diversification, 145- State, primitive, 341, 360 154 Strategies, adaptive, 321 evolution, ecological, 13 7 Stomatispora, 185 Rutales, 61, 85 Strophosomus melanogrammus, 236 Rutiflorae, 85 Structure, 366-375, 378, 379 Rye chromosomes, 120-122 algae, 375, 378 beetles, 375 Salicales, 58, 78 trees, 375 Salix, 171 Super coil, 25 Santalales, 59, 82 Superstomatal sorus, 183-186 Santaliflorae, 81 Survivorship (residence time) curve, 305 Sapindales, 85 Swarm, hybrid, 127 Sa"acenia purpurea, 170 Synopsis of Angiospermae, 55-65 Sarraceniaceae, 73 Systems Saturnia pavonia, 271 allelic multiple, 128, 397-399, 401, 402 Saxifragineae, 88 coevolutionarY,402 Scheme, optimal phyletic, 348 diploid, 397-399 Schrankia uncinata, pollen tetrad, 200 genetic, 128 Secale cereale, 108, 116 prey-predator, 401-402 S. vavilovii, 116 Seed, early development, 124-125 Tamarica1es, 58,77 Selection, natural, 41, 123, 226, 366, 375- Taphrina, 145, 146, 149 395 Taraxacum, 248 Sequences, unicate Taxon, 47, 338-340 coding for messenger RNA, 15-16 analysis, 339 Sesamus, 275 approach, 345 468 Index

Taxonomy, 22-23, 346 Uromycladium, 162 cladistic, 346 U. maritimum, 162 Tegillum, 172 Uropyxis, 163, 164 Teliospore, 157-167,175,177,181-183, U. amorphae, 164 189,193,194,200 U. daleae, 164 evolution of deciduous, 158-167 U. diphysae, 164 release devices, 165 U. hedysari·obscurum, 143 Theales, 57, 71 U. holwayi, 164 Thelytoky, 218, 244 Urticales, 59,78 "Timer interval" of Lees (1960), 266 Trachyspora, 143, 162 Vanessa, 273,310,317 T. intrusa, 161 V. cardui, 131,317,318 Transformation series, 339-342 V. carye, 317,318 Tranzschels law, 179, 180,186 V. virginiensis, 317 Tree, response structure for, 375 Variability, genetic, 210, 259 Trend, evolutionary, 126-129 primary basis of evolution, 210 Trichospora, 176 single gene in natural population, 227, Triphragmium, 164, 172 312-313 Triticale, 107-135 Veracity, 347 evolutionary development, 107-135 Vertebrae record hexaploid, 110-111, 127-129 methodology applied to, 335-363 octoploid, 109-110, 126-127 phylogenetic inference, 335-363 tetraploid, 111 Vicia, 12 wheat-rye hybrid, 107-135 Vivipary,218 Triticum, 127 T. aestivum, 109 Waddington's genetic assimilation concept T. carthlicum, 110 (1961),316 T. compactum, 11 0 Weevil T. dicoccoides, 110 autopolyploid, 237 T. dicoccum, 110 parthenogenetic, 237 T. polonicum, 110 Weighting characters, 340-345 T. speita, 109 Wheat, see Triticum T. timopheevi, 11 0 rye crosses, 108 T. turgidum, 110 by Wilson (1976),109,266 Triuridales, 65 Xenodochus, 164 Xylem, 39 Uredinales, 137, 146, 147 angiosperm evolution, 49 Urediniospores, 176 Uredinopsis, 149, 150, 157, 169,170,174 Zaghouania, 179 Uromyces, 159,160,167,172 Z. phillyriae, 178 U. bisbyi, 161 Zingiberales, 66, 101 U. peckianus, 160 Zoogeography, 350 U. triquetrus, 143 Zosterales, 65 U. viciae-fabae, 150, 153 Zygoid chromosome, 213,216