* Corresponding author’s email:[email protected]. [email protected] * Corresponding author’s 3 2 1 Mohammad RezaBakhshi Cooperative UtilizationSystem of Water betweenSmallholdingandRuralProduction Comparative –AnalyticalStudyofEconomicProduc nomic productivity Cooperative, Water,Eco- Farming, Utilizationsystem, Keywords: Accepted: 17 August 2014 Received: 7 Associate professorofDepartment ofGeography, FacultyofLiterature andHumanities,UniversityofBirjand. Associate professorof Agronomy Department,Facultyof Agriculture,University ofBirjand. Former GraduateStudentDepartment ofGeography, FacultyofLiterature andHumanities,UniversityofBirjand. May 2014, ISSN:2159-5860 (Online) ISSN: 2159-5852(Print) Available onlineon:www.ijamad.com International Journalof Agricultural ManagementandDevelopment(IJAMAD) 1* , BehnazNejati Abstract of droughteffects and watercrisis. to moredesirableutilizationofwaterresources and reduction smallholder’s farmers asruralproductioncooperativecanlead higher thansmallholdingsystem. Therefore, gatheringof the saidindicesinruralproductioncooperativesystemwere similar productsintwoutilizationsystemsandmostcrops, used. Resultsshowedthatthesaidindicesweredifferent for Crop PerDropandNetBenefitindiceshavebeen To calculateandcomparewaterproductivity, BenefitPerDrop, and withtwo-stagedclustersamplingquestionnaire. quired datahavebeencollectedwithasampleof247farmers in KhosefCountyhavebeencalculatedandcompared. The re- holding utilizationsystemandRuralProductionCooperative of waterproductivityforproductioncropsintwosmall production ofcrops.Inthepresentresearch,different indices use ofwatershortageinputandincreaseproductivityin nition ofsuitableandefficient utilizationsystemforoptimal systems inagriculturalsectionoftheprovincecancauserecog- Comparison ofwaterproductivityamongtheavailableutilization timally andincreaseproductivityofwatershortageinput. plain oftheprovince,itisnecessarytousewaterresourcesop- Considering consecutivedroughtsandwatercrisisinagricultural water resourcesandcontinuousreductionofweathershowers. I faces different limitationssuchasincreasingshortageof n recentyears,farmingsectionofSouthKhorasanProvince 2 and MofidShateri 3 tivity 211 International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 4(3): 211-218, September, 2014. 212 International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 4(3): 211-218, September, 2014. goals efficiency toincrease productivitybesidethese is necessarytoconsiderfinancialandeconomic goals suchasfoodsecurityandemployment,it cannot meannegligenceofotherlong-term ductivity infarmingsection. Although thisissue each cubicmeterofwatertoobtainhigherpro- cated tothecropswhichhavehigherreturnfor water resourcesofthecountryshouldbeallo- sumption infarmingsection. Therefore, limited ing istomaximizeprofitofwaterresourcescon- price oftheproductonotherhand one handandreducesproductioncostscost tivity increasesproductioninsurfaceareaonthe input and consumptionofthisrarevaluable strategies toincreaseproductivityofsupply mality ofthisinputandbasedonsuitable study oftheconditionusingwaterandopti- and effective researchesforevaluationand conditions, itisnecessarytoconductextensive agricultural issueinthefuture.Undersuch in productionofcropsis Therefore, improvementofwaterproductivity most importantproductionsourceinfarming. puts andperhaps,watercanberegardedasthe place amongtheresourcesandproductionin- creases andwaterhasspecialimportant water shortageoccur, waterinputshortagein- is dependentonit.Now, whendroughtand rural regionsoftheprovinceandlifepeople