Climate-Smart Agriculture

Conference of theParties(COP16)inCancun,to as the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF). At its 16th Agreement (ITTA) as well as in international processes, such Diversity (CBD)andtheInternational Tropical Timber and agreements, suchasthe Convention onBiological has beenagreeduponatinvariousinternationalconventions The need to decrease deforestation and forest degradation deforestation andensuringglobalfoodsecurity. strategy formeetingthetwinchallengesofreducing from agriculturalusedoesnotseemtobeanappropriate developing world.Forthisreason,simplyrestrictingareas output inwaysthatmaysignificantlyaffect partsofthe negative impact on agriculturalproduction, reducing farm In addition,climatechangeislikelytohaveasignificant with therestbeingmetthroughincreasedyields(FAO, 2009). is expectedtosatisfy20percentofthisincreaseddemand, percent. Indevelopingcountries,theexpansionofarableland patterns areexpectedtoincreasethedemandfor food by70 because populationgrowthandchangesinconsumption The expansion of agricultural land is likely to continue. This is forest areahascontinuedtotakeplaceintropicalregions, significantly at the global level. However, most of the loss of some parts of the world has reduced the net loss of forest area same time,afforestation and naturalexpansionofforestsin rather thanpreviouslyclearedland(Gibbsetal.2010). At the of newagriculturallandcomingfromintactanddisturbedforests the primarysourcefornewagriculturalland,withover80percent (FAO 2010). Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, rainforests were converted annuallytootherusesorlostthroughnaturalcauses the lastdecade,around13millionhectaresofforestswere However, inothercountriesitiscontinuing atahighrate.Over forest toagriculturalland,isdecreasinginseveralcountries. Deforestation, mainly resulting from the conversion of tropical integrated landusepolicies. debates on REDD+ have reinforced the importance of SFM in climate changeinanintegratedway(FAO, 2008). The current as providingtheoverallframeworkformitigatingandadaptingto • • • • • • • would helpreconcilepotentialsectorconflicts: leakages betweendifferentsectors.Thefollowingactions enable bettermanagementofsynergies,trade-offsand mitigation strategies encompassing all land uses could households and national governments. Coherent national security willremainthehighestpriorityforindividual Increasing food production and achieving food and energy expected toaddthepressuresontheseresources. degraded, land and water resources. Climate change is meet the demands of rising populations using finite, often Global agriculturewillbeundersignificantpressureto regenerate degradedpasturelands andsilvo-pastoral production, foster integrated crop-livestock systems, conservation agriculture, enhance sustainable crop among otherthings,improvewatermanagement,support building toextendsustainablelandusepracticesisneeded. technological development,extensionservicesandcapacity degraded lands.Increasedsupportforresearch, sustainable agriculturalintensificationmethods,especially on existing agriculturalland. This couldbedoneusing countries mustbetackledbyincreasingyieldsperarea on production andalleviatesthepressureonforests. farmers, improvessoilquality, increasesagricultural conservation farming,offers multiplelivelihoodbenefitsto significant atthegloballevel. conservation providedbytreesoutsidetheforestsare services of carbon sequestration and biodiversity effects between different land uses. The ecosystem benefits. Trees outside of forests also minimize leakage stocks, can bring additional social, economic and economic (NAMAs) indevelopingcountries. (CDM), as well as Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions of Activities (PoA)intheCleanDevelopmentMechanism mechanisms, such as the Green Climate Fund, Programme activities covered under different carbon finance funds and mechanisms forclimatechangemitigationandadaptation. supported throughthedevelopmentoftoolsand Policy formulationforlandscapeapproachescanbe between REDD+ andagricultureinpolicyframeworks. strategies and action planscan build close linkages ministries working on national adaptation and mitigation coordination andcollaborationbetweenthedifferent using a landscape approach. Strengthening the to address climate change in both agriculture and forestry and agriculture. management andbuildcloselinkagesbetweenREDD+ land uses,fosteranintegratedapproachtoresource recognize carbonstockandmitigationpotentialfromall It iscrucialtoadoptsustainablefarmingpractices that, The lowproductivityofagricultureinmanydeveloping ‘Evergreen agriculture’,whichcombinesagroforestrywith Tree coveroutsideofforests,whichstoreslargecarbon Integrated landscape approaches should be included in the Intersectoral policiesareneededatnationalandlocallevels At thegloballevel,afuturepolicyframeworkshould deforestation driversare: regions andcountries.Importantcategoriesofglobalindirect magnitude ofthesevariousdriversvarywidelyacrosscontinents, ‘underpinning’ or‘indirect’ drivers The characteristicsand location-specific factorsalsocontributetodeforestationas 2002). A complexsetofadditionalinstitutionaland percent) andwoodextraction(67(GeistLambin • • • • • deforestation agricultural expansion(associatedwith96percentof global level,themostimportantdirectdriversfordeforestationare Deforestation iscausedbycombinationsofmultiplefactors. At the DRIVERS DEFORESTATION OF REDD+ readinessstrategies.(Kissinger2011). phases of addressing these drivers in the preparation of their and greenhousegasemissions.However, theyarestillinearly acknowledge theimportanceofthesedriversdeforestation plans. Many countries involved in REDD+ programmes developing andimplementingtheirnationalstrategiesoraction country parties, to addressdrivers of deforestation when forests. More specifically the decision requests developing the driversofdeforestationandreducehumanpressureon clearly states that effective ways should be found to address development andpovertyreduction. The Cancun Agreement management andprovidingfinancialresourcesforcontinued encouraging theparticipationoflocalpeopleinforest recognition tocustomarylandrights(HLPE,2011), agriculture. This canbeachievedbygivingincreased potential to strengthen thelinkbetween forestry and UNFCCC’s ‘Cancun Agreement’, REDD+alsohasthe If an appropriate set of safeguards is supported under the agriculture mustbetakenintoaccount. conventions, agreements and the REDD+ mechanism, implementation in developing countries. To implement these deforestation anddegradationofforestsimprove SFM provides a unique opportunity to reverse the ongoing trend of (UNFCCC) agreed on a mechanism, known asREDD+ that United NationsFrameworkConventiononClimate Change financial resourcesareindirectdriversofdeforestation. rights, migration, rural poverty, and a lack of investment and governance, corruption,landlessnessandunclearallocation socio-economic factors, including unsound policies and weak At thelocallevel,arangeofpolitical,culturaland and thepoorapplicationofexistingtechnologies. changes (LambinandMeyfroidt,2011); and 2010); to theprofitabilityofvariouslanduses(Rademaekers,K.etal projected toincreasefrom6.4billionin20058.22030; structures. increased urbanizationandtransformationsineconomic things, changesinconsumptionpatternsandnutritionlevels, technological factors,suchaschangesinagriculturaltechnology competition for croplands that results in indirect land use alternative energy policies and economic considerations related demographic changesrelatedtopopulationgrowth,whichis economic growthandrisingincomesthatleadto,amongother REFERENCES • • UN-REDD ProgrammeTanzania (2009).NationalProgrammeDocument. UNFCCC UCS Robledo, C.,Kanninnen, M., Pedroni,L.