Hosta Species Update●The Library●ORG20061003●©W. George Schmid 2010 Revised Issue 20070110 R1 Revised Issue 2010.11.26 R2

H. shikokiana N. Fujita 1976 The Hosta () in Japan. Acta Phytotax. Geobot., 27:(3–4) pp. 66–96. シコクギボウシ = 四国擬宝珠 = Shikoku Gibōshi = Hosta from Shikoku

History and Nomenclature: This relatively new species was among several published by Noboru Fujita in 1976. The species epithet is derived from the Latinized s(h)ikoku for the place name of its habitat, i.e., Shikoku Island. The Japanese veracular name is also derived from its habitat in the high mountain districts (山地) of Shikoku Island (四国; meaning “four provinces” = Awa, Iyo, Sankui and Tosa) and is シコクギボウシ = 四国擬宝珠 = Shikoku Gibōshi. Fujita (1976) placed H. shikokiana in section Bryocles. This placement with H. ventricosa in Bryocles however has not been supported by Schmid (1991), who argued for positioning this species in section Rhynchophorae on morphometric grounds. Schmid’s 1991 transfer was recently corroborated by B. Zonneveld and F.Van Iren (2001) based on nuclear DNA content, which places H. shikokiana within the DNA (in pg) range of the H. kikutii complex in section Rhynchophorae. This placement has firm scientific support and is currently accepted but it should be noted that this species was not included in recent RAPD analysis by Sauve, R.J., S. Zhou, Y. Yu, and W.G. Schmid (2005) and pollen studies by M. Chung and S.B. Jones (1989).

Leaf veining comparison of 4 native species, including H. shikokiana ex N. Fujita 1976 (The Genus Hosta (Liliaceae) in Japan) A = H. kikutii var. kikutii (Kitago-cho; Miyazaki-ken) ● B = H. pulchella (Sobo-san; Ooita-ken) ● C = H. kikutii var. polyneuron (Ikegawa-cho; Kochi-ken) D = H. shikokiana (Shiraga-san; Kochi-ken).

2010-11-26 - 1 - Habitat and Biology: H. shikokiana is endemic in northern Shikoku (四国= “four provinces”), Kochi Prefecture (Kochi-ken; 高知県) south of the Ishizuki and Akaishi mountain ranges and Ehime Prefecture (Ehime-ken; 愛媛県). The type was collected by Yamanaka on Mount Higashiakaishi (東赤石山; Higashiakaishi-yama) in Ehime-ken. Other populations of H. shikokiana reported from Mount Ishizuchi (石鎚山; Ishizuchisan). H. shikokiana is primarily a mountain-dwelling species, grow- ing on wet rock outcrops and ridge-lines above altitude ±3000 ft. (±1000 m). The veins on inner perianth are colored dark and the outside of the narrow tube is also dark colored, but the microclimate appears to have an effect on coloration. Transparent lines fade into the narrow tube. Before dehiscing, the anthers are purple on their posterior. Bracts at flowering do not open but remain soft and boat shaped. Space between nerves is narrow and the principal veins below are raised. Not all populations grow in high elevations but whether growing at high or low elevations, H. shikokiana has been placed on the endangered species list at least in Ehime-ken, where it is a Category II, Type (Endangered). As with North American native , many of the Japanese natives are becoming rare in the wild habitat.

H. shikokiana N. Fujita 1976 (in situ) Higashiakaishiyama (東赤石山), Ehime-ken (愛媛県), Shikoku Courtesy: © oNLINE植物アルバム

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H. shikokiana (シコクギボウシ • 四国擬宝珠) An endemic population (in situ Shikoku) located on projecting rock shelves Higashiakaishiyama (東赤石山), Ehime-ken (愛媛県) © Court.: blogs.yahoo.jp

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H. shikokiana N. Fujita 1976 Holotype KYO (T. Yamanaka 22475) Higashiakaishiyama (東赤石山), Ehime-ken (愛媛県), Shikoku. Herbarium of Kyoto University (京都大学総合博物館)

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KOREA

HONSHU

Figure 1

SHIKOKU ◘ ◘ ◘ ◘ KYUSHU ↑ Ehime-ken and Kochi-ken Habitat

Habitat Map of H. shikokiana (Approximate habitat areas in Ehime-ken and Kochi-ken indicated by ◘)