economy oftheprovinceandparticularlyin Agricultural sectionplaysimportantrolein pyramid ofthecountry in termsofrainfallandontopthedrought droughts, SouthKhorasanProvinceisranked24 constraints offarmingsection.Duetorecent are regardedasimportant productivity indifferent utilizationsystems can tion ofcrops. Therefore, comparisonofwater caused different waterproductivityinproduc- riety ofutilizationsystems infarmingsection productivity suchaswatershortageinputs. Va- tion ofproductionfactorsandincreaseinput systems alwaysplayimportantroleinapplica- Province Agricultural JihadOrganization, 2009) (Ghasemian andEshraghi,2012) Goal ofincreasingwaterproductivityinfarm- Today, droughtandwaterresourcesshortage oprtv datg,Sl-ufcec n odScrt MohammadRezaBakhshietal. Comparative Advantage, Self-sufficiencyandFoodSecurity/ (Zeid Ali (Ghasemian andEshraghi,2012) INTRODUCTION et al ., 2008) mentioned asthemain issue andoneofthe . Increaseofproduc- (South Khorasan . Utilization . . 1.80 kg/m mentioned cropsare1.09,0.65,0.23,and mean physicalproductivityofwaterforthe countries. Basedonresultsofthisresearch, wheat, rice,cottonandcorncropsindifferent productivity ofwaterinputinproduction 0.70 kg/m productivityofwatertobebetween0.4and ical in Ali Abad and9600 Rials/m in aresearchmeasuredphysical andeconomic medium grainriceinKalaleh. effect onwaterproductivity. membership inproductioncooperativehasno operatives andnon-memberutilizations in memberutilizationsofruralproductionco- water productivityforthecropsisalmostequal atives. The obtainedresultsshowthatmean of HamedanProvinceruralproductioncooper- lands ofthememberandnon-memberfarmers research comparedwaterproductivityinfarm- value ofwaterforproduction. tern, irrigationmethodandanalysisofeconomic planning ofthissection,selectioncultivationpat- tural tion oftheseindicesbyperforminginfrastruc- Province. The obtainedresultsindicatepromo- a ruralproductioncooperativeinKerman operative” studiedindicesofBPDandNBPDin tural waterproductivityinaruralproductionco- research entitled“analyzingindicesofagricul- experiments. grain rice,9880Rials/m Kavoos, outside thecountry. ment hasbeenstudiedverymuchinsideand duction ofcrops,waterproductivitymeasure- crease itsproductivityinproductionofcrops. lization systeminwaterconsumptionandin- cause recognitionofsuitableandefficient uti- 134960 Rials/m highest economicproductivityofwaterhasbeen indices. Resultsoftheresearchshowedthat rapeseed, soyandricewithwaterproductivity counties ofGolestanprovincesuchascotton, productivity inproductionofimportantcrops study calculatedandevaluatedwatereconomic soy, 21080Rials/m aanssen (2004) Agh Ghola,3940Rials/m Based onimportanceofwaterinputinpro- operations andtheycanbeusedinmajor 5620 Rials/m 3 3 for cornin Tanzania byperformingfarm . Henry Eshraghi andGhasemian(2012) 3 in aresearchstudiedphysical of waterforcottoninGonbad 3 et al. of waterforhighqualitylong Poor Sani 3 3 of waterforrapeseedin (2006) of waterforfruitfulrice 3 of waterforsummer Rohani (2005) Zwart andBasti- Cai et al. estimated phys- 3 of waterfor et al. (2008) (2003) in a in a in a water. ing to African countriesisbelow1kg/m said cropsisequalto1.04,0.84and0.21kg/m sults ofthisstudy, physicalproductivityofthe is fourtimesasmuchthecotton.Basedonre- products sothatphysicalproductivityofwheat between physicalproductivityoftheabove country showthatthereissignificantdifference tivity ofwaterforwheat,riceandcottoninthe of water. study by agricultural usersshouldbeused.Resultsof ate higheconomicbenefitsforthefarmersand which