(eds) (2005). Tropical forestsandadaptation to Rademaekers, K. et al. (2010). EU-Commission, Study on the evolution of some PNC UN-REDDEcuador(2010).DocumentodelProgrammaNacionalConjunto. Meyfroidt, P., Rudel, T. and Lambin E. Lambin, E.F. andMeyfroidtP. (2011). Globallandusechange,economicglobalization,and Kissinger, G.(2011). LinkingForestsandFoodProductionintheREDD+Context,CGIAR IPPC HLPE (2011). Landtenureandinternationalinvestmentsinagriculture. A report bythe High Gibbs, H.etal(2010). Tropical forests weretheprimary sources ofnewagricultural land in Geist, H.J.andLambinE. (2007). Causes of land Use and Land Cover Change, Geist, H.J.andLambinE.F. (2002).ProximateCausesandUnderlyingDrivingForcesof Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO) Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO) (2008).Working withcountries toReduce Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO) (2003).StateoftheWorld’s Forests,Rome Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) (2011). The Johannesburg Contreras-Hermosilla, A.(2000). The UnderlyingCausesofForestDecline,CIFOR ASB (2010). Reducing Emissions from all land uses: The case for a whole landscape Hoc Working Grouponlong-termCooperative Action undertheConvention. concerned scientists. climate change:Insearchofsynergies,CIFOR,Bogor, Indonesia. scheme. deforestation driversandtheirpotentialimpactsonthecostsofanavoiding displacement oflanduse.PNAS;Vol 107(49):20917–20922. Edition, pp1-8. the loominglandscarcity. ProceedingsoftheNational Academy of Sciences(PNAS) Early Working PaperNo1. Research Programme on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) Change. IPCC,Geneva,Switzerland. and IItotheFourth Assessment ReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimate Security, Rome2011. Level PanelofExpertsonFoodSecurityandNutritiontheCommitteeWorld Food the 1980sand1990s.PNASVol. 107,No.38,pp.16732-16737. eoearth.org. Tropical Deforestation.BioScience.Vol. 520,No2,pp143-150. 2010 Mainreport–FAO ForestryPaper 163, Rome. Deforestation andForestDegradation– Taking ClimateChange Action throughSFM- Agriculture “Africa: A Callto Action”. 14thSeptember2011. Communiqué as agreed at The African Ministerial Conference on Climate–Smart Occasional PaperNo.30. approach, ASB PolicyBriefNo.13. elements innationalgreenhousegasaccountingsystems. developed. These methodscanserveasimportant of netemissionsfromdifferent landusesneedtobefurther cross-sectoral REDD+planningprocesses. socio-economic impactsshouldbeasubstantialpartof reflection on tenure rights, governance and other potential However, theywillalsohaveawiderimpact onsociety. A forest-dependent communitiesandindigenouspeoples. likely to have an especially strong impact on opportunities forcarbonpayments. communities, enhancelivelihoodsand,ifpossible,provide practices shouldalsoservetoincreaseincomesinlocal emissions andsequestratecarbon.Inallcases,these increase resilienceinthefaceofclimatechange,reduce systems. These practicescan improve productivity, systems, andsupportintegratedfeed,foodenergy Methods for landscape-levelgreenhousegas quantifications Integrated agriculture/REDD+ strategies and policies are (2011). The Rootoftheproblem–Whatisdrivingtropical deforestationtoday?Unionof (2007). Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Group I,II 1 ), followedbyinfrastructuredevelopment(72 (2010). Decision1/CP.16 The Cancun Agreements: Outcomeofthework Ad (2010). Foresttransitions,tradeandtheglobal (2010). Global Forest Resources Assessment agriculture contributestodeforestationonacase-by-casebasis. development. Therefore, itisimportanttoexaminewhyandhow deforestation depending on the area and level of local Usually there is a different combination of agents and drivers of degradation. practices that access rightsandpooragriculturalleadtosoil forests degrading arelargelytiedto poverty, tenure insecurity, The impactsofagricultureonclearingand smallholder remains oneofdriversdeforestation. the keyagricultural Africa, landusepracticesof unsustainable smallholders (UCS 2011),the lastdecade significant. In isparticularly diverse. However,in has doubled which palmoilproduction, Asia-Pacific region,thedriversof deforestation aremore extensive cattleproductionandcultivationofsoybean.Inthe In Latin by primarily is driven America, deforestation contributing todeforestation. local solutionsarereachedtocounteracttheforcesthat commodities, itismoreimportantthaneverthatglobaland connected global market spurring the demand for these deforestation across the planet, and a larger and increasingly cultivation of variousagriculturalcommodities driving important rolein the conversionofforestlands.With From aglobalperspective,large-scalefarmingplaysthemost fuels becomelessaccessibleortheircostsrise. consumption alongwithbiofuelproductionareincreasingasfossil is changingconsumptionpatterns;fuelwoodandcharcoal demand formeat,animalfeedandothercashcrops;urbanization food; incomesinmanycountriesarerisingwhichcreatesagreater underpinning drivers:populationsaregrowingandneedmore Agricultural expansionisacomplexissueandhasmany DEFORESTATION AGRICULTURE FOR ASADRIVER solutions tocurbdeforestation. (Meyfroidt e.al. 2010). For this reason, there are no simple one place could lead to displacement of land uses elsewhere deforestation changeovertimeandlocation.Reforestation in different stakeholders involved. Drivers and impacts of difficult todrawgeneralstrategiesandpoliciesaddressthe However, strong regional differences exist, which make it

©FAO/Caroline Thomas while meetingfuturedemandsforfoodandnutrition. halting bothdeforestationandforestdegradation and inagriculturalareas,wouldcontributeto would promotehighcarbonstocklandusesinforests cross-sectoral ‘landscapeapproach’.Thisapproach best waytomoveforwardwouldbeadopta compete fornaturalresources.To accomplishthis, the ensuring thatfoodproductionandforestrydonot between sustainableagricultureandREDD+ policies. Thispapersuggestsmaximizingsynergies on forestscannotsucceedinimplementingREDD+ reason, anisolatedsectoralapproachfocusingsolely these forcesarecloselytiedtoagriculture.Forthis driven byforcesoutsidetheforestrysector. Many of Deforestation andforestdegradationislargelybeing interest fromtheinternationalcommunity. greenhouse gasemissionsisattractingconsiderable The potentialroleofforestsinreducingglobal BUILDING BRIDGESBETWEENREDD+ AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE: ADDRESSING AGRICULTURE’S ROLE AS A DRIVEROFDEFORESTATION CLIMATE-SMART FOOD ANDAGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OFTHEUNITEDNATIONS for development process. increasing attentionintheUNFCCCnegotiation received agriculture to be part of the solution to climate change has Recently,agenda. on thepolitical high of thepotential 2011)the needtoputclimate-smartagriculture underscores 2011in September Conference African Ministerial (DAFF, communities. from the Communiqué The Johannesburg of agricultural capacity the adaptive increase and change in thefaceofclimate more resilient landscapes making and nationalgovernmentsas organizations a way forwardfor goals. This concept hasbeentakenupby intergovernmental development food securityand of national the achievement gases; andsupport and/or removinggreenhouse reducing mitigate climatechangeby and ecologicalresilience; social by increasing contribute toclimatechangeadaptation productivity; in agricultural increases lead tosustainable that pathways along development seeks todirectagricultural agriculture concept. Climate-smart prominent increasingly In thisregard,‘climate-smartagriculture’as an isemerging safeguarding foodsecurity. and the soil infrastructure, protecting or improving building through arangeofactivities,including be increased for thepoor,consideration