www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale

Downloaded From IP - 14.139.224.90 on dated 23-Dec-2020 storage structurei.e.metal binswas100percent windows (Baloch,2006). Adoption of modern building lackingproperflooring,closeddoorsand containers forfamilyconsumptionsorispiledinfarm of wheatisstoredinbagsrooms,bins,drums or Asia andmostofthedevelopingcountries,majority house typegodowns(Semple facilities inPakistanaremainlymetallicbinsand and doublewalledconcreterooms.Grainstorage storage structureslikeureabags,metalbins,rooms Farmers storedgrainbothintraditionalandmodern and foodprocessingindustries. be handledbytheorganizedgovernmental,private retained atthelocallevel,whileremainingisto grains producedinthecountryhastobestoredand agencies thatabout60-70percentoftotalfood losses. Ithasbeenestimatedbygovernmental safeguard thefoodgrainsagainstvariouskindsof access institutioncreditforcheaperratesandto Proper storageoffoodgrainsisalsonecessaryto for theconsumersincludingfarmersthemselves. adequate supplyoffoodgrainsthroughouttheyear commodities isnecessarytomaintainaregularand Proper storageoffoodgrainsandother INTRODUCTION Krishi VigyanKendra,(Punjab) Agricultural Engineering Today vol. Key words: hing andgarlicclovesasgrainprotectant. common amongfarmersalthoughsomeofthemarealsousingneemleaves,matchboxes, and driedbeforestoringgrains.Useofaluminumphosphideasgrainprotectantismost among thefarmersofallcategories.Storagestructureandgrainsareproperlycleaned practices relatedtograinstorage.Modernstoragestructurelikemetalbinsispopular were selectedforsurveyoffarmlevelstoragepracticeswithconcerntoidentifytraditional viz. SidhwanBet,,, MachhiwaraandSamralainLudhianadistrictOF Punjab farmers tostorethewheatgrainsfreefromlossesbymoistureandinsects.Fiveblocks This studywasconductedtobringforththetraditionalstoragepracticesbeingfollowedby Storage Practicesof Wheat atFarmLevel Storage,grainprotectants,moisture,storagestructures Sandhya (LM-10052),RubaljotKoonerandJugrajSingh et al 34 (1), 2010 , 1992).InSouth ABSTRACT 3 1 continuously increasing. Thegovernmentformany Over theyears,production offoodgrainsis 2. 1. They canbecategorizedundertwosubheads: a widevarietyoffoodgrainsproducedinthecountry. Varieties ofstoragefacilitieshavebeendevelopedfor and moisture(Varma andGoldey, 2000). husk orwheatstrawprotectsthegrainsfrompests On theotherhand,storageofwheatinbagsunder but bagsdonotgiveanyprotectionagainstpests. common methodforgrainstorageinmanycountries Procter (1994)reportedbagstorageasthemost among farmersoflow, mediumandlargecategory. warehouses. warehouses, tankstorageandgeneral commodities warehouses,coldstorage includes Yard orgroundstoragesystem, special Scientific storagesystem included undertraditionalstoragesystem. bins, plywoodpolythenebinsetcarealso storage structure.Metallicbins,Ferro-cement reeds, mudclayandbricksunderground It includesstructuresmadeofstraw, bamboo, system isgenerallybeingadoptedinthecountry. Traditional storagesystem Vol. 34(1),2010 : Thissystem : This storage : This www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale

Downloaded From IP - 14.139.224.90 on dated 23-Dec-2020 Table 1: 3. 2. 1. deteriorated duetothefollowingchanges:- while instorage.Thequalityoffoodgrainsgets are necessarytoensurethatthesedonotdeteriorate received forstoragetakingsuchmeasuresas needs tobedeterminedwhenthegoodsare Therefore, themoisturecontentofcommodity plays avitalroleinsafestorageofthesame. of thecommodity, particularly agriculturalproduce, package usedforitsstorage,themoisturecontent Besides thenatureofcommodityand and farmersistheneedofhour. godowns inthecountrybyprivateentrepreneurs quantities. Inviewofthis,constructionrural hands havelimiteditscapacitytobuymore by thefarmers.Butincreasingstocksingovernment years procuredallquantitiesoffoodgrainsproduced Agricultural EngineeringToday grains getsdeteriorated. and rodentsduetowhichthequalityoffood character andalwaysattracttheinsect,fungi Biological changes quality offoodgrains. constitute thefoodgrains,maydeteriorate minerals, vitamins andwater, whichmainly proportion ofprotein,carbohydrates,fats, Chemical changes consumers. removed astheseaffectthehealthof dust andpoisonousweedsetcshouldbe grains. Foreignmatterssuchasstone,chaffs, and coolingtoavoidfurtherlossthefood storage receptacleorgodownafterproperdrying 1). Thefoodgrainsshouldbestoredinthe free waterformshouldnotexceed14%(Table against thesechanges,themoisturecontentas Physical changes cereals:- Safe moisturelimitsofsometheimportant Commodity ha 12 Wheat aly12 Barley ad 14 Paddy oa 12 Jowar ar 12 Bajra ie14 Rice : To preventthefoodgrains : Foodgrainsarevitalin : Any changeinthe Moisture (%) 4 was mostcommonamong farmersofdifferent aluminium phosphidetablets asgrainprotectant practices beforestoring anewcrop.Useof cleaned andfumigated. Thesearerecommended with oldgrainsandstoragestructureswereproperly was driedandcleaned.Newgrainswerenotmixed and excludepestsfromstores.Beforestoringwheat Farmers haveadopteddifferentmethodstocontrol to makethemairtight. of theseroomsweremudplasteredafterfumigation and alongwallswereclosedwithdoors.Doors proof, polythenesheetswerelaidonconcretefloor piled inseparate rooms. To makerooms’ moisture was observedthatwheatforsaleorinbulk also (Table 2).Duringthepresent investigation,it medium andlargecategorystoredwheatforsale produce almostforseedandhouseholdwhilesemi Small andmediumcategoryfarmersstoredtheir and pestattack. in metalbinsastheyprotectthegrainsfrommoisture use metalbinsforthestorage.Thefarmersbelieved farmers storedtheirproduceinroomswhileothers requirements. InMacchiwarablock,about8% of differentcapacitiesaccordingtotheir stored theirproduceincleanedanddriedmetalbins Present studyrevealedthatalmost100%farmers RESULTSDISCUSSION AND and large(>10ha). (1-2 ha),medium(2-4semi(4-10ha) different landholdingsviz.marginal(<1ha),small interview schedule.Farmerswerecategorizedinto village wereinterviewedthroughastructured selected forthesurvey. Fivefarmersfromeach Rattipur, SehjoMajrafromMacchiwarablockwere block; andPowat,KukralaKhurd,Kalan, Rohle, Bharthala,Otalan,MalMajrafromSamrala Budhel, Rakba,SaholifromSudharblock;Chehlan, Jagraon fromblock;Hissowal,Mohi, Pandori, Chowkimann,SidhwanKhurd,Dhatt, Cheema, RamgarhfromSidhwanBetblock; from eachblocknamelySidhwanKalan,Virk,Pona, storage practicesduring2009.Furtherfivevillages Punjab State wereselectedfor surveyoffarmlevel andSamralainLudhianadistrictof Five blocksviz.SidhwanBet,Jagraon,Sudhar, MATERIALSMETHODS AND www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale

Downloaded From IP - 14.139.224.90 on dated 23-Dec-2020 total kill(Gwinner use butrequiresairtight conditionsfor3-4days contact with moistureintheair. Itisconvenientto germination ofthegrainand releasesphosphineon categories. Thisfumigant doesnotinterferewiththe Table 2:Relationship oflandholdingswithstoragewheatfordifferent purposes: Mean Samrala Mean Machhiwara Mean Jagraon Land Block Sudhar et al Mean Mean 1996). .-008.16.8100.00 64.28 85.71 4.0-10.0 .-00100 77 100.00 77.78 100.00 4.0-10.0 .-009.07.2100.00 72.72 90.90 4.0-10.0 .-00100 33 100.00 83.33 100.00 4.0-10.0 100.00 60.00 80.00 4.0-10.0 holdings (ha) .