The Jester, 1923. Wood engraving, no. 100/100 The woodengravingsofLionelLindsay still ife lying images • • old masterwoodengraverssuch as Charles MeryonandWhistler, the modern internationaletcherssuch as studied theprintmakingtechniques ofthe Smith, VictorCobb,andJohnShirlow such asLionelLindsay,SydneyUre and home-madeprintingpresses.Artists edge oftechniques,butalsotheirtools Australian artistssharednotonlyknowl- Melbourne, Adelaide,andPerthwasone knowledge amongstartistsfromSydney, of themajorcharacteristicsthisperiod. techniques andstyles,asharingof Australian artistshungrilysearchedfor information andexamplesofprintmaking the late19thandearly20thcenturies. rapid growthinpopularityofprintmak- land, inthePainter-Etchermovementsof ing haditsprecedentinFranceandEng- assured techniquearound1908.The reputation asaleaderinprintmaking boom". LionelLindsayfirstachievedhis period becameknownasthe"etching- which heestablishedapersonalstyleand Australia throughhisetchedwork,in cipal formsofexpression,suchthatthe in particularetching,asoneoftheirprin- of Australianartistsadoptedprintmaking, highly popularart-form.Agreatnumber art bytheswiftriseofprintmakingasa mid 1930'sweremarkedinAustralian Assistant Curatorof Prints (1993)* Heather Lowe The yearsfromaround1910tothe ■ Durer, from the few prints held in nation- al art collections, books such as P.G. Hammerton's Etching and Etchers, and reproductions in international magazines, primarily The Studio. Wood engraving had experienced an international revival after the first world war, as artists re-adopted the ancient medium as the perfect expression of indi- vidual creativity and careful craftsman- ship. Wood engraving was aconsiderably more arduous and painstaking technique than either etching or woodcutting, and the artist's pride in the craftsmanship of his or her work was a central element to the import and aesthetic beauty of the finished print. Wood engraving had a more limited following than etching, but the few practitioners in Australia achieved an international reputation for their skill and freshness of style. Lionel's Fruit Piece, 1925. Wood engraving, no. 25/100 friend Ernest Moffit first introduced him to the elements of woodcutting in the late 1890's, but it was not until the 1920's the wood and the engraving process was never make a complete design on the that Lindsay returned seriously to the central to the image. Lindsay noted of the block... From a careful pencil study I medium of printing on wood through style of Thomas Bewick: place my principal object; carefully wood engraving. Lindsay quickly devel- "In these little cuts every line has drawing a precise outline. I blacken the oped a great surety of style in the medi- meaning, there is no 'hit or miss', but a intervening space and start by establish- um, and his adoption of wood engraving considered, delightful employment of ing my largest lights; finding direction, initiated a change of subject matter. Pre- white line full of expression and beauty. modelling and strength of line on the viously attracted to landscapes and anec- The forms have variety of treatment, yet block. I prove as I go, building up my dotal views of aged architecture in his are knitted together by largeness of design bit by bit. I gamble with the ulti- etchings, his vision in the wood engrav- style— the direction of the line and its mate result, but my chief care is to estab- ings became concentrated on the fasci- suggestiveness seem to me inimitable.."1 lish a true graver cut, keep its drawing nating beauty of detail in intimate views Bewick's technique, developed in the quality and to preserve the intervening of still-life and the discovery of character late 18th century, can be contrasted with black. I keep thus to a classic ideal..".2 and form in bird and animal studies. He the method of reproductive engraving Lindsay learnt the complicated tech- published his first volume of wood which became common in the 19th cen- niques of wood engraving from W. J. engravings in 1922, entitled A Book of tury as a commercial adjunct to book Linton's Wood Engraving, A Manual of Woodcuts; this collection received a very illustration. In this technique the wood Instruction, a small volume which he favourable response from both Australian surface was gouged away to create lines came across in a second hand bookshop. and English critics. Dedicated to the in relief, which delineated the forms with This book provided Lindsay with much medium from this time, Lindsay contin- the effect of strokes of a pen when print- needed advice on selecting the most ued working at a tremendous rate. He ed. It was both the style and the commer- appropriate wood surface, how to wield published a more sophisticated volume, cialism with which reproductive the engraving tools, and printing process- Twenty One Woodcuts, two years later. engraving was associated which were es. Unlike woodcutting, in which the sur- Both these books of engravings were strongly rejected by the artist-crafts-peo- face of wood parallel to the grain is entirely type-set and printed by Lindsay ple of the 20th century wood engraving