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A C Agrarian aristocracy, 6, 75, Cambodia, 161, 181, 234 161, 190 Capital-intensive, heavy industry-led Anglo–American (Western) model of economic regime (CIHIER), 38, capitalism, 1, 10, 29, 43–44 191, 197, 202, 204, 206, AsiaBarometer Survey, 121–122, 130, 208–209, 213 132, 136 Capitalist market economy, 1 Association of South East Asian Caste-class-region-religion-identity Nations (ASEAN), 144, 156, complex (CCRRIC), 194–195, 161, 181, 216 221n1 Central Provident Fund (CPF), 127, 140 B Chemicals, 100, 102, 108, 139, 159 Balance of payments (BOP), 110, 190, Chiang, Kai-shek, 190, 198, 201 206, 209, 212, 213, 214 China – Bank of Japan (BoJ), 55, 65, 68, 69 agriculture, 192 193, 196, 198 Biotechnology, 71, 73, 114, 182–185, capitalism, 6, 7, 12, 13, 16, 18, 19, – 209, 218, 236 21, 29, 31, 35 36, 38, 40, 50, – Black ships (kurofune), 49, 64 78, 79, 118 120, 129, 135, – Bowring Treaty (1885), 152 138, 145, 167, 189 191, 201, Boxer Rebellion (1900–01), 194 206, 208, 210, 211, 213, 215, Brain Korea 21 (BK-21), 80, 107 223, 228, 232, 235, 236 – Britain, 26, 50, 57, 82, 122, 123, 125, communism, 171, 189, 197 198, – 129, 203 205, 213, 233 234 – colonialism, 81–82 confucianism, 77 78, 202 empire, 125, 127, 227 culture, 11, 29, 78, 79, 80, 86, parliamentary democracy, 153, 189, 152, 205 196, 200 currency (Yuan), 217

China (cont.) E economy, 141, 144, 146, 190, East India Company, 189 212, 217 Economic Planning Board (EPB), 3, exports, 94, 124, 141, 143, 204, 91–92, 134, 144, 231 209, 210, 211–212, 216–220, Economic Stabilization Board, 235, 236 92, 231 foreign direct investment, 65, European Union (EU), 9, 145, 215 109, 159 land reforms, 6, 13, 16, 21, 38, 78, – 83, 192, 224, 228 229, 234 F markets, 193, 197, 205, 206, 207, Feudalism, 40, 49, 197, 199, 226 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, Five-Year Plan, 182, 198, 203 219, 221 Foreign exchange, 26, 65, 92, 102, market socialism, 31, 201, 207, 210, 103, 108, 110, 112 215, 234 Foucault, Michel, 33–34 overseas community, 118 Free trade agreements relations with Hong Kong and (FTAs), 144–145 Singapore, 6, 18, 31, 38, Free trade zones (FTZs), 103, 175, 118–119, 120, 123, 125–126, 205, 216 143, 145, 228, 234 society, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197 sovereignty, 49, 51, 56, 118, G 120–122, 127, 129, Global economy, 19, 174, 206 135, 143 Great Leap Forward (GLF), 190, 197, state, 191, 192, 193, 194, 204, 206, 210 195, 196 United Nations embargo, 126 Chinese Communist Party H (CCP), 190, 194, 198, 201, 202, Heavy and chemical industries – 206 208, 228 (HCI), 55, 66, 89, 92, 100, – Confucianism, 8, 77 78, 84, 202 102–103 Cultural Revolution, 190 Hinduism, 201 Cumings, Bruce, 44, 50 Hong Kong capitalism, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 16, 18, 31, 38, 50, 117–119, 120, 123, 125, 128–129, 131, 134–135, D 138, 145, 190, 227–228, 229, Deng, Xiaoping, 190, 194, 198, 201, 232, 234, 235, 240 204, 205, 206–207, 210, 234 economic governance, 50, 120, Dual-exchange rate system, 215–216 134, 138 INDEX 279

