Stratigraphy of the Kohat Quadrangle, Pakistan

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 716-D

Prepared in cooperation with the Geological Survey of Pakistan under the auspices of the Government of Pakistan and the Agency for International Development, U.S. Department of State

Stratigraphy of the Kohat Quadrangle, Pakistan By CHARLES R. MEISSNER, JAN M. MASTER, M. A. RASHID, and MUZAFFAR HUSSAIN

GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PAKISTAN

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 716-D

Prepared in cooperation with the Geological Survey of Pakistan under the auspices of the Government of Pakistan and the Agency for International Development, U.S. Department of State

A detailed description of stratigraphic units which range from Jurassic to Pliocene in age in the northwestern part of Pakistan

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1974 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

V. E. McKelvey, Director

Library of Congress catalog-card No. 73-600239

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $2.40 (paper cover) Stock Number 2401-02555 FOREWORD

In 1956, the Geological Survey of Pakistan and the U.S. Geological Survey began a cooperative program to intensify the mapping and appraisal of the geological resources of Pakistan. The program was initiated under an agree­ ment dated October 1955 between the Government of Pakistan and the Inter­ national Cooperation Administration, predecessor of the Agency for Inter­ national Development, U.S. Department of State. It included joint geological reconnaissance of unmapped areas, detailed mapping and appraisal of mineral districts, and development of facilities and staff to increase the capacity of the Geological Survey of Pakistan. This volume entitled "Geological Investigations in Pakistan" is intended to present some of the more significant results of the cooperative program in Pakistan, which extended from 1956 to 1970. It consists of papers that have been prepared by U.S. Geological Survey geologists and by their counterparts in the Geological Survey of Pakistan, summarizing the investigations believed to be most important for those interested in the geology and resources of Paki­ stan. More detailed information from these investigations, as well as reports from other studies made during the program, are available from the Geological Survey of Pakistan in Quetta. Much of the regional geological information obtained during this program, and from surveys made earlier, was summarized in a new Geological Map of Pakistan prepared cooperatively and published by the Geological Survey of Pakistan in 1964. The cooperative program in Pakistan, which directly involved the services of about 110 professional personnel from Pakistan and 43 from the United States, operated successively under the direction of four Directors-General of the Geological Survey of Pakistan and three Chiefs of Party appointed by the U.S. Geological Survey. Program directors for Pakistan were E. R. Gee (1956- 59), N. M. Khan (1959-64), A. F. M. M. Haque (1964-69), and A. M. Khan (1969-70). United States participation was supervised by J. A. Reinemund (1956-63), M. G. White (1963-66), and D. L. Rossman (1967-70), each of whom also served as senior geologic consultant to the Director-General. Geologic specialists provided by the U.S. Geological Survey were supple­ mented by four mining engineers from the U.S. Bureau of Mines, who provided collateral assistance to the Pakistan Department of Mineral Development, and by a drilling specialist and an administrative specialist from the Agency for International Development. The Geological Survey of Pakistan, through the Ministry of Industries and Natural Resources, provided counterpart personnel facilities, and services for the program, and arranged cooperative support from the Pakistan Department of Mineral Development, as well as from the Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, and other agencies concerned with resource development. in IV FOREWORD

This program would not have been possible without the excellent support of all agencies involved, both in Pakistan and the United States. The geological information and institutional growth obtained through this program should contribute significantly toward orderly economic and scientific development in one of Asia's largest and newest nations.

Abdul Mannan Khan, Director-General Geological Survey of Pakistan

John A. Reinemund, Chief Office of International Geology U. S. Geological Survey CONTENTS

Page Page Foreword _ III Stratigraphy Continued Abstract ______Dl Miocene Series Introduction 1 Rawalpindi Group ______15 Purpose and scope of the report ______1 Murree Formation _____ 15 Location and extent of the area ______1 Kamlial Formation . 15 Previous work ______1 Pliocene Series ______16 Acknowledgments ______- - 2 Siwalik Group _ . 16 General geologic setting ______3 Chinji Formation . 16 Stratigraphy ______3 Nagri Formation _ . 17 Precambrian or lower Paleozoic units ______3 Dhok Pathan Formation 17 Pitao Ghar Formation ______3 18 Attock Slate ______7 Measured sections ______18 7 Uch Bazaar ______Jurassic System 19 Datta Formation ______7 Mami Khel - Chilli Bagh ______. 20 9 Samana Suk Limestone ______20 Cretaceous System ______9 South Gumbat _ - Sumari Payan . 20 Chichali Formation ______9 Banda Daud Shah ______21 Lumshiwal Sandstone ______9 South Lachi . 21 Darsamand Limestone ______10 Mazari Tang . 22 Paleocene Series ______10 Jatta salt quarry . 23 Hangu Formation ______10 Hukni ____ _ . 23 Lockhart Limestone ______11 24 Paleocene and Eocene Series ______12 Marai Bala Chashanna Ghunda . Patala Formation _ __ 12 24 Totaki ______. Eocene Series ______12 25 Dag _ Panoba Shale ______12 25 Panoba ______Shekhan Limestone ______13 26 Tarkhobi ______. 26 Bahadur Khel Salt and Jatta Gypsum _____ 13 Shekhan Nala ______. 27 Chharat Group ______14 Mami Khel Clay ______14 Significant depositional features ___. 27 Kohat Formation ______14 References cited 29

ILLUSTRATIONS

[Plates are in pocket] PLATE 1. Geologic map and sections of the Kohat quadrangle, Pakistan. 2-5. Correlation of sections in the Kohat quadrangle, Pakistan: 2. Marai Bala to Dag. 3. Marai Bala to the Surghar Range. 4. Jata to Panoba. 5. Totaki to Hukni. Page FIGURE 1. Index map of Pakistan, showing the location of the Kohat quadrangle D2 2. Chart showing probable correlation of stratigraphic nomenclature used by previous workers with that in this report ______4 3. Index map of the Kohat quadrangle, showing location of measured sections 8

TABLE

Page TABLE 1. Generalized section of the strata found in the Kohat quadrangle D6

GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PAKISTAN

STRATIGRAPHY OF THE KOHAT QUADRANGLE, PAKISTAN

By CHARLES R. MEISSNER/ JAN M. MASTER,2 M. A. RAsnro,2 and MUZAFFAR HUSSAIN 2

ABSTRACT mineral appraisal and geological mapping as an ac­ The Kohat quadrangle (Geological Survey of Pakistan tivity of the Mineral Exploration and Development topographic sheet 38-O) is an area of approximately 4,000 Program undertaken by the Geological Survey of square miles where sedimentary rocks have a total strati- Pakistan and the U.S. Geological Survey on behalf graphic thickness of more than 25,500 feet. The oldest rocks, of the Government of Pakistan and the U.S. Agency which crop out in the northeastern and northwestern parts of for International Development. Work began in Oc­ the quadrangle, are slate, slaty shale, and sandstone of Pre- cambrian or early Paleozoic age. Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleo- tober 1961 in the eastern part of this region, the cene, Eocene, Miocene, and Pliocene sedimentary formations Kohat quadrangle (fig. 1) (Survey of Pakistan topo­ are also found in the Kohat quadrangle. Pleistocene sedimen­ graphic sheet 38-0). The initial emphasis was on tary rocks may be present but were not recognized. the regional stratigraphy and measurement of out­ The rock sequence consists of 21 formations, six of which crop sections; in addition, minerals reported in the are formally defined for the first time. The Jurassic System consists mostly of limestone; two sub­ literature were investigated and appraised, and care divisions have been recognized. The lower half of the Cre­ was taken to report on any previously unknown min­ taceous System is mostly marine sandstone; the upper half eral deposits. Fieldwork for the present report, is mostly marine limestone. The Paleocene Series, which in­ which summarizes the stratigraphy, was completed cludes three formations, consists mostly of carbonate rocks by April 1963, and final compilation of the geologic but also contains some sandstone and shale. Of the Eocene Series, only rocks of early Eocene age are present in the map of the Kohat quadrangle (pi. 1) was under­ Kohat quadrangle; they contain extensive deposits of gyp­ taken. A separate report (Rashid and others, 1965) sum, rock salt, marine limestone, and shale. A relatively summarizes the mineral data. A correlation of pres­ thin section of the Murree Formation of Miocene age un- ent stratigraphic nomenclature with previous usage conformably overlies lower Eocene rocks. It, in turn, is is presented in figure 2. overlain by more than 19,000 feet of strata which make up the upper formation of the Miocene Rawalpindi Group and LOCATION AND EXTENT OF THE AREA three formations of the Pliocene Siwalik Group. Fourteen sections were measured by the authors in the The area covered by this report consists of ap­ Kohat quadrangle, and three other measured sections are proximately 4,000 square miles, between lat 33° and referred to. This information was correlated with work 34° N. and long 71° and 72° E. It includes parts of done by Walter Danilchik and S. M. I. Shah in the Surghar the Khyber Agency, Peshawar District, Kohat Dis­ Range on the southern border of the quadrangle and with work done by A. N. Fatmi of the Survey of Pakistan in trict, Attock District, Afridi Tribal Area, and the the region west of the Kohat quadrangle. Mianwali District of Pakistan. The city of Peshawar is on the northern border; the Surghar Range, on INTRODUCTION the southern border. The terrain is mostly moun­ tainous but is covered with a network of fairly good PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE REPORT roads. The town of Kohat, near the center of the The territory from the Indus River west to the area, was field headquarters. Afghanistan border and from Peshawar south to Bannu (Geological Survey of Pakistan topographic PREVIOUS WORK sheets 38-0 and 38-K) was selected for concentrated The Kohat region has received the attention of geologists for a long time because of its salt depos­ 1 U.S. Geological Survey. 8 Geological Survey of Pakistan. its. Burnes (1832) published the earliest known re- Dl D2 GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PAKISTAN

0 100 200 300 400 KILOMETERS I i . i I i I 0 50 100 150 200 MILES I , ... I I I I

FIGURE 1. Index map of Pakistan, showing the location of the Kohat quadrangle. port on the salt deposits of the region. The salt mines ACKNOWLEDGMENTS of Kohat are probably the ones referred to by Kar- sten (1846) in an article published in the "Lehrbuch S. M. N. Rizvi and A. N. Fatmi, Geological Survey der Salinenkunde" at Berlin. Fleming (1853) re­ of Pakistan, were the first to familiarize the authors ferred to the salt of the Kohat area in a letter pub­ with the general geology of the Kohat region. Fossil lished by the Geological Society of London in 1853. determinations and age identifications were made by Oldham (1864) was the first geologist to describe Edward B. Fritz, U.S. Geological Survey. Mr. Ban- the salt mines of the area. None of these early work­ dial, Deputy Commissioner, Kohat District, was ers, however, reported in detail on the geology of the helpful in facilitating travel and residence in the salt or of the region in general. A generalized ac­ area. Mr. Khan, Superintendent of Police, Kohat Dis­ count of the geology by Wynne (1875) was published trict, provided assistance when necessary in the by the Geological Survey of India. course of work in some areas. STRATIGRAPHY OF KOHAT QUADRANGLE, PAKISTAN D3

GENERAL GEOLOGIC SETTING mountain terrain of about the same altitude as the belt of Eocene and Miocene rocks to the north. The Kohat quadrangle is underlain by sedimentary rocks, which range in age from Jurassic to Pliocene. STRATIGRAPHY In the northeastern and northwestern corners of the quadrangle, slate, slaty shale, and sandstone of Pre- The stratigraphic nomenclature used in this report cambrian or early Paleozoic age are found (pi. 1). is based on the recommendations and decisions of the Triassic and possibly Permian rocks which crop out Stratigraphic Committee of Pakistan. Since 1961, in isolated areas along the southern border of the the Stratigraphic Committee has been holding meet­ region are related to those in the Salt Range to the ings on the stratigraphy of Pakistan, the object of southeast and are not described in this report. which is the preparation of a revised Stratigraphic Lexicon of Pakistan. This lexicon has not been pub­ The sedimentary sequence in the quadrangle has a lished yet, but for the most part the stratigraphic stratigraphic thickness of more than 20,000 feet, names used in this report are in accordance with the measured from the base of the lowermost exposed recommendations of the committee. Jurassic rocks through the Nagri Formation of Plio­ The stratigraphy of the Kohat quadrangle is de­ cene age. The Dhok Pathan Formation of Pliocene scribed from 17 widely spaced, measured outcrop age, which conformably overlies the Nagri Forma­ sections; their location is shown in figure 3. A total tion, was not measured but has an estimated exposed of 41,547 feet of section was measured, sampled, and thickness of more than 5,500 feet. The entire se­ described. There is no continuous outcrop of the en­ quence is -intensely folded and faulted. tire sedimentary thickness, but it can be inferred In the northern part of the quadrangle, the south­ from the composite of several sections, measured ern half of a broad topographic basin is bounded by within the area. The rock sequence consists of 21 mountains composed mostly of tightly folded and formations, six of which are herein formally defined faulted Paleocene, Cretaceous, and Jurassic lime­ for the first time. Many fossil analyses and age stone, sandstone, and shale having a total strati- identifications were made; when no diagnostic fossils grapic thickness of about 3,600 feet. This arcuate were available, age classification as established by range, 7 to 14 miles wide and concave northward, earlier workers was used. A generalized columnar is the result of uplifting. Generally, the northern and section of the strata found in the Kohat quadrangle southern flanks are in fault contact with younger is shown in table 1. rocks. Strike faults and imbricate structure are present within the range. PRECAMBRIAN OR LOWER PALEOZOIC UNITS South of this range is a broad belt, 16 to 25 miles wide from north to south, underlain by rocks of Eo­ PITAO GHAR FORMATION cene and Miocene age. The Eocene sequence consists The oldest stratigraphic unit that crops out in the of limestone, clay, salt, and gypsum that total at northeastern and northwestern parts of the quad­ least 1,700 feet in exposed stratigraphic thickness. rangle is a thick (not measured) formation com­ The Miocene sequence consists of sandstone, silt- posed of alternating beds of gray, thin- to medium- stone, shale, and clay, that total about 2,200 feet in bedded, very hard sandstone and gray, hard, broken exposed stratigraphic thickness. These rocks have shale. No fossils were found. No reference to this been tightly folded and form narrow ridges of lower sequence of sandstone and shale is known from the altitude than the range of older rocks to the north. literature, and the sequence of rocks is herein named The ridges are separated by broad flat valleys. Over­ the Pitao Ghar Formation. The type exposure is at turning and thrust faulting of the southern flanks of Pitao Ghar (lat 33°52' N., long 71°57'30" E.), 9 the anticlines are common. The ridges of Eocene and miles S. 10° W. of Nowshera. Miocene rocks trend northeast in the eastern part of A white quartzose sandstone that weathers to the quadrangle and east in the western part. rusty brown is in contact with the Attock Slate on Immediately south of the belt of Eocene and Mio­ the south flank of Cherat Mountain, about 12 miles cene rocks, most of the surface is underlain by Plio­ S. 10° W. of Nowshera. No fossils were found in the cene strata which occupy most of the southern third unit. It is not certain whether this sandstone under­ of the quadrangle and are composed of interbedded lies or is interbedded with the Attock Slate, nor is sandstone, siltstone, and clay containing conglom­ its relationship with the Pitao Ghar Formation erate lenses. Total stratigraphic thickness is more known. The sandstone strikes east into the Campbell- than 17,000 feet. The Pliocene rocks form a rugged pore quadrangle, where scheduled geologic mapping D4 GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PAKISTAN

KOHAT KOHAT KOHAT AGE THIS REPORT Wynne (1875) Wynne (1877) Wynne (1879)

QUATER­ NARY HOLOCENE Surficial deposits Post-Tertiary PLEISTOCENE

Dhok Pathan Upper Tertiary Upper Siwalik Formation sandstone a o c PLIOCENE 3 ^ Nagri Formation ra Middle Tertiary Lower Siwalik $ sandstone (red and gray) 55 Ch nji Formation Lower Siwalik

~c a Kami al Formation '5 'as Lower Tertiary Murree Beds MIOCENE I sandstone |o Q cc Murree Formation Murree Beds

c Habib Rahi S, Limestone Membe ) Alveolina and other 8 1 Upper Nummulitic ,5 £ Sadkal Member Seriesathu fossiliferous limestone 3 <6 | Kaladhand c £ * Member TERTIARY SI 3 Upper Nummulitic

Shekhan Jatta Gypsum Gypsum Limestone Gypsum O 3 E Nummulitic E 3 Panoba B-h-ur Sakesa. Z Rock salt Shale Salt stone

