Special Report Soviet Repression of the No. 159 Ukrainian Catholic Church

United States Department of State January 1987 Bureau of Public Affairs Washington, D.C.

The}Ollowing report wns p1·epared by the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox exclusion from all positions of the 811reau of Human Rights and Church that arose after the revolution in importance. Humanitarian AlTairs in January 1987. eastern Ukraine. the Ukrainian Catholic During the 1920s, however. the Church has looked to the West. recogniz­ regime shifted its tactics in the direction During the nearly seven decades that ing the authority of the Pope from its of "sovietization" of individual churches have elapsed since the Bolsheviks seized inception. and sects. "Disloyal" religious leaders power, the Communist Party of the Western Ukraine poses a particular were replaced by others who were will­ Soviet Union has sought to eliminate problem for the Soviet regime, since, ing to accept a platform of loyalty to the religion or, failing that. utilize it for the according to Soviet sources, nearly half Soviet state and were prepared to sub­ purposes of the state. In this deliberate of the officially permitted religious con­ mit to far-reaching controls over the attack on religion, no institution has suf­ gregations in the Soviet Union are external and internal activities of their fored more than the Ukrainian Catholic located there. 2 In addition, there are groups. By 1927 these conditions were Church. Claiming the devotion of many unofficial groups which include aCcepted by the Moscow Patriarchate of millions in western Ukraine, the Ukrainian Catholics. Furthermore, the the in return church-leaders and laity alike-has been Ukminian Catholic Church has served as for a limited and uncertain tolerance; but systematically repressed by Soviet rule. a focus for the development of a distinct the price was the alienation of many Official Soviet historiography even goes Ukrainian national and cultural identity Orthodox , clergy, and believers as far as to claim that the church in western Ukraine. Not surprisingly, who considered such a compromise with "liquidated itself' in 1946, that its these characteristics have marked the the atheist state to be incompatible with followers "voluntarily joined" the Rus­ church in Soviet eyes. the integrity and spiritual mission of sian Orthodox Church. 1 In its first years the Sr ·iet regime their church. But the Ukrainian Catholic Church attacked all religious institutions, accus· These early won coneessions did not lives on. in the catacombs, as witness ing them of political opposition to the last long, however. By 1929 Stalin's num erous Mmizdat documents and regime and collusion with its internal regime had embarked on a violent, repeated discussions in Soviet publica­ and external enemies. All religious widespread antireligious campaign. More tions of the need to repress it. This groups suffered from discriminatory and more churches and prayer houses of paper s~ts forth an account Jf that Soviet legislation, beginning with the all faiths were closed down by the repression. Soviet Decree of February 5, 1918. on authorities. often on the basis of the Separation of Church From State fabricated "demands of workers." Grow­ and School From Church. The new laws ing numbers of bishops and clergy were Church and State in the transferred all church property. banished, imprisoned, or ex1:Cuted. This Soviet Union: 1917-46 including all houses of worship, to the situation worsened during the late Situated primarily in western Ukraine, state. Clergy and their families were 1930s, culminating by the enrl of the which the Soviets forcibly annexed from stripped of their civil rights_ Organized decade in the near total suppression of Poland in 19:\9, the Ukrainian Catholic religious instruction of minors was made institutional religion thro u~hout the Church traces its modern lineage to the a criminal offense, and all theological So\'iet Union. Soviet authorities 1596 Union of Brest, through which it schools were closed, as eventually were destroyed what remained of the Ukrain­ affiliated with the Roman Catholic all monasteries and convents. The ian Autol'cphalous Orthodox Church dur· Church white preserving its Byzantine regime sponsored abusive antireligious ing this pt.