-. .0100 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 2.5-4.0 100.00 1.0-2.0 100.00 50.00 100.00 50.00 0.00 2.5-4.0 1.0-2.0 .-. 00 00 100.00 100.00 50.00 33.33 50.00 33.33 2.5-4.0 1.0-2.0 .-. 00 00 100.00 100.00 80.00 100.00 40.00 0.00 2.5-4.0 100.00 1.0-2.0 100.00 50.00 75.00 50.00 25.00 2.5-4.0 1.0-2.0 >10.0 1. 100.00 >10.0 1. 100.00 >10.0 1. 100.00 >10.0 100.00 >10.0 100.00 <1.0 0.00 <1.0 0.00 <1.0 0.00 <1.0 100.00 <1.0 5 15.82% farmerswere using neemleavesand aluminium phosphide(Table 3).Inaddition tothis whereas 35.27%farmers wereusingoverdosesof recommended doseof aluminiumphosphide In Sudharblockabout7.64% farmerswereusing 80 60 80.00 66.00 100.00 48.00 65.71 80.00 47.14 57.00 100.00 51.00 59.21 54.85 00 55 80.00 65.56 20.00 Sale .000 0.00 0.00 0.00 Farmers storingwheat(%) 0.0100.00 100.00 0.0100.00 100.00 0.0100.00 100.00 Seed 00 100.00 50.00 100.00 14.28 00 100.00 40.00 66 100.00 66.67 .00.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Vol. 34(1),2010 Household www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale

Downloaded From IP - 14.139.224.90 on dated 23-Dec-2020 Table 4: aluminium phosphideasgrainprotectantoutof In Jagraonblock,about29.5%farmerswereusing (15.66%). boxes (1.82%)andneemleaves&match leaves (1.82%),aluminiumphosphide&match the combinationslikealuminiumphosphide&neem type oftreatment.Somethefarmerswereusing farmers keptthegrainsinmetalbinswithoutany grain protectant inmetal bins.However, 8.48% 13.48% wereusingmatchboxes(6-8boxes)as Table 3:Percentfarmersusingdifferent typesofcontrolmeasuresagainstinsectpests inSudharblock. Agricultural EngineeringToday emlae 0–– – – – – – – 20 – – – – 40 Aluminium phophide&Matchboxes Aluminium phophide&Neemleaves No treatment Match boxes Neem leaves Aluminium phophide(O) Aluminium phophide(R) ig––– – – – Neem leaves&Matchboxes Neem leaves&Hing – Aluminium phophide&Hing Aluminium phophide&Neemleaves – No treatment Match boxes Hing Neem leaves Aluminium phophide(O) Aluminium phophide(R) O -Overdose R –Recommendeddose Hing &Matchboxes Treatments 20 O –Overdose R –Recommendeddose Neem leaves&Matchboxes Treatments Percent farmersusingdifferenttypesofcontrolmeasuresagainstinsectpestsinJagraonblock. 00––1.9– 18.19 – – 1.0-2.0 20.0 <1.0 101.0-2.0 <1.0 502. 100.0 – – – – – – – – 10.0 – – – 25.0 50.0 – 40.0 – 25.0 – – 50.0 12.5 – 12.5 – 12.5 – 12.5 12.5 25–––– – – – 12.5 6 (36.43%) (Table 7). (2.22%) inadditiontoaluminiumphosphide also usingneemleaves(13.56%)&matchboxes block (Table 6). The farmersinSamralablockwere in combinationwithneemleavesMachhiwara whereas 10.67%offarmerswereusinggarliccloves 22.86% offarmers(Table 5)wereusinggarliccloves bins (Table 4).Whenwesurveyed SidhwanBet, farmers alsousedHingasgrainprotectantinmetal recommended dose.Interestinglyinthisblock4% which only9%ofthemwereusingthe 33–90 – – 9.09 9.09 – 25.0 33.3 33.3 50––– – – 10.0 – – – 25.0 20.0 25.0 – 25.0 332. – – 25.0 33.3 Land holdings(ha) Land holdings(ha) .-. 4.0-10.0 2.0-4.0 .-. 4.0-10.0 2.0-4.0 003.650.0 36.36 50.0 .9– – 9.09 9.09 50.0 9.09 00– 20.0 >10.0 >10.0 www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale

Downloaded From IP - 14.139.224.90 on dated 23-Dec-2020 Table 7:Percentfarmersusingdifferent typesofcontrolmeasuresagainstInsectpests inSamralablock Table 6:Percentfarmersusingdifferent typesofcontrolmeasuresagainstinsectpests inMachhiwarablock Table 5:Percentfarmersusingdifferent typesofcontrolmeasuresagainstinsectpests inSidhwanBetblock. ac oe 11 – 11.11 – – – 16.67 – – – 1 – – Aluminium phophide&Hing – – Aluminium phophide&Neemleaves – No treatment – Match boxes Neem leaves – – Aluminium phophide(O) Aluminium phophide(R) – – – – – – – – – – – Neem leaves&Matchboxes – – Neem leaves&Garliccloves – Aluminium phophide&Neemleaves – No treatment Match boxes Neem leaves – Aluminium phophide(O) – – Aluminium phophide(R) – – – 20 – – – – 40 Aluminium phophide&Matchboxes Aluminium phophide&Neemleaves No treatment Match boxes Neem leaves Aluminium phophide(O) Aluminium phophide(R) emlae ac oe – – O –Overdose R –Recommendeddose Neem leaves&Matchboxes – – – Treatments O –Overdose R –Recommendeddose Garlic cloves&Matchboxes Treatments 20 O –Overdose R –Recommendeddose Neem leaves&Matchboxes Treatments 66 00–2.2– 22.22 – – 11.11 – 33.33 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 16.67 20.0 16.67 66.66 00––1.9– 18.19 – – 1.0-2.0 20.0 <1.0 101.0-2.0 <1.0 1.0-2.0 <1.0 7 00––– – – 40.0 – 8.33 – 33.33 50.0 8.33 80.0 50.0 – – 9.09 9.09 – 25.0 33.3 33.3 332. – – 25.0 33.3 Land holdings(ha) Land holdings(ha) Land holdings(ha) .-. 4.0-10.0 2.0-4.0 .-. 4.0-10.0 2.0-4.0 4.0-10.0 2.0-4.0 00–– – – 20.0 22.22 20.0 16.67 16.67 20.0 50.0 36.36 50.0 00–– – 20.0 .3– – 8.33 8.33 33.3 25.0 – – 9.09 9.09 50.0 9.09 .3– 8.33 .8– 6.68 Vol. 34(1),2010 >10.0 >10.0 >10.0 www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale

Downloaded From IP - 14.139.224.90 on dated 23-Dec-2020 .Mailingaddress 4. A/Cpayeebankdraftmaypleasebedrawninfavourof“ 3. OverallSize 28cmx22(Heightmax.Widthmax.) 2. .Tariff inclusiveofrebates(inRupees)(EffectivefromJanuary2010) 1. Baloch UK2006.Wheat:Post-harvestoperation.In: REFERENCES on expensivetechnologies. benefited forseedandsalewithoutinvestingmuch for consumptionsathouseholdlevel.Theyarealso assisted tomaintainasafeandadequatesupply moisture. Fromthesepracticesthefarmersarealso significantly reducelossesduetopestsand storage offoodgrains.Thesepracticescan effective, cheaperandlocallyavailableforsafe cloves andmatchboxesasgrainprotectantare cleaned grainsanduseofneemleaves,hing,garlic storage structureslikemetalbinsstoringdriedand From thisstudy, itisrevealedthatproperlycleaned preventive measurestakenbythem. not affectedduringstorageperiodbecauseofthe of theopinionthatqualityandquantitywheatis for saleitdependsonthemarketrate.Farmerswere household varyfromonemonthtoyearwhile Period ofstoragewheatkeptforseedand Agricultural EngineeringToday Mejia, D.,Lewis,B.andBothe,C.(ed.).Post Location 4 issues 2 issues 1 issue 1 2issues 4issues Inside halfpage Inside fullpage Inside backcover Back Cover Location (Email: [email protected] [email protected]) Agricultural Engineering Today Central Instituteof Agricultural Engineering, Nabi Bagh,BerasiaRoad, Bhopal-462038 O/O ProjectCoordinator (FIM), Advertisement Details Chief Editor(AET) 30 004000 5000 6000 8000 7000 9000 11000 15000 13000 17000 21000 29000 8 Varma SKandGoldeyP 2000.genderrolesin Semple RL,HicksPA, LozareJVandCastermans A Proctor DL1994.Grainstoragetechniques: Gwinner J,HarnischRandMuckO1996.Manualof University CollegeCork,Ireland. Threats, Challenges andResponses.13-15 April, Global andLocalDimensionsofFoodSecurity: Implications forfoodsecurity. InProc:Confon farming systemsinHaryanaState, . Nations, Rome,Italy. Food and Agriculture OrganisationofUnited for applicationinhumidtropicalstoragesystems. management ingrainstorage: A trainingmanual 1992.Towards integratedcommodityandpest Food and Agriculture Organisation,Rome,Italy. Evolution andtrendsindevelopingcountries. Gmbh Eschborn,Germany. the preventionofpost-harvestgrainlosses.GTZ Nations, Rome,Italy. Food and Agriculture OrganisationofUnited Harvest Operationscompendium,INpho, AGSI- ISAE-AET ” payableat Bhopal.