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International Dimension of Democratization? the Influence of the European Union on the Consolidation of Democracy in Turkey 1987-2002

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International Dimension of Democratization? the Influence of the European Union on the Consolidation of Democracy in Turkey 1987-2002 INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION OF DEMOCRATIZATION? THE INFLUENCE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ON THE CONSOLIDATION OF DEMOCRACY IN TURKEY 1987-2002 The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by ALİ RESUL USUL In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION in THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA May 2003 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and Public Administration. --------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Ergun Özbudun Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and Public Administration. --------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Ahmet Davutoğlu Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and Public Administration. --------------------------------- Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmet İçduygu Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and Public Administration. --------------------------------- Assist. Prof. Dr. Ömer Faruk Gençkaya Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and Public Administration. --------------------------------- Assist. Prof. Dr. Ersel Aydınlı Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences --------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Kürşat Aydoğan Director ABSTRACT INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION OF DEMOCRATIZATION? THE INFLUENCE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ON THE CONSOLIDATION OF DEMOCRACY IN TURKEY 1987-2002 Usul, Ali Resul Ph.D., Department of Political Science and Public Administration Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ergun Özbudun May 2003 This thesis analyzes the European Union (EU)-Turkey relations with regard to democracy and human rights and particularly the EU’s impact on the consolidation of democracy in Turkey. Democracy in the Turkey has not been adequately consolidated. The problem of Turkish democracy is the problem of democratic consolidation in Turkey. In the thesis, I propose that the EU promotes Turkish democracy when it provides a full membership perspective to Turkey. In other words, the degree and nature EU’s influence on Turkish polity and politics is correlated with question of whether the EU gives Turkey a real membership perspective. In this respect, I have compared three significant periods of the EU-Turkey relations regarding democratic consolidation in Turkey. The EU’s impact in the first two periods was limited and quite modest in its nature. The EU has been an active leverage in the post-Helsinki period. In the post-Helsinki period, the pre-accession mechanism have made Turkey more vulnerable to the EU’s requirements and it has justified the EU’s interventions into Turkey’s domestic politics, which had been often regarded as breach of Turkey’s sovereignty in the pre-Helsinki period. Thus, domestic/international-internal/external differentiation in the context of EU-Turkey relations has become less salient within the post-Helsinki period. As far as the active leverage function of the EU is concerned, the EU’s impact had been mostly on the Constitutional level of consolidation in the period between 1987 and 2002. Keywords: Turkey, European Union, Turkey-European Union, Turkish Politics, democratization iii ÖZET DEMOKRATİKLEŞMENİN ULUSLARARASI BOYUTU? AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NİN TÜRKİYE’DE DEMOKRASİNİN PEKİŞMESİNE ETKİSİ 1987-2002 Usul, Ali Resul Doktora, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Ergun Özbudun Mayıs 2003 Bu tez, demokrasi ve insan hakları bağlamında Avrupa Birliği (AB)-Türkiye ilişkilerini, özellikle de AB’nin Türk demokrasinin pekişmesindeki etkisini incelemektedir. Türkiye’deki demokrasi yeterinde pekişmiş değildir. Türk demokrasisinin sorunu esasen demokrasinin pekişmesi sorunudur. Bu tezde, Türkiye’ye tam üyelik perspektifi verildiği takdirde, AB’nin Türk demokrasisinin gelişmesine yardımcı olduğu iddia edilmektedir. Diğer bir ifade ile, AB’nin Türk politikasına etkisinin niteliği ve miktarı AB’nin Türkiye’ye tam üyelik perspektifi verip vermediği ile ilişkilidir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’deki demokratik pekişmeyle ilgili olarak, AB-Türkiye ilişkilerinin üç önemli dönemi kıyaslanmıştır. AB’nin etkisi ilk iki dönemde sınırlı ve tabiatı itibarı ile oldukça mütevazidir. AB, Helsinki sonrası dönemde aktif bir manivela fonksiyonu görmüştür. Helsinki sonrası dönemde, giriş öncesi