with particular livelihoods, should of cycling andcountererosion.Fourththesustainability barriers tosupportnutrient such asusingtreestocreateliving capacity,agroforestry practices, by adopting forexample accorded tomitigationactivitiesthat enhance localadaptive out. are carried interventions be should Third, priority as oneof included therisksto be analyzedbefore possibility of soil erosionfrom more intense rainfall,shouldbe such asthe change, to climate Second, vulnerability action couldbethe planting of trees to sequester carbon. used forgrazing,amitigation For example,inland prioritized. help to reduce pressureon the natural resourcesshouldbe et al,2005).First,actionsthat (Robledo approach landscape a when implementing mitigation measurescanbeapplied and adaptation change climate for linking Four principles productivity andimprovedlivelihoods. agricultural enhanced conservation, environmental and adaptation, mitigation climate change including among arangeofdifferentachieved objectives, development Such anapproachensuresthat the best possible balanceis differentamong resources for natural competition sectors. way andworkstolessenthe uses inaholistic land approach. landscape takes intoaccountall This approach adopt anintegrated and goals rural development and laws andactionplans,itisnecessarytoconsideragricultural sector.strategies, policies, REDD+ national Whendesigning of deforestationinboththeforestryandagricultural differenttackling require Successful REDD+policies drivers LOOKING FORWARD AGRICULTURE security. Sustainableforestmanagement(SFM)shouldbeseen crucial roleinsupportinglivelihoodsandsafeguarding food important. They arecentraltocultureandrecreationplaya other ecosystem services. The socialfunction of forests is also regulatory role in the landscape and provide a broad range of management, support the cycling of nutrientsinthesoil,play a addition, forestssequestercarbon,contributetowatershed at least two-thirds of the world’s terrestrial biodiversity. In wood andlitter, and45percentinthesoil.Forestsalsocontain carbon: 44 percent is storedinthe biomass, 11 percent in dead The world’s forestsstoremorethan650billiontonnesof land andotherbiomassplayintheglobalcarboncycle. acknowledge the critical role that forests, crop and pasture international agreement on climate regime need to sustainably managed.Currentnegotiationstoreachan natural resources, the agriculture sector, needs to be coping with climate change and making more efficient use of population of9.1billionby2050. To meetthisdemandwhile climate change. Farmers will need to feed a projected the challengesofsafeguardingfoodsecurityandcopingwith people livinginruralareas,playsasignificantrolemeeting which isessentialtothelivelihoodsofaround75percent sectors andwillhaveanimpactonfoodsecurity. Agriculture, Climate change will affect both the agriculture and forestry Global agriculture will be under significant pressure to systems, and support integrated feed, food and energy meet the demands of rising populations using finite, often systems. These practices can improve productivity, degraded, land and water resources. Climate change is increase resilience in the face of climate change, reduce expected to add to the pressures on these resources. emissions and sequestrate carbon. In all cases, these Increasing food production and achieving food and energy practices should also serve to increase incomes in local security will remain the highest priority for individual communities, enhance livelihoods and, if possible, provide households and national governments. Coherent national opportunities for carbon payments. mitigation strategies encompassing all land uses could enable better management of synergies, trade-offs and • Integrated agriculture/REDD+ strategies and policies are leakages between different sectors. The following actions likely to have an especially strong impact on would help reconcile potential sector conflicts: forest-dependent communities and indigenous peoples. • At the global level, a future policy framework should However, they will also have a wider impact on society. A recognize carbon stock and mitigation potential from all reflection on tenure rights, governance and other potential land uses, foster an integrated approach to resource socio-economic impacts should be a substantial part of management and build close linkages between REDD+ cross-sectoral REDD + planning processes. and agriculture. • Methods for landscape-level greenhouse gas quantifications • Intersectoral policies are needed at national and local levels of net emissions from different land uses need to be further to address climate change in both agriculture and forestry developed. These methods can serve as important using a landscape approach. Strengthening the elements in national greenhouse gas accounting systems. coordination and collaboration between the different ministries working on national adaptation and mitigation REFERENCES strategies and action plans can build close linkages ASB (2010). Reducing Emissions from all land uses: The case for a whole landscape approach, ASB Policy Brief No. 13. between REDD+ and agriculture in policy frameworks. Contreras-Hermosilla, A. (2000). The Underlying Causes of Forest Decline, CIFOR Policy formulation for landscape approaches can be Occasional Paper No. 30. supported through the development of tools and Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) (2011). The Johannesburg Communiqué as agreed at The African Ministerial Conference on Climate–Smart mechanisms for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Agriculture “Africa: A Call to Action”. 14th September 2011. • Integrated landscape approaches should be included in the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2003). State of the World’s Forests, Rome activities covered under different carbon finance funds and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2008). Working with countries to Reduce The potential role of forests in reducing of global Climate change will affect both the agriculture and forestry Deforestation and Forest Degradation – Taking Climate Change Action through SFM - sectors and will have an impact on food security. Agriculture, mechanisms, such as the Green Climate Fund, Programme Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2010). Global Forest Resources Assessment greenhouse gas emissions is attracting considerable of Activities (PoA) in the Clean Development Mechanism 2010 Main report – FAO Forestry Paper 163, Rome. which is essential to the livelihoods of around 75 percent of interest from the international community. (CDM), as well as Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions Geist, H.J. and Lambin E.F. (2002). Proximate Causes and Underlying Driving Forces of people living in rural areas, plays a significant role in meeting Tropical Deforestation. Bio Science. Vol. 520, No 2, pp 143-150. Deforestation and forest degradation is largely being the challenges of safeguarding food security and coping with (NAMAs) in developing countries. Geist, H.J. and Lambin E. (2007). Causes of land Use and Land Cover Change, • Tree cover outside of forests, which stores large carbon eoearth.org. driven by forces outside the forestry sector. Many of climate change. Farmers will need to feed a projected stocks, can bring additional social, economic and economic Gibbs, H. et al (2010). Tropical forests were the primary sources of new agricultural land in these forces are closely tied to agriculture. For this population of 9.1 billion by 2050. To meet this demand while the 1980s and 1990s. PNAS Vol. 107, No. 38, pp. 16732-16737. benefits. Trees outside of forests also minimize leakage coping with climate change and making more efficient use of HLPE (2011). Land tenure and international investments in agriculture. A report by the High reason, an isolated sectoral approach focusing solely natural resources, the agriculture sector, needs to be effects between different land uses. The ecosystem Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food on forests cannot succeed in implementing REDD+ services of carbon sequestration and biodiversity Security, Rome 2011. sustainably managed. Current negotiations to reach an conservation provided by trees outside the forests are IPPC (2007). Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Group I,II policies. This paper suggests maximizing synergies international agreement on climate regime need to and II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate acknowledge the critical role that forests, crop and pasture significant at the global level. Change. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. between sustainable agriculture and REDD+ and land and other biomass play in the global carbon cycle. • ‘Evergreen agriculture’, which combines agroforestry with Kissinger, G. (2011). Linking Forests and Food Production in the REDD+ Context, CGIAR ensuring that food production and forestry do not conservation farming, offers multiple livelihood benefits to Research Programme on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) Working Paper No 1. compete for natural resources. To accomplish this, the The world’s forests store more than 650 billion tonnes of farmers, improves soil quality, increases agricultural Lambin, E.F. and Meyfroidt P. (2011). Global land use change, economic globalization, and carbon: 44 percent is stored in the biomass, 11 percent in dead best way to move forward would be to adopt a production and alleviates the pressure on forests. the looming land scarcity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) Early wood and litter, and 45 percent in the soil. Forests also contain • The low productivity of agriculture in many developing Edition, pp 1-8. cross-sectoral ‘landscape approach’. This approach Meyfroidt, P., Rudel, T. and Lambin E. (2010). Forest transitions, trade and the global at least two-thirds of the world’s terrestrial biodiversity. In countries must be tackled by increasing yields per area on displacement of land use. PNAS; Vol 107(49): 20917–20922. would promote high carbon stock land uses in forests addition, forests sequester carbon, contribute to watershed existing agricultural land. This could be done using PNC UN-REDD Ecuador (2010). Documento del Programma Nacional Conjunto. and in agricultural areas, and would contribute to management, support the cycling of nutrients in the soil, play a sustainable agricultural intensification methods, especially on Rademaekers, K. et al. (2010). EU-Commission, Study on the evolution of some regulatory role in the landscape and provide a broad range of deforestation drivers and their potential impacts on the costs of an avoiding deforestation halting both deforestation and forest degradation degraded lands. Increased support for research, scheme. other ecosystem services. The social function of forests is also while meeting future demands for food and nutrition. technological development, extension services and capacity Robledo, C., Kanninnen, M., Pedroni, L. (eds) (2005). Tropical forests and adaptation to important. They are central to culture and recreation and play a building to extend sustainable land use practices is needed. climate change: In search of synergies, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia. crucial role in supporting livelihoods and safeguarding food UCS (2011). The Root of the problem – What is driving tropical deforestation today? Union of • It is crucial to adopt sustainable farming practices that, concerned scientists. security. Sustainable forest management (SFM) should be seen among other things, improve water management, support UNFCCC (2010). Decision 1/CP.16 The Cancun Agreements: Outcome of the work of the Ad conservation agriculture, enhance sustainable crop Hoc Working Group on long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention. (2009). National Programme Document. production, foster integrated crop-livestock systems, UN-REDD Programme Tanzania regenerate degraded pasturelands and silvo-pastoral

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change However, strong regional differences exist, which make it LOOKING FORWARD DEFORESTATION AND AGRICULTURE (UNFCCC) agreed on a mechanism, known as REDD+ that difficult to draw general strategies and policies to address the Successful REDD+ policies require tackling different drivers IN ECUADOR provides a unique opportunity to reverse the ongoing trend of different stakeholders involved. Drivers and impacts of of deforestation in both the forestry and the agricultural deforestation and degradation of forests and improve SFM deforestation change over time and location. Reforestation in sector. When designing national REDD+ strategies, policies, In its UN-REDD National Programme Document, the Ministry of implementation in developing countries. To implement these one place could lead to displacement of land uses elsewhere laws and action plans, it is necessary to consider agricultural Environment (MAE) in Ecuador identified the drivers of conventions, agreements and the REDD+ mechanism, (Meyfroidt e.al. 2010). For this reason, there are no simple and rural development goals and adopt an integrated deforestation in the country. Land use change, especially the agriculture must be taken into account. solutions to curb deforestation. landscape approach. This approach takes into account all expansion of agricultural and pasture land, is the primary cause land uses in a holistic way and works to lessen the of deforestation. In Ecuador, deforestation and land use change If an appropriate set of safeguards is supported under the AGRICULTURE AS A DRIVER FOR in general is linked to agricultural and livestock activities and competition for natural resources among different sectors. UNFCCC’s ‘Cancun Agreement’, REDD+ also has the DEFORESTATION structural problems in the agricultural sector. The banana boom potential to strengthen the link between forestry and Such an approach ensures that the best possible balance is Agricultural expansion is a complex issue and has many and the shrimp industry on the coast and the agrarian reform in agriculture. This can be achieved by giving increased achieved among a range of different development objectives, underpinning drivers: populations are growing and need more the Andean zone, which forced many smallholders to move into recognition to customary land rights (HLPE, 2011), including climate change mitigation and adaptation, food; incomes in many countries are rising which creates a greater fragile mountainous areas, has led to deforestation, soil and encouraging the participation of local people in forest environmental conservation, enhanced agricultural forest degradation and the deterioration of vulnerable Andean demand for meat, animal feed and other cash crops; urbanization management and providing financial resources for continued productivity and improved livelihoods. páramos. Other drivers of deforestation are the oil, mining and is changing consumption patterns; fuelwood and charcoal development and poverty reduction. The Cancun Agreement energy sector. Another important cause of forest loss identified consumption along with biofuel production are increasing as fossil Four principles for linking climate change adaptation and clearly states that effective ways should be found to address by the MAE has been insufficient cross-sector coordination. fuels become less accessible or their costs