economy, 120, 123, 124, 126, 127, Industrial policy (IP), 2, 66, 88, 89, 133, 135, 138, 140, 141, 143, 101, 107, 109, 112, 119, 144, 145, 146, 147 139–140, 142, 145, 172, 235 entrepôt capitalism, 117, 119, 125, Information and communications 131, 135, 145, 232 technologies (ICT), 182, 183, industrial policy, 139, 235 184, 209, 215 investment ties with China, 143 Information technology (IT), 28, 66, land reforms, 6, 13, 16, 38, 227, 71, 89, 184, 215, 236 228, 229, 234 manufacturing, 118, 124–125, 139–140, 216, 235 J markets, 119, 123, 124, 125, 126, Japan 127, 141, 145, 146 agriculture, 50, 54, 57, 64, 67 resources, 117, 125, 128, 129, 135, automotive industry, 55 140, 146 capitalism, 1, 39–52, 55, 57, 59, 60, society, 118, 119, 125, 133, 135, 64, 69 136, 138, 143, 145, 146 colonialism, 5, 19, 49, 78, 82, 86 state, 6, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, communism, 6, 7, 20, 78, 79, 82, 123, 124 83, 156, 161, 171, 189, 230, 233 currency, 65, 100 I economy, 17, 18, 19, 41, 43, 46, India 65, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 76 brahmins, 224 education system, 50 capitalism, 191 ﬁnancial institutions, 69, 70 caste system, 19, 20, 31, 195, 199, ﬁrms, 30, 35, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 51, 206, 208, 210, 224, 233 54, 55 democracy, 32, 189, 196, 199, 200 industrialisation, 5, 11, 24, 79 economy, 189, 202, 203, 206 labour, 39, 47, 57, 58, 59 embedded elitism, 199, 201, 206, land reforms, 13, 16, 38, 39, 40, 41, 220, 232 48, 53, 59 foreign direct investment, 205, 210, markets, 42, 43, 47, 58 213, 214, 215, 217 neoliberalism, 73 land reforms, 13, 16, 21, 38, politics, 45, 50–52, 61 155, 228 relations with the US, 5, 20, 44, 48, markets, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194 52, 65 politics, 195, 196 resources, 42, 43, 55, 67 resources, 199–201 society, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 47, 48, society, 191, 194, 195, 196, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 57 197, 200 state, 6, 17, 18, 25, 39–51, 54, 55, state, 8, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195 56, 57, 58 280 INDEX

Japan (cont.) markets, 10, 64, 88 technology, 28, 49, 50, 55 neoliberalism, 19, 84 trade, 18, 28, 31, 43, 47, 49, 57, politics, 26 58, 64, 68, 73, 100 resources, 20 society, 11, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 31, 60, 61, 62, 63, K 69, 83, 102, 153, Keynesian/ism, 9, 40, 77, 78, 91, 108, 155, 158 151, 158–159, 162, 200, state, 10, 21, 61, 66, 69, 74, 78, 79, 213, 226 89, 157, 160 – Kim, Dae-Jung, 97, 104 technology, 77 79, 85, 89, 99, – – Kim, Young Sam, 92 106 109, 112, 113 114 ’ Knowledge-intensive, service- Korean People s Republic (KPR), 100 industry-led economic regime Korean War, 82, 100, 126 (KISIER), 38, 191, 197, 204, 206, 208–209, 213 Korea L automotive industry, 183 Labour-intensive, mass- capitalism, 12, 16, 19, 27, 32, 33, manufacturing-led economic 59, 60, 63, 64, 79, 83, 84 regime (LIMMER), 38, 191, cold War alliance, 5–8, 20, 79, 81, 197, 202, 204, 206, 84, 230 214, 218 colonialism, 5, 19, 78, 81, 