The National Plant Biosecurity Status Report

2015 © Plant Health Australia 2016 Disclaimer: This publication is published by Plant Health Australia for information purposes only. Information in the document is drawn from a variety of sources outside This work is copyright. Apart from any use as Plant Health Australia. Although reasonable care was taken in its preparation, Plant Health permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part Australia does not warrant the accuracy, reliability, completeness or currency of the may be reproduced by any process without prior information, or its usefulness in achieving any purpose. permission from Plant Health Australia. Given that there are continuous changes in trade patterns, pest distributions, control Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction measures and agricultural practices, this report can only provide a snapshot in time. and rights should be addressed to: Therefore, all information contained in this report has been collected for the 12 month period from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2015, and should be validated and Communications Manager confirmed with the relevant organisations/authorities before being used. A list of Plant Health Australia contact details (including websites) is provided in the Appendices. 1/1 Phipps Close DEAKIN ACT 2600 To the fullest extent permitted by law, Plant Health Australia will not be liable for any loss, damage, cost or expense incurred in or arising by reason of any person relying on the ISSN 1838-8116 information in this publication. Readers should make and rely on their own assessment An electronic version of this report is available for and enquiries to verify the accuracy of the information provided. download from the Plant Health Australia website. Print copies can be ordered by contacting Plant Health Australia.

In referencing this document, the preferred citation is: National Plant Biosecurity Status Report (2015). Plant Health Australia, Canberra, ACT. Contents

OVERVIEW 7 CHAPTER 1 THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA 11 1.1 Plant biosecurity policy and legislation 12 Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity 13 Biosecurity legislation 14 1.2 National committees 16 National Biosecurity Committee 16 Plant Health Committee 16 1.3 Australian Government plant health services 18 Department of Agriculture and Water Resources 18 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 20 Department of Environment 20 Department of Immigration and Border Protection 20 Other government organisations 20 1.4 State and territory plant biosecurity services 21 Australian Capital Territory 22 New South Wales 22 Northern Territory 22 Queensland 23 South Australia 23 Tasmania 23 Victoria 24 Western Australia 24 1.5 Private sector plant biosecurity services 26 Private consultants and commercial agronomists 26 Professional associations 26 Australian aerial agriculture operators 26 1.6 Plant Health Australia 27 1.7 Australia’s plant production industries 30 Industry representative bodies and growers 30 Crop production summary 30 CHAPTER 2 THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION 87 2.1 Australia’s High Priority Pests 89 2.2 Australia’s regionalised pests 98 2.3 Responses to Emergency Plant Pests 102 Cost shared emergency responses in 2015 102 2.4 Managing weed threats in Australia 106 Weed prevention 106 Eradication and containment 106 Weed management 107 Coordination of weed management 107

Image courtesy of Australian Lychee Growers' Association. CHAPTER 3 MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 109 3.1 Biosecurity and international trade 110 Participating in international plant pest agreements 111 Regulating imports to manage risk 114 Ensuring Australian exports meet required standards 116 3.2 Pre-border activities 120 Assessing risks associated with imports 120 Verifications, inspections and audits 120 Participating in international plant health systems 121 Building capacity in the Asia-Pacific region 121 Anticipating exotic plant pest threats 121 3.3 Activities at the border 122 Screening and inspection 122 Protecting our Northern coastline—Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy 123 3.4 Post-border activities 124 Post-entry quarantine 125 Domestic quarantine 126 Pre-emptive biosecurity planning 126 Managing economically significant species of fruit flies 127 Pest management 128 Pre-emptive breeding of crop species to improve pest resistance 130 Surveillance for exotic species 130 Diagnostics – accurate identification of plant pests 140 Forest Health and Biosecurity subcommittee 151 On-farm biosecurity 152 Plant biosecurity communication 153 CHAPTER 4 RESPONDING TO PLANT PEST INCURSIONS 155 4.1 The Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed 156 National Management Group 157 Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests 157 Categorisation group 157 4.2 PLANTPLAN 159 Contingency planning 159 Training 164 CHAPTER 5 RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION 167 5.1 National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy 169 5.2 Australian Government RD&E 170 Australian Government agencies and statutory authorities 170 Cooperative Research Centres 170 Research and Development Corporations 171 5.3 State and territory government RD&E 175 5.4 University and private research institution RD&E 175 5.5 Plant biosecurity RD&E in 2014 176 Research, development and extension projects 177 APPENDICES 197 INDEX 207