decreasewaterconsumptionandalsocre- wheat andbarleyvegetablessuchastomato one-year periodofnativecultivationssuchas and somecultivationssuchasforagemaizeor excluded fromcultivationpatternoftheregion economic returnsuchassugarbeetshouldbe tions withhighwaterconsumptionandlow vdasht –Karbal.Resultsshowedthatcultiva- studied agriculturalwaterproductivityinMar- is 1.5kg/m ductivity ofwaterrelatingto America andChina this researchshowthatthehighestphysicalpro- ductivity incornfor124countries.Findingsof have calculatedandreportedwaterphysicalpro- difference fromotherfarmlands. pressurized irrigationsystemshavesignificant types ofthesaidefficiency infarmlandswith areas aroundariverinChileandshowthatboth efficiency ofwater type ofutilizationsystem. Onthisbasis,the method andproduction regionandgenerally, from eachotherandare affected byproduction ferent timeperiodsand regionsaredifferent Moghan andParsagro-industry. better thanirrigationanddrainagesystemof BPD, andNBPDinprivatesectionlandsare search showedthataverageindicesofCPD, and privatesectionlands.Resultsofthisre- of Moghanagro-industry, Parsagro-industry compared waterproductivityinthreesections consumption productivity. barley cropshouldbeincludedtoimprovewater cluded fromtheavailablecultivationpatternand dices andsuggestedthatcornshouldbeex- system in water productivityinirrigationanddrainage oprtv datg,Sl-ufcec n odScrt MohammadRezaBakhshietal. Comparative Advantage, Self-sufficiencyandFoodSecurity/ Studies showthatwaterproductivityindif- Sanei andHassanPoor(2009) Singh Zeid Ali Khoozestan withCPDandBPDin- 3 of waterandthelowestvaluerelat- et al. consumptioninagricultural et al. (2006) (2008) Soltani on physicalproduc- Liu evaluated and et al. et al. analyzed (2007) (2008) 3 of 3 (Vali Zadeh,2005) Benefit PerDrop)indiceshavebeenused: Drop), BPD(BenefitPerDrop)andNBPD(Net tioned goalsandhypotheses,CPD(CropPer research. Inthisresearch,consideringthemen- tion ofeachonethemdependsongoalthe index. Indiceshavedifferent typesandapplica- tween outputanddataasratioisproductivity ducing it.Inotherwords,anyrelationshipbe- more factorvaluewhichhasbeenusedforpro- ratio ofproductionvolumeorvaluetoone whole productivityindicesofproductionfactors vided intotwopartialproductivityindicesand fined. Generally, productivityindicesaredi- process, typesofproductivityindicescanbede- of theinputwhichisappliedinproduction versa. To calculateproductivityconsideringtype of inputs,productivitywillincreaseandvice So, ifaverageproductionincreasesforeachunit erage productionforeachunitoftotalinputs. inputs. Inotherwords,productivitymeansav- Productivity generallymeansratioofoutputsto crops oftheregion. input productivityforproductionofcommon tifying utilizationsystemwithhigherwater ing forexpansionofutilizationsystembyiden- zone hasbeenempoweredthroughpolicymak- tion canbereducedandaquiferofthestudied between utilizationsystemsandwaterconsump- productivity aredifferent inproductionofcrops of thisresearchisthatdifferent indicesofwater South KhorasanProvince. The mainhypothesis Utilization systeminKhosefCountylocatedin smallholding andRuralProductionCooperative water productivityincommoncropsoftwo present researchhascomparedagricultural the determinedgoals period andspecifiedgeographicalzonetoachieve factors inaspecificproductionprocess,definite extent andmannerofusinginputsorproduction valuable substance.Productivityisrelatedtothe quantitative andqualitativelimitationsofthis and analysishavespecialpositioninIrandueto BPd=p BPD=P CPD=Y(kg)/W(m Agricultural waterproductivitymeasurement Agricultural MATERIALSMETHODS AND y* y* Y(kg)/W(m (kg)-TC/W(m . Productivityindexindicates 3 ) (Ehsani andKhaledi,2003) 3 ) 3 ) (2) (1) (3) . 