Petala Formation

Lower Nummulitic

Lockhart Limestone PALEOCENE

Hangu Formation

Darsamand Limestone

CRETACEOUS Lumshiwa Sandstone

Chichali Formation

Samana Suk Limestone

Datta Formation

TRIASSIC Permian and Tr assic rocks, undiv ded

PERMIAN

PALEOZOIC Attack Slate r\o PRECAMBRIAN Pitao Ghar Formation

FIGURE 2. Probable correlations of stratigraphic nomenclature STRATIGRAPHY OF KOHAT QUADRANGLE, PAKISTAN D5

KOHAT AND SALT SURGHAR RANGE KOHAT NORTHERN POTWAR KOHAT RANGE Danilchik and Shah Davies (1930) Gill (1951) Eames (1952) Gee (1945) (Unpub.data, 1965) Boulder Conglomerate stage Naushahra Sandstone Pinjor stage Pebbly Sandstone and Conglomerate Tatrot stage Upper Siwalik Beds Bhander Beds Dhok Pathan Formation Dhok Pathan Stage Dhok Pathan stage

Nagri Stage Nagri stage Nagri Formation

Upper Chinji stage Chinji Stage Chinji Formation Lower Chinji stage

Kamlial stage Kamlial Stage (Pliocene) Not recognized Murree Series

Murree Mitha Khatak Formation (Oligocene?) Kohat Limestone

Upper Nummulitic Nummulite Shales Limestone and Shale Kohat Shales Upper Kohat Shales Kaladhand Limestone Lower Kohat Shales Ostrea Alternations Absent Red clay beds 1 P/anorbis Bed Chalky Dolomite j \Crimson Clays / *> Shekhan Limestone Kohat Saline Series Gypsiferous Beds Upper Shekhan Limestone Middle Shekhan Limestone Lower Shekhan Limestone^ Bhadrar Beds 1 Sakesar Limestone Sakesar Limestone Panoba Nammal Limestone Shales Nammal Marl and Shale or Limestone Tarkhobi Shales Breccia cap Patala Shales Patala Shale Upper Ranikot beds Calcareous Alternations Irregularis Bed ____ \Black Shales / Brecciated Limestones Khairabad Limestone Lockhart Limestone Khairabad limestone] and Shales Tarkhobi Limestone

Hangu Breccia Dhak Pass Formation Hangu Shale Dhak Pass Beds Hangu Sandstone Makerwal Coal Bed

Lithographic limestone

Main Sandstone Series Lumshiwal Sandstone Lumshiwal Sandstone

Belemnite Bed Belemnite beds Chichali Formation

Samana Suk Limestone Baroch Limestone Baroch Limestone

Lowest Samana Beds Variegated series Datta Formation

Kingriali Dolomite Kingriali Dolomite Kingriali Sandstone Katkiara Sandstone

Landa Formation Ceratite Beds Narmia Formation Mittiwali Formation

Productus Limestone Chhidru Formation Series

iRed clay beds in Kohat region equivalent to Bhadrar Beds in the Salt Range, etc. used by previous workers with that used in this report. D6 GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PAKISTAN

TABLE 1. Generalized section of the strata found in the Kohat quadrangle

Aver­ age Age Group and (or) formation thick­ Character ness (feet) Upper member: Sandstone, light-gray, coarse-grained, soft. Clay, Dhok Pathan light-reddish-brown and gray. Conglomerate more common near Formation 5,500 top. Lower member: Sandstone, light-gray, "salt-and-pepper," coarse-grained micaceous, soft; conglomerate lenses and, lo­ cally, basal cobble beds.

P. 3 Sandstone, "salt-and-pepper," greenish- and brownish-gray, gray- o Nagri and brownish-red, fine- to coarse-grained, micaceous, abundant JH Pliocene O Formation 8,750 mafic minerals; conglomerate lenses; pebbles throughout forma­ -M tion; beds 5 to 300 ft thick; crossbedded; jointed; forms ridges and cliffs. Clay, brownish- and grayish-red, yellowish-brown and 3 orange, silty, nodular. Cobble bed at base on east side. w5 Sandstone, yellowish- and brownish-gray and gray, "salt-and- pepper," fine- to coarse-grained, conglomerate beds; lenticular; Chinji weathers rubbly. Siltstone, brown to gray, argillaceous; lami­ Formation 3,100 nated. Silty clay, pale-grayish-red to brownish-red, nodular. Claystone, mottled gray, brown, and red. Formation is valley- forming. Sandstone, greenish-gray to grayish-green, fine- to coarse­ Kamlial grained; conglomerate lenses; crossbedded; micaceous; abund­ Rawalpindi Formation 1,865 ant mafic minerals; forms ridges. Clay, mottled brownish-gray, 0> green and brownish-red. Beds of silty clay, siltstone, and clay- Group stone. i Muree Sandstone, purple, dark-grayish-brown, greenish-gray, medium- Formation 335 to coarse-grained, conglomeratic. Shale, purple and reddish- brown. Habib Rahi Limestone Member: Limestone, tan to light-gray, 200 pink, fine- to medium-crystalline, thick-bedded; Formation com­ Chharat mon. Kohat 20 Sadkal Member: Shale, green, greenish-gray; Foraminifera com­ Group Formation mon; unit recognized only in northeast part of region. 350 Kaladhand Member: Limestone, gray, fine- to medium-crystalline, thin-bedded; interbedded with shale; Foraminifera common. Mami Khel Clay 230 Clay, brownish-red, silty; some beds of sandstone and conglomerate. Eocene 205 Shekhan Limestone (northern facies) : Limestone, yellowish- gray to gray, dense, thin-bedded to massive; gypsiferous; shale and gypsum beds at top. Shekhan Jatta Limestone Gypsum Jatta Gypsum (southern facies) : Gypsum, yellowish-green to 110 gray, at places white or dark-brownish-gray; bedded to mas­ sive; banded. Panoba Bahadur Sakesar 430 Panoba Shale (northern facies) : Shale, grayish-green to light- Shale Khel Lime- olive to brownish-green ; silty; soft. Salt stone (not 320 + Bahadur Khel Salt (southern facies) ; Salt, white to blackish- de­ white; bedded to massive; some clear crystals; base not ex­ scribed posed, probably underlain by Panoba Shale. Patala 420 Shale, dark-gray, calcareous, hard, splintery; changes eastward Formation into beds of shale and nodular limestone; Foraminifera com­ mon. Paleocene Lockhart 340 Limestone, dark-gray to black; finely crystalline, massive, nodu­ Limestone lar; fetid odor; Foraminifera common; surface appears "brec- ciated." Hangu 400 Sandstone, white, stains rusty brown; crossbedded; changes Formation northward and eastward into limestone and shale. STRATIGRAPHY OF KOHAT QUADRANGLE, PAKISTAN D7

TABLE 1. Generalized section of the strata found in the Kohat quadrangle Continued

Aver­ age Age Group and (or) formation thick- Character ness (feet) Limestone, light- to dark-gray, dense, massive to thin-bedded; Darsamand 300 changes laterally eastward into light-gray and pale-blue lime­ Limestone stone; hard; partly nodular; argillaceous, thin-bedded. Cretaceous Sandstone and quartzose sandstone, white; fine- to medium- Lumshiwal 380 grained; hard; stains brown; beds as much as 6 ft thick; Sandstone changes laterally eastward into sandstone, green, grayish- brown, flaggy, with minor beds of quartzose sandstone. Sandstone, dark-green, soft, glauconitic; contains belemnites and Chichali Formation 90 ammonites. Samana Suk Limestone, brownish-gray to dark-gray, very finely crystalline to Limestone 505 dense; upper part oolitic; beds 5 to 10 ft thick; forms cliffs; some beds full of megafossil fragments.

Jurassic Upper member : Limestone, brownish- to yellowish-gray and dark- 485 gray, dense; very finely crystalline; beds from a few inches to 3 ft thick; shale partings; contains some oolitic beds. Datta Formation 695+ Lower member: Limestone, dark-gray at top to dark brownish- gray; dense to very finely crystalline, in some places coarsely crystalline; hard beds as much as 5 ft thick; platy; shaly partings. Attock Slate, gray, and slaty shale, with beds of dark-gray limestone Precambrian Slate Not and quartzitic sandstone. Paleozoic meas­ or Pitao Ghar ured Sandstone, gray, thin- to medium-bedded, very hard. Shale, gray, Formation hard, broken.

and stratigraphic work (1965) should help to better JURASSIC SYSTEM describe the unit. The oldest rock overlying the Attock Slate is lime­ ATTOCK SLATE stone of probable Jurassic age on the northern and southern flanks of Cherat Mountain in the north­ Overlying the Pitao Ghar Formation in appar­ eastern part of the Kohat quadrangle (fig. 3). Juras­ ently conformable contact is the Attock Slate, which sic limestone is not found on the crest of the moun­ consists of gray slate or slaty shale and beds of dark- tain, where Paleocene, Eocene, and Miocene rocks gray limestone, apparently without fossils. This unconformably overlie Attock Slate or the Pitao stratigraphic unit was named by Wynne (in Wynne Ghar Formation. These observations suggest that and Waagen, 1872, p. 333) after the town of Attock Cherat Mountain was either above sea level during (lat 33°53' N., long 72° 17' E.) on the Indus River. Jurassic time, or that Jurassic and possibly Creta­ It is identical with the "slate series" (Middlemiss, ceous rocks, if deposited, were eroded from the crest. 1896, p. 10) in the Hazara District, where it under­ Jurassic limestone in some places has been altered lies Permian or Carboniferous rocks with marked to marble at its contact with the Attock Slate. This unconformity. marble has been found on the northern flank of The only place where the Attock Slate was in­ Cherat Mountain as well as at outcrops in the north­ cluded in a measured section during the present in­ western part of the quadrangle. vestigation was at Dag in the northeastern part of the quadrangle, although the Attock Slate also crops DATTA FORMATION out in the northwestern part of the region near the Khyber Pass. At the Dag section, the Attock Slate is The Datta Formation was named by Walter Danil- unconformably overlain by rocks of Paleocene age chik and S. M. I. Shah (unpub. data, 1965) for ex­ (Pi. 2). posures of Lower Jurassic rocks in the Surghar D8 GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PAKISTAN

PESHAWAR

//n Shekhaio

MARAI BALA-f\ SECTION\

(] Panoba * PANOBA SECTION I // "^'ioTarkhobi/i CHILLI BAGH SECTION ARKHOBI SECTION ."

oKhumari MAMI KHEL SECTION 1 CHASHANNA GHUNDA SECTION

jJATTA SAlT QUARRY SECTIOr

Daud Shah ..^/ BAND/TDAUD SHAH SECTION IjShakardarraNs'\

S URGHAR 33°00' %pThatti Nasrati ~' \ SURGHAR RANGE SECTION I 10 20 30 40 KILOMETERS I I 10 15 20MILES

FIGURE 3. Index map of the Kohat quadrangle, showing location of measured sections. The Surghar section is 9 miles southeast of Thatti Nasrati. STRATIGRAPHY OF KOHAT QUADRANGLE, PAKISTAN D9

Range on the south border of the Kohat quadrangle. SAMANA SUK LIMESTONE It replaces the descriptive term "Variegated Series" of earlier authors. The Upper Jurassic Samana Suk Limestone was first named by Davies (1930, p. 3) for rocks in the The Datta Formation was measured and described Samana Range near Hangu in the Kohat District. at Maria Bala and Mazari Tang (fig. 3); it consists The correlation of this formation with the Baroch of thin- to medium-bedded limestone containing thin Limestone in the Surghar Range (fig. 2) was sug­ shale partings in places. At Marai Bala, the forma­ gested by the present authors. In April 1964 the tion has been divided into an upper and lower mem­ Stratigraphic Committee of Pakistan (1964b) recog­ ber. The lower member has an exposed thickness of nized this correlation and agreed, because of prece­ 695 feet of dark-gray limestone which is dense to dence, to the use of the name Samana Suk Limestone very finely crystalline but in places is coarsely crys­ (pi. 3) in place of Baroch Limestone. talline. Beds are a few inches to 5 feet thick, in The cliff-forming Samana Suk Limestone is dark places platy with shale partings. The upper member gray to brownish gray and dense to very finely crys­ is 485 feet thick and is composed of dark-gray or talline. Beds are 5 to 10 feet thick, well jointed, and brownish-gray limestone which is dense to very have pitted surfaces. At Marai Bala the formation finely crystalline, in places coarsely crystalline and is 505 feet thick. The basal 25 feet consists of platy oolitic. Beds are a few inches to 3 feet thick. Both the limestone; the uppermost beds are oolitic and in lower and upper members contain layers of mega- places contain Foraminifera (Bolivina, Rotalia, Nau~ fossil fragments, suggesting shallow-water deposi­ tiloculina oolithica) and megaf ossil fragments. tion. The members form steplike scarps. The upper contact of the Samana Suk Limestone At Mazari Tang, only the upper member of the with the Chichali Formation is unconformable and Datta Formation is exposed and is in contact with in places is marked by an irregular ferruginous Cretaceous rocks; Upper Jurassic beds are absent weathered surface. (pi. 2). The Datta Formation at Mazari Tang is 602 feet thick and is composed of brownish- to yellowish- CRETACEOUS SYSTEM gray, dense to very finely crystalline limestone in beds a few inches to 3 feet thick. The limestone has CHICHALI FORMATION thin shale partings toward the bottom and contains The Lower Cretaceous Chichali Formation, for­ layers of megafossil fragments. merly known as the Belemnite beds (Oldham, 1892, A red shale f acies believed to be of the Datta For­ p. 19) or Belemnite shale, was named by Danilchik mation is present near Sulaiman Khel, about 7 miles (1961) from exposures at Chichali Pass in the Sur­ southwest of the Marai Bala section. A sandstone ghar Range. and shale facies of the Datta Formation is present This formation is well exposed at the Mazari Tang on the north-central flank of the Kohat Range. section. It is 92 feet thick and is composed of dark- A cross section (pi. 3) drawn from the Marai Bala green coarse-grained soft sandstone containing glau- section southward approximately 50 miles correlates conite. The formation is crowded with belemnites, the Datta Formation there with that measured and and A. N. Fatmi (oral commun., 1965) of the Geo­ described by Walter Danilchik and S. M. I. Shah logical Survey of Pakistan has collected diagnostic (unpub. data, 1965) in the Surghar Range. The Early Cretaceous ammonites. Datta Formation in the Surghar Range consists of The outcrop of the formation is often stained yel­ interbedded sandstone and shale; at Marai Bala it is lowish brown. It forms a slope and bench above the mostly limestone. cliff-forming Jurassic limestones. The upper contact of the Datta Formation with The upper contact of the Chichali Formation is the Samana Suk Limestone is conformable except at conformable with the Lumshiwal Sandstone. Mazari Tang, where apparently the Samana Suk Limestone is absent and the Datta Formation is in LUMSHIWAL SANDSTONE unconformable contact with Cretaceous Chichali The Lower Cretaceous Lumshiwal Sandstone was Formation. The upper contact at Mazari Tang con­ named by Gee (1945) from a type locality in the tains very ferruginous casts and replicas of re­ Salt Range. The correlation of this formation with worked belemnites and ammonites, suggesting an the Khadimak sandstone in the Parachinar quad­ erosion surface. rangle was suggested by the authors. The Strati- D10 GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PAKISTAN graphic Committee of Pakistan (1964a), in Febru­ the authors in the Marai Bala, Mazari Tang, and ary 1964, agreed that the Lumshiwal Sandstone is Uch Bazaar sections of the Kohat quadrangle (pis. equivalent to the Khadimak sandstone, and that the 2,3). name Khadimak, proposed much later, should be At Marai Bala, the limestone is 400 feet thick and dropped. is described in three units. The lower unit is 50 feet At Marai Bala, the Lumshiwal Sandstone is 450 thick and consists of brownish-gray hard thick- feet thick and is composed mostly of very hard bedded (beds as much as 10 ft thick) limestone. It quartzose sandstone which is generally white but in breaks into thin sharp plates, which give a metallic places is stained brown. The sandstone is fine to me­ sound when struck with a hammer. The base of this dium grained, in beds as much as 6 feet thick. The unit is sandy, fossiliferous, and glauconitic. The beds are cut by two sets of well-developed joints and middle unit is 270 feet thick and consists of light- to typically break into large blocks. About 70 feet below dark-gray dense hard thin-bedded (3 in. to 1 ft) the top of the formation is a very ferruginous con­ limestone, which breaks with a conchoidal fracture cretionary bed 10 feet thick, which, upon weather­ and contains shale partings. It weathers into nod­ ing, breaks into small blocks. This ferruginous band ules. The upper unit is 80 feet thick and is transi­ has been observed near Fort Lockhart in the Samana tional into overlying Paleocene beds. It is composed Range, about 17 miles southwest of the Marai Bala of nodular argillaceous limestone that grades up­ section. Black carbonaceous shale and brownish- ward into light-gray calcareous shale. Globotruncana green soft medium-grained sandstone constitute the sp. has been found in the Darsamand Limestone at upper 20 feet. At Marai Bala, the upper contact of Marai Bala up to the middle of the upper transition the Lumshiwal Sandstone with overlying Cretaceous zone. In general, the Darsamand Limestone is slope rocks seems to be unconformable and contains abun­ forming. dant limonitic fossil casts, indicating that the sur­ At the Mazari Tang section (pi. 2), on the east face was exposed to weathering before deposition of side of the Kohat quadrangle, the Darsamand Lime­ the overlying beds. stone is 195 feet thick and consists of light-gray to The Lumshiwal Sandstone at the Mazari Tang gray dense argillaceous thin-bedded (beds a few section is 224 feet thick and differs in character from inches thick) limestone, which weathers into semi- the white very hard quartzose sandstone of Marai nodular pieces. Weathered outcrops of the limestone Bala. The basal 81 feet is grayish-brown fine-grained appear pale blue and chalky and form slopes. Its well-sorted hard sandstone, containing beds a few upper contact with overlying Paleocene rocks is inches to 1 foot thick; it weathers to brownish green. transitional. Overlying this sandstone is 38 feet of light-brown to At the Uch Bazaar section, only the upper 200 feet white sandstone that is medium grained, well sorted, of the Darsamand Limestone was measured. The hard, and composed of quartz grains. The next limestone is gray finely crystalline, hard, and mas­ higher part of the Lumshiwal Sandstone is 86 feet sive and forms a cliff. There is a facies change from of greenish-brown to brown fine-grained hard thin- bedded limestone with shale partings at Marai Bala bedded flaggy sandstone. At the top of the formation, to massive limestone at Uch Bazaar (pi. 2). The a 19-foot-thick zone is transitional with the overly­ upper surface of the Darsamand Limestone at Uch ing Upper Cretaceous Darsamand Limestone. The Bazaar is weathered, which suggests a local uncon­ bottom of this zone is greenish-gray calcareous glau- formity with overlying Paleocene rocks. conitic sandstone that grades upward into grayish- The Darsamand Limestone is absent in the Makar- brown to brown sandy, glauconitic limestone. The wal area of the Surghar Range, where the Lower unconformity evident at the top of the Lumshiwal Cretaceous Lumshiwal Sandstone is in contact with Sandstone at Marai Bala was not seen at Mazari overlying Paleocene rocks (pi. 3). There may have Tang. been tectonic uplift after the deposition of the Lum­ shiwal Sandstone in the Surghar Range area, so that DARSAMAND LIMESTONE Darsamand Limestone was not deposited.