>riod, killing most of its bishops form of worship and spirituality. Thus, campaigns which were accompanied by and many thousands of its followers.3 unlike the Russian Orthodox Church or the harassment of believers and their Tht'Y also drew up plans for the liquida· tion of the Ukrainian Catholic Church; in prison or died shortly thereafter, their Ukrainian Catholic Church-brought these became reality with the Soviet health ruined by the abuse they had suf­ about "reunification." Not surprisingly, acquisition in 1939 of western Ukraine fered; only Metropolitan Slipyj, through the NKVD was entrusted with the task and western Belorussia, which had large the efforts of Pope John XXIII, was of coercing the remaining Catholic congregations of Catholics. With Soviet finally released from prison in 1963 and clergy to join the Russian Orthodox occupation, there immediately followed allowed to leave for Rome.) According to Church. the abolition or state takeover of eyewitnesses, in Lvov alone there were Both the Vatican and the Ukrainian longstanding church institutions­ about 800 priests imprisoned at that Catholic Church in the West have including schools, seminaries, time; and in Chortkov about 150 priests refused to recognize this forced monasteries, and publishing houses-and from the district of Ternopol were reunification, considering it to be the confiscation of all church properties deported to Siberia. 4 uncanonical and illegal: according to and lands. J<"'inally, as the Nazis invaded Meanwhile, in late May 1945, as Catholic and traditional Russian the Sovit!t Union in June 1941, Soviet these mass arrests of Catholic clergy Orthodox canon law, to be valid, a synod scl'ret police rounded up a large number were being carried out, Soviet must be called by the Pope or by a of Ukrainian Catholic priests who were authorities sponsored the so-called patriarch and must be attended by either murdered or deported to the east. Initiating Committee for the Reunifica­ bishops. Yet Soviet authorities consider Following the Nazi attack on the tion of the Greek Catholic Church With this "Sobor" and its decisions binding on ll.S.S.R., Stalin altered substantially his the Russian Orthodox Church. This was all Ukrainian Catholics in the U.S.S.R. tactics toward religious communities. a preparatory committee, which subse­ to this day. 6 The protests of almost 300 Fearing for the very survival of the quently convened a p~udosynod-the Ukrainian clerics and the 1946 and 1952 Hoviet regime, he reduced antireligious authorities proclaimed it a "Sobor" -in encyclicals of Pope Pius XII in defense propaganda and offered significant con­ Lvov .on March 8-10, 1946. In that of the Ukrainian Catholic Church have cessions to the Russian Orthodox "Sobqr" an end was proclaimed to the gone unheeded. Moreover, the same fate Church, as well as other denominations, 1596 Union of Brest, and the Ukrainian met the Catholic Church in Trans­ in the hope of harnessing all the poten­ Catholic Church was dedared carpathia, a part of tial of the Soviet Unior'\ in its struggle "reunified" with the Russian Orthodox incorporated into the Ukrainian S.S.R. against Nazi Germany. But with the Church. at the end of World War II, where the Soviet reoccupation of Ukraine in 1944, This entire exercise was planned and Mukachiv was liquidated and repression of Ukrainian Catholics, guided by Soviet authorities. Knowledge subordinated to the Russian Orthodox already suffering under Nazi occupation, of the "Sobor" was withheld from the Church in 1947. Its , Theodor was resumed once again, culminating in public; no advance election of delegates Romza, was killed. 6 the official "liquidation" of the church in was held, and only 216 clerics and 19 The following table, comparing the 1946. laymen-allegedly representing the situation of the Ukrainian Catholic

Liquidation of the Ukrainian Catholic Church, 1946 Situation of the Ukrainian Catholic Church From the very beginning of the Soviet reoccupation of western Ukraine, Number in 1939 Losses Suffered by 1950 measures aimed at liquidating the . Dioceses ...... 4 All dioceses liquidated. Ukrainian Catholic Church were under­ Territory of Apostolic Visitator ...... 1 Liquidated. taken. In the winter of 1944-45, Soviet authorities summoned Catholic clergy to Bishops ...... ~ ...... 8 All imprisoned, condemned, died in "reeducation" sessions conducted by the prison, killed, or exiled. secret police, the NKVD. On April 5, Parishes ...... 2, 772 Taken over by the Russian Orthodox 1945, the Soviet media began an anti­ Church; some liquidated. Catholic campaign. Then on April 11, Churches and chapels ...... 4, 119 Taken over by the Russian Orthodox 1945, the NKVD began arresting the Church or closed. entire Ukrainian Catholic hierarchy of western Ukraine, including the secular Monasteries and convents ...... 142 Confiscated and closed by the and monastic clergy-a program that authorities; a few transferred to the would last for the next 5 years. Along Russian Orthodox Church. with Metropolitan Yosyf Slipyj, the Other church institutions ...... All liquidated. NKVD arrested Bishop Nykyta ~udka, Secular priests ...... 