Image courtesy of Jenny Shanks. Tables and figures Case studies

TABLES Chapter 1 Report card on improvements to the plant biosecurity system 21 Table 1. Plant biosecurity related legislation 14 Prevent fruit fly 25 Table 2. Plant Health Australia’s members at end December 2015 29 Finding a fumigant for phosphine resistant grain pests 51 Tables 3-35. Industry specific High Priority Pest lists 32-85 Chapter 2 Banana industry shaken by the discovery of Panama tropical race 4 97 Table 36. Pests designated as High Priority Pests during biosecurity planning 90 Table 37. Australia’s regionalised pests 99 Chapter 3 Xylella threat prompts tighter quarantine restrictions for imported plants 120 Table 38. Emergency responses to plant pests under EPPRD arrangements 103 Australian Government border inspections in 2015 122 Table 39. Pest detections notified under EPPRD arrangements that did Australia's new post entry quarantine facility opens 125 not result in a formal Cost-Shared emergency response 104 Collecting surveillance data 129 Table 40. Department of Agriculture finalised and draft import policy advice 114 Collaborating with New Zealand to exclude exotic stink bug 131 Table 41. Australia's export legislation 116 Improvements to the National Bee Pest Surveillance Program in 2015 139 Table 42. Market access achievements for plant products exports from New diagnostic test for fire blight 147 Australia since 2000 117 Tidy honey bees win 2015 Farmer of the Year Award for beekeeper 153 Table 43. Australian post-entry plant quarantine facilities 125 Chapter 4 Three new EPPRD Signatories in 2015 158 Table 44. Current industry biosecurity plans covering Australia’s plant industries 127 New cost-sharing arrangements for eradicating exotic fruit flies Table 45. Sales of plant chemicals in Australia, 2014-15 128 from the Torres Strait 159 Table 46. Australia’s plant biosecurity surveillance programs 132 Table 47. Number of samples examined for pests of bees, by state Chapter 5 TAPPAS – Computer modelling wind borne threats 171 and territory, 2015 138 Table 48. Number of samples tested under the National Bee Pest Surveillance Program, by pest, 2015 138 Table 49. Australia’s diagnostic services, their capabilities and accreditations 141 Table 50. National Diagnostic Protocols 148 Table 51. Current PHA biosecurity manuals for producers of various industries 152 Table 52. EPP categories and the associated Affected Party Cost Sharing splits 157 Table 53. Contingency plans 160 Table 54. Plant biosecurity research projects 178

FIGURES Figure 1. Value of plant and animal production industries in Australia, 1972-2015 9 Figure 2. National biosecurity committees and working groups with plant focus 17 Figure 3. Regional boundaries for Department of Agriculture and Water Resources border biosecurity operations 19 Figure 4. Comparative value of Australia’s plant production industries 30 Figures 5-72. Industry production data 32-84 Figure 73. Key components of Australia’s plant biosecurity continuum 110 Figure 74. NAQS surveillance area 123 Figure 75. Quarantine zones in the Torres Strait 123 Figure 76. Surveillance programs by target host 131 Figure 77. Surveillance programs by target pest type 131 Figure 78. National Diagnostic Protocol endorsement process 146 Figures 79-82. RD&E project summaries 176-177 Image courtesy of Cotton Australia.

Foreword

The report concludes with Chapter 5, which provides an updated catalogue of all the plant This 8th edition of the National Plant Biosecurity Status Report provides a comprehensive biosecurity research projects that were underway in Australia during the year, some 570 picture of the plant biosecurity system in Australia in 2015. Each year Plant Health Australia projects in all. (PHA) produces a new edition to showcase the plant biosecurity system and the series allows trend analysis of any changes in the system over time. As always, case studies throughout illustrate aspects of the system.

The report is only made possible by the contributions of over 60 stakeholders from industry, Overall, the report leaves the reader in no doubt of the immense amount of effort that goes government, research institutions and research funders and PHA is grateful for their into Australia’s biosecurity system. It serves as a tribute to the numerous Australians who cooperation. strive to protect our unique environment, agricultural industries, regional economies and communities from plant pests. Chapter 1 presents the architecture of the system, explains the roles played by all the major stakeholders and shows how industry and government work together to protect our plant industries and unique natural environment.

Chapter 2 features plant pests of significance which includes a listing of exotic pests which would pose the greatest risk to production of food and fibre should they establish in Darral Ashton Australia. Pests that are actively being contained in regions of the country and those that Chairman prompted some response activity under the terms of the Emergency Plant Pest Response Plant Health Australia Deed are also catalogued here.

The workings of the system are brought to life in Chapter 3, Managing Australia’s plant biosecurity status. This chapter describes activities to combat plant pests along the plant biosecurity continuum—activities in Australia as well as those at the border and internationally (pre-border). It reveals a complexity that is often underappreciated.