The name Darsamand Limestone is proposed for PALEOCENE SERIES Upper Cretaceous rocks exposed at the locality of HANGU FORMATION Darsamand, about 18 miles west of the Kohat quad­ rangle in the Parachinar quadrangle (Meissner and The name Hangu sandstone was proposed by others, 1973). This unit has also been recognized by Davies (1930, p. 9) for the sandstone formation STRATIGRAPHY OF KOHAT QUADRANGLE, PAKISTAN Dll overlying Upper Cretaceous limestone north of brownish-gray dense to very finely crystalline lime­ Hangu. This sandstone sequence can be seen at the stone that is medium bedded (!/2-3 ft) and partly Uch Bazaar section, 2 miles north of Hangu, but it nodular to seminodular. The top unit is 54 feet becomes limestone and shale, in places containing thick and is composed of light-brownish-gray silty sandstone, northward and eastward in the Kohat limestone, dense to very finely crystalline, thin quadrangle (pi. 2). Lateral facies changes of the bedded, and nodular. The Hangu Formation at Hangu sandstone to limestone and shale were ob­ the Mazari Tang section contains diagnostic Paleo- served by the authors, who have changed the name cene Foraminifera. to Hangu Formation to include lateral lithologic The Hangu Formation is correlated with the Dhak changes. The Stratigraphic Committee of Pakistan Pass Formation in the Surghar Range (pi. 3). The (1964b), in their April 1964 meeting, accepted the base of the Dhak Pass Formation is approximately name Hangu Formation to replace the name Hangu at the base of the "Makarawal coal" seam (Gee, sandstone. At the same time, the Committee dis­ 1938, p. 279-295), as defined by Walter Danilchik cussed the relationship of the Dhak Pass Formation and S. M. I. Shah (unpub. data, 1965). The coal of the Surghar Range and the Hangu Formation. seam was not found in the Hangu Formation in the They decided that although both formations occupy Kohat quadrangle. the same Stratigraphic position, they are lithologic- The upper beds of the Hangu Formation are con­ ally distinguishable from each other; therefore, both formable with the overlying Lockhart Limestone. formations are to be recognized in their respective areas. LOCKHART LIMESTONE The Uch Bazaar section contains about 215 feet of The Lockhart Limestone was named by Davies sandstone in the Hangu Formation, which is white (1930, p. 10) from exposures near Fort Lockhart, but stained rusty brown and is composed of rounded about 5 miles west of the border of Kohat quadran­ medium-sized quartz grains and small limonitic nod­ gle. This formation is recognized in the Kohat quad­ ules. It is crossbedded and contains conglomerate rangle and described from the Marai Bala, Uch Ba­ lenses composed of quartz and chert pebbles one- zaar, Tarkhobi, and Mazari Tang sections. quarter to one-half of an inch in diameter. Davies The Lockhart Limestone has a fairly uniform lith- (1930, p. 9) described 2 to 20 feet of yellow fossilif- ology in each section but differs considerably in erous clay at the top of the Hangu Formation, which thickness. Only the basal part was examined in the he called the Hangu Shale; this clay was not seen at Marai Bala section, where the limestone is brownish Uch Bazaar. gray and forms steep cliffs. It is medium crystalline, At the Marai Bala section, the Hangu Formation thick bedded, hard, oolitic, and contains Foramini­ is entirely shale, 150 feet thick, overlying the Paleo- fera. At Uch Bazaar, the limestone is about 150 feet cene-Cretaceous transition zone. The remarkable thick, dark gray to black, finely crystalline, massive, change from the crossbedded sandstone at Uch Ba­ hard, and has a blocky appearance because of joints. zaar to this light-gray, hard and splintery, highly At the Tarkhobi section, the exposed thickness of the calcareous shale is possibly indicative of a change to Lockhart Limestone is 453 feet; the base cannot be deposition in deeper calmer waters at Marai Bala. seen, and the total thickness is unknown. It is light At the Mazari Tang section, the Hangu Formation to dark gray, finely crystalline, massive, hard, and is 587 feet thick and is composed of limestone, silty contains Foraminifera. The name Tarkhobi Lime­ and argillaceous in part, and subordinate calcareous stone was proposed by Eames (1952, p. 166) for the clay. The bottom unit is 294 feet thick and is com­ thick limestone exposed at the Tarkhobi section. Re­ posed of brownish-gray to dark-gray finely to gional work indicated that the Lockhart Limestone coarsely crystalline limestone that is very hard, com­ is equivalent to Eames' Tarkhobi Limestone. The pact, thick bedded (2-30 ft), and cliff forming; it name "Lockhart" takes precedence over Tarkhobi. has a strong fetid odor when freshly broken. Above At Mazari Tang, the Lockhart Limestone is 533 feet this unit is 96 feet of calcareous clay, fossiliferous thick, light brown, and gray to dark gray, dense to limestone, and mottled-brown, yellow, and greenish- finely crystalline, thick bedded, and hard. It is well gray argillaceous limestone. The argillaceous lime­ jointed, contains Foraminifera, and forms a sheer stone is soft, earthy looking, and thin bedded. The cliff. The rock has a strong fetid odor when freshly fossiliferous limestone is gray, medium to coarsely broken. crystalline, and hard. The next higher unit is 143 The Lockhart Limestone weathers in places into feet thick and is composed of fossiliferous light- rounded nodules and is brecciated, as was observed D12 GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PAKISTAN by Davies (1930, p. 10) in the lower part of the for­ unit is 225 feet thick and consists of gray, brownish- mation near Fort Lockhart. Here he called it Hangu gray, or dark-gray finely crystalline to medium- Breccia, which is now included in the Lockhart crystalline thick-bedded nodular limestone. The third Limestone. unit consists of more silty limestone that is 102 feet The authors correlate the Lockhart Limestone thick, mottled brownish gray, earthy, argillaceous, with the Khairabad Limestone (Gee, 1935, p, 67) in thin bedded, nodular, and very fossiliferous. The top the Surghar Range (fig. 2). The Stratigraphic Com­ unit is 139 feet thick and is composed of light- to mittee of Pakistan (1964b) resolved, in their April dark-brownish-gray fossiliferous limestone that is 1964 meeting, that the two formations are equivalent finely crystalline and hard. Beds are as much as 5 and that the term Lockhart Limestone should be feet thick. The rock has a strong fetid odor when extended to include the Khairabad Limestone (pi. 3). freshly broken. The exposed part of the Patala For­ The upper contact is conformable with the Patala mation at Mazari Tang is entirely of Paleocene age. Formation. The Patala Formation is conformable with the overlying Panoba Shale at the Panoba section. PALEOCENE AND EOCENE SERIES PATALA FORMATION EOCENE SERIES The name Patala Formation has been derived PANOBA SHALE from the name Patala shales that Davies and Pin­ The Panoba shales were named by Eames (1952, fold (1937, p. 7) applied to rocks in the Patala Nala p. 167, 169), and the Stratigraphic Committee of in the Surghar Range. The authors correlated the Pakistan has recommended the formal name Panoba Tarkhobi Shales of Eames (1952, p. 166-167) with Shale. Eames' type locality is a section near Panoba the Patala shales in the Kohat area but, because of village on the east side of the Kohat quadrangle (fig. considerable lithologic variation, proposed the name 3). At Panoba, the shale is 335 feet thick and is Tarkhobi Formation. The Stratigraphic Committee greenish gray to light olive, slightly silty, soft, and of Pakistan (1964b) in April 1964, decided to accept calcareous near the base. The Panoba Shale has also the earlier used name, Patala, instead of Tarkhobi; been measured at Uch Bazaar and Tarkhobi and is hence the name Patala Formation for these rocks. partly exposed in the cores of eroded anticlines at The Patala Formation in the Kohat quadrangle is the Mami Khel, Sumari Payan, Shekhan Nala, and described from the Uch Bazaar, Tarkhobi, Panoba, Chilli Bagh sections (pis. 2, 3). The formation dif­ and Mazari Tang sections (pi. 2). At Uch Bazaar, fers in thickness from section to section and has a the formation is partly covered, and at Panoba and maximum thickness of 525 feet at Uch Bazaar. In Mazari Tang, incomplete sections are exposed. A places, the shale contains thin arenaceous limestone complete sequence of the Patala Formation is ex­ beds and brownish-gray medium-grained calcareous posed at Tarkhobi, where 447 feet of gray splintery sandstone. Early Eocene Foraminifera have been shale contain beds of silty shale and argillaceous identified (E. B. Fritz, U.S. Geol. Survey, written limestone. The limestone beds contain Foraminifera. commun., 1964). The shale contains limonite concretions and weath­ The Panoba Shale is correlated with the lower ers to white. Eames (1952) found early Eocene two-thirds of the lower Eocene Sakesar Limestone Foraminifera near the top of the Patala Formation that crops out to the south in the Surghar Range at Tarkhobi and there drew a faunal break; the (pi. 3); this indicates a lateral facies change from fauna below this break are Paleocene in age, and, shale to limestone. Between the Panoba Shale out­ above it, Eocene in age. Eames subdivided the Eo­ crops in the north and the Sakesar Limestone in cene part into Calcareous Alternations, Irregularis the south, however, is a belt of outcrops in which Bed, and Black Shales. No lithologic break between gypsum overlies rock salt. The partly exposed rock the Eocene and Paleocene parts of the Patala For­ salt occupies the cores of eroded anticlines in the mation can be recognized in the field. same Stratigraphic position as the Panoba Shale The exposed thickness of the Patala Formation in to the north. This suggests that the rock salt in the Mazari Tang section is 604 feet. Its upper part part is a lateral facies of the Panoba Shale; this is in fault contact with Cretaceous limestone. The facies relationship is described under the heading bottom unit of the Patala is 138 feet thick and is "Bahadur Khel Salt and Jatta Gypsum." composed of mottled brown, yellow, and gray silty The top of the Panoba Shale is conformable with limestone that is highly fossiliferous and weathers overlying Eocene beds except on the west side of the into nodular and seminodular pieces. The next higher quadrangle (pi. 2). STRATIGRAPHY OF KOHAT QUADRANGLE, PAKISTAN D13