2,638 Fewer than half forced into Russian the Vicar General of the Metropolitan; Orthodox Church; others imprisoned or Gregory Khomyshyn, the Bishop of in hiding. Stanislav, and his , John Monastic clergy ...... 164 Dispersed, imprisoned together with Liatyshevsky; Paul Goydych, the Bishop three Provincial Superiors. of Priashiv, and his Auxiliary Bishop, Basil Hopko; Bishop Nicholas Brothers ...... 193 Dispersed or imprisoned. Charnetsky, Apostolic Visitator of Seminarians ...... 229 Dispersed or refugees. Volyn; Peter Verhun, Nuns ...... 580 Dispersed. Apostolic Visitator for Ukrainian emigrants in Germany; and Josaphat Faithful ...... 4,048.515 Many imprisoned or deportt>d for their Kotsylovsky, the Bishop of Peremyshl, faith; majority resisting passivl'iy. and his Auxiliary Bishop, Gregory Lakota. (All but one of these either died Church prior to World War II with the their primate in Rome. Religious women together with another person involved in situation in 1950, offers a graphic pic­ in orders working throughout Ukraine the distribution of these materials. In ture of the losses suffered by the church number more than 1,000. Many former the same manner, the clandestine from its forced reunion. 7 Catholic and non-Orthodox priests have printers also produced 150 copies of a retained a spiritual allegiance to the "Carol and Church Songs" book and 150 Pope as well, while others have taken up copies of the "Missal." The Ukrainian Catholic civilian professions and continue to Church in the Catacombs The most active lay people and celebrate the sacraments in private. A clergy of the "illegal" church have tried Forty years after the official abolition of certain number of Ukrainian Catholic to use legal means to defend their their church, Ukrainian Catholic com­ priests live in exile outside western church. By 1956-57, there were cases in munities continue to exist in the Soviet Ukraine or as free settlers in Siberia, which believers had tried to legalize their Union, as even Soviet sources attest. Kazakhstan, Lithuania, and eastern Ukrainian Catholic communities accord­ The most telling evidence of the survival Ukraine, often serving their faithful ing to Soviet law by petitioning the of the Catholic Church is to be found in from afar. Members of religious com­ proper authorities to permit their parish Soviet propaganda, which wages a munities and monastic orders have main­ congregations to operate openly. A vigorous campaign against the church tained close contact with each other, and number of such petitions were sent in through books. pamphlets, periodicals, most have remained faithful to their the late 1960s and early 1970s, including television programs, movies, lectures, vows. In 1974, a clandestine Catholic an appeal from the Ukrainian Catholics and exhibits, all designed to falsify the convent was uncovered by police in of the city of Stryi, which reached the historical record, defame Catholic Lvov. West in 1972. All of these petitions were leaders and clergy, and intimidate Almost invariably, these clergymen refused. In 1976 a Ukrainian Catholic church members. To this day, the great and monastics hold full-time secular jobs priest named Reverend Volodymyr Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytsky, who or have retired from such employment. Prokopiv was arrested for accompanying led his church for four and one-half The identities of the older clergy seem to a delegation of Ukrainians to Moscow decades (1900-44), saving the lives of be known to the Soviet police, who fre­ with such a petition, signed by a large thousands of Jews during World War II, quently subject them to searches, inter­ number of Catholics from the Lvov is maligned by Soviet officials. rogations, and fines but stop short of region. The Soviet response to these At the outset, the priests of the arrests unless they have extended their petitions has been to sharpen repressive Catacomb Church were those who did activities beyond a narrow circle of measures against the activist clergy, not rejoin Russian orthodoxy during the friends in private homes. It appears, monastics, and lay people and to inten­ 1945-49 period but remained Catholics, however, that Soviet authorities are sify their propaganda. giving up any public exercise of their much more ruthless in dealing with new, In recent years, the cause of clerical duties. After 1946, a significant secretly ordained priests. persecuted Ukrainian Catholics has been portion of Catholic laymen continued to In 1968, apparently iri connection taken up by the dissident movement in depend on the services of these "illegal" with the legalization of the Ukrainian Ukraine. Since 1970, the movement's priests and monks, whose numbers Catholic Church in Czechoslovakia, the organ, the