DOCSLIB.ORG

The Function of Prehistoric Agricultural Systems in Sāmoa: a GIS Analysis of Resilience to Flooding

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Function of Prehistoric Agricultural Systems in Sāmoa: a GIS Analysis of Resilience to Flooding The Function of Prehistoric Agricultural Systems in Sāmoa: A GIS Analysis of Resilience to Flooding Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Craig Harris Shapiro Graduate Program in Anthropology The Ohio State University 2020 Thesis Committee Julie S. Field, Advisor Jeffrey H. Cohen, Committee Member Kristen J. Gremillion, Committee Member 1 Copyrighted by Craig Harris Shapiro 2020 2 Abstract This thesis is focused on preliminary survey of a LiDAR dataset—digital imagery that results from airborne survey, and which reveals elevation changes in the ground surface. It reveals the Sāmoan Islands as an entirely human-modified environment, consisting of a system of ditches and terraces that extend from the coast to the remote interior. These ditches and terraces served as a mitigation system that drained saturated soils and controlled flooding in the past, which in turn supported local agricultural production and maintained the integrity of the island’s soils and ecosystem. This project examines the similarities and differences between three study areas in eastern Atua province of ‘Upolu island. It suggests that prehistoric Sāmoans not only knew how to target specific soils for agricultural production, but that they knew that they needed to place ditches in order to maximize the agricultural output of an area. ii Dedication This document is dedicated to all those who have supported me and believed in my ability to complete this project, especially my parents, who are my most enduring supporters. iii Acknowledgments I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Julie Field for her guidance and insight during this project, as well as my Ohio State University committee members Drs. Kristen Gremillion and Jeffrey Cohen. Special thanks must be extended to The Center for Sāmoan Studies at The National University of Sāmoa, as they provided access to the data that allowed me to complete this project. Lastly, a loving thank you to my parents, brother, and extended family for their support throughout this endeavor. iv Vita Education: May 2015……………………………………Bachelor of Arts Degree in Sociology and Anthropology, Washington & Lee University, Graduating GPA 3.414 May 2020……………………………………Pursuing Masters of Arts in Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Current accumulative GPA 3.870 Professional Experience and Employment: Fall 2019 – Spring 2020……………………. Graduate Teaching Assistant, The Ohio State University Fall 2018 – Spring 2020……………………. University Fellow, The Ohio State University October, 2015 – December, 2017……………United States Peace Corps Volunteer, Peace Corps – Sāmoa August – September, 2015………………………Contract Archaeologist/Drone Operator, Corporacion Nacional Forestal – Te Peu, Easter Island (Rapa Nui), Chile v July – August, 2015……………………………. Archaeological Field Technician, Washington & Lee University April, 2013 – May, 2015……………………….. Field Archaeologist/Drone Operator, Clark Honors College, University of Oregon July – August, 2013……………………………..Research Assistant, Australian National University and The Vanuatu Cultural Centre – Tafea Province Educational Experiences: April – May, 2014……………………………….ANTH 377, Field Methods in Archaeology, Washington and Lee University May – July, 2014……………………………….. Archaeological Field School at Heraclea Sintica American Research Center in Sofia, Bulgaria July – August, 2014……………………………..Dig in the Roman City of Sanisera and GIS applied in Archaeology, The Sanisera Archaeological Institute for International Field Schools in Menorca, Spain Research Presentation: Spring 2019……………………………………...Society of American Archaeology 84th Annual Meeting Fields of Study Major Field: Anthropology vi Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. iv Vita ...................................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... x Chapter 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 Is the Past the Future in Sāmoa? ..................................................................................... 2 Content of this Thesis ..................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2. Background ...................................................................................................... 5 Pacific Island Settlement................................................................................................. 5 Geography of the Sāmoan Archipelago .......................................................................... 9 Chapter 3. Materials and Methods ................................................................................... 11 Remotely Sensed Data: LiDAR .................................................................................... 11 Identification and Analysis of Archaeological Features in LiDAR Data ..................... 13 Hydrological Analyses .................................................................................................. 16 The Distribution of Soils in Relation to Ditching ......................................................... 