SHEKHAN LIMESTONE BAHADUR KHEL SALT AND JATTA GYPSUM

The Shekhan Limestone was named by Davies Large deposits of rock salt and gypsum in the (1926, p. 207) for outcrops in Shekhan Nala, just Kohat quadrangle, Gee's (1945, p. 305) Kohat Saline east of the town of Kohat. In 1952, Eames (p. 167, Series, seem to be lateral f acies of the Panoba Shale 169) subdivided the Shekhan Limestone into four and Shekhan Limestone, respectively. units: Lower Shekhan Limestone, Middle Shekhan The rock salt is named the Bahadur Khel Salt Limestone, Upper Shekhan Limestone, and Gypsifer- from exposures in the Bahadur Khel salt quarry ous Beds. These subdivisions were not recognized by (lat 33°09'54" N., long 70°59'53" E.), about 51 miles the authors in the regional geologic mapping. south of the town of Kohat. This is just west of the At the type section in Shekhan Nala, the Shekhan Kohat quadrangle. The gypsum is named the Jatta Limestone is 177 feet thick and is composed of yel­ Gypsum from exposures in the Jatta salt quarry lowish-gray to gray, massive to thin-bedded nodular (lat 33°18'34" N., long 71°17'30" E.), about 26 miles limestone, except for the uppermost 30 feet which is south-southwest of the town of Kohat in the Kohat gypsiferous shale. The Shekhan Limestone has been quadrangle. measured also in the Panoba and Mami Khel sec­ In the northern belt of Eocene rock outcrops in the tions; an incomplete section was measured at Tark- Panoba, Tarkhobi, and Shekhan Nala sections, the hobi, and the formation is exposed at the base of the Panoba Shale and overlying Shekhan Limestone crop South Gumbat section (pis. 2-4). At the Tarkhobi out in the cores of eroded anticlines. South of this section, the upper 204 feet of the formation was area, at the Jatta and Bahadur Khel salt quarries, measured, where it is composed of interbedded gray the cores of eroded anticlines are occupied by the limestone and gray, yellowish-gray, or greenish-gray Bahadur Khel Salt, which is overlain by the Jatta shale. At the Panoba section, the Shekhan Limestone Gypsum. The Mami Khel Clay overlies the Shekhan is 235 feet thick. The lowest 90 feet consists of lime­ Limestone in the north and the Jatta Gypsum in the stone containing shale partings. The next higher 50 south (pi. 4). feet consists of dusky-yellow fossiliferous shale, and The Mami Khel section, between the northern and the uppermost 95 feet is limestone containing thin southern outcrops described above is unique in that layers of gypsum 30 feet below the top. The lime­ it contains 140 feet of Jatta Gypsum overlying 86 stone is yellowish gray to gray, dense, thin bedded feet of limestone and shale of the Shekhan Limestone to massive, nodular, argillaceous, and contains abun­ The Jatta Gypsum is overlain by the Mami Khel dant Foraminifera. Clay, and the Shekhan Limestone is underlain by At the South Gumbat section, only the upper part the Panoba Shale (pi. 4). This suggests that the of the Shekhan Limestone is exposed, where it is equivalent of the Shekhan Limestone to the south is composed of yellow and green gypsiferous shale and gypsum. At Jatta, no Shekhan Limestone is found, gypsum. At Mami Khel, the Shekhan Limestone is and the Jatta Gypsum is underlain by the Bahadur overlain by a thick bed of gypsum (refer to descrip­ Khel Salt. The position of the Bahadur Khel Salt tion of Jatta Gypsum). The upper part of the Shek­ under the Jatta Gypsum at Jatta suggests that the han Limestone at Mami Khel is composed of yellow salt may be a f acies of the Panoba Shale (pi. 3). The and greenish-yellow shale similar in appearance to base of the Bahadur Khel Salt in most places is not that found in the middle of the formation at Panoba exposed. During fieldwork near Khumari on the west (pi. 4). The lower part of the formation is light-gray side of the Kohat quadrangle, an outcrop was found finely crystalline limestone that is hard, massive, and in which a thin bed of Jatta Gypsum is underlain by foraminiferal. a thin bed of Bahadur Khel Salt, which is in turn The Shekhan Limestone is correlated with the underlain by the Panoba Shale (Meissner and others, upper third of the Sakesar Limestone in the Surghar 1973). This sequence is overlain by the Mami Khel Range (pi. 3). The formation pinches out northwest­ Clay. This outcrop reveals that where the Bahadur ward and is not found in the Chilli Bagh, Sumari Khel Salt is thin, a considerable thickness of Panoba Payan, and Uch Bazaar sections (pi. 3). Shale is found below it. However, at Bahadur Khel, Early Eocene Foraminifera have been identified where 1,590 feet of the rock salt was penetrated by from samples of the Shekhan Limestone (E. B. drilling (Meissner and others, 1973), this thickness Fritz, oral commun., 1963). The upper contact of the may possibly represent at least a part of Panoba formation is conformable with overlying Eocene Shale equivalent. beds. The Jatta Gypsum has greenish-white to gray D14 GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PAKISTAN layers and is bedded to massive and hard. It has thin KOHAT FORMATION red, purple, and green clay partings and weathers to gray. Thicknesses range from a few feet to 140 feet The authors proposed the name Kohat Limestone or more. The Bahadur Khel Salt has a maximum ex­ for the predominantly limestone sequence overlying posed thickness of 320 feet. It is white with a black the Mami Khel Clay in the Kohat quadrangle. This tinge, bedded to massive, and contains some clear sequence is the uppermost Eocene formation in the salt crystals. quadrangle. However, the Stratigraphic Committee The upper contact of the Bahadur Khel Salt with of Pakistan (1964b) in April 1964 decided to adopt the Jatta Gypsum is conformable. The upper contact the formal name Kohat Formation for this sequence of the Jatta Gypsum with the Mami Kehl Clay is because the unit becomes mostly shale to the east, in also conformable. the Campbellpore quadrangle. The Kohat Formation, as defined by the Committee, is the upper formation CHHARAT GROUP of the Chharat Group and is composed of three mem­ MAMI KHEL CLAY bers : The name Mami Khel Clay was proposed by the 1. The lower member, the Kaladhand Member, in­ authors on the basis of field observations. The type cludes the Kohat shales of Davies (1926) and locality is the Mami Khel section, about 2 miles the three subdivisions of the Kohat shales. north of Mami Khel village (fig. 3). The Strati- 2. It is herein proposed to name the middle member graphic Committee of Pakistan (1964b) in April the Sadkal Member, from exposures (lat 1964 accepted the formal name Mami Khel Clay to 33°35' N., long 72°37' E.) near the community include the Crimson Clays, Planorbis Beds, Chalky of Sadkal, 1 mile northwest of the village of Dolomite, and Ostrea Alternations of Eames (1952, Fatehjang in the Campbellpore quadrangle, p. 167-168). The committee, furthermore, created east of the Kohat quadrangle. This member the name Chharat Group, which includes the Mami includes the Nummulitic shales of Pinfold Khel Clay and the overlying Kohat Formation. (1918, p. 151). At the type locality, the Mami Khel Clay is 406 It is difficult to identify the Sadkal Member feet thick and consists of clay which is brownish red in the field; the member is easily recognized to red, soft, silty, and calcareous. It contains thin only in the northeastern part of the Kohat beds of mottled purple, yellow, and white sandstone quadrangle where it is a shale. Elsewhere in near its top. No fossils were found in samples taken the quadrangle it is limestone and may gen­ at this section, but early Eocene Foraminifera, Gau-> erally be recognized only where localities are dryina spp., Eponides spp., Cibicides spp., and Lock- found containing very large number of Num- hartia spp. (huntil) were found in samples taken mulites. from the same formation in the Chilli Bagh section, 16 miles north of Mami Khel. 3. The upper member is named the Habib Rahi The Mami Khel Clay differs in thickness, and a Limestone Member. This name has recently little in lithology, from section to section. Plates 2-4 been designated by the Stratigraphic Commit­ show that these thicknesses change from 54 feet at tee of Pakistan (1964b) to replace the name Panoba to 406 feet at Mami Khel. To the west, at Kohat Limestone of Davies (1940, p. 202; the Uch Bazaar section, the Mami Khel Clay is ab­ 1943). As defined by the Committee in the sent (pis. 2 and 3). In addition to sandstone, the April 1964 meeting, the Habib Rahi Limestone formation in places contains thin beds of limestone Member is traceable from the Kohat quadran­ and conglomerate lenses. gle to Rakhi Nala in Waziristan, and from The Mami Khel Clay was not recognized by Walter there to the Sui area. Danilchik and S. M. I. Shah (unpub. data, 1965) in A typical measured exposure of the Kohat Forma­ the Surghar Range, and its absence there is prob­ tion is the South Gumbat section, 6.5 miles south­ ably the result of erosion rather than nondeposition west of the village of Gumbat, which is about mid­ (pi. 3). According to Danilchik (oral commun., way on the Kohat-Khushalgarh Highway in the east- 1965), red clay resembling the Mami Khel Clay is central part of the quadrangle. At this section, the found in protected depressions and pockets elsewhere Kaladhand Member is 300 feet thick and is composed along the Surghar Range. of light-gray limestone which is medium to coarsely The upper contact of the Mami Khel Clay is con­ crystalline, hard, compact, and thin bedded. The formable with the overlying Kohat Formation. limestone contains thin shale beds, especially in the STRATIGRAPHY OF KOHAT QUADRANGLE, PAKISTAN D15 lower part. Abundant Foraminifera are present, in­ MURREE FORMATION cluding the diagnostic early Eocene fossils Orbito- lites complanatus, Alveolina oblonga,(1), Linderina The Murree series was first named and mapped by burgesi, and Assilina pustulosa. The Kaladhand Wynne (1874, p. 66) at Murree (lat 33°54' N., long Member in this section is cliff-forming, but in places 73°27' E.) in Rawalpindi District. The first use of where it contains more shale beds, it forms a steep the term "formation" rather than the term "series" slope. The Habib Rahi Limestone Member at South to identify these rocks is unknown, but Murree For­ Gumbat is 290 feet thick and is composed of cream- mation has been accepted by the Stratigraphic Com­ colored, or very light yellowish-brown, and in places mittee of Pakistan as the formal name. pink, limestone, which is coarsely crystalline, hard, The Murree Formation is composed of sandstone, compact, and thick bedded to massive. The upper 10 siltstone, and shale and generally has a high per­ feet is shattered and brecciated. It contains early centage of sandstone and siltstone. The sandstone is Eocene Foraminifera. The member forms ridges dark grayish brown, greenish gray, and in places throughout the belt of Eocene rocks in the Kohat purple; it is medium to coarse grained or conglom­ quadrangle. eratic. The shale is purple or reddish brown. Thick The Kaladhand Member becomes more massive sections are found in the northeastern part of the from east to west in the Kohat quadrangle; on the Kohat quadrangle in the vicinity of Cherat, but at west side the Kaladhand and Habib Rahi Limestone Banda Daud Shah, in the southwest, the formation Members are similar. This is true at the Uch Bazaar is possibly a maximum of 30 feet thick. section, where the basal 150 feet of the Kaladhand The Murree Formation was measured at Banda Member is thin bedded and the remaining approxi­ Daud Shah and Hukni (pi. 5). It increases in thick­ mately 300 feet is massive. The main distinguishing ness from about 30 feet at Banda Daud Shah to 640 feature is the light-brown to cream coloration of the feet at Hukni (pi. 5). Habib Rahi. Correlation of the Murree Formation southward The Habib Rahi is quite consistent in lithology to the Surghar Range is not clear (pi. 3). There are from place to place but ranges in thickness from 50 no rocks in the Kohat quadrangle that seem equiva­ feet in the Chashanna Ghunda section to 510 feet in lent to the Oligocene Mitha Khatak Formation, the Sumari Payan section. named by Walter Danilchik and S. M. I. Shah (un- The Kohat Formation is absent in the Surghar pub. data, 1965) from outcrops in Mitha Khatak Range (pi. 3) where, if it was deposited, it has been Gorge. The Murree Formation is not found above the completely eroded away. Mitha Khatak, and it apparently was never de­ The Sirki Shale was the name given by Eames posited. (1952, p. 168) to a small 15-foot-thick exposure of The Murree Formation is conformable with the Eocene shale overlying the Kohat Formation near overlying Kamlial Formation. Sirki Paila (lat 33°27' N., long 71°3' E.). The shale is brown and contains beds of impure limestone. This KAMLIAL FORMATION shale development is seen only in the vicinity of The Kamlial Formation was originally named the Sirki Paila and is impractical to map regionally. Kamlial stage by Pinfold (1918, p. 154) for rocks at The upper contact of the Kohat Formation is un- Kamlial (lat 33°17' N., long 72°35' E.). Lewis conf ormable with the overlying Miocene Murree For­ (1937, p. 200) referred to the same rocks as the mation. There is generally a thin conglomerate bed Kamlial Formation. The formal name Kamlial For­ at this contact which is composed of pebbles of lime­ mation was accepted by the Stratigraphic Commit­ stone of the Kohat Formation in a matrix of sand­ tee of Pakistan (1964a) in February 1964. stone of the Murree Formation. In places a bed of At Banda Daud Shah in the Kohat quadrangle, the ball-like concretions is just above the top of the Kamlial Formation is 1,725 feet thick and at Hukni, Kohat Formation. 23 miles to the east, it is 2,005 feet thick (pi. 5). MIOCENE SERIES Three units are recognized at the two sections, but all three are not known to exist throughout the quad­ RAWALPINDI GROUP rangle. The bottom unit is about 600 feet thick and The Stratigraphic Committee of Pakistan (1964b) is composed of sandstone which is mostly greenish created the formal name Rawalpindi Group. This gray but in places is gray. It is medium grained, has group is of Miocene age and comprises the Murree abundant mica and dark mineral grains, is cross- Formation and the overlying Kamlial Formation. bedded, and contains conglomerate lenses. Sandstone DIG GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PAKISTAN layers are as much as 250 feet thick. The sandstone Lewis (1937, p. 200) referred to the same rocks as contains a few beds of brownish-red and purple silty the Chinji Formation. clay. The middle unit is also about 600 feet thick and The Chinji Formation is described in four units at is composed of interbedded sandstone, silty clay, silt- the Banda Daud Shah section. In the Hukni section, stone, and claystone. The sandstone is light gray, three of these units can be seen, but the uppermost fine to coarse grained, and contains conglomerate one is apparently absent. The bottom unit is nearly lenses. It also contains abundant mica flakes and 1,300 feet thick at Banda Daud Shah and more than dark mineral grains. This unit forms hogback ridges 1,000 feet thick at Hukni. It consists of interbedded as much as 100 feet high. The silty clay, siltstone, sandstone, silty clay, and siltstone. The sandstone is and claystone are reddish brown and nodular. The gray or brownish gray, is crossbedded, and is made top unit is about 500 feet thick at Banda Daud Shah up of grains ranging in size from fine to very coarse. and about 800 feet thick at Hukni. It is composed of It weathers into large spheroidal pieces. Continuous sandstone, which is greenish gray to grayish green sandstone layers are less than 100 feet thick. The or light gray, medium to coarse grained, and cross- silty clay is either brown or grayish red, or in places bedded. It contains conglomerate lenses and scat­ is purple and nodular. The siltstone is brownish gray tered pebbles. The top unit also is micaceous and and is interbedded with laminated silty clay. The contains abundant dark mineral grains. Clay beds in sandstone beds of the Chinji Formation erode easily, the unit are mottled brown, gray, and green. The and the formation is typically a valley or slope sandstone forms hogback ridges as much as 250 feet former. high. Above this unit is another about 850 feet thick at At Banda Daud Shah, a 10° angular discordance Banda Daud Shah and 950 feet thick at Hukni, com­ was observed between the topmost beds of the Kam- posed of sandstone containing beds of siltstone and lial Formation and the basal beds of the overlying silty clay less numerous than in the unit below. The Chinji Formation. A conglomerate bed 4 feet thick sandstone is grayish yellow at the base and "salt and is found just above this contact in the base of the pepper" at the top. Grain size is fine to coarse, and Chinji Formation. Evidence for this unconformity the sandstone is less crossbedded than that in the has not been seen at Hukni; in the Surghar Range underlying unit. It contains conglomerate beds and to the south, however, an unconformity is likely. In abundant black, green, and red mineral grains, and the Chichali Gorge, which bisects the Surghar Range it weathers into reddish-brown rubbly material. The a few miles east of the section shown on plate 3, a silty clay is red or brownish red and nodular, and zone at the base of the Chinji Formation contains the siltstone is laminated and colored like the sand­ pieces of what may be sandstone of the Kamlial For­ stone. At Banda Daud Shah, about 200 feet above the mation. This may be part of the eroded and rede- base of this unit or about 1,500 feet above the base posited debris of at least a partial section of the of the formation, bone fragments and a lower jaw Kamlial Formation. The unconformity seems more complete with teeth were found and later identified certain at the top of the Kamlial at Banda Daud by D. H. Dunkle (Smithsonian Inst. oral commun., Shah, and erosion prior to deposition of the Chinji 1963) as the remains of the mastodon Tetralophodon Formation apparently progressed farther in the falconeri. This species lived exclusively during Plio­ Surghar Range than in the Kohat region to the cene time, and this find established the age of the north. Chinji Formation, at this point in the section. PLIOCENE SERIES The next higher unit in the Chinji Formation is SIWALIK GROUP about 600 feet thick at Banda Daud Shah and is 700 feet thick at Hukni, where it is the uppermost unit. The Stratigraphic Committee of Pakistan (1964b) Like the unit below, it is sandstone, siltstone, and adopted the name Siwalik Group and defined it to silty clay, but it has recognizable distinguishing fea­ include the Chinji Formation as the lowermost unit, tures. The sandstone is gray and brownish gray and the Nagri Formation as the middle unit, and the has rare "salt and pepper" beds. The fine to coarse Dhok Pathan Formation as the top unit. grain size is like that of the unit below, but the beds are lenticular and made up of 1-inch layers in long CHINJI FORMATION sweeping crossbeds. The siltstone is brownish gray, The Chinji Formation was originally named the and the silty clay is brownish red. Chinji stage by Pilgrim (1913, p. 267) for the type The topmost unit at Banda Daud Shah, which is section at the village of Chinji in the Salt Range. apparently absent at Hukni, is mostly silty clay and STRATIGRAPHY OP KOHAT QUADRANGLE, PAKISTAN D17

claystone containing yellowish-gray medium- to thick, and its top is in fault contact with Eocene coarse-grained sandstone at the base. Pale-grayish- rocks. It is predominantly light-gray fine-grained red to mottled-grayish-brown and olive silty clay and crossbedded sandstone. Beds are 20 to 100 feet thick claystone are interbedded with pale-yellowish-brown and form low ridges. Interbedded clay is silty, gray­ argillaceous siltstone. ish red and weathers to brownish red. At Hukni the lowermost unit is mostly sandstone, NAGRI FORMATION gray, "salt and pepper," coarse grained, and con­ The Nagri Formation was originally named the glomeratic. Beds range in thickness from 50 to 300 Nagri stage by Pilgrim (1913, p. 267, 318, 321) from feet. The sandstone is interbedded with grayish- rocks near the village of Nagri (lat 32°40' N., long brown, reddish-brown, yellowish-brown silty clay, 72°14' E.). Lewis (1937, p. 199) refers to these same which is partly nodular. The next higher unit is rocks as the Nagri Formation. The Stratigraphic 2,454 feet thick and consists of interbedded sand­ Committee of Pakistan has accepted the name Nagri stone and clay. The sandstone is greenish gray and Formation for the middle formation of the Siwalik gray, or in places, "salt and pepper," and has the Group. Four units of the Nagri Formation have been "brick wall" appearance found at Totaki. It is cross- recognized at the Totaki section and three units, at bedded and contains lenses of conglomerate. Beds the Hukni section, but none of the units could be range in thickness from 50 to 300 feet and form correlated between the two sections (pi. 5). cliffs and ridges. The beds of clay are like those of At Totaki, the Nagri Formation is 12,675 feet the lowermost unit. The top unit is 545 feet thick thick, which at first seemed excessive to the authors and is composed of sandstone and clay. At its base is as compared with the 4,834 feet exposed at the a conglomerate and cobble bed about 40 feet thick. Hukni section. A careful check was made to deter­ The sandstone is greenish gray, and the clay is red, mine whether the Totaki section was repeated by reddish brown, and yellow. At Hukni, the top of the folding or faulting, but no evidence of either was Nagri Formation is placed at the base of a thick found. conglomerate sequence of cobble beds of the Dhok The basal unit of the Nagri Formation at Totaki Pathan Formation. The cobbles are mostly metamor- is 4,305 feet thick and consists of alternating sand­ phic and igneous rocks in a sandy matrix. stone and clay; sandstone is predominant. The sand­ The Nagri Formation in the Surghar Range to the stone is light gray, "salt and pepper," brownish gray south (originally called the Dangot sandstone) is and greenish gray. It is fine to coarse grained, cross- about 6,600 feet thick and is mostly sandstone unlike bedded, and at places is highly jointed. Weathering the sandstone and shale of the Totaki and Hukni sec­ along the joints in sandstone ridges produces a tions. On the north flank of the Surghar Range, just "brick wall" appearance, and, upon disintegration of north of the southern border of the Kohat quadran­ the ridges by weathering, the sandstone breaks into gle, the north-dipping Nagri Formation sandstone rounded blocks. Continuous sandstone layers range forms a high jagged mountain front. from 5 to more than 300 feet in thickness but com­ monly are 50 to 100 feet thick. The steeply dipping DHOK PATHAN FORMATION sandstone forms* hogback ridges. The next higher The Dhok Pathan stage was named by Pilgrim unit is 4,810 feet of very light gray or gray sand­ (1913, p. 278, 307) after a village in the Scan River stone and clay. The sandstone is medium to coarse (lat 33°7' N., long 72°14' E.), east of the Kohat grained, crossbedded, and jointed. The beds are 5 to quadrangle. Lewis (1937, p. 198) referred to these 180 feet thick and form low ridges. The clay is dark same rocks as the Dhok Pathan Formation, and the brownish red to grayish red, silty, and has nodular Stratigraphic Committee of Pakistan has accepted layers. The next higher unit is 3,145 feet of inter- Lewis' name as the formal name for this formation, bedded clay and sandstone, clay being more abun­ the uppermost one of the Siwalik Group. dant than sandstone. The clay is brown, grayish red, The Dhok Pathan Formation was not measured or orange. It is silty and contains hard layers. The but has an estimated exposed thickness of 5,500 feet sandstone is light gray or brownish red, sometimes on the north flank of an anticline approximately 6 greenish. It is fine to coarse grained, and beds range miles southeast of the Totaki section (lat 33°07' N., in thickness from 5 to 300 feet. The sandstone con­ long 71°09' E.). The lower 2,400 feet of exposed tains conglomerate lenses. About 300 feet above the rocks in the north flank of this anticline consists base of this unit is an ash-colored bed made up of mostly of sandstone which is light gray, "salt and muscovite flakes. The uppermost unit is 415 feet pepper," coarse grained, and soft. The sandstone is D18 GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PAKISTAN