Ukrainian Herald, has car­ increased after the mid-1940s with the harassment of "recalcitrant" clergy ried accounts of the harassment, return of what the Soviets called escalated into a large-scale campaign searches, arrests, and trials of Catholics "recalcitrant" clergymen-those who against "illegal" Ukrainian Catholic and has editorially condemned "wanton had completed their sentences or had clergy. Many of these clergymen were liquidation" of the church as "illegal and benefited from the post-Stalin subjected to searches, interrogations, unconstitutional." A leading Ukrainian amnesties. fines, and beatings. In January 1969, the dissident, historian Valentyn Moroz, The hope that de-Stalinization would KGB arrested an underground Catholic devoted part of his Chronicle of lead to the restoration of the Ukrainian bishop named Vasyl' Velychkovskiy and Resistance to the nation-building role of Catholic Church produced a marked two Catholic priests, sentencing them to the Ukrainian Catholic Church in intensification of covert Catholic 3-years imprisonment for alleged viola­ western Ukraine; he equated the activities. By the late 1950s, however, as tions of the "law on cults." regime's anti-Catholic struggle with an more and more "converts" to the church Religious activities that are "illegal" attack upon "the spiritual structure of began to repudiate orthodoxy, com­ when performed by Catholic priests or the nation." munist authorities dispelled any hope for members include holding religious ser­ Lithuanian Catholic dissidents also a change in official P.Olicy toward the vices; educating children in the Catholic have raised their voices in recent years. church by arresting even more priests faith; performing baptisms, wedding In their petitions to Soviet authorities and unleashing a new wave of anti­ rites, and funerals; hearing confessions; and in their underground Chronicle of Catholic propaganda. Notwithstanding anointing the ill; copying religious the Lithuanian Catholic Church, they this widespread antireligious campaign, materials; and possessing prayer books, have joined Ukrainian dissidents in call­ the number of priests increased :n icons, church calendars, religious books, ing for the lifting of the illegal ban on western Ukraine in the 1950s and and other sacred objects. Soviet sources the Ukrainian Catholic Church. thereafter, due in part to secret ordina­ reveal numerous examples of arrests for Likewise, in September 1974, a leading tions in exile. In addition, the existence such activities. One is the case of Russian Orthodox dissident named of secret theological "seminaries" in Reverend Ivan Kryvy, who was arrested Anatoliy Levitin-Krasnov appealed to Ternopol and Kolomyia was reported in in 1973 for organizing the printing of a Sakharov's human rights committee in the Soviet press in the 1960s in connec­ Ukrainian Catholic prayer book (actually Moscow to raise its voice in defense of tion with the arrests of their organizers. a reprint of a prayer book published in Ukrainian Catholics and other Today, the underground Catholic Canada in 1954) in three consecutive edi­ persecuted religious groups. "The Union Church is said to embrace hundreds of tions (1969, 1971, and 1972) totaling in Western Ukraine," wrote Levitin­ priests, headed by a number of secret 3,500 copies. The work was done by two Krasnov, "is a massive popular move­ bishops working under the authority of employees of the Lvov state printing ment. Its persecution means not only shop who also were arrested in 1973

3 religious oppression, but also restriction pie to worship freely in their own rite, to congregations in Ukraine and what is of the national rights of Western have their own churches with free access now Belorussia with Rome in 1596; these Ukraine."8 to them, and to have their own priests go to great pains to prove the allegations and their own language.11 that the Catholic Church conducted The founder of the Initiative Group activities that were directed against the Chronicle of the Catholic and moving force behind the Chronicle, population of Ukraine during the first Church in Ukraine Yosyf Terelya, was arrested on half of the 20th century. At the beginning of 1984, a group of February 8, 1985, and sentenced on The growth of interest in Ukrainian Ukrainian Catholics began to publish and August 20, 1985, to 7 years imprison­ Catholicism has to be understood in rela­ disseminate a samizdat publication, the ment and 5 years exile for his religious tion to the general rise of interest in Chronicle of the Catholic Church. To activities. He had already spent years in religion, spiritual values, and ethics date, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty various camps, prisons, and psychiatric among