29 Chapter 4. Results ............................................................................................................. 31 Tafatafa ......................................................................................................................... 32 Solosolo......................................................................................................................... 32 Aleipata ......................................................................................................................... 33 Soil Analysis ................................................................................................................. 34 Chapter 5. Discussion ....................................................................................................... 37 Intensity of Ditching in Relation to Soil Type .............................................................. 37 A Dearth of Environmental Data .................................................................................. 38 vii Possible Expansions for Further Research .................................................................... 41 Key Differences Between Sāmoa and Other Pacific Archipelagoes ............................ 44 Regional Differences in Sāmoa .................................................................................... 46 Chapter 6. Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 47 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 50 viii List of Tables Table 1 Solosolo ditching on various soil types ............................................................... 30 Table 2 Aleipata ditching on various soil types ................................................................ 30 Table 3 Tafatafa ditching on various soil types ................................................................ 30 Table 4 Results Table........................................................................................................ 32 ix List of Figures Figure 1 A map of ‘Upolu and corresponding project areas from Green (2002). Red polygons indicate the boundaries of each of this project’s study areas in the eastern Atua province. Solosolo on the north coast, Tafatafa on the south coast, and Aleipata on the east coast. ............................................................................................................................ 3 Figure 2 Aleipata Ditches Map. The ditches are overlaid on the LiDAR image from the Center for Sāmoan Studies at the National University of Sāmoa ..................................... 14 Figure 3 Solosolo Ditches Map......................................................................................... 15 Figure 4 Tafatafa Ditches Map ......................................................................................... 16 Figure 5 Tafatafa mosaic DEM with “no data” lines. ....................................................... 18 Figure 6 Solosolo Flow Direction. 1 represents Eastward flow, 2 = SE, 4 = S, 8 = SW, 16 = W, 32 = NW, 64 = N, 68 = Null Values, 128 = NE. ..................................................... 19 Figure 7 Solosolo Flow Direction Zoom .......................................................................... 20 Figure 8 Solosolo Flow Direction Zoom with Ditches ..................................................... 21 Figure 9 Solosolo Flow Accumulation ............................................................................. 23 Figure 10 Solosolo Flow Accumulation Zoom ................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Archaeology of Lapita Dispersal in Oceania
    The archaeology of Lapita dispersal in Oceania pers from the Fourth Lapita Conference, June 2000, Canberra, Australia / Terra Australis reports the results of archaeological and related research within the south and east of Asia, though mainly Australia, New Guinea and Island Melanesia — lands that remained terra australis incognita to generations of prehistorians. Its subject is the settlement of the diverse environments in this isolated quarter of the globe by peoples who have maintained their discrete and traditional ways of life into the recent recorded or remembered past and at times into the observable present. Since the beginning of the series, the basic colour on the spine and cover has distinguished the regional distribution of topics, as follows: ochre for Australia, green for New Guinea, red for Southeast Asia and blue for the Pacific islands. From 2001, issues with a gold spine will include conference proceedings, edited papers, and monographs which in topic or desired format do not fit easily within the original arrangements. All volumes are numbered within the same series. List of volumes in Terra Australis Volume 1: Burrill Lake and Currarong: coastal sites in southern New South Wales. R.J. Lampert (1971) Volume 2: Ol Tumbuna: archaeological excavations in the eastern central Highlands, Papua New Guinea. J.P. White (1972) Volume 3: New Guinea Stone Age Trade: the geography and ecology of traffic in the interior. I. Hughes (1977) Volume 4: Recent Prehistory in Southeast Papua. B. Egloff (1979) Volume 5: The Great Kartan Mystery. R. Lampert (1981) Volume 6: Early Man in North Queensland: art and archeaology in the Laura area.