rise. mitigation measures can be applied when implementing a (PNC UN-REDD Ecuador, 2010). the drivers of deforestation and reduce the human pressure on landscape approach (Robledo et al, 2005). First, actions that forests. More specifically the decision requests developing From a global perspective, large-scale farming plays the most help to reduce pressure on the natural resources should be country parties, to address drivers of deforestation when important role in the conversion of forest lands. With the prioritized. For example, in land used for grazing, a mitigation as providing the overall framework for mitigating and adapting to developing and implementing their national strategies or action cultivation of various agricultural commodities driving action could be the planting of trees to sequester carbon. climate change in an integrated way (FAO, 2008). The current plans. Many countries involved in REDD+ programmes deforestation across the planet, and a larger and increasingly Second, vulnerability to climate change, such as the debates on REDD+ have reinforced the importance of SFM in acknowledge the importance of these drivers of deforestation connected global market spurring the demand for these possibility of soil erosion from more intense rainfall, should be integrated land use policies. and greenhouse gas emissions. However, they are still in early commodities, it is more important than ever that global and included as one of the risks to be analyzed before Deforestation, mainly resulting from the conversion of tropical phases of addressing these drivers in the preparation of their local solutions are reached to counteract the forces that are interventions are carried out. Third, priority should be forest to agricultural land, is decreasing in several countries. REDD+ readiness strategies. (Kissinger 2011). contributing to deforestation. accorded to mitigation activities that enhance local adaptive However, in other countries it is continuing at a high rate. Over capacity, for example by adopting agroforestry practices, In Latin America, deforestation is driven primarily by the last decade, around 13 million hectares of forests were DRIVERS OF DEFORESTATION such as using trees to create living barriers to support nutrient extensive cattle production and cultivation of soy bean. In the converted annually to other uses or lost through natural causes Deforestation is caused by combinations of multiple factors. At the cycling and counter erosion. Fourth the sustainability of Asia-Pacific region, the drivers of deforestation are more (FAO 2010). Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, rainforests were global level, the most important direct drivers for deforestation are livelihoods, with particular consideration for the poor, should diverse. However, palm oil production, which has doubled in the primary source for new agricultural land, with over 80 percent agricultural expansion (associated with 96 percent of be increased through a range of activities, including building 1 the last decade (UCS 2011), is particularly significant. In of new agricultural land coming from intact and disturbed forests deforestation ), followed by infrastructure development (72 or improving infrastructure, protecting the soil and Africa, unsustainable land use practices of smallholders rather than previously cleared land (Gibbs et al. 2010). At the percent) and wood extraction (67 percent) (Geist and Lambin safeguarding food security. remains one of the key agricultural drivers of deforestation. same time, afforestation and natural expansion of forests in 2002). A complex set of additional institutional and The impacts of smallholder agriculture on clearing and In this regard, ‘climate-smart agriculture’ is emerging as an some parts of the world has reduced the net loss of forest area location-specific factors also contribute to deforestation as degrading forests are largely tied to poverty, tenure insecurity, increasingly prominent concept. Climate-smart agriculture significantly at the global level. However, most of the loss of ‘underpinning’ or ‘indirect’ drivers The characteristics and access rights and poor agricultural practices that lead to soil seeks to direct agricultural development along pathways that forest area has continued to take place in tropical regions, magnitude of these various drivers vary widely across continents, degradation. lead to sustainable increases in agricultural productivity; regions and countries. Important categories of global indirect The expansion of agricultural land is likely to continue. This is contribute to climate change adaptation by increasing social deforestation drivers are: Usually there is a different combination of agents and drivers of because population growth and changes in consumption and ecological resilience; mitigate climate change by • economic growth and rising incomes that lead to, among other deforestation depending on the area and level of local patterns are expected to increase the demand for food by 70 reducing and/or removing greenhouse gases; and support things, changes in consumption patterns and nutrition levels, development. Therefore, it is important to examine why and how percent. In developing countries, the expansion of arable land the achievement of national food security and development increased urbanization and transformations in economic agriculture contributes to deforestation on a case-by-case basis. is expected to satisfy 20 percent of this increased demand, structures. goals. This concept has been taken up by intergovernmental with the rest being met through increased yields (FAO, 2009). organizations and national governments as a way forward for • demographic changes related to population growth, which is In addition, climate change is likely to have a significant making landscapes more resilient in the face of climate projected to increase from 6.4 billion in 2005 to 8.2 billion in 2030; negative impact on agricultural production, reducing farm change and increase the adaptive capacity of agricultural • alternative energy policies and economic considerations related output in ways that may significantly affect parts of the communities. The Johannesburg Communiqué from the to the profitability of various land uses (Rademaekers, K. et al developing world. For this reason, simply restricting areas African Ministerial Conference in September 2011 (DAFF, 2010); from agricultural use does not seem to be an appropriate 2011) underscores the need to put climate-smart agriculture • competition for croplands that results in indirect land use strategy for meeting the twin challenges of reducing high on the political agenda. Recently, the potential of changes (Lambin and Meyfroidt, 2011); and deforestation and ensuring global food security. agriculture to be part of the solution to climate change has • technological factors, such as changes in agricultural technology received increasing attention in the UNFCCC negotiation The need to decrease deforestation and forest degradation and the poor application of existing technologies. process. has been agreed upon at in various international conventions and agreements, such as the Convention on Biological At the local level, a range of political, cultural and Diversity (CBD) and the International Tropical Timber socio-economic factors, including unsound policies and weak Agreement (ITTA) as well as in international processes, such governance, corruption, landlessness and unclear allocation as the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF). At its 16th rights, migration, rural poverty, and a lack of investment and Conference of the Parties (COP16) in Cancun, Parties to the financial resources are indirect drivers of deforestation.