213 International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 4(3): 211-218, September, 2014. 214 International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 4(3): 211-218, September, 2014. that consumptionofeachm is totalcostofproduction.Relation(1)shows sumption, Pyispriceofeachcropunitand TC obtained withquestionnaire andinterviewwith of twoutilizationsystems inthestudiedzone. agricultural waterproductivity ofcommoncrops utilization systems,thisresearchhascompared smallholding andruralproductioncooperative ing thattheprevailingsystemsinthiscountyare and agro-industryutilizationsystems.Consider- has smallholding,ruralproductioncooperative Jihad Organization, 2009) created foreachm dices showhowmuchRialvaluehasbeen ure economicproductivityofwater. The saidin- water inadditiontophysicalaspectsandmeas- tention toeconomicandmonetaryaspectof are appliedineconomicanalyseshavepaidat- tion ofthatcrop.BPDandNBPDindiceswhich indicates higherphysicalproductivityinproduc- cultural viewpointandhigherindexforacrop ated physicalproductivityofwaterfromagri- some kilogramsofcrop. This indexhasevalu- 2006) and Khaledi,2003,Liu parison (timetrend) tween farmlands)andalsoforaninternalcom- for anexternalorinterregionalcomparison(be- time. Inotherwords,theseindicescanbeapplied gions orforaspecialregion(farmland)over parison ofatype will havehighereconomicproductivity net earningwithlowerconsumptionofwater lation (3),anyproductwhichcanhavehigher and beet crops ofthiscountyincludewheat,barley, alfalfa living inKhosefcounty. The mostimportant considerable roleinemploymentandearning as oneoftheimportanteconomicsectionsplays poles ofSouthKhorasanProvinceandfarming regarded asoneoftheimportantagricultural South KhorasanProvince.Khosefplainhasbeen includes farmersofKhosefcountylocatedin tivity amongthecrops. economic viewpointstocomparewaterproduc- culated andanalyzedfrombothagricultural In thisresearch,allthreeinduceshavebeencal- Where, Y isquantityofcrop, W iswatercon- The datausedinthepresent researchhasbeen Statistical populationofthepresentresearch oprtv datg,Sl-ufcec n odScrt MohammadRezaBakhshietal. Comparative Advantage, Self-sufficiencyandFoodSecurity/ . These indicescanbecalculatedforcom- (South KhorasanProvince Agricultural 3 definite cropindifferent re- (Ehsani andKhaledi,2003) of water. According toRe- et al. . The studiedscope , 2008;Henry 3 of waterobtains (Ehsani et al. . , respectively. Basedonresults ofcalculating water perhectarerelated tobarleyandcotton, which showsgrossprofit fortheconsumed cant difference fromeachotherandcrops. duction forconsumedwater, whichhassignifi- On thecontrary, cottonhashadthelowestpro- mined 245sampleswithCochran’s formula: utive years.Statisticalsamplesizewasdeter- and reliabilityconsideringitsuseintheconsec- the agriculturalexpertsandhavesuitablevalidity ations. The questionnairehasbeenpreparedby crops statisticshasbeenusedwithsomealter- istry of Agriculture andisusedeveryyearin questionnaire whichhasbeenpreparedbyMin- farmers. Inthisresearch,cropsproductioncost farmers ofthesaidvillages(secondcluster). the desiredsamplewasrandomlyselectedamong selected inthestudiedregion(firstcluster)andthen method andinthefirststage,somevillageswere pling methodwasbasedontwo-stagedcluster duction cooperativeutilizationsystems.Sam- is equalto207and38insmallholdingpro- was used,onwhichbasis,thenumberofsample tion systems,Proportionalallocationmethod