    [Show full text]
  • High-Resolution Bathymetric Survey of Samoa
    EU-SOPAC Project Report 112 Reducing Vulnerability of Pacific ACP States SAMOA TECHNICAL REPORT High-Resolution Bathymetric Survey Fieldwork Undertaken from 27 January to 1 March 2004 October 2008 Western Samoa three-dimensional Digital Elevation Model Prepared by: Jens Krüger and Salesh Kumar SOPAC Secretariat May 2008 PACIFIC ISLANDS APPLIED GEOSCIENCE COMMISSION c/o SOPAC Secretariat Private Mail Bag GPO, Suva FIJI ISLANDS http://www.sopac.org Phone: +679 338 1377 Fax: +679 337 0040 www.sopac.org [email protected] Important Notice This report has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Community; however, the views expressed herein must never be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Community. Samoa: High-Resolution Bathymetry EU EDF-SOPAC Reducing Vulnerability of Pacific ACP States – iii TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 1 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 2 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Geographic Situation .................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Geological Setting ...................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Previous Bathymetry Compilations............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Savai'i Volcano
    A Visitor’s Field Guide to Savai’i – Touring Savai’i with a Geologist A Visitor's Field Guide to Savai’i Touring Savai'i with a Geologist Warren Jopling Page 1 A Visitor’s Field Guide to Savai’i – Touring Savai’i with a Geologist ABOUT THE AUTHOR AND THIS ARTICLE Tuapou Warren Jopling is an Australian geologist who retired to Savai'i to grow coffee after a career in oil exploration in Australia, Canada, Brazil and Indonesia. Travels through Central America, the Andes and Iceland followed by 17 years in Indonesia gave him a good understanding of volcanology, a boon to later educational tourism when explaining Savai'i to overseas visitors and student groups. His 2014 report on Samoa's Geological History was published in booklet form by the Samoa Tourism Authority as a Visitor's Guide - a guide summarising the main geological events that built the islands but with little coverage of individual natural attractions. This present article is an abridgement of the 2014 report and focuses on Savai'i. It is in three sections; an explanation of plate movement and hotspot activity for visitors unfamiliar with plate tectonics; a brief summary of Savai'i's geological history then an island tour with some geologic input when describing the main sites. It is for nature lovers who would appreciate some background to sightseeing. Page 1 A Visitor’s Field Guide to Savai’i – Touring Savai’i with a Geologist The Pacific Plate, The Samoan Hotspot, The Samoan Archipelago The Pacific Plate, the largest of the Earth's 16 major plates, is born along the East Pacific Rise.
    [Show full text]
  • Samoa Socio-Economic Atlas 2011
    SAMOA SOCIO-ECONOMIC ATLAS 2011 Copyright (c) Samoa Bureau of Statistics (SBS) 2011 CONTACTS Telephone: (685) 62000/21373 Samoa Socio Economic ATLAS 2011 Facsimile: (685) 24675 Email: [email protected] by Website: www.sbs.gov.ws Postal Address: Samoa Bureau of Statistics The Census-Surveys and Demography Division of Samoa Bureau of Statistics (SBS) PO BOX 1151 Apia Samoa National University of Samoa Library CIP entry Samoa socio economic ATLAS 2011 / by The Census-Surveys and Demography Division of Samoa Bureau of Statistics (SBS). -- Apia, Samoa : Samoa Bureau of Statistics, Government of Samoa, 2011. 76 p. : ill. ; 29 cm. Disclaimer: This publication is a product of the Division of Census-Surveys & Demography, ISBN 978 982 9003 66 9 Samoa Bureau of Statistics. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions 1. Census districts – Samoa – maps. 2. Election districts – Samoa – expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of any funding or census. 3. Election districts – Samoa – statistics. 