82, 86, Lew, Kuan Yew, 122 156, 168 Liberal/coordinated-market communism, 156, 189, 230, dichotomy, 10 233–234 Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), 18, currency, 26, 101, 103 42, 48, 54, 56, 58, 59–60 economic nationalism, 101, 105 Liberal-market economy (LME), 5, economy, 3, 6, 19, 30, 87, 88, 89, 11, 35, 39, 42, 44, 191 90, 96, 100, 102, 104, 107, 114, 223, 228 ethnic homogeneity, 18, 37, 77, M 86–87, 88, 92, 93, 99, 227 Mahathir, Mohammad, 162, 172 ﬁnancial institutions, 26, 93, 99, Malays, 19, 20, 37, 153–154, 231 155–157, 160, 164–165, 171, industrialisation, 5, 79, 81, 83, 84, 174–175, 186 87–90, 92, 95, 99, 102, 105, Malaysia 106, 109 capitalism, 8, 13, 16, 149–151, industrial policy, 88, 89, 101, 107, 154, 156–158 109, 112, 235 democracy, 153, 160 international trade, 110 economy, 21, 144, 157, 159, 160, land reforms, 155, 157 161, 164, 165 INDEX 281

ethnic relations, 3, 20, 32, 37, O 156, 158 Organisation for Economic foreign direct investment, 159 Co-operation and Development foreign workers, 180, 182 (OECD), 65, 72, 75, 80, 219 land reforms, 229, 234 markets, 176, 177 nationalism, 151, 155, 156, P 158, 160 Paciﬁc War, 40, 42 neoliberalism, 162 Park, Chung Hee, 8, 33, 88, 89, 91, resources, 149, 150, 151, 153, 154, 94–95, 97, 100, 104, 107 155, 156 Peoples’ Action Party (PAP), 128, rural-urban divide, 21, 37, 156, 129, 132–133 158, 164, 165, 172 People’s Bank of China, 217 society, 149, 151, 154, 155, 158, Perry, Matthew, 49 164, 165, 166, 167, 168 Petroleum, 139, 159, 215 socioeconomic order, 38, 156, 164, Pharmaceuticals, 67, 139, 183, 209, 166, 229 215, 218, 236 state, 149, 167, 171 PL480 scheme, 203 Malaysian Ringgit, 177 Plaza Accord (1985), 65, 110, 235 Mao, Tse Tung, 190, 194, 198, 206 Polanyi, Karl, 33, 223 – Marxism, Marxist Leninism, 33, 194, Private sector, 2–3, 23, 27–28, 35, 36, 201, 207 42–43, 73–74, 89, 91, 98, 104, Marx, Karl, 10, 33 106, 108, 127, 133, 142, 169, Meiji Restoration, 40, 41, 48, 49, 212, 235, 238–239 226, 230 Ministry of Finance (MOF), 69, 70, 91, 94, 104, 111 Q Ministry of International Trade and Qing dynasty, 86, 192 Industry (MITI), 28, 57, 66, 71, 230 Moore, Barrington, 7, 32 Multinational corporations R (MNC), 46, 66 Rhee, Syung-man, 82, 87–88, 90–91, 97, 100, 103–104 N Nanotechnology, 37, 184–185 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 201, 203, 211 S New Economic Policy, 37 Samurai class, 20, 52, 224, 230 New Taiwanese dollar (NT$), 110 Shin, Chae-ho, 30, 44, 55, 71, Nixon, Richard, 103 85, 210 Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), 203 Singapore North Korea, 21n1, 52, 96 cold War, 5, 7 282 INDEX