determine thenumberofsampleintwoutiliza- domly andthequestionnairewascompleted. To studied statisticalpopulationwereselectedran- accuracy withpretestmethod,30samplesofthe tion andalsodeterminedesirablepotential ation forthedesiredtraitinstudiedpopula- probable accuracy. To determinestandarddevi- tion, Nispopulationsizeandddesirable dard deviationofthedesiredtraitinpopula- m and barley, whichwasequalto12042and6566 smallholding utilizationsystemrelatedtoalfalfa consumption perhectareamongthecropsof mation of Table 1,thehighestandlowestwater are presentedin Tables 1and2.Basedoninfor- falfa, cotton,fodderbeet,millet,andsorghum utilization systemsincludingwheat,barley, al- CPD, BPD,andNBPDforcropsoftwostudied the highestproductionrateforeachm Maximum andminimum valueofBPDindex Results ofcalculatingproductivityindices 3 In theaboveformula,nissamplesize,sstan- /hectare. BasedonCPDindex,beetcrophas RESULTSDISCUSSION AND 3 of water. *Means withthesameletter(s)ineachrowhavenotsignificantlydifferent basedonDuncan'stest(p<0.05) (Kg perm CPD (IRR) Net incomeperhectare (IRR) Cost perhectare (IRR) Gross incomeperhectare (Kg perhectare) Yield (Cubic metersperhectare) Water consumption item (IRR perm BPD (IRR perm NBPD Rials/ m NBPD index,barleyandbeetwith573128 and millet.Consideringvalueofthesaidin- crops suchaswheat,barley, cotton,alfalfa,beet highest cultivatedareahasbeenallocatedto studied insmallholdingutilizationsystem,the ties canbedetermined.Intheagriculturalyear ductivity indices,smallholding-farmingpriori- mum netbenefitperdrop. Considering thecalculatedvalueofwaterpro- oprtv datg,Sl-ufcec n odScrt MohammadRezaBakhshietal. Comparative Advantage, Self-sufficiencyandFoodSecurity/ *Means withthe sameletter(s)ineachrowhave notsignificantlydifferent basedonDuncan'stest(p<0.05) (Kg perm CPD (IRR) Net incomeperhectare (IRR) Cost perhectare (IRR) Gross incomeperhectare (Kg perhectare) Yield (Cubic metersperhectare) Water consumption item (IRR perm BPD (IRR perm NBPD 3 3 Table 2:CPD,BPD,andNBPDIndicators forproductsofruralproductioncooperatives ) * 3 3 of waterhadthemaximumandmini- ) ) Table 1:CPD,BPD,andNBPDIndicatorsforproductsofsmallholdingsystems 3 )* 3 3 ) ) 1474530 6492320 7966850 227 abb 0.57 bc wheat 2770 7025 aabb 1660 2779120 6347060 9126190 0.422 c wheat 404 b 3120 8206 1260 abb 5829960 6685440 2460 aa 855470 0.86 bb 573 aa barley 2790 6566 5520980 6049480 0.673 aa 900 abb 528500 barley 4080 6567 aabb 1770 10074070 5380460 4693620 vation basedonNBPDproductivityindex. This on CPDindex,itisinthelastpriorityofculti- beet isinthefirstpriorityofcultivationbased wheat, millet,andbeet,respectively. Although vation priorityincludesbarley, alfalfa,cotton, To obtainmaximumprofit,smallholdingculti- on beet,barley, wheat,alfalfa,milletandcotton. each m is tomaximizequantityoftheproducedcropfor dices, itcanbesaidthatincasegoaloffarmers 556 aa 1020 b cotton 10700 0.15 d 1530 13623640 20865940 7242300 3 1200 aa 1840 aa 0.212 d cotton 12451 crops of water, cultivationpriorityisplaced 2388 crops 11789440 6889380 4900050 1140 bb 0.51 cc 564 aa alfalfa 12042 5357 13832500 0.482 bcc 8054220 5778270 697 bb 1180 b alfalfa 12061 5680 fodder beet 10531020 11945650 1414640 1030 bb 17464 1.54 a 11851 128 b 1530 aabb 20020000 0.604 abb Sorghum 11906500 8113500 612 bb 13748 7866 12378570 1630 abb 3499870 8878700 0.31 ddc 145 bb millet 2322 8080 215 International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 4(3): 211-218, September, 2014. 