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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Information and Leaming 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UiVU UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE STREAMS: SMALL JEWISH COMMUNITIES ON THE BANKS OF THE OHIO A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Amy Hill Shevitz Norman. Oklahoma 2002 UMI Number: 3053167 UMI UMI Microform 3053167 Copyright 2002 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 C Copyright by Amy Hill Shevitz 2002 All Richts Reserved STREAMS: SMALL JEWISH COMMUNITIES ON THE BANKS OF THE OHIO A Dissertation APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY TABLE OF CONTENTS Map of the Ohio River V alley ........................................................................................... vi List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... vii P re fa c e ..................................................................................................................................... 1 PART ONE Prologue: On the Frontier .................................................................................................... 16 Chapter One: The Ohio River Valley from White Exploration to 1830 ................... 26 Chapter Two: Early Jewish History of the Ohio River V alley ................................... 53 PART TWO Prologue: The European Background ............................................................................. 77 Chapter One: From Europe to the Ohio River V alley ................................................. 93 Chapter Two: Finding Communities ............................................................................... 120 Chapter Three: Founding Communities ........................................................................ 146 Chapter Four: Reforming Judaism for America: Conflicts and Congruity 165 Chapter Five: Reforming Judaism for America: Middle-Class Religion in the Ohio River V alley............................................................... 197 PART THREE Prologue: The Saliency of R egion .................................................................................... 229 Chapter One: Maintaining Community ........................................................................... 243 Chapter Two: The Community Within a Communit) ................................................. 266 Chapter Three: 1 he East European Immigration and the Reconfiguration of Community .................................................................................. 293 IV Chapter Four: The Demise of Community ..................................................................... 331 E p ilo g u e .................................................................................................................................... 364 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 382 . tincJnnadD 6-a-lJ ifwl rhym«nf^ J I i r o n i ^ Pe^h I /iun-tinptà l^TU^Ji/Soi^ O uJt^^hoH ) THE OHIO RIVER VALLEY LIST OF TABLES AND OTHER APPENDED MATERIAL State and City Populations 1790-1830 .......................................................................... 52 Jewish and Non-Je wish Peddlers in Jefferson County. Ohio. 1840-1853 ........... 142 ”Ein Wink": A Farewell Wave from a German Jewish Im m igrant ......................... 143-145 County and Town Populations 1840-1900 ................................................................... 225-228 County and Town Populations 1900-2000 ................................................................... 373-375 Jewish Population Estimates by T ow n .......................................................................... 376-381 Vll PREFACE In the spring of 1977.1 went with some acquaintances to visit an old .lewish cemetery, tucked aw'ay on a hill beyond a side road in Marietta. Ohio, the town where 1 grew up and to which they had moved a few years earlier. There were only six gravestones, and the names on them ranged from the familiar (some family members in their 80s still lived in town) to the irretrievable - the stones were so worn that we could not make out the Hebrew inscriptions. 1 took the names of some of these .lews, with the dates of their deaths, to the public library, to see if I could find something about them from obituaries published in the local newspaper. There they were. From 1907: Morris Miller, the "aged .lew ." who died when his junk-peddling w agon w as hit by a train at a crossing just around the comer from my parents' home. From 1934: Harold Ginsburg. killed in an oil well explosion only three weeks after his wedding. The context of these obituaries suggested the existence of a communit}' now dissolved, its people dispersed. 1 was eventually able to recreate much of this community's history and life, and the resulting article was published in 1979. Almost twenty \ ears later, when 1 was back in graduate school studying American histor\\ my original story of a small river town's .lewish past was still piquing interest, and I was asked to expand my local project to a regional one. Thus. Streams: Small .lewish Communities on the Banks of the Ohio became both a book project for the University Press of Kentucky's Ohio River Valley Series and my doctoral dissertation. There are two aspects to this work, the demographic ("Small .lewish Communities”) and the geographic ("on the Banks of the Ohio"). This is not just a study of small tow n .lews, but of Jews in specific small communities in a specific place across time. Twenty-four communities, scattered along the entire length of the Ohio, from the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers to the junction with the Mississippi, constituted the area of my research: Ambridge and Aliquippa. Pennsylvania: East Liverpool. Steubenville. Bellaire. Marietta. Gallipolis. fronton. Pomeroy, and Portsmouth. Ohio: Weirton. Wheeling. Parkersburg, and Huntington. West Virginia: Ashland. Newport. Covington. Owensboro. Henderson, and Paducah. Kentucky: Madison. Evans\ il!e and Mt. Vernon. Indiana: and Cairo. Illinois. Pittsburgh. Cincinnati, and Louisville are not subjects of this stud}' in and of themselves, but are integral to it as regional Jewish centers. There is a certain imprecision in the terms "city” and "small town.” The U.S. government sets the definition of an urban place at 2.500. which is fairly useless. Studying both nineteenth- and twentieth-century urbanization. Sam Bass Warner. Jr.. di\ ided urban places into categories of "town" (2.500 to 24.999). "city" (25.000 to 249.999) and "metropolis" (250.000 and over). .4 New York Times article defined a "small towTi" as one with a population under 10.000; Time magazine used the benchmark of 5.000 to 20.000.' There is also a subjective dimension to these definitions. Eric Monkkonen notes that the figure of 100.000 "probably corresponds more to our contemporain sense of what constitutes a 'real city.' a minimally sized metropolis." As the size of the biggest cities increases, perspectives change. What might seenfi like a thriving metropolis of 10.000 in 1840 would probably seem like a small town to most Americans even in 1940 and certainly in 2002. Also, for a highly urbanized group like American Jews, a place might seem small that is not so perceived by. for instance, white Protestants for whom there is already a critical mass of community. Half of the places I studied made it into Warner's city category - that is. a population over 25.000 - in the twentieth century, though several dropped below that figure in the later part of the century. Half remained in the category that Warner calls towns - from 2.500 to 25.000." My operating definition of small town, for purposes of this work, is a community that was not a major center of Jewish population. In only a few of the towns studied did ‘ Warner. The Urban Wilderness: A HistoiA of the American Citv (Berkeley: University of California Press. 1995). 70: Sam Roberts. "Yes.
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