1 Note multiple-factor causation! Global agriculture will be under significant pressure to systems, and support integrated feed, food and energy meet the demands of rising populations using finite, often systems. These practices can improve productivity, degraded, land and water resources. Climate change is increase resilience in the face of climate change, reduce expected to add to the pressures on these resources. emissions and sequestrate carbon. In all cases, these Increasing food production and achieving food and energy practices should also serve to increase incomes in local security will remain the highest priority for individual communities, enhance livelihoods and, if possible, provide households and national governments. Coherent national opportunities for carbon payments. mitigation strategies encompassing all land uses could enable better management of synergies, trade-offs and • Integrated agriculture/REDD+ strategies and policies are leakages between different sectors. The following actions likely to have an especially strong impact on would help reconcile potential sector conflicts: forest-dependent communities and indigenous peoples. • At the global level, a future policy framework should However, they will also have a wider impact on society. A recognize carbon stock and mitigation potential from all reflection on tenure rights, governance and other potential land uses, foster an integrated approach to resource socio-economic impacts should be a substantial part of management and build close linkages between REDD+ cross-sectoral REDD + planning processes. and agriculture. • Methods for landscape-level greenhouse gas quantifications • Intersectoral policies are needed at national and local levels of net emissions from different land uses need to be further to address climate change in both agriculture and forestry developed. These methods can serve as important using a landscape approach. Strengthening the elements in national greenhouse gas accounting systems. coordination and collaboration between the different ministries working on national adaptation and mitigation REFERENCES strategies and action plans can build close linkages ASB (2010). Reducing Emissions from all land uses: The case for a whole landscape approach, ASB Policy Brief No. 13. between REDD+ and agriculture in policy frameworks. Contreras-Hermosilla, A. (2000). The Underlying Causes of Forest Decline, CIFOR Policy formulation for landscape approaches can be Occasional Paper No. 30. supported through the development of tools and Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) (2011). The Johannesburg Communiqué as agreed at The African Ministerial Conference on Climate–Smart mechanisms for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Agriculture “Africa: A Call to Action”. 14th September 2011. • Integrated landscape approaches should be included in the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2003). State of the World’s Forests, Rome activities covered under different carbon finance funds and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2008). Working with countries to Reduce The potential role of forests in reducing of global Climate change will affect both the agriculture and forestry Deforestation and Forest Degradation – Taking Climate Change Action through SFM - sectors and will have an impact on food security. Agriculture, mechanisms, such as the Green Climate Fund, Programme Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2010). Global Forest Resources Assessment greenhouse gas emissions is attracting considerable of Activities (PoA) in the Clean Development Mechanism 2010 Main report – FAO Forestry Paper 163, Rome. which is essential to the livelihoods of around 75 percent of interest from the international community. (CDM), as well as Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions Geist, H.J. and Lambin E.F. (2002). Proximate Causes and Underlying Driving Forces of people living in rural areas, plays a significant role in meeting Tropical Deforestation. Bio Science. Vol. 520, No 2, pp 143-150. Deforestation and forest degradation is largely being the challenges of safeguarding food security and coping with (NAMAs) in developing countries. Geist, H.J. and Lambin E. (2007). Causes of land Use and Land Cover Change, • Tree cover outside of forests, which stores large carbon eoearth.org. driven by forces outside the forestry sector. Many of climate change. Farmers will need to feed a projected stocks, can bring additional social, economic and economic Gibbs, H. et al (2010). Tropical forests were the primary sources of new agricultural land in these forces are closely tied to agriculture. For this population of 9.1 billion by 2050. To meet this demand while the 1980s and 1990s. PNAS Vol. 107, No. 38, pp. 16732-16737. benefits. Trees outside of forests also minimize leakage coping with climate change and making more efficient use of HLPE (2011). Land tenure and international investments in agriculture. A report by the High reason, an isolated sectoral approach focusing solely natural resources, the agriculture sector, needs to be effects between different land uses. The ecosystem Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food on forests cannot succeed in implementing REDD+ services of carbon sequestration and biodiversity Security, Rome 2011. sustainably managed. Current negotiations to reach an conservation provided by trees outside the forests are IPPC (2007). Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Group I,II policies. This paper suggests maximizing synergies international agreement on climate regime need to and II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate acknowledge the critical role that forests, crop and pasture significant at the global level. Change. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. between sustainable agriculture and REDD+ and land and other biomass play in the global carbon cycle. • ‘Evergreen agriculture’, which combines agroforestry with Kissinger, G. (2011). Linking Forests and Food Production in the REDD+ Context, CGIAR ensuring that food production and forestry do not conservation farming, offers multiple livelihood benefits to Research Programme on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) Working Paper No 1. compete for natural resources. To accomplish this, the The world’s forests store more than 650 billion tonnes of farmers, improves soil quality, increases agricultural Lambin, E.F. and Meyfroidt P. (2011). Global land use change, economic globalization, and carbon: 44 percent is stored in the biomass, 11 percent in dead best way to move forward would be to adopt a production and alleviates the pressure on forests. the looming land scarcity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) Early wood and litter, and 45 percent in the soil. Forests also contain • The low productivity of agriculture in many developing Edition, pp 1-8. cross-sectoral ‘landscape approach’. This approach Meyfroidt, P., Rudel, T. and Lambin E. (2010). Forest transitions, trade and the global at least two-thirds of the world’s terrestrial biodiversity. In countries must be tackled by increasing yields per area on displacement of land use. PNAS; Vol 107(49): 20917–20922. would promote high carbon stock land uses in forests addition, forests sequester carbon, contribute to watershed existing agricultural land. This could be done using PNC UN-REDD Ecuador (2010). Documento del Programma Nacional Conjunto. and in agricultural areas, and would contribute to management, support the cycling of nutrients in the soil, play a sustainable agricultural intensification methods, especially on Rademaekers, K. et al. (2010). EU-Commission, Study on the evolution of some regulatory role in the landscape and provide a broad range of deforestation drivers and their potential impacts on the costs of an avoiding deforestation halting both deforestation and forest degradation degraded lands. Increased support for research, scheme. other ecosystem services. The social function of forests is also while meeting future demands for food and nutrition. technological development, extension services and capacity Robledo, C., Kanninnen, M., Pedroni, L. (eds) (2005). Tropical forests and adaptation to important. They are central to culture and recreation and play a building to extend sustainable land use practices is needed. climate change: In search of synergies, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia. crucial role in supporting livelihoods and safeguarding food UCS (2011). The Root of the problem – What is driving tropical deforestation today? Union of • It is crucial to adopt sustainable farming practices that, concerned scientists. security. Sustainable forest management (SFM) should be seen among other things, improve water management, support UNFCCC (2010). Decision 1/CP.16 The Cancun Agreements: Outcome of the work of the Ad conservation agriculture, enhance sustainable crop Hoc Working Group on long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention. (2009). National Programme Document. production, foster integrated crop-livestock systems, UN-REDD Programme Tanzania regenerate degraded pasturelands and silvo-pastoral