Thickness very micaceous and contains conglomerate lenses. (feet) The upper 3,100 feet of exposed rocks consists of Kohat Formation (Eocene) : about 70 percent sandstone and 30 percent clay. The Habib Rahi Limestone Member: sandstone is light gray, coarse grained, and soft. The Unit K. Limestone, light-brown to cream, clay is light reddish brown or gray. The uppermost massive except for top 20 feet, aphani- beds of the Dhok Pathan Formation contain more tic, hard. Top highly fossiliferous. Sam­ beds of conglomerate than the underlying beds. ples K22 and K21 yielded early Eocene fossils: Dictyoconus spp., Miliolidae, At the Hukni section, the base of the Dhok Pathan Orbitolites complanatus, Alveolina ellip­ Formation consists entirely of igneous and meta- tica, Alveolina spp. (crushed). Mode­ morphic cobbles which are bedded conformably with rately fossiliferous at bottom. Forms the underlying Nagri Formation and the overlying cliffs ______-____ 130 sandstone and clay beds of the Dhok Pathan Forma­ Sadkal Member and Kaladhand Member Unit J. Limestone, gray, aphanitic to finely tion. crystalline, massive, hard, fossiliferous. Just north of Jhamat, on the north flank of the Sample J20 yielded early Eocene fossils: Jhamat anticline (lat 33°18' N., long 71°55' E.), Dictyoconus spp., Alveolina spp. cobble beds are interbedded with soft, white sand­ (crushed), Asterigerina rotula _ 161 stone and orange clay similar to that of the Dhok Unit I. Limestone, dark-gray to brownish- gray, finely crystalline, massive, hard. Pathan Formation in the eastern part of the Kohat Contains abundant large early Eocene. quadrangle. Foraminifera: Samples 119, 118, and 117 No formation younger than the Dhok Pathan For­ yielded: Orbitolites, Alveolina spp., Dic­ mation has been studied, although many parts of the tyoconus spp., Asterigerina rotula, Lock- quadrangle are covered with surficial materials. hartia hunti, Linderina brugesi, Num­ mulites spp., Dictyoconoides vredenburgi, Nummulites biharyensis, N. mamillal MEASURED SECTIONS Assilina granulosa, A. pustulosa _ _ 140 Unit H. Limestone, mottled gray and Fourteen outcrop sections were measured, sam­ brown, irregular earthy appearance, pled, and described by the authors; two sections were thin-bedded (6 in. or less). Highly fos­ measured earlier by Rizvi and Khan (1955); and one siliferous; lower Eocene. Sample H16 section was adapted from a description by Eames yielded Alveolina elliptical Flosculina (1952). The Kohat Pass road section was sampled in globosa, Asterigerina rotula, Nummul­ ites mamilla, Assilina aff. A. sub- detail but could not be measured because of complex daviesi ______39 folds and faults. All sections studied are described Unit G. Covered interval ___ 60 separately below. All fossil identifications were by Unit F. Limestone, gray with brown specks E. B. Fritz, formerly of the U.S. Geological Survey. aphanitic, interbedded thick and thin Where diagnostic fossils were not found in the sam­ beds; early Eocene fossils. Samples ples, age classifications made by earlier workers in F15 and F14 yielded: Dictyoconus, Milio­ the Kohat District have been used. lidae, Alveolina oblonga, Dictyoconoides vredenburgi ___ __ 50 Unconformity (?). UCH BAZAAR Panoba Shale (Eocene): [The Uch Bazaar section (lat 33°33' N., long 71°03'30" E.) is just Unit E. Shale, grayish-green to brownish- south of the viilage of Uch Bazaar and 2 miles north of the village green, soft, loose, in places silty and cal­ of Hangu (pis 2, 3). The section was measured and sampled during the period October 31-November 3, 1961, by C. R. Meissner, J. M. careous. At 532 feet from the top is a thin- Master, M. A. Rashid, and Muzaffar Hussain] bedded arenaceous brownish-gray limestone Thickness containing layers of soft brownish-gray marl. (feet) At the top is a sticky red calcareous clay in­ Muree Formation (Miocene) : terbedded with brownish-green shale. Forms Unit L. Sandstone, brownish-gray to gray, fine- slope and valley. Early Eocene fossils. Sam­ to medium-grained; 6-inch conglomerate bed ples E9, Ell, E12, and E13, yielded Eponides at the base, matrix composed of calcareous spp., Cibicides spp., Globorotalia aequa, G. Murree Formation and grit containing pieces aff. G. whitei, Nummulites spp., Assilina of Murree Formation and underlying Kohat pustulosa ______528 Formation limestone. Early Eocene detrital Contact not seen. fossils: Dictyocomis spp., Miliolidae, Orbito- Patala Formation (Paleocene and Eocene): lites complanatus, Alveolina elliptica_Not measured Not exposed. This zone should contain upper Paleo­ Unconformity (angularity 17°). cene and lower Eocene shales ______200? STRATIGRAPHY OF KOHAT QUADRANGLE, PAKISTAN D19

Thickness Thickness (feet) (feet) Lockhart Limestone (Paleocene) : Kohat Formation Continued Unit D. Limestone, dark-gray to black, finely Sadkal Member and Kalahand crystalline hard, massive. Two sets of joints Member Continued give blocky appearance on the cliff face. Unit D. Shaly limestone, olive-gray to gray, Weathers into rounded nodules, surface looks finely crystalline, hard, thin-bedded; "brecciated." Fetid odor. Fossiliferous; lower beds shaly and silty. Early Eocene Paleocene. Sample D6 yielded Lockhartia fossils; samples D7 and D8 yielded hunti, Miscellanea spp. ______148 Dictyoconus spp., Miliolidae, Orbitolites Hangu Formation (Paleocene) : complanatus, Cibicides spp., Lockhartia Unit C. Sandstone, white, weathers to rust- hunti, Ostracoda ___--_ __ 26 brown, medium-grained, rounded quartz Unit E. Limestone, dark-gray to medium grains, contains small iron nodules; cross- gray, finely crystalline, thin-bedded. bedded; siliceous cement. Lenses of conglom­ Early Eocene fossils; sample E9 yielded Dictyoconus spp., Miliolidae, Orbitolites, erate composed of quartz and chert pebbles ranging in size from l x/4 to Vz inches ___ 218 Alveolina spp., Lockhartia hunti _ 24% Unit F. Top is silty sandstone, brownish- Unconformity; contact sharp; iron concretions. gray, thin-bedded, calcareous, highly Darsamand Limestone (Cretaceous) : f ossiliferous; at top about 12 feet of Unit B. Limestone, brownish-gray to cream, silty shale, greenish-brown, yellow- finely crystalline, hard; no fossils seen; forms weathering, soft, calcareous, very thin- cliff ______32 bedded. Lower two-thirds sandstone, Unit A. Limestone (incomplete section), gray, medium-gray, fine-grained, hard, cal­ finely crystalline, hard, massive; forms cliff; careous, thin-bedded, has silty bands; fossiliferous; Upper Cretaceous. Samples Al forms ridge. Early Eocene fossils; sam­ and A2 yielded Globotruncana spp ______166+ ples Fll and F12 yielded Dictyoconus spp., Miliolidae, Alveolina spp., Dictyo- MAMI KHEL conoides vredenburgi ______47 Unit G. Limestone, brownish-gray, me­ [The Mami Khel section (lat 33°22'05" N., long 71°11'58" E.) is 1^ dium-gray, medium-crystalline, thin- miles northeast of the village of Mami Khel (pis. 3, 4). The section bedded. Fossiliferous (nondiagnostic) _ 9% was measured and sampled during the period November 6-9, 1961, by J. M. Master, C. R. Meissner, Muzaffar Hussain, and M. A. Rashid] Unit H. Covered interval ______34 Mami Khel Clay (Eocene): Thickness (feet) Unit I. Limestone; upper part white, chalky, Murree Formation (Miocene): massive; lower part dark-gray, finely crys­ Unit A. Sandstone, light- to dark-brownish-red, talline, massive ______- 25 gray tinge, fine- to coarse-grained, hard; Unit J. Clay, brownish-red to red, soft silty, calcareous. About 40 feet from the top are conglomerate 3 feet thick at base has cobbles two thin (5 ft ±) sandstone beds inter- of Kohat Formation limestone as large as 9 bedded with red clay; the upper bed is stained inches in a matrix of Murree gravel. Early purple, the lower one red. Forms valley and Eocene (?) reworked fossils: Orbitolites, slope. No fossils seen; two samples (J17 Alveolina oblongal, Linderina b rug e s i, and J18) barren. ______406 Lockhartial spp., Nummulites aff. 2V. mamilla ______Not measured Jatta Gypsum (Eocene) : Unit K. Gypsum, greenish-white to gray; par­ Unconformity. tings of red and purple clayey material in Kohat Formation (Eocene). upper beds; weathers to gray; thin-bedded, Habib Rahi Limestone Member: banded, hard, compact; lower part brown, Unit B. Limestone, cream to dark-gray crystalline, massive, hard; unfossiliferous __ 140 weathers to brown, finely crystalline, Shekhan Limestone (Eocene): hard massive; forms cliff. Early Eocene Unit L. Shale, greenish-yellow to yellow, soft, fossils; sample B3 yielded Dictyoconus thin-bedded, calcareous; iron-stained brown spp., Miliolidae, Orbitolites complanatus, in places. Early Eocene fossils; samples Alveolina ______63 L23 and L24 yielded N onion micra (two speci­ Sadkal Member and Kaladhand Member: mens), Globorotalia aequa, Globorotalia Unit C. Limestone, gray to olive-gray, aff. G. aragonensis _ _ 54 surface brown, finely crystalline, nodular Covered interval _ 17 appearance; lower bed silty and shaly; Unit M. Limestone, light-gray, finely crystalline forms slope. Early Eocene fossils; sam­ to aphanitic, hard, massive; forms ridge. ples C5 and C6 yielded Dictyoconus spp., Highly f ossiliferous, lower Eocene; sample Miliolidae, Orbitolites complanatus, Alve­ M25 yielded: Orbitolites complanatus frag­ olina spp., Globogerina, Dictyconoides ments, Alveolina spp., Flosculina globosa, vredenburgil ______Globorotalia spp _ 32 D20 GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PAKISTAN

Thickness Thickness (feet) (feet) Panoba Shale (Eocene): Mami Khel Clay (Eocene) Continued Unit N. Shale, greenish-gray, soft, loose (base Unit H Continued of section partial exposure). Early Eocene band of platy pink, translucent to white, fossils; sample N26 yielded: Eponides spp., sucrosic gypsum. Early Eocene fossils; sam­ Globorotalia quadratal ______-Not measured ples H16 and H17 yielded Gaudryina spp., Orbitolites complanatus, Eponides spp., Cibi­ CHILLI BAGH cides spp., Lockhartia spp., Nummulites [The Chilli Bagh section (lat 33°35'20" N., long 71°16' E.) is 1 mile spp., megafossil fragments 294 southeast of the Chilli Bagh police station and half a mile south of the Unconformity. Kohat Creek (pis. 2, 3). The section was measured during November 9- Panoba Shale (Eocene) : 10, 1961, by C. R. Meissner and M. A. Rashid] Thickness Shale, gray, greenish-gray, soft ___ --Unmeasured (feet) SOUTH GUMBAT Muree Formation (Miocene) : Covered with talus, contact not visible ______-Not measured [The South Gumbat section (lat 33°26'45" N, long 71°35' E.) is 5 miles Kohat Formation (Eocene) : southwest of the village of Gumbat (pi. 4). The section was measured during the period November 20-22, 1961, by J. M. Master, M. A. Habib Eahi Limestone Member: Rashid, and Muzaffar Hussain] Unit A. Limestone, light-brown, light- Thickness gray, cream, in places pink; aphanitic (feet) to finely crystalline, hard, thick bedded Murree Formation (Miocene) : to massive; shattered; irregular rubbly Unit E. Sandstone, dark brownish-red to purple, upper surface; calcite veins. Sparsely hard, fine- to coarse-grained, interbedded fossiliferous, lower Eocene; samples Al, with red clay ______Not measured A2, A3, and A4 yielded Dictyoconus spp., Unconformity. Orbitolites mamillal, Alveolina spp., Kohat Formation (Eocene): Flosculina globosa, Asterigerina rotulal, Habib Eahi Limestone Member: Linderina brugesi ______57 Unit D. Limestone, cream, coarsely crys­ Sadkal Member and Kaladhand Member: talline, hard, compact, thick-bedded to Unit B. Limestone, brownish-gray, finely massive; has calcite veins in shattered crystalline, hard; bottom part, dark-gray, rubbly top; weathered surface brown; soft, flaggy, and thin-bedded. Early ridge-forming. Early Eocene fossils; Eocene fossils; samples B5 and B6 sample D5 yielded Dictyoconus spp., yielded Dictyoconus spp., Orbitolites aom- Miliolidae, Orbitolites complanatus, Alve­ planatus, Asterigerina rotulal, Num- olina spp ______290 mulites spp., Assilina pustulosa ____ 67 Sadkal Member and Kaladhand Member Unit C. Covered interval ______90 Unit C. Limestone, light- to medium-gray, Unit D. Limestone, brownish-gray, aphani­ coarsely crystalline, hard, thin-bedded; tic, hard, thin-bedded (6 ft or less). shale partings, lower part more shaly; Sparsely fossiliferous ___ __ 182 forms ridge. Contains abundant early Unit E. Limestone, brownish-gray to gray, Eocene fossils: samples C4 and C3 finely crystalline, hard, thin-bedded, in- yielded Orbitolites complanatus, Alve­ terbedded with mottled brown soft cal­ olina spp., Alveolina oblongat, Cibicides careous siltstone and fossiliferous silty spp., Linderina brugesi, Nummulites limestone. Early Eocene fossils; samples spp ______300 E8, E9, E10, Ell, E12, and E13 yielded Mami Khel Clay (Eocene): Dictyoconus spp., Cibicides spp., Lock- Unit B. Clay, brick-red to dull-red, soft, silty, hartia spp., Nummulites sp., Ostracoda, poorly stratified, calcareous; forms slopes; megafossil fragments ______135 unfossiliferous(?) ______390 Unit F. Shale, mottled, silty, calcareous; Shekhan Limestone (Eocene): soft; abundant early Eocene fossils; sam­ Unit A. Shale, yellowish-green, in part yellow, ples F14, F14a, and F14b yielded Clavu- soft to hard; at places contains banded or lina spp., Robulus spp., Eponides spp., laminated hard gypsum layers; forms low Cibicides spp., Lockhartia spp., Nummi- ridge; unfossiliferous(?) ______Not measured lites spp., Assilina granulosa, A. pustu- losat, Ostracoda ______90 SUMARI PAYAN Mami Khel Clay (Eocene): [The Sumari Payan section (lat 33°26'30" N., long 71° 18' E.) is 1% Unit G. Dolomite, cream-colored, chalky ___ 12 miles southeast of the village of Sumari Payan (pi. 3). The section was measured during the period November 27-29, 1961, by J. M. Unit H. Clay, brick-red to dull-red, silty and Master, and Muzaffar Hussain] calcareous; contains brownish-gray, gritty, Thickness hard, thin-bedded, calcareous, highly fossili­ (feet) ferous sandstone layers: conglomerate lenses Murree Formation (Miocene): at the base contain chert and quartz pebbles Unit E. Sandstone, dark-brown, medium- as large as 2 inches. Clay has a 1-inch-thick grained ______Not measured STRATIGRAPHY OF KOHAT QUADRANGLE, PAKISTAN D21