Plant Morphology: size 25 cm dia. by 15 cm high (12 by 6 in.). Petiole 10 cm by 0.6 cm wide (4 by 0.25 in. wide), erect, green, purple- spotted lower half. 18–20 cm by 7.5–8 cm wide (7–8 by 3– 4 in.), entire-elliptical, ovate to ovate-cordate, petiole-leaf tran- sition shortly attenuate, no waves or very slight waves in margin, not rugose, shiny green above, shiny lighter green below, tip very pointed, acu- minate. Venation 8–10, closely spaced, projected below and papillose. Scape 40 cm long (16 in.), oblique, leaning in the up- H. shikokiana per part, smooth round, pur- UGA Voucher Cultivated in UGA Greenhouse ple-dotted for the most part. Hosta Hill R.G. © W.G. Schmid 1987 Sterile bracts, 2–3 tightly clasp-

2010-11-26 - 5 - ing stem; fertile bracts, lanceolate, navicular, loosely imbricate, not open at flowering, purplish, withering but persistent at anthesis, ±2 cm by 0.5 cm wide ( 0.75 by 0.20 in.). short, densely imbricated, 5–8 flowers. Flowers purple to pale purple, 5 cm long (2 in.), carried horizontally on strong, 1.2 cm long (0.5 in.) purple pedicels. Perianth expanding, funnel-shaped, in the central part dilated slightly bell-shaped, lobes spreading ±angled to the axis of perianth. Stamens exceeding the length of the perianth. Anthers purple. July. Fertile.

Karyotype-Chromosomes: Sporophytic Count = 60; 12 large, 48 small; (2n).

Pollen: Pollen shape was not included by M.G. Chung and S.B. Jones in 1989 and determination of its exact palynology has not yet been made.

Genome Size: DNA content (2C) in pg (10-12 gram) = 22.9 ± 0.22 (Zonneveld, B.J.M. and F. Van Iren, 2001), which falls into the range of the species in section Rynchophorae.

DNA Banding: RAPD analysis (Y. Yu, 2002 Sauve, R.J., S. Zhou, Y. Yu, and W.G. Schmid. 2005) did not included H. shikokiana. Exact determination of the RAPD data awaits future investigation.

H. shikokiana (in situ Shikoku) Individual plants in competition with mountain grasses and other alpines Higashiakaishiyama (東赤石山), Ehime-ken (愛媛県) Court.: © blogs.yahoo.jp

2010-11-26 - 6 - H. shikokiana in Cultivation: This species is rarely seen in gardens. It is not listed in the 2010 edition of The Hosta Finder, a listing of hosta species and available in the trade. I have seen several plants labeled to be this species but these plants were not correctly identified. The cultivated specimens originated with vouchers obtained by the University of Georgia from academic Japanese sources in 1987. A number of specimens are carefully maintained in scientific col- lections. The staff of Heronswood nursery collected two examples of what is considered H. shikokiana. The first species (HC 970566 aff. H. shikokiana) at 2,100 ft. (640 m) on Shikoku Island in Japan in 1997. Its idendity has not been verified.

H. shikokiana (in situ Shikoku) Individual plants in competition with mountain grasses Higashiakaishiyama (東赤石山), Ehime-ken (愛媛県), Niihama-shi (新居浜市) Court.: © Foresthagyu.

A second collection from the mountains of the Kii Peninsula took place November 4, 1997 at 2500' (762 m) elevation. The taxon has 6.0 in. long by 4.0 in. wide (16.2 by 10.1 cm), with a flowering scape to 15 in. long (38 cm) and a flowering raceme 6 in. (15.2 cm) long. Loc. cit. is south-west of of Hasimoto (N 34° 15.043', E 135° 52.164', 2,503' elev. No scientific verification is available. It has been realized

2010-11-26 - 7 - that the natural populations, particularly in Ehime-ken, are under environmental pressure and have been designated Cat. II Type Endangered by Prefectural Authorities. H. shikokiana is pictured as observed in the High Mountain District of Ehime Prefecture (愛媛県森林山地) where this species is frequently encountered in high alpine meadows with a thin soil layer on Higashiakaishi-yama (東赤石山). At these higher elevations, H. shikokiana grows in earth pockets close to exposed rocky areas and sometimes in rock fissures or earth pockets in rocks. It can also be observed in lower, forested areas in more shade. In the mountains it grows in open, sunny areas, where it thrives due to high rainfall. H. shikokiana is growing as isolated groups and usually sympatric populations, accompanied by alpine grasses and frequently in competition with these grasses.