4. Samoa – census. technical agencies involved in the census. The boundaries and other information I. Census-Surveys and Demography Division of SBS. shown on the maps are only imaginary census boundaries but do not imply any legal status of traditional village and district boundaries. Sam 912.9614 Sam DDC 22. Published by The Samoa Bureau of Statistics, Govt. of Samoa, Apia, Samoa, 2015. Overview Map SAMOA 1 Table of Contents Map 3.4: Tertiary level qualification (Post-secondary certificate, diploma, Overview Map ................................................................................................... 1 degree/higher) by district, 2011 ................................................................... 26 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 3 Map 3.5: Population 15 years and over with knowledge in traditional tattooing by district, 2011 ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Individuality, Collectivity, and Samoan Artistic Responses to Cultural Change
    The I and the We: Individuality, Collectivity, and Samoan Artistic Responses to Cultural Change April K Henderson That the Samoan sense of self is relational, based on socio-spatial rela- tionships within larger collectives, is something of a truism—a statement of such obvious apparent truth that it is taken as a given. Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Taisi Efi, a former prime minister and current head of state of independent Sāmoa as well as an influential intellectual and essayist, has explained this Samoan relational identity: “I am not an individual; I am an integral part of the cosmos. I share divinity with my ancestors, the land, the seas and the skies. I am not an individual, because I share a ‘tofi’ (an inheritance) with my family, my village and my nation. I belong to my family and my family belongs to me. I belong to my village and my village belongs to me. I belong to my nation and my nation belongs to me. This is the essence of my sense of belonging” (Tui Atua 2003, 51). Elaborations of this relational self are consistent across the different political and geographical entities that Samoans currently inhabit. Par- ticipants in an Aotearoa/New Zealand–based project gathering Samoan perspectives on mental health similarly described “the Samoan self . as having meaning only in relationship with other people, not as an individ- ual. This self could not be separated from the ‘va’ or relational space that occurs between an individual and parents, siblings, grandparents, aunts, uncles and other extended family and community members” (Tamasese and others 2005, 303).
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnographic Assessment and Overview National Park of American Samoa
    PACIFIC COOPERATIVE STUDIES UNIT UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI`I AT MĀNOA Dr. David C. Duffy, Unit Leader Department of Botany 3190 Maile Way, St. John #408 Honolulu, Hawai’i 96822 Technical Report 152 ETHNOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT AND OVERVIEW NATIONAL PARK OF AMERICAN SAMOA November 2006 Jocelyn Linnekin1, Terry Hunt, Leslie Lang and Timothy McCormick 1 Email: [email protected]. Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut Beach Hall Room 445, U-2176 354 Mansfield Road Storrs, Connecticut 06269-2176 Ethnographic Assessment and Overview The National Park of American Samoa Table of Contents List of Tables and Figures iii List of Slides v Preface: Study Issues vi Maps vii Key to Maps x I. The Environmental Context 1 Climate and Vegetation 1 The National Park Environments 4 II. Archaeology and Samoan Prehistory 8 Early Settlement 8 Later Inland Settlement 9 Late Prehistoric Period 9 European Contact and the Historical Period 10 Archaeology in the National Park Units 10 III. Research Methodology 15 Documentary Phase 15 Field Research 15 Limitations of the Research 17 IV. Ethnohistory 22 Myths and Legends Relevant to the Park 22 The European Contact Period 25 Western Ethnohistorical and Ethnographic Reports 31 V. Agriculture and Domestically Useful Plants 46 Tutuila Unit 46 Ta'u Unit 49 Ofu Unit 51 Summary 52 VI. Marine Resources 53 Tutuila Unit 53 Ta'u Unit 57 Ofu Unit 58 Summary 61 i VII. Medicinal Plants 63 Ofu Unit 63 Ta'u Unit 66 Tutuila Unit 66 Summary 67 VIII. Analysis of Freelist Data 75 Crops and Cultivated Plants 76 Medicinal Plants 81 Fish and Marine Species 84 Animals and Birds 86 Summary of the Freelist Results 88 IX.
    [Show full text]
  • Soils of the Laloanea Farm, Northwestern Upolu, Western Samoa!