Thickness Thickness (feet) (feet) Kohat Formation (Eocene) : Chinji Formation (Pliocene) Continued Habib Rahi Limestone Member: Unit F Continued Unit D. Limestone, cream-colored, medium- red minerals; weathers rubbly; interbedded crystalline, hard, thick-bedded (2% ft with reddish-brown nodular silty clay and or more); veined with calcite; weathered laminated siltstone. At 615 feet from the top surface shattered and rubbly; forms of Unit F, the jawbone, with teeth in place, ridge. Highly f ossilif erous; lower of a mastodon, Tetralophodon fal&oneri, was Eocene; sample D4 yielded Dictyoconus found in a conglomerate bed. Loose pieces of spp., Orbitolites complanatus, Alveolina teeth and bone fragments were also found. spp., crushed, Nummulites spp ______508 According to D. H. Dunkle, Smithsonian In­ Sadkal Member and Kaladhand Member: stitution, this animal lived exclusively in Unit C. Limestone, light-gray, medium- Pliocene time ______836 crystalline, hard, has calcite veins; Unit E. Sandstone, gray, brown, fine-grained to weathered surface gray with black conglomeratic, crossbedded, spheroidal tinge; contains shale partings; thin- weathering; contains layers of nodular silty bedded (6 in-2 ft); lower part more clay, brown to grayish-red, in part purple. shaly than upper part. Highly fossilif- In lower part(?) siltstone, brownish-gray, erous; lower Eocene; sample C3 yielded interbedded with laminated silty clay ____ 1,283 Miliolidae, Orbitolites complanatus, Alve­ Unconformity? (10° angularity). olina spp., Flosculina globosa ______345 Kamlial Formation (Miocene): Mami Khel Clay (Eocene): Unit D. Sandstone, greejmjh-gray to grayish- Unit B. Clay, dark-red to dull-red, soft, poor­ green, in part light-gray^medium- to coarse­ ly stratified, weathers to brownish-red; con­ grained, crossbedded; contains pebbles of tains a 1-foot-thick dark-red grit zone; un- limestone and sandstone as large as 2 inches; fossiliferous ______295 micaceous, has abundant dark-mineral grains, Unconformity. contains conglomerate layers; forms ridges; Panoba Shale (Eocene): in part clay, mottled brown, gray, and green. 483 Unit A. Sandstone bed at the top, brownish- Unit C. Sandstone, light-gray, fine- to coarse­ gray, medium-gray, medium-grained, hard, grained, thin-bedded, includes conglomerate thin-bedded (6 in-1 ft); calcareous, weathers lenses, micaceous, contains abundant dark- to dirty brown, underlain by shale, gray- mineral grains; a few beds are as much as green, soft. Highly f ossiliferous; lower 200 feet thick; forms ridges; in part reddish- Eocene; sample Al yielded Orbitolites com­ brown nodular silty clay, siltstone, and clay- planatus, Nummulites spp., megafossil stone ______604 fragments ______Not measured Unit B. Sandstone, greenish-gray, in part gray, BANDA BAUD SHAH medium-grained, crossbedded, micaceous; has [The Banda Baud Shah section (lat 33°15'30" N., long 71°11'10" E.) is abundant dark-mineral grains; includes con­ approximately 1 mile south-southwest of the village of Banda Daud glomerate lenses. At base is a thin (20 ft +) Shah (pis. 3, 5). The section was measured during the period November 27-December 4, 1961, by C. R. Meissner and M. A. Rashid] section of Murree Formation consisting of Thickness conglomerate at base, brownish-gray sand­ (feet) stone at top; conglomerate contains Kohat Nagri Formation (Pliocene): Formation limestone and sandstone peb­ Unit I. Sandstone, greenish-gray, medium- to bles ______668 thick-bedded (l%-6 ft); contains a 7-foot- Unconformity. thick conglomerate bed 25 feet from the bot­ Kohat Formation (Eocene) : tom; forms cliffs ______Not measured Habib Rahi Limestone Member: Chinji Formation (Pliocene): Unit A. Limestone, cream-colored, finely Unit H. Silty clay and claystone, pale-gray­ crystalline, hard, thick-bedded; shattered ish-red to mottled gray-brown and olive, in- irregular surface, rubbly looking. High­ terbedded with pale-yellowish-brown argilla­ ly f ossilif erous (unidentified). At the ceous siltstone; sandstone at base, yellowish- contact of the Murree Formation and gray, medium- to coarse-grained ______461 the Kohat Formation is a salt-water Unit G. Sandstone, gray and brownish-gray, spring ______Not measured rarely "salt and pepper," fine- to coarse­ grained, lenticular, thin-bedded (generally SOUTH LACHI 1 in. or less); long, sweeping crossbeds at [The South Lachi section (lat 33°21'25" N., long 71°18'38" E.) is 3 intervals; contains beds of brownish-gray miles southwest of the village of Lachi (fig. 3). The section was measured during the period December 4-5, 1961, by J. M. Master and siltstone, and brownish-red silty clay ___ 623 Muzaffar Hussain] Unit F. Sandstone, grayish-yellow at the base, Thickness "salt and pepper" at the top; fine- to coarse­ (feet) grained, less crossbedded than unit E; con­ Murree Formation (Miocene): glomerate beds; abundant black, green, and Unit A. Sandstone, purplish-brown, and red D22 GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PAKISTAN

Thickness Thickness (feet) (feet) Murree Formation (Miocene) Continued Patala Formation (Paleocene and Unit A Continued Eocene) Continued shale^ conglomerate at base; thin beds of Unit 0 Continued very coarse purplish-brown sandstone (4-8 valley. Highly f ossiliferous; Paleocene; sam­ in.)- Pebbles of limestone embedded in a ples 027 and 028 yielded Miliolidae, Lock- sandy matrix ______Not measured hartia huntit, Miscellanea miscella, M. Unconformity. stampil _ 102 Kohat Formation (Eocene) : Unit N. Limestone, gray to brownish-gray to Habib Rahi Limestone Member: dark-gray, finely crystalline to medium-crys­ Unit B. Limestone, cream-colored medium- talline, hard, medium- to thick-bedded (8 in- crystalline, thin-bedded (6 in-2 ft); 10 ft), nodular or seminodular; very faint lower part more shaly than upper part; fetid odor from fresh break; forms cliff. forms slope. Highly fossiliferous; lower Fossiliferous; Paleocene; samples N24, N25, Eocene; sample B2 yielded Dictyoc.onus and N26 yielded Miliolidae, Miscellanea mis­ spp., Orbitolites complanatus, Alevolina cella, M. stampi"!, Daviesinat spp 225 oblonga ______224 Unit M. Limestone, silty, mottled light-brown, yellow, and gray, hard; weathers into nodular Sadkal Member and Kaladhand Member: Unit C. Limestone, cream to gray, medium- and seminodular pieces; forms cliff. Highly f ossilif erous; Paleocene; sample M23 yielded crystalline, hard, thin-bedded, (6 in-2 Lockhartia hunti, Miscellanea miscella, mega- ft), shaly; lower part more shaly; forms slope. Highly ^jpusiliferous; lower fossil fragments _ 138 Eocene; sample C3 yielded Dictyoconus Lockhart Limestone: (Paleocene) spp., Orbitolites complanatus, Alveolina Unit L. Limestone, light-brownish-gray to dark- oblonga ______gray, aphanitic to very finely crystalline, very hard, thick-bedded (as much as 16 ft); has Mami Khel Clay (Eocene): two prominent sets of joints; surface pitted Unit D. Clay, dark-red to dull-red, soft, partly and corrugated; forms cliff. Paleocene fos­ stratified weathered surface brownish-red; sils; samples L20, L21, and L22 yielded unf ossilif erous (?) ______190 Lockhartial spp., Miscellanea 1! spp., Discocy- Jatta Gypsum (Eocene) : clina spp., Miscellanea miscella, M. stampit __ 533 Unit E. Gypsum; thickness not stratigraphic. Hangu Formation (Paleocene): The gypsum forms the core of an anticline Unit K. Limestone, silty, light-brownish-gray, and is exposed in repeated sequence for 481 aphanitic to very finely crystalline, thin- feet from flank to flank. The gypsum is bedded, hard, nodular; weathers to earthy earthy, yellowish green, very thin, evenly brown; forms slope. Contains minute fossil bedded, contains green and yellow beds; casts; Paleocene fossils; sample K19 yielded weathered surface hard and green, contains Miscellanea miscella, M. stampil _ 54 nondiagnostic fossils ______481 Unit J. Limestone, light-brownish-gray, aphani­ Unit F. Repeated Mami Khel Clay ____Not measured tic to very finely crystalline, hard, compact, MAZARI TANG medium-bedded (1-3 ft), nodular to semi­ nodular, faint fetid odor on fresh break; [The Mazari Tang section (lat 33°45' N., long 71°56'30" E.) is 1 mile weathers earthy; forms small cliff. Crowded east-northeast of the village of Mazari Tang (pi 2). The section was measured during the period December 7-9, 1961, by C. R. Meissner with Paleocene fossils; samples J17 and J18 and M. A. Rashid] yielded Lockhartia spp., L. hunti, Miscellanea Thickness miscella, M. stampil ______143 (feet) Unit I. Calcareous clay and argillaceous lime­ Cretaceous (?) : stone, mottled brown, yellow, and greenish- Unit Q. Limestone, grayish-brown to brown, gray, soft, earthy-looking, thin-bedded (a few crystalline, thin-bedded, chalky_____Not measured inches); has beds of limestone, gray, medium Thrust fault. to coarsely crystalline, hard; forms depres­ Patala Formation (Paleocene and Eocene): sion. Coral (?) pieces in calcareous clay; Unit P. Limestone, light- to dark-brownish- Paleocene fossils; samples 115 and 116 yielded gray, finely crystalline, hard, medium-bedded Miscellanea miscella ______96 (5 ft or less); fetid odor on fresh surface; Unit H. Limestone, brownish- to dark-gray, fine­ weathers into square or irregular blocks as ly to coarsely crystalline, very hard, medium- large as 5 feet, surface cavernous, pitted, to thick-bedded (2-30 ft); fetid odor on fresh corrugated; forms ridges. Crowded with surface; forms ridge. Paleocene fossils dis­ Paleocene fossils; samples P29 and P30 tributed in certain zones; samples H13 and yielded Miscellanea miscella, M. stampil _ 139 H14 yielded Opertorbitolites douvilleit, Unit 0. Limestone, mottled light-brownish-gray, Lockhartia hunti, var. pustulosa, Miscellanea earthy; argillaceous and silty at bottom; top miscella ______294 part, thin-bedded (few inches to 2 ft), hard, Darsamand Limestone (Cretaceous) : nodular, weathered surface earthy; forms Unit G. Argillaceous limestone, light-gray to STRATIGRAPHY OP KOHAT QUADRANGLE, PAKISTAN D23

Thickness Thickness ffeet) (feet) Darsamand Limestone (Cretaceous) Continued Jatta Gypsum (Eocene): Unit G Continued Unit B. Gypsum, green with brown layers, gray, dense, hard, thin-bedded (as much as massive; shaly toward base; fossiliferous 83 a few inches); weathers into seminodular Bahadur Khel Salt (Eocene): pieces; outcrop color pale blue, chalky look­ Unit A. Rock salt, white with black coloration, ing; forms slope. Fossils: (top) Paleocene; massive, transparent at some places Not measured sample G12 yielded Globorotalia spp., Lock- hartia hunti, Miscellanea spp., Kathina spp.; HUKNI (bottom) Late Cretaceous; sample Gil yielded Globotruncana spp. (double keeled)_ 195 [The Hukni section (lat 33°14'30" N., long 71°35'30" E.) is 6 miles east of the village of Shakardarra (fig. 3) and 1% miles north-north­ Lumshiwal Sandstone (Cretaceous): east of the village of Jabli. The section was measured during the Unit F. Transitional zone: top part sandy lime­ period December 28, 1961-January 1, 1962, by J. M. Master, Muzaffar, stone, grayish-brown to brown, glauconitic; Hussain, and M. A. Rashid] bottom part sandstone, greenish-gray, cal­ Thickness careous. Late Cretaceous fossils; sample (feet) F10 yielded Globigerina spp., Globotruncana Dhok Pathan Formation (Pliocene): spp ______19 Unit H. Thick boulder beds consisting of 80 Unit E. Sandstone, greenish-brown, fine­ percent boulders as much as 9 inches in grained, hard, thin-bedded and flaggy, diameter and 20 percent sand ____-Not measured slightly calcareous _ _ _ 86 Nagri Formation (Pliocene) : Unit D. Sandstone, light-brownish-white (lami­ Unit G. Sandstone and clay, interbedded; sand­ nated brown and white), medium-grained, stone, greenish-gray, coarse-grained, beds 20 well-sorted, hard; composed of quartz grains; to 100 feet thick, some layers contain pebbles weathers soft, forms slight ridge ______38 (4 in. or less) composed of quartz, limestone, Unit C. Sandstone, grayish-brown, fine-grained, and sandstone; 14 feet from the base is a thin-bedded (few inches to 1 ft); weathers conglomerate with a boulder bed (80 percent to brownish green and has surface the color boulders and pebbles, 20 percent sandstone); of malachite ______81 clay, light-brick-red to reddish-brown, in Chichali Formation (Cretaceous): places yellow, sandy in part, nodular, cal­ Unit B. Sandstone, dark-green, coarse-grained, careous ______545 soft, friable, surface stained yellowish-brown; Unit F. Sandstone and clay, interbedded; sand­ zones of dark weathered glauconite; many stone, greenish-gray, in part gray, coarse­ belemnites and ammonites ______92 grained, in part gritty, crossbedded, beds 10 Unconformity. to 250 feet thick, scattered pebbles; con­ Datta Formation (upper member) (Jurassic) : glomerate beds as much as 15 feet thick con­ Unit A. Limestone, brownish-gray to yellowish- tain cobbles 2 to 8 inches in diameter; clay, gray, aphanitic to very finely crystalline, red or reddish-brown and yellow, generally thin-bedded (few inches to 3 ft); shale part­ sandy and silty ______2,454 ings toward bottom in a pale-red to brownish- Unit E. Sandstone and clay, interbedded; sand­ red thin-bedded zone (4 12 in.); outcrop yel­ stone, gray, "salt and pepper," coarse­ lowish brown; from distance looks like sand­ grained, soft, calcareous, micaceous, beds 10 stone. Surface of uppermost bed contains to 300 feet thick; clay, reddish-brown, in abundant ferruginous belemnites and places silty ______1,835 cephalopods ______602 Thrust fault. Chinji Formation (Pliocene): Mami Khel Clay(?) (Eocene): Unit D. Sandstone, siltstone, and silty clay, in­ Clay, greenish-red to red ______Not measured terbedded; sandstone, gray to greenish-gray, in places yellowish-green, fine- to coarse­ JATTA SALT QUARRY grained, interbedded with siltstone, beds a [The Jatta salt quarry section (lat 33°18'34" N., long 71°17'30" E.) a few inches to 250 feet thick, a few con­ is 6 miles southwest of the village of Lachi (pis. 3, 4). The section glomerate lenses; clay, pink or orange, silty was measured December 11, 1961, by J. M. Master and Muzaffar and sandy ______2,310 Hussain] ThicknesK Unit C. Sandstone, siltstone, and silty clay, in­ (feet) terbedded; sandstone, dark-brown, gray, and Kohat Formation (Eocene): "salt and pepper," medium- to coarse-grained Kaladhand Member: to conglomeratic, poorly sorted, beds 10 to Unit D. Limestone, light-gray, medium- 50 feet thick, crossbedded, interbedded with crystalline, hard; shale partings. Very yellowish-gray siltstone and red to brownish- fossiliferous (nondiagnostic) ___Not measured red silty clay 406 Mami Khel Clay (Eocene): Unconformity. Unit C. Clay, red to dull red, soft; sandstone Kamlial Formation (Miocene): beds in middle and at base. Nondiagnostic Unit B. Sandstone, clay, and silty clay, inter­ Radiolaria ______227 bedded; sandstone, greenish-gray to gray, D24 GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PAKISTAN