the younger generation in in Munich has received and broadcast institutions. He is currently serving his Ukraine. Complaints by Soviet officials nine numbered issues of the Chronicle sentence in Camp #36 near Kuchino, the and their publications attest to this plus one special issue. The 10th edition so-called death camp where, since May revival. A letter by an avowed atheist of the Chronicle was published in June 1984, four prominent Ukrainian published as part of an article on 1986 and had a significant change in prisoners have died-Ukrainian Helsinki religious belief and atheist propaganda title: Chronicle of the Ukrainian Catholic Monitors Vasyl' Stus, Oleska Tykhy, in a 1984 issue of Nauka i Religiya Church in the Catacombs. The Chronicle Yuriy Lytvyn, and journalist Valeriy (Science and Religion) states: is published by members of the Marchenko. If you could only imagine how difficult it "Initiative Group for the Defense of the Terelya's successor as chairman of is for us atheists in Ukraine. For many years Right of Believers and the Church in the Initiative Group, Vasyl' Kobryn, also now, I have been involved in the thankless Ukraine,"' which was established in 1982 was sentenced in March 1985 to 3 years propagandizing task of Soviet ritualism. I and spearheads the campaign of Ukrain­ imprisonment for "anti-Soviet slander." have ploughed through mountains of ian Catholics for the legalization of their The plight of Terelya and Kobryn is just literature, observed, pondered, and spent church. 9 one example of the persecution of many hours in the churches where religious It was the years of abortive demands countless numbers of Ukrainian rites are practiced. I have come to the conclu­ sion that Soviet official statistics are very far by believers that authorities legalize the Catholics who have suffered harassment, 3 activities of the Catholic Church in illegal searches, beatings, and arrests from reality .1 western Ukraine that brought about the · solely because of their attempts to prac­ The problem of religious practices in emergence of an organized human rights tice their religious beliefs. western Ukraine also was raised by the movement among believers. In early first secretary of the Lvov Komsomol, 1982 the Central Committee of Ukrain­ Oleksiy Babiychuk: Grounds for Repression ian Catholics was formed, and Yosyf ... in this oblast, particularly in the rural Terelya was elected its chairman. In a Clearly, the Ukrainian Catholic faithful areas, a large number of the population statement about the formation of the who were driven underground following adheres to religious practices, among them a Initiative Group, addressed to the Cen­ the forced 1946 "reunion" have posed an large proportion of youth. In the last few tral Committee of the Communist Party especially complicated problem for years, the activity of the Uniates [Ukrainian of Ukraine, Terelya wrote: Soviet authorities. Enjoying massive Catholics] has grown, that of representatives support from believers in the western of the Uniates as well as former Uniate This was the response of Ukrainian Ukraine, as well as from the strong priests; there are even reverberations tu Catholics to increasing repression against the renew the overt activity of this Church. u L'krainian Catholic Church. From now on, all Ukrainian Catholic diaspora in the West, information about the Ukrainian Catholic the faithful have survived despite Another important factor in the Church will be passed on for scrutiny by the repeated repressive measures. They steady growth of interest in Catholicism world public. The Catholics of the world have survived both within the formal in Ukraine has been the proximity of the should know and be reminded in what condi­ Orthodox Church-so-called secret Solidarity movement and the election of tions we exist. •o Catholics-and as an "illegal" church a Slavic Pope. It is worth noting that for The first three issues of the Chroni­ with a succession of its own bishops and some vears now the Polish dissident cle are varied, although they deal largely a network of secular and monastic movement-particularly members of with the lives of believers-Catholics, clergy, performing clandestine religious Solidarity-has supported Ukraine's Orthodox, Baptists, Pentecostals, rites in private homes, at cemeteries, quest for self-determination in its official Jehovah's Witnesses, and Seventh-Day and even in officially "closed" churches. statements and publications and, con­ Adventists-giving accounts of Among young people, in particular, versely, members of the dissident move­ repressive measures taken against them there has been a growing acceptance of ment in the Ukraine, like Vasyl' Stus and naming the camps and ps; chiatric religious