216 International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 4(3): 211-218, September, 2014. barley with6567m index relatedtocotton each m CPD indexrelatestobarleywith0.637kgfor and close toresultofstudiesby calculated valueofthesaidindexforwheatis ence amongcropsofthisutilizationsystem. The shows, valueofCPDindexhassignificantdiffer- of water. As informationofthe above Table and result isinlinewithstudiesby with 12451m consumable waterperhectarerelatedtocotton formation oftheabove Table, themaximum tive systemaregivenin Table 2.Basedonin- about majorcropsinruralproductioncoopera- offering ofthecropsregion. ing fromconsumptionofeachm3waterin index whichconsiderscostsandincomesresult- vation patternismoresuitablebasedonNBPD aquifer level,itseemsthatthementionedculti- and facecrisisofwatershortagedrop perienced consecutivedroughtsinthepastyears sidering conditionsoftheregionwhichhaveex- is different fromanotherindex.However, con- prising thattheinformationusedineachindex Results ofcalculatingCPD,BPDandNBPD Results ofcalculatingBPDproductivityindex oprtv datg,Sl-ufcec n odScrt MohammadRezaBakhshietal. Comparative Advantage, Self-sufficiencyandFoodSecurity/ *p<0.05 *p<0.05, **p<0.10 cotton alfalfa barley wheat Crop Sanee andHassanPoor(2009) Crop cotton alfalfa barley wheat Sanee andHassanPoor(2009) Table 3:ComparisonofCPDindicatoramongjointproductssmallholdingsystemsandrural Table 4:ComparisonofBPDindicatoramongjointproductssmallholdingsystems andrural 3 of waterandtheminimumvalue 3 Smallholding System Smallholding System and theminimumonerelatesto 3 . The maximumvalueof 101.590 246.413 166.448 114.843 with0.212kgforeachm 0.154 0.512 0.864 0.574 Soltani Soltani Utilization system Farming system . Itisnotsur- et al., . et al. production cooperatives production cooperatives Rural productioncooperative Rural productioncooperative (2007) (2007) 3 cant difference inlevel of5%forcotton. only valueofthisindexhasstatisticallysignifi- among cropsofwheat,barley, andalfalfa cant difference betweentwoutilizationsystems value ofCPDindexhasnostatisticallysignifi- tion systems. As theresultsoftable3shows, among thecommoncropsbetweentwoutiliza- been statisticallycomparedwitheachother In Tables 3to5,waterproductivityindiceshave value ofdifferent indicesofwaterproductivity. priorities obtainedfromtheindicesconsidering tive systemisnotconsistentwiththeproposed cultivation patternofruralproductioncoopera- tion includedin Table 2showsthatthepresent barley, alfalfaandcotton,respectively. Informa- largest cultivatedarearelatestowheat,sorghum, cooperative systeminthestudiedyear, the is equalto1200Rialsperm efit perDrop)inthissystemrelatestocottonand for othercrops. The maximumNBPD(NetBen- other cropsandthisdifference isnotsignificant index forcottonhassignificantdifference from to cottonandalfalfa,respectively. Value ofthis equal to1840Rialsand1180 Rials,whichrelate profit foreachm show thatthemaximumandminimumgross to wheatandis404Rialsperm tion, themaximumvalueofNBPDindexrelates 184.068 177.106 126.022 118.333 0.212 0.482 0.673 0.422 In thepresentcultivationpatterninproduction 3 of waterinthissystemis t-value 1.618** -5.286* t-value -2.98* -0.259 0.565 1.233 0.626 0.593 3 of water. Inaddi- 3 of water. p-value p-value 0.004 0.575 0.221 0.534 0.000 0.797 0.109 0.555 fore, as sof KhosefplaininSouthKhorasanProvince,there- research canclarifyconditionsinutilizationsystem- consecutive periods.However, resultsofthepresent information andconductingsimilarstudiesinsome curate anddocumentedbyincreasingstatistics cotton. ley andalfalfaitsspecialeffect isfoundin effect waslowerforproductivityofwheat,bar- increase