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change However, strong regional differences exist, which make it LOOKING FORWARD (UNFCCC) agreed on a mechanism, known as REDD+ that difficult to draw general strategies and policies to address the Successful REDD+ policies require tackling different drivers provides a unique opportunity to reverse the ongoing trend of different stakeholders involved. Drivers and impacts of of deforestation in both the forestry and the agricultural deforestation and degradation of forests and improve SFM deforestation change over time and location. Reforestation in sector. When designing national REDD+ strategies, policies, implementation in developing countries. To implement these one place could lead to displacement of land uses elsewhere laws and action plans, it is necessary to consider agricultural conventions, agreements and the REDD+ mechanism, (Meyfroidt e.al. 2010). For this reason, there are no simple and rural development goals and adopt an integrated agriculture must be taken into account. solutions to curb deforestation. landscape approach. This approach takes into account all If an appropriate set of safeguards is supported under the land uses in a holistic way and works to lessen the AGRICULTURE AS A DRIVER FOR competition for natural resources among different sectors. UNFCCC’s ‘Cancun Agreement’, REDD+ also has the DEFORESTATION potential to strengthen the link between forestry and Such an approach ensures that the best possible balance is Agricultural expansion is a complex issue and has many agriculture. This can be achieved by giving increased achieved among a range of different development objectives, underpinning drivers: populations are growing and need more recognition to customary land rights (HLPE, 2011), including climate change mitigation and adaptation, food; incomes in many countries are rising which creates a greater encouraging the participation of local people in forest environmental conservation, enhanced agricultural demand for meat, animal feed and other cash crops; urbanization management and providing financial resources for continued productivity and improved livelihoods. is changing consumption patterns; fuelwood and charcoal development and poverty reduction. The Cancun Agreement consumption along with biofuel production are increasing as fossil Four principles for linking climate change adaptation and clearly states that effective ways should be found to address fuels become less accessible or their costs rise. mitigation measures can be applied when implementing a the drivers of deforestation and reduce the human pressure on landscape approach (Robledo et al, 2005). First, actions that forests. More specifically the decision requests developing From a global perspective, large-scale farming plays the most help to reduce pressure on the natural resources should be country parties, to address drivers of deforestation when important role in the conversion of forest lands. With the prioritized. For example, in land used for grazing, a mitigation as providing the overall framework for mitigating and adapting to developing and implementing their national strategies or action cultivation of various agricultural commodities driving action could be the planting of trees to sequester carbon. climate change in an integrated way (FAO, 2008). The current plans. Many countries involved in REDD+ programmes deforestation across the planet, and a larger and increasingly Second, vulnerability to climate change, such as the debates on REDD+ have reinforced the importance of SFM in acknowledge the importance of these drivers of deforestation connected global market spurring the demand for these possibility of soil erosion from more intense rainfall, should be integrated land use policies. and greenhouse gas emissions. However, they are still in early commodities, it is more important than ever that global and included as one of the risks to be analyzed before Deforestation, mainly resulting from the conversion of tropical phases of addressing these drivers in the preparation of their local solutions are reached to counteract the forces that are interventions are carried out. Third, priority should be forest to agricultural land, is decreasing in several countries. REDD+ readiness strategies. (Kissinger 2011). contributing to deforestation. accorded to mitigation activities that enhance local adaptive However, in other countries it is continuing at a high rate. Over capacity, for example by adopting agroforestry practices, In Latin America, deforestation is driven primarily by the last decade, around 13 million hectares of forests were DRIVERS OF DEFORESTATION such as using trees to create living barriers to support nutrient extensive cattle production and cultivation of soy bean. In the converted annually to other uses or lost through natural causes Deforestation is caused by combinations of multiple factors. At the cycling and counter erosion. Fourth the sustainability of Asia-Pacific region, the drivers of deforestation are more (FAO 2010). Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, rainforests were global level, the most important direct drivers for deforestation are livelihoods, with particular consideration for the poor, should diverse. However, palm oil production, which has doubled in the primary source for new agricultural land, with over 80 percent agricultural expansion (associated with 96 percent of be increased through a range of activities, including building 1 the last decade (UCS 2011), is particularly significant. In of new agricultural land coming from intact and disturbed forests deforestation ), followed by infrastructure development (72 or improving infrastructure, protecting the soil and Africa, unsustainable land use practices of smallholders rather than previously cleared land (Gibbs et al. 2010). At the percent) and wood extraction (67 percent) (Geist and Lambin safeguarding food security. remains one of the key agricultural drivers of deforestation. same time, afforestation and natural expansion of forests in 2002). A complex set of additional institutional and The impacts of smallholder agriculture on clearing and In this regard, ‘climate-smart agriculture’ is emerging as an some parts of the world has reduced the net loss of forest area location-specific factors also contribute to deforestation as degrading forests are largely tied to poverty, tenure insecurity, increasingly prominent concept. Climate-smart agriculture significantly at the global level. However, most of the loss of ‘underpinning’ or ‘indirect’ drivers The characteristics and access rights and poor agricultural practices that lead to soil seeks to direct agricultural development along pathways that forest area has continued to take place in tropical regions, magnitude of these various drivers vary widely across continents, degradation. lead to sustainable increases in agricultural productivity; regions and countries. Important categories of global indirect The expansion of agricultural land is likely to continue. This is contribute to climate change adaptation by increasing social deforestation drivers are: Usually there is a different combination of agents and drivers of because population growth and changes in consumption and ecological resilience; mitigate climate change by • economic growth and rising incomes that lead to, among other deforestation depending on the area and level of local patterns are expected to increase the demand for food by 70 reducing and/or removing greenhouse gases; and support things, changes in consumption patterns and nutrition levels, development. Therefore, it is important to examine why and how percent. In developing countries, the expansion of arable land the achievement of national food security and development increased urbanization and transformations in economic agriculture contributes to deforestation on a case-by-case basis. is expected to satisfy 20 percent of this increased demand, structures. goals. This concept has been taken up by intergovernmental with the rest being met through increased yields (FAO, 2009). organizations and national governments as a way forward for • demographic changes related to population growth, which is In addition, climate change is likely to have a significant making landscapes more resilient in the face of climate projected to increase from 6.4 billion in 2005 to 8.2 billion in 2030; AGRICULTURE AS A DRIVER OF negative impact on agricultural production, reducing farm change and increase the adaptive capacity of agricultural • alternative energy policies and economic considerations related DEFORESTATION IN TANZANIA output in ways that may significantly affect parts of the communities. The Johannesburg Communiqué from the to the profitability of various land uses (Rademaekers, K. et al developing world. For this reason, simply restricting areas African Ministerial Conference in September 2011 (DAFF, 2010); In Tanzania, the underlying causes of deforestation are related from agricultural use does not seem to be an appropriate 2011) underscores the need to put climate-smart agriculture • competition for croplands that results in indirect land use to a growing population and the increasing expansion of strategy for meeting the twin challenges of reducing agricultural lands. Another factor is the need expand the high on the political agenda. Recently, the potential of changes (Lambin and Meyfroidt, 2011); and deforestation and ensuring global food security. agriculture sector to earn foreign exchange to fund national agriculture to be part of the solution to climate change has • technological factors, such as changes in agricultural technology development and debt repayments. As outlined in the received increasing attention in the UNFCCC negotiation The need to decrease deforestation and forest degradation and the poor application of existing technologies. UN-REDD National Joint Programme Document for Tanzania, process. has been agreed upon at in various international conventions At the local level, a range of political, cultural and the root causes for deforestation and forest degradation are and agreements, such as the Convention on Biological smallholder agricultural expansion, the use of charcoal and socio-economic factors, including unsound policies and weak Diversity (CBD) and the International Tropical Timber