employed, wood engraving is made upon and his family. movements, in favour of the purer and the end grain of only the very hardest of Lindsay's engraving style was great- more "honest" forms of earlier engraving timbers, usually box-wood. As the hard ly influenced by the English artist by artists such as Thomas Bewick. wood tends to quickly blunt the metal Thomas Bewick (1753-1828), one of the Lionel Lindsay was quite explicit about tools, the gravers used must be of quality. first wood engravers to use the end grain the importance he himself gave to both Lindsay was fortunate to possess high of the box-wood, and to engrave with a form and line, and the necessity to quality gravers, one set purchased from series of lines of varying width rather respect the medium itself: John Mather, and another from the Eng- than cross hatching, in a technique know "My interest in wood-engraving lies lish engraver Martin Stainforth. as the "white line method". This was the entirely in liberating qualities contained The period of Lionel's interest in central element of "classic" wood by no other medium and striving for free wood engraving coincided with the very engraving, in which the very nature of expression by line. For this reason I happy and stable years of his marriage at his home near Wahroonga, near Sydney. bequeathed to the University of Mel- Morning Tea depicts Lionel and his wife bourne Library by his widow, the late Jean relaxing on the verandah at Lily Isobel Wright, in 1964. Without Wahroonga. Lindsay found an infinite exception they demonstrate the painstak- variety of subject matter from around his ing technique and great acuity of vision home to create his still-life arrangements which Lindsay combined to create beau- and studies of birds and animals; many of tiful and fascinating images of the natural the fruits and vegetables were products world. of his own garden. Exotic birds had fas- cinated Lindsay since his childhood, *Note: Heather was employed for the when a neighbour in Creswick had kept a 12 months from February 1993—Febru- feathered menagerie in cages in his back ary 1994 as Assistant Curator of Prints, yard. In both his still-life, and animal and an internship generously funded by the bird studies, the fascination of the subject Miegunyah Trust. She was subsequently in all its detail and character became an awarded the Harold Wright Scholarship, integral and aesthetic part of the care and under which she is currently studying in minute attention which were central to the Department of Prints and Drawings the engraving process. "I try to get the at the British Museum in London. In character of the bird in a typical atti- early 1994 she curated an exhibition of tude—but in reality it is motive for Lionel Lindsay prints from the Library's design. I have none of the naturalist collection, "Still Life—Living Images", interest that actuated Bewick" 3 Lindsay at Arts Victoria. commented. Although he probably first gained the inspiration to engrave animals and birds from Bewick, he noted "...I BIBLIOGRAPHY cannot remember when I was not fasci- Lionel Lindsay : A Book of Woodcuts, nated by their beauty and flight; birds, Sydney 1922 animals and flowers; so much more beau- Lionel Lindsay : Twenty-one Woodcuts, Sydney 1922 tiful than humans..." 4 Lindsay's wood Lionel Lindsay : "The Woodcuts of engravings were international in subject Lionel Lindsay". The Print Collector's and style. They achieved critical acclaim Quarterly, April 1923, pp 165-184. in London not for any peculiarly Aus- Joanna Mendelssohn : The art of Sir tralian character, as was the most promi- Lionel Lindsay, Volume I, Woodcuts, nent art of the period by artists such as Copperfield Publishing Company, Arthur Streeton or Tom Roberts, but Brookvale, 1982 rather for their evident skill and beauty which compared so favourably with Lindsay's European contemporaries. NOTES Lindsay's wood engraved prints were 1 Lionel Lindsay, quoted by J.S.Macdon- probably the first examples of the artist's ald in "The Woodcuts of Lionel Lind- work to attract the attention of Harold say", The Print Collector's Quarterly, Wright, influential print collector and April 1923, p 169. dealer at the venerable firm of Colnaghi 2 Lionel Lindsay, quoted by J.S.Macdon- in London. Harold Wright became Lind- ald in "The woodcuts of Lionel Lindsay", say's principal patron, constructively P 180. criticising his wood engravings and etch- 3 Lionel Lindsay, quoted by J.S.Macdon- ings and encouraging Lindsay to exhibit ald in "The Wood cuts of Lionel Lind- his work in London. Wright and Lindsay say". p 171. maintained a life-long correspondence, 4 Lionel Lindsay, quoted by J.S.Macdon- and Lindsay sent a print from almost ald in "The Woodcuts of Lionel Lind- every plate and wood engraving he pro- say". P 169. duced to add to Wright's personal collec- tion. Many of the prints from the collection bear personal inscriptions and dedications to Harold Wright from Lind- say, revealing the creative processes of the print's production, and the intimacy and aesthetic compatibility of the two friends. Wright's collection was