traditions and symbols as and Yosyf Terelya, have praised hospitals in which they are confinl"d. The important links with the past and as Solidarity in their activities. In an open journals also devote considerable atten­ integral elements of national culture. letter, published in 1981 in the journal of tion to the sociopolitical situation in The reaction of the regime has been Catholic opposition in Poland, Spolkanie, Ukraine and discuss such diverse sub­ to renew its emphasis on mass. Ukrainian Catholics registered their joy jects as the Raoul Wallenberg case, amireligious propaganda, especially in on the·occasion of the election of Russification, and the Polish workers' western Ukraine. Conferences have been Cardinal Wojtyla as Pope. 15 movement. Most of the information con­ organized on the subject of perfecting At the same time, Soviet authorities tained i:ri the Chronicle, however, relates the methodology to combat Ukrainian have launched a related propaganda to the lives of members of the banned Catholicism in western Ukraine. 12 campaign in Ukraine, disseminating Ukrainian Catholic Church, especially to Numerous publications have appeared publications that criticize the Vatican's violations of their human rights. These that attempt to discredit the union of the support for believers in Soviet-bloc coun­ journals underscore the needs of the peo- tries. The mass media also has stepped up its attacks on Pope .John Paul II,

4 especially his support of Ukrainian independent Ukrainian Orthodox of the Defense of the Rights of Believers and Catholics. 16 The antireligious journal Autocephalous Church. By 1924, the church the Church in Ukraine," A rkkiv Samizdata Liudyna. i Suit (Man and the World), embraced 30 bishops, 1,500 priests and (AS) 4897, Radio Liberty, Munich, 1983. published in .Kiev, stated the following: deacons, and 1,100 parishes in the Ukrainian 11on the Chronid.e, see Radio Liberty S.S.R. From 1922, however, Soviet 3/85, "Chronicle of the Catholic Church in Proof that the Church is persistently authorities began imposing restrictions on the Ukraine," January 7, 1985; Bohdan Nahaylo, striving to strengthen its political influence in Autocephalous Church, attempting to split it "The Church Rumbling Beneath the socialist countries is witnessed by the fact from within by supporting a splinter faction. Kremlin," TM Times, January 12, 1985; that Pope John Paul II gives his support to In 1926 they arrested its Metropolitan, Basil Maxine Pollack, "KGB Crackdown in the the emigre hierarchy of the so-called Ukrain­ Lypkivsky, along with a number of other Ukraine," TM Sunday Times, January 27, ian Catholic Church .... The current tactic of leaders and ordered the dissolution of its cen­ 1985; Bohdan Nahaylo, "Persecuted Ukrain­ Pope John Paul II and the Roman Curia lies tral body, the All-Ukrainian Church Council. ian Catholics Speak Out," The Wall Street in the attempts to strengthen the position of Then in 1929, massive repressive measures Jo-urnal (European edition), February 18, the Church in all socialist countries as they were taken against the bishops, clergy, and 1985; Ivan Mhul, "La resistance tenance des have done in Poland, where the Vatican tried faithful, culminating in the dissolution of the catholiques clandestines d'Ukraine," Le to raise the status of the Catholic Church to a church in 1930. The remnant of the church Monde, March l, 1985; George Zarycky, state within a state. In the last few years, the was allowed to reconstitute itself at the end "Soviet Journal on Religious Dissent May \'atican has paid particular attention to the of 1930 but was progressively decimated until Embarrass Kremlin," The Christian Science l}Ul'stion of Catholicism of the Slavonic the last parish was suppressed in 1936. Monitor, March 6, 1985; Radio Liberty 71/85, nations. This is poignantly underscored by the According to Ukrainian Orthodox sources, "Moscow Still Putting Pressure on Ukrainian Pope when he states that he is not only a two metropolitans of the church, 26 Catholics to Break with Rome," March 8, Pope uf Polish origin, but the first Slavic archbishops and bishops, some 1,150 priests, 1985; and Radio Liberty 101/85, "First Issue Pope. and he will pay particular attention to 54 deacons, and approximately 20,000 lay of New Samizdat Journal Put Out by Ukrain­ Lill' Christianization of all Slavic nations. 17 members of the church councils as well as an ian Catholics (Uniates)," March 26, 1985. undetermined number of the faithful were all 121n November 1982 a conference was These same themes were stressed at killed. See UJ..