Singapore (cont.) colonialism, 156, 168 economy, 133, 135, 138, 140, communism, 7, 20, 78, 79, 83, 154, 141, 145 155, 189, 198, 230 entrepôt capitalism, 13, 18, 31, 117, economy, 6, 13, 15, 21, 83, 87, 88, 119, 125, 131, 145, 146, 232 89, 90, 94, 96 ﬁrms, 144, 147 ethnic heterogeneity, 18, 37, 77, governance, 119, 120, 121, 122, 78, 85, 87, 89, 92, 108, 109, 123, 129 172, 227, 231 land reforms, 38, 40, 227, 228, ﬁnancial system, 93, 94, 95, 229, 234 96, 111 manufacturing, 118, 124, 139, 144 foreign direct investment, 109 markets, 117, 119, 123, 124, 125 industrialisation, 5, 81, 83, 84, politics, 121 90, 109 resources, 117, 125 industrial policy, 107, 109, 112 society, 118, 119, 125, 133, 135 land reforms, 13, 21, 38, 83, 224, state, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 127 227, 228, 231, 234 trade, 18, 31, 117–118, 123, markets, 84, 88 124–126, 128, 129, 132, 134, military, 82, 88 143, 144, 190, 227 neoliberalism, 84 Singh, Manmohan, 206 resources, 82 Small and medium enterprise society, 13, 15, 18, 21, 79, 83, 85, (SME), 30, 37, 67, 79, 90, 109 108, 109, 113, 125 Special Administrative Region socioeconomic order, 85, 90, 92, 99 (SAR), 118, 119, 121, 122, 130, state, 20, 64, 69, 71, 72, 78, 79, 135, 145 83, 155 Steel, 49, 100, 102, 108, 215 trade, 18, 91, 92, 99, 110–111, Strategic industrial policy (SIP), 88, 118, 125, 134 90, 94, 101, 102, 104, 235 Tang dynasty, 192 Sun, Yat-sen, 83, 98 Thai Baht, 178 Swadeshi Movement, 203 Thai Central Plain region (TCPR), 152–153, 157, 159, 165, 167, 185 T Thailand Taiping Rebellion (1850–64), 193 agriculture, 157, 165, 169, 183 Taiwan capitalism, 3, 6, 7, 12, 13, 16, 17, capitalism, 5–7, 13, 16, 18, 19, 19, 38, 149–151, 157, 20, 21, 30–31, 38, 77–114, 158–159, 161, 162–164, 117, 123, 125, 134, 146, 167–168, 170, 172, 186, 199, 165, 190, 225, 227, 230, 224, 228–229, 231–232, 231, 234–236 234, 235 cold War, 5, 6, 7, 20, 79, 81, Cold War, 6, 7, 159 84, 230 colonialism, 157, 158 INDEX 283

economy, 6, 19, 149, 152–153, Uruguay Round of the General 155, 156, 157, 159 Agreement on Tariffs & Trade, 64 financial institutions, 176, 232 United States (US) financial reforms, 150, 153 aid, 6, 82, 92, 100, 107 foreign direct investment, 159 alliances, 6 industrialisation, 150–151, 159, capitalism, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 20, 26, 29, 167, 169, 181, 235 42, 44, 51–52 land reforms, 38, 151, 153, 166, economy, 6, 20, 48, 52, 54, 64 167, 228 government spending, 56 nationalism, 151, 155, 156, 158, hegemonic power, 6 160, 163, 166 production chains, 117 politics, 153, 155, 164, 168–169 relations with China, 189 rural-urban divide, 3, 21, 37, 156, trade, 64, 102 158, 164, 165, 172 society, 13, 15, 19, 149, 153, 158, 164, 165, 167, 177, 182, 224, V 227, 229, 232, 234, 235 Vietnam, 161, 169, 234 socioeconomic order, 38, 151, 156, Vietnam War, 161, 169 158, 164, 166, 172, 186, 224, 229, 232 state, 3, 7, 16, 19, 124, 149–155, 157–163, 165, 167–168 W ‘3-D jobs’ (dirty, difficult and Warring States period (475–221 dangerous), 97 BC), 192 Total factor productivity (TFP), 219 Western societies, 44, 212, 241 Trump, Donald, 9 World Trade Organization (WTO), 9, Tung, Chee-wha, 135 144, 216 World Values Survey (WVS), 16, 61, 62, 63, 135, 136 U World War II, 1, 11, 24, 32, 40, 49, United Malays National Organisation 51, 53, 64, 70, 75, 87, 108, 121, (UMNO), 153, 157, 171 123, 124, 158 United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea, 100 United States Military Government in Y Korea (USMGK), 82 Yangban aristocracy, 87