◄◄ H. shikokiana UGA voucher At Hosta Hill R.G. © W.G. Schmid 2009.06.17

H. shikokiana ►►► (in situ) Loc. cit: Higashiakaishi- yama (東赤石山) Court.: © Foresthagyu

H. shikokiana can be seen growing in rock fissures. Under these alpine circum- stances, the plants are un- der stress and do not de- velop into the vigorous plants as seen in meadows and deeper earth pockets.

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H. shikokiana (in situ Shikoku) In situ plants in competition with mountain grasses (above and below left) Typical flower perianth (below right) Higashiakaishiyama (東赤石山), Ehime-ken (愛媛県), Niihama-shi (新居浜市) Court.: © Foresthagyu (above) & Court.: © blogs.yahoo.jp (below)

2010-11-26 - 9 - References: Araki, Y., 1942. The new of Japan, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica, Vol. 11:322–328. Chung, M.G. and Jones, S.B. 1989. Pollen morphology of Hosta Tratt. (Funkiaceae) and related genera. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. 116, 1:31–44. Chung, M. G., 1990. A biosystematic study on the genus Hosta (Liliaceae/Funkiaceae) in and Tsushima Island of Japan. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Georgia, Athens; incl. morphometric & isoenzyme analysis of the Genus Hosta.. Davidson, R., 1970. Japan Report. The American Hosta Society Bulletin, No. 2:38–40. Erdtman, G. 1966. Pollen morphology and plant . Angiosperms. Hafner: New York Franchet, A. and Savatier, P. A. L., 1876. Enumeratio plantarum in Japonia sponte crescentium hucusque rite cognitarum, Paris, pp. 82, 529. Fujita, N. 1976. The genus Hosta (Liliaceae) in Japan. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica, Vol. 27, (3–4) pp. 66–96 Honda, M., 1935. Hosta longissima and H. longipes var. lancea. Botanical Magazine, Tokyo, 49:696. Lee, T.B. 1980. Ill. Flora Koreana. 200 Matsumura, J., 1894. Hosta longipes. List Plant. Nikko Bot. Gard., 21. Maekawa, F. 1940. The genus Hosta. J. of the Faculty of Science, Imperial University Tokyo, Section 3 Botany, Vol. 5:317–425. Maekawa, F., 1969. Hosta Trattinnick. In New Encyclopedia of Horticulture, Seibundoshinkosha, Tokyo, Vol. 3:1105–1109. Maekawa, F. and K. Kaneko. 1968. Evolution of karyotype in Hosta. J. Japanese Botany, 43, 5:132–140. Nakai, T., 1930. Notulae ad plantas Japoniae et Koreae (38/39) Botanical Magazine, Tokyo, 44:7–40, 507–537 (26, 58, 513). Sauve, R.J., S. Zhou, Y. Yu, and W.G. Schmid. 2005. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis in the genus Hosta. HortScience 40(4). Schmid, W.G., 1988. Hosta Taxonomy—A Revised Overview. British Hosta and Hemerocallis Society Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 2: 25-36. Schmid, W.G. 1991. The genus Hosta - Giboshi Zoku. London and Portland: Batsford/Timber Press. Schmid, W.G. 2004. Hosta species and DNA fingerprinting. Bull. Brit. Hosta Hemerocallis Soc. 2004: 50, 59-66. Schmid, W.G. 2006. Comparative morphometric investigation in the genus Hosta. (In progress) Summers, A. J., 1972. Numbered Acquisition List, Hortus Summers, A. J. 1964 through 1972 (Unpublished; contributed by A. J. Summers). Yu, Y. 2002. Classification of hosta species and cultivars based on RAPD analysis. TSU Graduate School (with W.G. Schmid); published in summary in Sauve, R.J., S. Zhou, Y. Yu, and W.G. Schmid. 2005 (which see). Zilis, M.R. 2009. The Hostapedia. Rochelle: Q & by Nursery, Inc. Zonneveld, B.J.M. and F.Van Iren. 2001. Genome size and pollen viability as a taxonomic criteria: Application to the genus Hosta. Plant Biology, 3, pp. 176- 185. G. Thieme Verlag: Stuttgart

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H. shikokiana (in situ) Isolated, inacessable plant clusters in mountain cavity Higashiakaishiyama (東赤石山), Ehime-ken (愛媛県), Niihama-shi (新居浜市) Shikoku Court.: © Foresthagyu;

© W.G. Schmid 2007/2010: The text and illustrations are copyrighted and are available for personal reference only. Other contributors retain their copyright of featured photographs as noted in captions. The content may not be published in printed form without the author’s written permission. Web quote reference:

W. George Schmid, HostaLibrary.org/species/.

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