-raine: A Concise Encyclopaedia, held in Kiev on the topic "The Anti­ a 1981 symposium in for Vol. II. University of Toronto Press, pp. Communist Essence of Uniate-Nationalistic specialists in antireligious propaganda in 170-71. Falsification of the History of the Ukrainian the Warsaw Pact countries. One of the ~Analecta O.S.B.M., First Victims of Nation," (Liudyna i Svit, No. 2, February papers dealing v.ith Ukrainian Communism White Book on the Reliqious 1983, p. 21). Toward the end of 1983, in the Catholicism stated the following: Persecution in Ukraine (Rome, 1953) pp. city of Kalush, lvano-Frankovsk Oblast, a 42-44. This book was composed by Ukrainian conference was held dealing with "Uniatism Pope John Paul II has approved certain Catholic priests resident in Rome; it was and Ukrainian Bourgeois-Nationalism." additional measures, directed in support of translated from Italian with Ecclesiastical (Liudyna i Suit, No. 1, January 1984, p. 33). the t:niates .... [The] Head of the Vatican Approbation. In April 1985 a conference was held in Lvov underscored his "dedication" to the Uniates 5See, for example, K. Kharchev, Chair­ on "Critique of the Catholic Uniate Ideology by approving the claims of Cardinal Slipyj to man of the Council of Religious Affairs in Atheist Propaganda," (Nauka i Religiya, represent and speak on behalf of all the attached to the U.S.S.R. Council of Ministers, No. 11, November 1985, p. 34). faithful of the Western province of the Ukrai­ in an interview for the Warsaw weekly, 13Nauka i Religiya, Moscow, No. 10, nian S.S.R. 18 Prawo i zycie, February 8, 1986, p. 13. The October 1984, p. 11. current stand of the Russian Orthodox 14/bid., No. 1, January 1985, p. 10. However, Ukrainian Catholicism, 15 seen as the strongest and most represent­ Church regarding the Lvov "Sobor" is lvan Hvat, "The Ukrainian Catholic presented in detail in "The Moscow Patri­ Church, the Vatican and the Soviet Union ative exponent of cultural and spiritual ties archate and the Liquidation of the Eastern During the Pontificate of Pope John Paul II," with the West, remains an obstacle to the Rite Catholic Church in Ukraine," Religion in Religion in Communist Lands, Vol. 11, No. 3, Soviet goal of creating a single Soviet Communist Lands, Vol. 13, No. 2, Summer (Winter 1983), pp. 264-280. people. The Soviet regime has officially 1985. pp. 182-188. Compare the article of 16/bid., pp. 277-278; See also L.F. liquidated the church and also has Metropolitan Nikodimus of Lvov and Shevtsov, Sotsial'izm i Katolitsizm, (Mosl'ow: attempted to erase it from historic memory. Ternopol, published in Visti z Ukrainy. No. 5, Nauka, 1982), p. 39. To enable Moscow to achieve its goals, all January 1986, with the article in Moskovskyye 111. Tykhonov, "Catholic Church: New signs of the religion's ongoing revival are novosti, No. 22, June 1986, and the article of Trends, Old Goals," (in Ukrainian) Liudynu i continuously repressed. K. Dmytruk in Radian.-:ka Ukraina, May 31, S1rit, No. 10, October 1982, pp. 53-54. 1986. 18B. Lobovik, I. Myhovic, "Zlopocest ri.11 5Analecta, First Victims, pp. 30-59. tiene m·inulosti,'' Ateizmus, No. 4, Bratislava, 1See note 4. 7Soviet Persecution of Religion in 1981,pp.361-469.• 2Vo-prosy nauchnogo ateizma.., publication Ukraine, Human Rights Commission World no. 24, Moscow, 1979, p. 46. Stano-vleniya i Congress of Free Ukrainians, Toronto, 1976, Published by the United States Department roziytok masovoho ateizmu i· zakhidnykh p. 28. of State • Bureau of Public Affairs ohla.-:tiakh Ukrainskoi RSR, (Kiev, 1981), p. B/bid., pp. 33-34. Office of Public Communication • Editorial 51. 9Because of the potential for intentionally Division • Washington, D.C .• January 1!)!:!7 3 Soviet repression and liquidation of the planted disinformation, it is impossible to be Editor: Colleen Sussman • This material is in Ukrainian Autocephalous Church in eastern certain that all items in the Chronicle were the public domain and may be reproduced L'kraine in the 1920s and 1930s was a portent written by or reflect the opinions of Ukrain­ without permission; citation of this source is of its later repression and liquidation of the ian Catholics in Ukraine today. However, appreciated. t:krainian Catholic Church in western enough of the facts have been substantiated t:kraine. Shortly after the revolution, a hy other sources to make the Chronicle on the number of Ukrainian Orthodox bishops whole a credible source of information about separated themselves from t.he Russian the true status of the l'krainian Catholic Patriarl'hal Church, creating in 1920 an Church. •0 Yosyf Terelya, "Declaration to the CC CPU on the formation of the Initiative Group Bureau of Public Affairs United States Department of State BULK RATE Washington, D.C. 20520 POSTAGE & FEES PAID U.S. Department of State Permit No. G-130 OFFICIAL BUSINESS

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