    Pacific Science (1992), vol. 46, no. 1: 35-45 © 1992 by University of Hawaii Press. All rights reserved Soils of the Laloanea Farm, Northwestern Upolu, Western Samoa! R. J. MORRISON 2 AND M. ASGHAR 3 ABSTRACT: Soils ofthe Laloanea Farm (40 ha), in the uplands ofnorthwestern Vpolu, Western Samoa, were studied by an examination of nine pedons composing two toposequences, one running S-N and the other W-E across extensive portions of the farm. Over short distances considerable variability in the soils has led to their classification into two soil orders of Soil Taxonomy (Entisols and Inceptisols), two suborders, three great groups (Troporthents, Humitropepts, and Dystropepts), four subgroups, and seven families. Major factors contributing to the variability were depth to basaltic boulders or flow rock, presence or absence ofa cambic horizon, amount oforganic carbon in the profile, particle size distribution in the control section, and occurrence in some pedons of andic properties. Soils all had an oxidic mineralogy class and an isohyperthennic soil temperature regime. Relationship of the factors affecting variability to topographic position is discussed, together with an overview ofthe physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of the soils. Similar variability might be expected in other humid tropical situations on young basaltic landscapes with steep, rolling, and benched terrain. WESTERN SAMOA CONSISTS OF four volcanic Much ofthe terrain is steep land, and these islands and series of islets lying between 13° areas have a thick vegetative cover ofprimary and 15° S latitude and 171-173° W longitude. or secondary forest, or dense scrub. Some The two main islands, Vpolu and Savai'i, are agricultural development has occurred in the composed of a mass of successive olivine rolling and flat areas with the production of basalt flows, and the landscape is the result of root crops, copra, cocoa, bananas, and more subaerial erosion of two major lava domes.
    [Show full text]
  • MH-ICP-MS Analysis of the Freshwater and Saltwater Environmental Resources of Upolu Island, Samoa
    Supplementary Materials (SM) MH-ICP-MS Analysis of the Freshwater and Saltwater Environmental Resources of Upolu Island, Samoa Sasan Rabieh 1,*, Odmaa Bayaraa 2, Emarosa Romeo 3, Patila Amosa 4, Khemet Calnek 1, Youssef Idaghdour 2, Michael A. Ochsenkühn 5, Shady A. Amin 5, Gary Goldstein 6 and Timothy G. Bromage 1,7,* 1 Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, 345 East 24th Street, New York, NY 10010, USA; [email protected] (K.C.) 2 Environmental Genomics Lab, Biology Program, Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; [email protected] (O.B.); [email protected] (Y.I.) 3 Hydrology Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Level 3, Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Efi Building (TATTE), Sogi., P.O. Private Bag, Apia, Samoa; [email protected] (E.R.) 4 Faculty of Science, National University of Samoa, PO Box 1622, Apia, Samoa; [email protected] (P.A.) 5 Marine Microbial Ecology Lab, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; [email protected] (M.A.O.); [email protected] (S.A.A.) 6 College of Dentistry, New York University, 345 East 24th Street, New York, NY 10010, USA; [email protected] (G.G.) 7 Department of Biomaterials, New York University College of Dentistry, 345 East 24th Street, New York, NY 10010, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.R.); [email protected] (T.G.B.); Tel.: +1-212-998-9638 (S.R.); +1- 212-998-9597 (T.G.B.) Academic Editors: Zikri Arslan and Michael Bolshov Received: 16 August 2020; Accepted: 19 October 2020; Published: date Table S1.
    [Show full text]
  • Sāmoa’S Development As a ‘Nation’
    Folauga mo A’oa’oga: Migration for education and its impact on Sāmoa’s development as a ‘nation’ The stories of 18 Samoan research participants who migrated for education, and the impact their journeys have made on the development of Sāmoa. BY Avataeao Junior Ulu A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 2018 Acknowledgements E mamalu oe le Ali’i, maualuga le mea e te afio ai. Ia fa’ane’ene’eina oe le tolu tasi paia. O oe o le Atua fai vavega, le Atua o fa’amalologa, le Atua tali mana’o. Fa’afetai mo lau ta’ita’iga i lenei folauga. Ia fa’aaogaina lo’u tagata e fa’alauteleina ai lou Suafa mamana i le lalolagi. This research would not have been possible without the contributions of my 18 research participants: Aloali’i Viliamu, Aida Sāvea, Cam Wendt, Falefata Hele Ei Matatia & Phillippa Te Hira - Matatia, HE Hinauri Petana, Honiara Salanoa (aka Queen Victoria), Ps Latu Sauluitoga Kupa & Ps Temukisa Kupa, Ps Laumata Pauline Mulitalo, Maiava Iosefa Maiava & Aopapa Maiava, Malae Aloali’i, Papali’i Momoe Malietoa – von Reiche, Nynette Sass, Onosefulu Fuata’i, Sa’ilele Pomare, and Saui’a Dr Louise Marie Tuiomanuolo Mataia-Milo. Each of your respective stories of the challenges you faced while undertaking studies abroad is inspirational. I am humbled that you entrusted me with these rich stories and the generosity with your time. Sāmoa as a ‘nation’ is stronger because of you, continue doing great things for the pearl of Polynesia.