firewood to meet domestic energy needs and the expansion of governance, corruption, landlessness and unclear allocation Agreement (ITTA) as well as in international processes, such larger commercial agricultural plantations (UN-REDD as the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF). At its 16th rights, migration, rural poverty, and a lack of investment and Programme Tanzania, 2009). Conference of the Parties (COP16) in Cancun, Parties to the financial resources are indirect drivers of deforestation. Global agriculture will be under significant pressure to systems, and support integrated feed, food and energy meet the demands of rising populations using finite, often systems. These practices can improve productivity, degraded, land and water resources. Climate change is increase resilience in the face of climate change, reduce expected to add to the pressures on these resources. emissions and sequestrate carbon. In all cases, these Increasing food production and achieving food and energy practices should also serve to increase incomes in local security will remain the highest priority for individual communities, enhance livelihoods and, if possible, provide households and national governments. Coherent national opportunities for carbon payments. mitigation strategies encompassing all land uses could enable better management of synergies, trade-offs and • Integrated agriculture/REDD+ strategies and policies are leakages between different sectors. The following actions likely to have an especially strong impact on would help reconcile potential sector conflicts: forest-dependent communities and indigenous peoples. • At the global level, a future policy framework should However, they will also have a wider impact on society. A recognize carbon stock and mitigation potential from all reflection on tenure rights, governance and other potential land uses, foster an integrated approach to resource socio-economic impacts should be a substantial part of management and build close linkages between REDD+ cross-sectoral REDD + planning processes. and agriculture. • Methods for landscape-level greenhouse gas quantifications • Intersectoral policies are needed at national and local levels of net emissions from different land uses need to be further to address climate change in both agriculture and forestry developed. These methods can serve as important using a landscape approach. Strengthening the elements in national greenhouse gas accounting systems. coordination and collaboration between the different ministries working on national adaptation and mitigation REFERENCES strategies and action plans can build close linkages ASB (2010). Reducing Emissions from all land uses: The case for a whole landscape approach, ASB Policy Brief No. 13. between REDD+ and agriculture in policy frameworks. Contreras-Hermosilla, A. (2000). The Underlying Causes of Forest Decline, CIFOR Policy formulation for landscape approaches can be Occasional Paper No. 30. supported through the development of tools and Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) (2011). The Johannesburg Communiqué as agreed at The African Ministerial Conference on Climate–Smart mechanisms for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Agriculture “Africa: A Call to Action”. 14th September 2011. • Integrated landscape approaches should be included in the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2003). State of the World’s Forests, Rome activities covered under different carbon finance funds and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2008). Working with countries to Reduce The potential role of forests in reducing of global Climate change will affect both the agriculture and forestry Deforestation and Forest Degradation – Taking Climate Change Action through SFM - sectors and will have an impact on food security. Agriculture, mechanisms, such as the Green Climate Fund, Programme Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2010). Global Forest Resources Assessment greenhouse gas emissions is attracting considerable of Activities (PoA) in the Clean Development Mechanism 2010 Main report – FAO Forestry Paper 163, Rome. which is essential to the livelihoods of around 75 percent of interest from the international community. (CDM), as well as Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions Geist, H.J. and Lambin E.F. (2002). Proximate Causes and Underlying Driving Forces of people living in rural areas, plays a significant role in meeting Tropical Deforestation. Bio Science. Vol. 520, No 2, pp 143-150. Deforestation and forest degradation is largely being the challenges of safeguarding food security and coping with (NAMAs) in developing countries. Geist, H.J. and Lambin E. (2007). Causes of land Use and Land Cover Change, • Tree cover outside of forests, which stores large carbon eoearth.org. driven by forces outside the forestry sector. Many of climate change. Farmers will need to feed a projected stocks, can bring additional social, economic and economic Gibbs, H. et al (2010). Tropical forests were the primary sources of new agricultural land in these forces are closely tied to agriculture. For this population of 9.1 billion by 2050. To meet this demand while the 1980s and 1990s. PNAS Vol. 107, No. 38, pp. 16732-16737. benefits. Trees outside of forests also minimize leakage coping with climate change and making more efficient use of HLPE (2011). Land tenure and international investments in agriculture. A report by the High reason, an isolated sectoral approach focusing solely natural resources, the agriculture sector, needs to be effects between different land uses. The ecosystem Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food on forests cannot succeed in implementing REDD+ services of carbon sequestration and biodiversity Security, Rome 2011. sustainably managed. Current negotiations to reach an conservation provided by trees outside the forests are IPPC (2007). Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Group I,II policies. This paper suggests maximizing synergies international agreement on climate regime need to and II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate acknowledge the critical role that forests, crop and pasture significant at the global level. Change. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. between sustainable agriculture and REDD+ and land and other biomass play in the global carbon cycle. • ‘Evergreen agriculture’, which combines agroforestry with Kissinger, G. (2011). Linking Forests and Food Production in the REDD+ Context, CGIAR ensuring that food production and forestry do not conservation farming, offers multiple livelihood benefits to Research Programme on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) Working Paper No 1. compete for natural resources. To accomplish this, the The world’s forests store more than 650 billion tonnes of farmers, improves soil quality, increases agricultural Lambin, E.F. and Meyfroidt P. (2011). Global land use change, economic globalization, and carbon: 44 percent is stored in the biomass, 11 percent in dead best way to move forward would be to adopt a production and alleviates the pressure on forests. the looming land scarcity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) Early wood and litter, and 45 percent in the soil. Forests also contain • The low productivity of agriculture in many developing Edition, pp 1-8. cross-sectoral ‘landscape approach’. This approach Meyfroidt, P., Rudel, T. and Lambin E. (2010). Forest transitions, trade and the global at least two-thirds of the world’s terrestrial biodiversity. In countries must be tackled by increasing yields per area on displacement of land use. PNAS; Vol 107(49): 20917–20922. would promote high carbon stock land uses in forests addition, forests sequester carbon, contribute to watershed existing agricultural land. This could be done using PNC UN-REDD Ecuador (2010). Documento del Programma Nacional Conjunto. and in agricultural areas, and would contribute to management, support the cycling of nutrients in the soil, play a sustainable agricultural intensification methods, especially on Rademaekers, K. et al. (2010). EU-Commission, Study on the evolution of some regulatory role in the landscape and provide a broad range of deforestation drivers and their potential impacts on the costs of an avoiding deforestation halting both deforestation and forest degradation degraded lands. Increased support for research, scheme. other ecosystem services. The social function of forests is also while meeting future demands for food and nutrition. technological development, extension services and capacity Robledo, C., Kanninnen, M., Pedroni, L. (eds) (2005). Tropical forests and adaptation to important. They are central to culture and recreation and play a building to extend sustainable land use practices is needed. climate change: In search of synergies, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia. crucial role in supporting livelihoods and safeguarding food UCS (2011). The Root of the problem – What is driving tropical deforestation today? Union of • It is crucial to adopt sustainable farming practices that, concerned scientists. security. Sustainable forest management (SFM) should be seen among other things, improve water management, support UNFCCC (2010). Decision 1/CP.16 The Cancun Agreements: Outcome of the work of the Ad conservation agriculture, enhance sustainable crop Hoc Working Group on long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention. (2009). National Programme Document. production, foster integrated crop-livestock systems, UN-REDD Programme Tanzania regenerate degraded pasturelands and silvo-pastoral

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS www.fao.org/climatechange/climatesmart