Thickness Thickness (feet) (feet) Kamlial Formation (Miocene) Continued Unconformity. Unit B Continued Lumshiwal Sandstone (Cretaceous): fine- to coarse-grained, fairly hard to soft, Unit D. Shale, black, carbonaceous, hard; and beds 50 to 100 feet thick, crossbedded, sandstone, brown-green, medium, calcareous, weathers into rounded and spheroidal surface, glaucontic, soft 20 some scattered pebbles and conglomerate Unit E. Sandstone, quartzitic, white, stained lenses; interbedded with reddish-brown silty brown, fine- to medium-grained; composed of clay and light- to dark-brownish-red, nodular quartz grains, very hard, but top beds softer; clay, both containing lenses of brownish-gray beds as much as 6 feet thick, breaks into big to gray sandstone ___ 765 blocks along two sets of well-developed joints; Unit A. Sandstone and clay, interbedded; sand­ concretionary iron band (10 ft thick) about stone, greenish-gray to gray, fine- to coarse­ 50 feet from top; forms cliff in part and grained, beds 25 to 250 feet thick, cross- slope in part ____ 440 bedded, fairly hard, has conglomeratic lenses; Chichali Formation (Cretaceous) : interbedded with grayish-red, purple, or Unit F. Covered slope _ 50 brownish-red calcareous, slightly silty clay 1,240 Unconformity. Murree Formation (Miocene): Samana Suk Limestone (Jurassic): Unit AA. Sandstone, siltstone, and shale, inter­ Unit G. Limestone, dark-gray, brown in places, bedded; sandstone, purple, dark-grayish- aphanitic to very finely crystalline, and hard; brown, or greenish-gray, medium- to coarse­ top beds oolitic, well-jointed, surface pitted. grained to gritty, interbedded with siltstone Nondiagnostic megafossils at intervals __ 480 and purple or reddish-brown shale _-_-_ 640 Unit H. Limestone, gray, aphanitic, shaly, very Unconformity. thin-bedded (4 in. or less) platy __ __ 25 Kohat Formation (Eocene): Datta Formation (Jurassic): Habib Rahi Limestone Member ______Not measured Upper member: Unit I. Limestone, dark- or brownish-gray, MARAI BALA has a brown tinge in places on outcrop, [The Marai Bala section (lat 33°44' N., long 71°09' E.) is 2% miles aphanitic to finely crystalline; very northwest of the village of Marai Bala (pis. 2, 3). The section was coarsely crystalline and oolitic in places; measured during the period February 1-3, 1962, by C. R. Meissner and M. A. Rashid] beds 1 inch or less to 3 feet thick, thin, Thickness platy, splintery layers; thicker beds form (feet) small steplike cliffs. Highly fossiliferous Lockhart Limestone (Paleocene): zones, Jurassic; samples 118, 119, 120, Unit A. Limestone, gray with brown tinge, 121, 122, and 124 yielded a rotaloid, medium-crystalline, hard, thick-bedded, Bolivina spp., and megafossil fragments 485 oolitic, forms cliffs. Abundant nondiagnostic Lower member: fossils in some layers ______Not measured Unit J. Limestone, dark-gray (top) to Hangu Formation (Paleocene) : dark-brownish-gray, aphanitic to very Unit Bl. Shale, light-gray, hard, splintery, very finely crystalline, hard and compact, beds calcareous, forms slope. Equivalent to Hangu a few inches to 5 feet thick, thin platy Sandstone(?) ______150 layers; top more shaly; forms slopes. Transitional zone, calcareous shale and nodu­ Bottom contains many fossils; sample lar limestone. Late Cretaceous fossils; sam­ J26 yielded nondiagnostic megafossil ple B3 yielded Globotruncana spp ______80 fragments ______695 Darsamand Limestone (Cretaceous): Thrust fault. Unit B2. Limestone, light-gray, hard, nodular, Paleocene (?) repeated at base of section __Not measured very argillaceous, conchoidal fracture, forms slope. Late Cretaceous fossils; sample B4 CHASHANNA GHUNDA yielded Globotruncana spp ______150 [The Chashanna Ghunda section (at 33°21'40" N., long 71°37' E.) is Unit B3. Limestone, light- to dark-gray, aphani- 1 mile east-southeast of the village of Chashanna Ghunda (fig. 3). The section was measured during the period February 1-3, 1962, by tic, hard, conchoidal fracture, thin-bedded J. M. Master and Muzaffar Hussain] (3 in-1 ft), has shale partings; weathers into Thickness nodules, forms slope. Late Cretaceous fossils; (feet) sample B5 yielded Globotruncana spp. Murree Formation (Miocene) : (double keeled) ______130 Unit A. Sandstone, dark-purple to red; clay, Unit C. Limestone, brown-gray, hard, thick- purple Not measured bedded (as much as 10 ft), breaks into thin Unconformity. sharp plates with metallic sound when struck; Kohat Formation (Eocene) : base is sandy, glauconitic, contains iron- Habib Rahi Limestone Member: coated fossil casts (pelecypods, gastropods). Unit B. Limestone, cream-colored, finely Unconformity at base. Late Cretaceous fos­ crystalline, compact, rubbly surface. sils; sample C6 yielded Globotruncana spp. Very fossiliferous; fossils not identi­ (double keeled) ______50 fied ______50 STRATIGRAPHY OF KOHAT QUADRANGLE, PAKISTAN D25

Thickness Thickness (feet) (feet) Kohat Formation (Eocene) Continued Nagri Formation (Pliocene) Continued Sadkal Member and. Kaladhand Member: Unit C Continued Unit B. Limestone, light- to medium-gray, mineral grains. Clay (30 percent), dark- finely to medium-crystalline, hard; con­ brownish-red to grayish-red, generally soft, tains thin calcite veins; weathers nodu­ but some layers hard and nodular, in places lar; shale partings; lower part more calcareous and silty _ 4,810 shaly. Very fossiliferous; lower Eocene; Unit B. Sandstone and clay, interbedded; sand­ samples B2 and B3 yielded Alveolina stone (70 percent), light-gray, "salt and elliptica, Eponides spp., new fauna, pepper," or brownish-gray to greenish-gray, Lockhartia huntil, Ostracoda, Gaveli- generally medium- to coarse-grained, but has nella spp ______368 a few very fine grained beds, beds 10 to 300 Mami Khel Clay (Eocene): feet or more thick, crossbedded, micaceous, Unit C. Clay, red to dull-red, poorly stratified, calcareous, contains abundant angular to sub- soft, slightly calcareous; contains a grit angular dark-mineral grains; generally re­ band 1 foot thick in lower half ______67 sistant to weathering, but joints impart Jatta Gypsum (Eocene): "brick-wall" appearance; certain beds Unit D. Gypsum and gypsiferous clay, green­ weather into subrounded or rounded blocks. ish-yellow to greenish-gray, soft ____Not measured Sandstone part of unit contains conglo­ merate lenses composed of rounded and sub- TOTAKI rounded pebbles of quartzite, chert, lime­ stone, and igneous rock; forms high ridges [The Toteki section (lat 33°13'40" N., long 71°04'30" E.) is 1^ miles west-northwest of the village of Totaki (pis. 3, 5). The section was or cliffs. Clay (30 percent), grayish- to measured during the period February 9-12, 1962, by C. R. Meissner reddish-brown, in places has green tinge or and M. A. Rashid] is mottled, silty, and calcareous; most beds Thickness are soft, and lumpy, a few have hard cal­ (feet) careous nodules _-_ - 4,305 Nagri Formation (Pliocene) : Chinji Formation (Pliocene) : Unit E. Sandstone and clay, interbedded; Unit A. Clay, brownish-red, dark-brownish-red, sandstone constitutes 80 percent of unit, grayish-red, or purple; soft, calcareous, and light-gray with green tinge, fine-grained, silty; interbedded with sandstone, gray, very soft, calcareous, well-sorted; beds 25 to green tinge, fine-grained, soft, calcareous, 100 feet thick, crossbedded; contains abund­ composed of quartz and black, brown, and ant black, green, and red mineral grains; green mineral grains; unit forms val­ weathers into large rounded and subrounded ley ______Not measured blocks, forms low hogback ridges ______415 Unit D. Clay and sandstone interbedded; clay DAG (60 percent), brown, brownish-red, grayish- red, brown, and orange; silty but in places [The Dag section (lat 33°51' N., long 71°48'40" E.) is just east of the village of Dag (pi. 2). The section 'was measured during the hard and calcareous; sandstone (40 percent), period February 18-20, 1962, by J. M. Master and Muzaffar Hussain] light-gray, light-brownish-gray, or brownish- Thickness red, has green tinge; beds 5 to 300 feet thick. (feet) At base of unit is layer about 10 feet thick Murree Formation (Miocene): of dark-brownish-red soft sandstone; about Unit E. Sandstone, dark-brown, hard __Not measured 280 feet up from base is thin ash-colored Unconformity. sandstone, fine- to coarse-grained, poorly Kohat Formation (Eocene) : sorted, crossbedded, soft, very calcareous Sadkal Member and Kaladhand Member: micaceous, containing angular and sub- Unit D. Limestone and shale; limestone, angular quartz grains and abundant dark- medium- to dark-gray, thin-bedded, mineral grains. Interbedded conglomerate sandy at the top, shale partings; in­ lenses composed of subangular to subrounded terbedded with shale, yellow, soft, fri­ pebbles of gray clay, sandstone, quartzite, able. Ostrea shells, early Eocene fos­ chert, limestone, and igneous rock in hard sils; samples D12 and Dll yielded calcareous sandy matrix. Reworked small Lockhartia hunti, Nummulites spp., Foraminifera of possible Eocene age ob­ Radiolaria, Ostracoda ______97 served in at least one conglomerate bed___ 3,145 Mami Khel Clay (Eocene) : Unit C. Sandstone and clay, interbedded; sand­ Unit C. Sandstone, brown, gritty, contains stone .(70 percent) very light gray to gray, fragments of chert in sandy matrix. Lime­ has slight green or brown tinge, medium- stone (8 ft) at base, brown _ _ _ 31 to coarse-grained, beds 10 to 150 feet thick, Unit B. Clay, purple to yellowish-brown, dull- poorly sorted, generally soft, calcareous, red, or mottled: Calcareous in part; loose crossbedded, jointed; consists mostly of and soft. At 36 feet from top is a 15-foot- angular to subrounded quartz grains and thick dark-brown sandstone ______109 abundant black, brown, green, and yellow Unconformity. D26 GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PAKISTAN

Thickness Thickness (feet) (feet) Lockhart Limestone (Paleocene): Patala Formation (Paleocene and Unit A. Limestone, gray to dark-gray, finely Eocene) Continued to medium-crystalline, hard, nodular; shale Unit 6 Continued partings in lower and upper parts, thick- samples yielded Globogerina prolata, Globo­ bedded where no shale partings; mottled rotalia aff. G. formosa, G. soldadoensis, G. shale zone about 12 feet thick at base; wilcoxensis, Lockhartia hunti, Nummulites contains calcite veins. Paleocene fossils; spp. Nummulites (narrow waist), Assilina sample Al yielded Miscellanea, spp. 128 spp., A. granulosa, A. pustulosa, Disco- Unconformity. cyclina. Attock Slate (Precambrian or Paleozoic): Lower part (base of section): shale; dark- Slaty shale, gray ______Not measured gray to black, calcareous, hard, thin-bedded; splintery, breaks into irregular pieces. Unit PANOBA not complete 147+ [The Panoba section (lat 33°36'25" N., long 71°54'02" E.) is ap­ proximately half a mile southeast of the village of Panoba (pis. 2, TARKHOBI 4). The section was measured (date unknown) by S. M. N. Rizvi and M. R. Khan, and the following descriptions have been adapted from [The Tarkhobi section (lat 33°35'30" N., long 71°50' E.) is near the their report] village of Tarkhobi (pi. 2). The section was measured (date un­ Thickness known) by S. M. N. Rizvi and M. R. Khan, and the following descrip­ (feet) tions have been adapted from their description] Kohat Formation (Eocene): Thickness Habib Rahi Limestone Member: (feet) Unit 1. Limestone, dark-gray, finely Shekhan Limestone (Eocene): crystalline, massive, nodular. Very fos- Unit 1. Limestone and shale; limestone (40 silferous, lower Eocene; sample yielded percent) gray, finely crystalline, hard, mas­ Orbitolites compla-natus, Alveolina ellip- sive to thin-bedded, nodular, contains shale tica, Flosculina globosa, Nummulites partings, ferruginous in part, surface has spp. Unit not complete _ __ 150+ rusty coating, argillaceous in part; fossili­ Sadkal Member and Kaladhand Member: ferous (Ostrea, in limestone), interbedded Unit 2. Limestone and shale; limestone, with shale (60 percent), greenish-gray, yel­ dark-gray, argillaceous, interbedded with lowish-gray, or gray breaks into small angu­ shale, yellowish-brown to dusky-yellow, lar pieces 200+ early Eocene fossils; sample yielded Unconformity (?): Limonitic concretion zone at Orbitolites Gomplanatus, Nummulites aff. contact. N. mamillal, Assilina granulosa ______197 Panoba Shale (Eocene): Mami Khel Clay (Eocene): Unit 2. Shale, greenish-gray to light-olive, cal­ Unit 3. Chalky dolomite 7 feet thick at top, careous, silty near base 212 11 feet of shale below ______18 Patala Formation (Paleocene and Eocene): Clay, purple to reddish-brown, containing a Unit 3. Upper part: shale, gray to brown, cal­ layer of limestone in the middle ______54 careous, limonitic, laminated; interbedded Shekhan Limestone (Eocene) : with silty shale and thin-bedded gray lime­ Unit 4. Limestone, yellowish-gray to gray, stone; fossiliferous (unidentified). Argilla­ aphanitic, massive to thin-bedded, nodular; ceous limestone and calcareous shale, gray has thin beds of gypsum 30 feet below top; to dark-gray; thin-bedded, limonitic. Lime­ 48 feet of dusky-yellow shale in middle of stone, brownish- to dark-gray, finely crys­ unit: limestone below shale contains shale talline, ferruginous, shale partings; fossili­ partings. Oil seep between gypsum beds at ferous (Nummulites irregularis and so forth) 121 top of unit. Lower contact marked by thin Lower part: shale, gray to dark-gray, thin- limestone concretion zone, may be unconform­ bedded, splintery, calcareous, contains beds ity. Very fossiliferous, lower Eocene; sample of silty shale and argillaceous limestone of bituminous gypsiferous shale yielded a (fossiliferous), limestone concretions, weath­ single early Eocene specimen of Globorotalia. ers to white. Basal 65 feet is calcareous Another sample yielded Assilina granulosa, shale and argillaceous limestone, gray to A. pustulosal, Discodylina spp. ______235 dark-gray, hard, ferruginous; limestone Panoba Shale (Eocene): brecciated; limestone slightly silty. Weathers Unit 5. Shale, greenish-gray to light-olive, cal­ blocky __ _ 447 careous near base, slightly silty and lami­ Lockhart Limestone (Paleocene) : nated; thin veins of calcite, stained yellow Unit 4. Limestone, light- to dark-gray, finely on surface in places ______335 crystalline, aphanitic, hard, massive, contains Patala Formation (Paleocene and Eocene): beds of brown limestone; weathers into Unit 6. Upper part: limestone, dark-gray, fine­ sharp pointed edges. Fossiliferous (unidenti­ ly crystalline, argillaceous, massive to thin- fied) ; upper part more ferruginous and fos­ bedded, shale partings. Paleocene fossils; siliferous than lower. Unit not complete__ 453+ STRATIGRAPHY OF KOHAT QUADRANGLE, PAKISTAN D27