    [Show full text]
  • Eco-Theology: Aiga – the Household of Life
    ECO-THEOLOGY: AIGA – THE HOUSEHOLD OF LIFE A PERSPECTIVE FROM LIVING MYTHS AND TRADITIONS OF SAMOA Ama’amalele Tofaeono ECO-THEOLOGY: AIGA – THE HOUSEHOLD OF LIFE A PERSPECTIVE FROM LIVING MYTHS AND TRADITIONS OF SAMOA World Mission Script 7 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or stored in a retrieval system, or trans- mitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the Erlanger Verlag für Mission und Ökumene. Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Tofaeono, Ama’amalele: Eco-theology: Aiga – the household of life : a perspective from living myths and traditions of Samoa / by Ama’amalele Tofaeono. – Erlangen : Erlanger Verl. für Mission und Ökumene, 2000 (World Mission Script ; 7) Zugl.: Neuendettelsau, Augustana-Hochsch., Diss., 2000 ISBN 3-87214-327-1 © 2000 Erlanger Verlag für Mission und Ökumene, Erlangen Layout: Andreas-Martin Selignow – www.selignow.de Printed by Freimund-Druckerei, Neuendettelsau CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ 11 0. GENERAL INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 13 0.1. Identification and Exposition of the Eco-Theological Problem ....................... 13 0.2. A Jewish Perspective .............................................................................................. 15 0.3. Thesis Statements ...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Consolidating Reform for Faster Economic Growth
    Private Sector Assessment June 2008Project Number: Samoa: Consolidating Reform for Faster Economic Growth © 2008 Asian Development Bank All rights reserved. This report was prepared by staff and consultants of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The analyses and assessments contained herein do not necessarily reflect the views of ADB, its Board of Directors, or the governments its members represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility of any consequences of their use. The term “country,” as used in the context of ADB, refers to a member of ADB and does not imply any view on the part of ADB as to the member’s sovereignty or independent status. This report was prepared for ADB by Paul Holden of the Enterprise Research Institute, Gunnison, Colorado, USA, and Laure Darcy, consultant, under the supervision of Winfried Wicklein, Senior Private Sector Development Specialist, ADB, Pacific Liaison and Coordination Office, Sydney, Australia. Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel (63-2) 632-4444 Fax (63-2) 636-2444 www.adb.org Asian Development Bank. 2008. Samoa: Private Sector Assessment—Consolidating Reform for Faster Growth. Manila. CONTENTS Page FIGURES, TABLES, AND BOXES iv ABBREVIATIONS v SAMOA PRIVATE SECTOR ASSESSMENT: A SUMMARY OF BINDING CONSTRAINTS AND POLICY ISSUES vi I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. BACKGROUND 4 A. Structure of the Economy 4 B. Growth Performance 5 C. Prices 6 D. Public Sector Finances 6 E. The Financial Sector 7 F. Balance of Payments 8 G. Remittances and Emigration 8 III. BINDING CONSTRAINTS TO GROWTH AND POLICY INITIATIVES 10 A.
    [Show full text]
  • Mavae and Tofiga
    Mavae and Tofiga Spatial Exposition of the Samoan Cosmogony and Architecture Albert L. Refiti A thesis submitted to� The Auckland University of Technology �In fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Art & Design� Faculty of Design & Creative Technologies 2014 Table of Contents Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... i Attestation of Authorship ...................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... vi Dedication ............................................................................................................................ viii Abstract .................................................................................................................................... ix Preface ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Leai ni tusiga ata: There are to be no drawings ............................................................. 1 2. Tautuanaga: Rememberance and service ....................................................................... 4 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 6 Spacing ..................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]