watereconomicproductivity, thesaid farmers inruralproductioncooperativecould for cotton.Itmeansthatalthoughgatheringof ence ofthesaidindicesisstatisticallysignificant lization systemstobestudied.However, differ- The saidindicesaredifferent incropsoftwouti- erative utilizationsystemsinthestudiedzone. in twosmallholdingandruralproductioncoop- hand andsavewateron the otherhand.Inthis of farmersintwoutilization systemsontheone cultivation canbechanged toimprovecondition dices. Consideringthesaid fact,combinationof consistent withprioritizationofproductivityin- priorities intwosaidutilizationsystemsarenot ing system.Ontheotherhand,cultivation tion systemwashigherthanthatofsmallhold- of thesaidproductivityindicesinruralproduc- dices werecalculated.Resultsshowedthatvalue utilization systems,CPD,BPD,andNBPDin- of cropsinpeasantandproductioncooperative value ofwaterinputinthecountry. and thecountryconsideringshortagehigh growth offarmingandeconomytheregion value addedcanbeastepformoreeffective finding thebestopportunitytocreatehigher It isclearthattheobtainedresultswillbemoreac- It Tables 4and5showBPD NBPD indices To comparewaterproductivityinproduction oprtv datg,Sl-ufcec n odScrt MohammadRezaBakhshietal. Comparative Advantage, Self-sufficiencyandFoodSecurity/ *p<0.05 cotton alfalfa barley wheat Crop Table 5:ComparisonofNBPDindicatoramongjointproductssmallholdingsystemsandrural Ghasemian andEshraghi(2012) Smallholding System CONCLUSION 55.686 56.476 57.368 22.752 Utilization system production cooperatives mention, Rural productioncooperative the Economic Value ProductivityofIrrigation Water 5-Hussain, R.Z.,& Young R.A.(1985).Estimatesof Water Management,85(2),p.141-150. Great RuahaRiverBasin, Tanzania. Agricultural irrigated maizecropinMkojisub-catchmentofthe A.S.Baanda. (2006).Cropwaterproductivityofan 4-Henry, E.I.,Henry, F.M., Andrew, K.P.R., & Journal. 26(3),317-322. Golestan Province. Agricultural Water Research economic productivityofwaterconsumptionin 3-Ghasemian, S.,&EshraghiF.(2012). Studying tional Committee. Tehran. water productivity. IranIrrigationandDrainageNa- 2-Ehsani, M.,&Khaledi,H.(2003). Agricultural ment. Water ResourResearch.39(1):1013-1025. river basin:Implicationsforefficient watermanage- Physical andeconomicefficiency ofwateruseinthe 1-Cai X.,RosegrantM.,& W. RinglerC.(2003). drought effects andwatercrisis. strategies forwaterresourcesandreductionof recommended asoneoftheoptimalutilization holder’s farmersinproductioncooperativesis resources. Onthisbasis,gatheringofsmall- NBPD toincreaseeffectiveness ofusingwater ductivity ofplants’ waterconsumptioni.e. tion patternbasedonmaximumeconomicpro- water –moreyieldoptionandperformcultiva- planning ofthestudiedregionandconsiderless more yieldoptioninirrigationmanagementand years, itisrecommendedtoavoidmorewater- drought hascreatedforthefarmersinrecent nomic profit.Consideringtheproblemswhich water consumption,higheryieldandeco- replacing themwithcultivationslower with highwaterconsumptionandlowyield proved intheregionbydeletingcultivations case, productionefficiency ofcropscanbeim- 120.408 69.776 90.010 40.403 REFERENCES -4.601* t-value -0.936 -1.397 -1.128 p-value 0.000 0.355 0.169 0.264 217 International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 4(3): 211-218, September, 2014. 218 International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 4(3): 211-218, September, 2014. man). Collectionofpapersthesix in regionswithdrought(casestudy:Marvdasht-Ker- H. 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