SHEKHAN NALA gray sandstone at the base. Farther east about 22 Thickness miles, at the Mazari Tang section near the eastern (feet) border of the Kohat quadrangle, the only Jurassic [The Shekhan Nala section (lat 33°35'40" N, long 71°30'30" E.) is in Shekhan Nala (pi. 2). The following description has been adapted rock exposed is a part of the Datta Formation which from Eames (1952, p. 166-167, 170] is limestone with thin shale layers in the lower part. Murree Formation (Miocene): Covered ___-Not measured The predominance of limestone at the Marai Bala Kohat Formation (Eocene) : and Mazari Tang sections, both within the Kohat Habib Rahi Limestone Member: Unit 1. Limestone, cream, medium-crystal­ Range, as opposed to the predominance of clastic line, massive; surface rubbly; highly rocks on the flanks of the Kohat Range and else­ fossiliferous (Foraminifera) ______120 where in the region, suggests a more open marine Sadkal Member and Kaladhand Member: environment of deposition of the Lower Jurassic Unit 2. Shale and limestone, upper 190 Datta Formation in the area now occupied by the feet shale; highly fossiliferous (Nunimu- lites, abundant), underlain successively Kohat Range. This postulation is supported by the by 30 feet of limestone and 30 feet of fact that most of the outcrops of rocks of Jurassic shale ______250 age mapped within the Kohat Range are limestone. Mami Khel Clay (Eocene) : The Lower Cretaceous Lumshiwal Sandstone un­ Unit 3. Argillaceous limestone (15 ft) containing Ostrea. Dolomite (5 ft) dergoes a marked facies change from west to east. containing Planorbis at the base __ 20 On the west, it is pure quartzose sandstone, whereas Unit 4. Clay, dark-red to dull-red, soft, on the east only a fraction of this rock type remains, weathered surface brownish-red ____ 230 and most of the formation is glauconitic thin-bedded Shekhan Limestone (Eocene): ffaggy sandstone. This facies change suggests near- Unit 5. Upper 30 feet is gypsiferous shale; shore shelf deposition on the west, compared with remainder limestone, yellowish-g ray, massive to thin-bedded, nodular, con­ deeper water conditions on the east. There is an un­ tains fossils (unidentified) ______177 conformity between the Lower Cretaceous Lumshi­ Panoba Shale (Eocene) : wal Sandstone and the Upper Cretaceous Darsamand Unit 6. Shale, greenish-gray to light-olive, Limestone, except at the Mazari Tang section in the slightly silty, laminated. Unit not northeastern part of the region where the Lumshi­ complete ______200 + wal Sandstone is transitional to the overlying Dar­ SIGNBFICANT DEPOSITIONAL FEATURES samand Limestone. This also suggests a west-to-east basinward component in rocks of Cretaceous age. Tertiary formations in the crestal parts of the This direction of deposition, from west to east, is Gherat Mountains seem to overlie the Attock Slate also suggested by conditions at the contact between by original deposition, not by faulting; this suggests the Upper Cretaceous Darsamand Limestone and the that the Attock Slate forms the root of an ancient overlying Hangu Formation of Paleocene age. The platform, most of which may have been above water contact is found to be unconformable from the Uch level until Paleocene time. A thin cover of Tertiary Bazaar section westward, but transitional northward sediments was deposited on top of the Attock Slate, to Marai Bala and eastward to Mazari Tang. The and the region has since been elevated and partially Darsamand Limestone of Late Cretaceous age is ab­ eroded. sent in the Surghar Range far to the south. This The Lower Jurassic Datta Formation undergoes suggests that the Surghar Range was elevated dur­ lateral facies changes. In the Surghar Range, it is ing Late Cretaceous time and marks the southern a variegated (red, green, gray) rock sequence com­ limit of the basin at that time. posed of interbedded sandstone, shale, and limestone. An east and possibly north component direction of In the north, about 8 miles southwest of the Marai deeper waters is indicated by the Paleocene Hangu Bala section near the western border of the Kohat Formation. In the western part of the Kohat quad­ quadrangle, the Datta Formation is red shale in the rangle, the Hangu Formation is entirely sandstone, lower part, becoming limestone upward in the sec­ whereas at sections studied to the north and east, the tion. At Marai Bala, the Datta Formation is lime­ Hangu Formation becomes shale or limestone. The stone, but is slightly shaly in the lower part. About Dhak Pass Formation, equivalent to the Hangu For­ 35 miles due east of the Marai Bala section the Datta mation in the Surghar Range to the south, is sand­ Formation is exposed on the north flank of the Kohat stone. The overlying Paleocene Lockhart Limestone Range. Here, it is composed of very hard fissile acicu- is a very persistent marker bed, but it thickens lar variegated gray, brown, and red shale with dark- northeastward from the equivalent limestone section D28 GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PAKISTAN in the Surghar Range. In turn, the Paleocene and limestone deposition to the south, and evaporites in Eocene Patala Formation also becomes thicker to the the middle. Evidently, some physical barrier such as east and changes from shale to mostly limestone. A a reef had enclosed a part of the sea, causing the striking exception to this generalization is seen in extreme saline environment in which gypsum and the northeastern corner of the Kohat quadrangle, salt formed. where the thinnest section of Paleocene overlies At- The lower Eocene Mami Khel Clay, an excellent tock Slate. Apparently, during part of Paleocene marker bed found above the Shekhan Limestone or time, the Attock platform subsided, allowing for the Jatta Gypsum, is absent in the Surghar Range, prob­ deposition of at least a thin layer of Paleocene rocks. ably owing to erosion, because eastward from the The top of the lower Eocene Panoba Shale is Surghar in isolated depressions the Mami Khel Clay marked by an unconformity. At the Uch Bazaar is seen overlying gypsum. section, near the western boundary of the Kohat The top of the Kohat Formation (top of the lower quadrangle, the Panoba Shale is in contact with the Eocene) is marked by a widespread unconformity. overlying Kohat Formation, also of early Eocene Overlying the Kohat Formation is the Murree For­ age. This marks a hiatus, because in sections to the mation of Miocene age. The unconformity is largely east, first the Mami Khel Clay and then the Shekhan due to nondeposition of younger Eocene sediments, Limestone come between the Panoba Shale and Ko­ but some erosion also has taken place at the top of hat Formation. There seems to be a full thickness of the Kohat Formation. There is no upper Kohat For­ Panoba Shale at Uch Bazaar, so that the uncon­ mation (Habib Rahi Limestone Member) at Dag formity may reflect nondeposition rather than ero­ where the lower Eocene-Miocene unconformity is at sion. At the Dag section, however, on top of the the top of the lower Kohat Formation (Kaladhand Attock Slate, the Shekhan Limestone and Panoba Member); in the Surghar Range there is no evidence Shale are missing; this may result from erosion due that the Kohat Formation was ever deposited. In the to temporary uplift of that area. There are, there­ south-trending extension of the Surghar Range fore, two shorelines on the west-east line from Uch (Makerwal area), the top of the Sakesar marks an Bazaar to the Panoba section: that of the lower unconformity between the lower Eocene and the Eocene Mami Khel Clay between Uch Bazaar and Oligocene(?) Mitha Khatak Formation. This forma­ the Chilli Bagh section,- and that of the Shekhan tion, as described by Walter Danilchik and S. M. I. Limestone between Chilli Bagh and the Shekhan Shah (unpub. data, 1965), has not been found to the Nala sections. The strike of the "shorelines," as evi­ north; rather it correlates with the Kamlial Forma­ denced by work to the south, is approximately north­ tion in the Surghar Range north of the area mapped east, the basin being toward the south. The Panoba by Danilchik and Shah. Shale shows a remarkable facies change from north The edge of the Miocene basin (Murree Forma­ to south. Along the northern part of the Eocene belt tion) is near the southwestern part of the Kohat of rocks, the Panoba is shale; to the south its posi­ quadrangle. At Banda Daud Shah, there is almost tion is occupied by rock salt. In the Surghar Range, no Murree Formation; it increases in thickness in about 45 miles to the south, the Panoba Shale is the north and east part of the region where there are equivalent to part of the Sakesar Limestone. The extensive outcrops. The Murree Formation is sev­ area of the Surghar Range must have subsided from eral thousand feet thick at the town of Murree east the relatively high position that it occupied until of the Kohat quadrangle. Deposition took place in a Paleocene time. The presence of the thick Sakesar northeastward basinward direction again as op­ Limestone of early Eocene age indicates deposition in posed to the southward direction indicated in at open marine waters. least the early part of Eocene time. There is no The Shekhan Limestons in the northern part of Murree Formation in the Surghar Range, which the Eocene belt of rocks changes southward into must have been a positive area at the time of Mur­ gypsum (Jatta Gypsum) and salt within most of the ree Formation deposition. area of outcropping formations of Eocene age. At At Banda Daud Shah, the contact of the Kamlial the Surghar Range, the Shekhan Limestone corre­ Formation of Miocene age with the overlying Chinji lates with the upper part of the Sakesar Limestone. Formation of Pliocene age is believed to be uncon- The gypsum and salt were formed in an evaporitic formable. This unconformity extends down to the basin or arm of the sea during early Eocene time. It top of the Mitha Khatak Formation in the Makerwal is not understood at this time what conditions per­ area of the Surghar Range, where only eroded pieces mitted limestone and shale deposition to the north, of the Kamlial are found on top of the Mitha Khatak. STRATIGRAPHY OF KOHAT QUADRANGLE, PAKISTAN D29 At the top of the Nagri Formation of Pliocene age 1930, The fossil fauna of the Samana Range and at Hukni near the southeastern part of the region, a some neighboring areas; Part I, An introductory note: thick sequence of cobble beds is a lateral facies of India Geol. Survey Mem., Palaeontologia Indica, new ser., v. 15, 15 p. the Dhok Pathan Formation. A thick section of 1940, The upper Khirthar beds of northwest India: Nagri Formation at Totaki on the western side of Geol. Soc. London Quart. Jour., v. 96, pt. 2, no. 382, the Kohat quadrangle suggests a nearby source and p. 199-230. rapid deposition in a trough. 1943, Tertiary Echinoidea of the Kohat-Potwar E. B. Fritz supplied the palentological information basin [India]: Geol. Soc. London Quart. Jour., v. 99, for this report from rock samples sent to him by the pt. 1-2, no. 393-394, p. 63-79. Davies, L. M., and Pinfold, E. S., 1937, The Eocene beds authors and has made some conclusions upon the of the Punjab Salt Range: India Geol. Survey Mem., completion of his work. The following information Palaeontologia Indica, new ser., v. 24, no. 1, 79 p. is a summary of these conclusions (E. B. Fritz, writ­ Eames, F. E.. 1952, A contribution to the study of the ten commun., 1962): Eocene in western Pakistan and western India; Part A, The Jurassic rock probably was deposited in deep water, The geology of standard sections in the western Punjab because only benthonic fossils were found in the samples. and in the Kohat District: Geol. Soc. London Quart. The Upper Cretaceous rock was deposited in clear, possibly Jour., v. 107, pt. 2, no. 426, p. 159-171. warm water which was too deep to permit the existence of Fleming, Andrew, 1853, Report on the geological structure shallow water forms. Planktonic fossil forms indicate that and mineral wealth of the Salt Range in the Punjaub: deposition was under open-sea conditions, or in an area Asiatic Soc. Bengal Jour., v. 22, p. 229-279, 333-368, which has direct access to the open ocean. Deposition prob­ 444-462; Geol. Soc. London Quart. Jour., v. 9, pt. 3, p. ably was under shelf conditions, not bathyl. The Paleocene 189-200. contains an abundance of shallow water larger Foramini- Gee, E. R., 1935, General report for 1934 The western part fera and a relatively few planktonic forms. On the basis of the Salt Range: India Geol. Survey Recs., v. 69, pt. of the samples examined, it seems that little of the Paleo­ 1, p. 67. cene was deposited in the open sea. Deposition of most of 1938, The economic geology of the northern Punjab, the Paleocene was in warm, clear, shallow water, and in with notes on adjoining portions of the North West areas which had limited access to the open sea so that Frontier province [with discussion]: Mining Geol., and currents carrying the planktonic forms could enter only Metall. Inst India Trans., v. 33, pt. 3, p. 263-354. rarely. Ordinarily, planktonic forms are abundant in the 1945, The age of the Saline series of the Punjab and marine Tertiary of Pakistan; some physical barrier, pos­ of Kohat: Natl. Acad. Sci. India Proc., Sec. B, v. 14, sibly a reef, must have prevented access of the planktonic pt. 6, p. 269-310. Foraminifera in the Paleocene environment of the Kohat Gill, W. D., 1951, The stratigraphy of the Siwalik series quadrangle. The barrier also could have been in the form in the northern Potwar, Punjab, Pakistan: Geol. Soc. of a narrow, restricted passage. The depositional condi­ London Quart. Jour., v. 107, pt. 4, no. 428, p. 375-394. tions believed to have taken place in Paleocene time were duplicated in early Eocene time: deposition in warm, shal­ Haque, A. F. M. M., 1956, The Foraminifera of the Ranikot low water, and in areas which had only occasional access and the Laki of the Nammal Gorge, Salt Range: Paki­ to the open sea. stan Geol. Survey Mem., Palaeontologia Pakistanica, v. Fritz concluded that the seas covering the area of 1, 300 p. Karsten, C. J. B., 1846, [The salt mines of Kohat (?)], in deposition of the samples examined were deepest in Lehrbuch der Salinenkunde: Berlin. the Jurassic, somewhat shallower in the Cretaceous, Lewis, G. E., 1937, A new Siwalik correlation [India] : Am and became progressively shallower throughout the Jour. Sci., ser. 5, v. 33, no. 195, p. 191-204. Paleocene and the early Eocene. He also stated that Meissner, C. R., Hussain, Muzaffar, Rashid, M. A., and very likely the basin of deposition was more re­ Sethi, U. B., 1973, Geology of the Parachinar quad­ stricted in Paleocene and early Eocene time than in rangle, Pakistan: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 716- Cretaceous time. F. (In press.) Middlemiss, C. S., 1896, The geology of Hazara and the Black Mountains: India Geol. Survey Mem., v. 26, REFERENCES CITED 302 p. Oldham, R. D., 1892, Report on the geology of Thal-Chotiali Burnes, A., 1832, Some account of the salt mines of the and part of the Mari country: India Geol. Survey Recs., Punjaub: Asiatic Soc. Bengal Jour., v. 1, 145-147. v. 25, pt. 1, p. 18-29. Danilchik, Walter, 1961, The iron formation of the Surghar Oldham, Thomas, 1864, Memorandum on the results of a and western Salt Ranges, Mianwali District, West cursory examination of the Salt Range and parts of Pakistan: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D228- the Districts of Bannu and Kohat with a special view D231. to the mineral resources of those districts: Recs., Govt. Davies, L. M., 1926, Notes on the geology of Kohat, with India, v. 64, p. 126-156. reference to the homotaxial position of the salt marl Pilgrim, G. E., 1910, Preliminary note on a revised classi­ at Bahadur Khel: Asiatic Soc. Bengal Jour, and Proc., fication of the Tertiary freshwater deposits of India: new ser., v. 20, p. 207-224. India Geol. Survey Recs., v. 40, pt. 3, p. 185-205. D30 GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PAKISTAN

1913, The correlation of the Siwaliks with mammal 1964b, Minutes of the 7th meeting [April]: Pakistan horizons of Europe: India Geol. Survey Recs., v. 43, p. Geol. Survey open-file rept. 264-326, pis. 26-28. Wynne, A. B., 1874, Notes on the geology of the neighbour-. Pinfold, E. S., 1918, Notes on structure and stratigraphy in hood of Mari hill station in the Punjab: India Geol. the northwest Punjab: India Geol. Survey Recs., v. 49, Survey Recs., v. 7, pt. 2, p. 64-74. p. 137-160. 1875, The Trans-Indus salt region in the Kohat district: India Geol. Survey Mem., v. 11, pt. 2, p. Rashid, M. A., Hussain, Muzaffar, Master, J. M., and [105-330]. Meissner, C. R., 1965, Mineral deposits of the eastern 1877, Note on the Tertiary zone and the underlying Kohat region, West Pakistan: Pakistan Geol. Survey rocks in the north-west Punjab: India Geol. Survey Recs., v. 13, pt. 2, 16 p. Recs., v. 10, pt. 3, p. 107-132. Rizvi, S. M. N.t and Khan, M. R., [1955?], Panoba and 1879, A geological reconnaissance from the Indus Tarkhobi measured sections: Pakistan Geol. Survey at Kushalgarh to the Kurram at Thai on the Afghan open-file rept. frontier: India Geol. Survey Recs., v. 12, p. 100-114. Stratigraphic Committee of Pakistan, 1964a, Minutes of the Wynne, A. B., and Waagen, W., 1872, Geology of Mount 6th meeting [February]: Pakistan Geol. Survey open- Sirban in the upper Punjab: India Geol. Survey Mem., file rept. v. 9, p. 331-350.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1974 O 585 466/17