mekanizma, Türkiye’yi AB’nin istekleri konusunda daha korunmazsız hale getirirken, Helsinki öncesi dönemde, Türkiye’nin egemenliğinin ihlali olarak değerlendirilen AB’nin Türk siyasetine müdahalelerini meşrulaştırmıştır. Böylece, Helsinki sonrası dönemde, AB-Türkiye ilişkileri bağlamında iç siyaset-dış siyaset ayırımı da daha az önemli hale gelmiştir. AB’nin aktif manivela fonksiyonu söz konusu olduğunda, 1987-2002 döneminde, AB’nin etkisi pekişmenin daha fazla anayasal boyutunda olmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkiye, Avrupa Birliği, Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği İlişkileri, Türk Siyaseti, demokratikleşme iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am deeply grateful to many people for their invaluable encouragements and supports, without which the thesis would not have been successfully completed. In this regard, I would like to take the opportunity to thank first to my supervisor Professor Ergun Özbudun for encouraging the writing of the thesis from the start. Professor Özbudun has always supported my academic studies since I joined the graduate program of the department of Political Science, Bilkent University, in 1994. Therefore, my special gratitude goes to him. I wish in particular to express our appreciation to Ahmet Davutoğlu, Ahmet İçduydu, Ömer Faruk Gençkaya, Ersel Aydınlı and Jeremy Salt for their valuable comments and suggestions regarding the thesis that provided me very important insights particularly for my further studies in this subject. Finally, my deepest appreciation goes to my wife, Kevser, for her constant support and patience. v TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………………… iii ÖZET …………………………………………………………………………………….. .iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………….. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………………….. .. vi LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………………...xi INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………….. ..1 The Aimed Contributions of the Thesis to the Field …………………………………….… 8 Methodology ………………………………………………………………………………. 9 CHAPTER I: DEMOCRACY AND DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION ……………... 11 1.1 The Conceptualization of Democracy ………………………………………………… 11 1.2 Democratization and Democratic Consolidation ……………………………………… 18 1.2.1 The Conceptualization of Democratic Consolidation ……………………………….. 20 1.2.1.1 Political Institutionalization ……………………………………………………….. 24 1.2.1.1.1 Stateness and Its Significance regarding Democratic Consolidation …………… 27 1.2.1.1.2 The Rule of Law and Consolidation …………………………………………….. 27 1.2.1.1.3 Party Institutionalization ………………………………………………………… 28 1.2.1.2 The Behavioural Consolidation …………………………………………………… 33 1.2.1.3.1 The Attitudinal Consolidation: Political Culture and Legitimacy ………………. 35 1.2.1.3.2 Legitimacy and Democratic Consolidation ……………………………………… 38 1.2.1.4 Civil Society and Democratic Consolidation ……………………………………… 40 1.2.1.5 Economy and Democratic Consolidation ………………………………………….. 47 1.3 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………... 50 vi CHAPTER II: INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION OF DEMOCRATIZATION ………… 53 2. 1 Democratization and International Aspect …………………………………………… 53 2.2 Unscrambling The International Context ……………………………………………... 55 2.2.1 Background Variables ………………………………………………………………. 56 2.2.2 External Actors ……………………………………………………………………… 58 2.2.2.1 Transnational Actors, INGOs, Advocate Networks, Epistemic Communities …… 59 2.2.3 Forms of External Influence …………………………………………………………62 2.3 International Impact and Domestic Response …………………………………………66 2.3.1 Conditionality and Its Effectiveness ………………………………………………... 67 2.4 Conclusion: Towards International Politics of Democratic Consolidation ……………80 CHAPTER III: THE EU’S HUMAN RIGHTS POLICIES IN ITS EXTERNAL RELATIONS AND DEMOCRATIC CONDITIONALITY ………………83 3.1 EU’s Human Rights Policies Regarding Its External Relations ………………………83 3.1.2 Human Rights And Democracy in the Main Legal Texts …………………………...84 3.1.3 EU’s Increasing Consideration Over Human Rights And Democracy in its Relation with Third Countries……………………………………………………….86 3.1.4 Human Rights Clauses in EU Legislation …………………………………………...89 3.1.5 The New Human Rights Regulations ……………………………………………….93 3.1.6 Financial Assistance ………………………………………………………………...94 3.1.7 The Other EU Instruments and Initiatives in Relations with Third Countries………95 3.2 European Union’s Democratic Conditionality and ‘Democracy by Convergence’…...97 3.3 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………106 CHAPTER IV: DEMOCRACY IN TURKEY…………………………………………..109 vii 4.1 The Basic Characteristics of Turkish Democracy …………………………………..109 4.2 Strong State Tradition ……………………………………………………………….110
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