Australia has a unique emergency plant pest response system that is poised to swing into action in the event of a suspected exotic pest incursion of significance. The arrangements, which provide the best chance of preventing the establishment of new exotic pests, are set out in the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed (of which PHA is custodian). Chapter 4 explains the arrangements, and lists existing contingency plans for exotic pests— preemptive plans that set out how each pest can be dealt with in the event of an incursion. 6 Overview The importance of plant biosecurity

Australia’s plant production industries are in the enviable Plant pests are a significant problem worldwide. It is estimated that every year between 20 and 40 per cent of crops are lost to plant pests and weeds globally.1 Fortunately, position of being free from many of the serious pests Australia is free from many of the pests that contribute to losses overseas, due to our

OVERVIEW that negatively impact industries overseas. This relatively geographic isolation and a world class border protection system. pest-free status is due to Australia’s geographic isolation and more than a century of effective quarantine measures. This freedom from many of the worst plant pests provides many benefits to producers, plant industries and our economy, including high yields, lower production costs, less pesticide use and access to premium markets for our produce. This enviable plant pest status confers significant benefits to Australians. It supports rural communities, It takes a great amount of effort to keep this status. International trade, people movements boosts Australia’s economy, contributes to food and natural means of entry such as wind and water currents means that Australia’s pest status advantage is always at risk. security and reduces the use of pesticides as well as the cost of food and fibre. Australian producers grow a wide variety of crops including sugarcane, bananas and ginger in the tropical north, pome and stone fruits, nuts, vegetables and potatoes in the southern temperate zones, as well as broadacre production of pulses, cotton, forestry, pasture and To maintain this favourable situation, Australia places grains. Each of these crops need protection from a specific set of pests that pose a threat a high priority on plant biosecurity and has developed to production. an internationally recognised system to protect our crops and the environment. Together, plant production industries make a significant contribution to the Australian economy, with a gross value of $29.1 billion in 2014–15 (see Figure 1). This is more than the value of animal production industries, a situation that has existed for a decade. Everyone has to do their part to keep Australia free from In addition to the economic contribution it makes, plant production also supports livestock new pests. This includes industry bodies, governments, industries, Australian families and rural communities and supports global food security. research organisations, travellers, gardeners, individual farmers and their visitors and staff.

The plant biosecurity system is only as strong as its weakest link.

The definition of apest used in this report (except in Chapter 4) covers insects, mites, snails, nematodes, pathogens (diseases) and weeds that are injurious to plants, plant products or bees. Exotic pests are those not currently present in Australia. Established or endemic pests are those currently present within Australia.

1 Savary, S, Ficke, A, Aubertot, J-N and Hollier, C (2012). Crop losses due to diseases and their implications for global food production losses and food security. Food Security, 4(4): 519-537 8 Figure 1. Value of plant and animal production industries in Australia, 1972–2015*

35

30

25 OVERVIEW

20

15

10 VALUE (GVP $ BILLION ) VALUE

5

0 1972–75 1975–78 1978–81 1981–84 1984–87 1987–90 1990–93 1993–96 1996–99 1999–02 2002–07 2007–10 2010–13 2013–15

Total crops Total livestock YEAR

* Includes forestry from 1995–96 Source: ABS 7503 data series, ABARES Agricultural Commodities: March quarter 2016

Our unique ecosystems also need protection from invasive exotic plant pests, some of which could change the face of the landscape and threaten native species. There is much to protect—Australia has a high level of species richness including a large number of native plants and animals that occur nowhere else on Earth. Parklands and other public amenities could also be threatened by the introduction of particular exotic plant pests.

With a total coastline stretching almost 60,000 km, Australia’s borders are protected from plant pests by a collaborative partnership, and by coordinated activities that occur pre-border (overseas), at the border and within Australia. The plant biosecurity partnership includes plant industries and their growers, the Australian Government, state and territory governments, local governments, researchers, Plant Health Australia (PHA) and the wider community including home gardeners.

Chapter 1 provides an overview of the different roles and responsibilities of the key committees and organisations within Australia’s plant biosecurity system including the individual industries. It shows how the partnerships have kept pace with the new challenges and demands of Australia in an increasingly globalised marketplace.

9 10 Chapter 1 The plant biosecurity system in Australia 1.1 Plant biosecurity policy and legislation

Australia’s plant biosecurity system involves efforts The framework for managing the cooperative partnership that underpins Australia’s effective plant biosecurity system consists of a suite of strategies, policies and legislation. along the whole biosecurity continuum—pre-border, These not only provide the current structure, but provide a vision of how the plant at the border and post-border—not simply restrictions biosecurity system should operate into the future. at international entry points. Risk mitigation activities pre-border prevent pests reaching Australia, border Australia’s biosecurity system has been reviewed several times. The resulting recommendations have seen the Australian Government Department of Agriculture and restrictions aim to intercept pests and post-border Water Resources recognise that a future focused approach is vital to maintain a strong initiatives focus on regional and interstate restrictions, and resilient biosecurity system that will protect Australia from new biosecurity challenges, preparedness and emergency responses within Australia. whatever they may be. These activities across the continuum are carried out by a Key themes underpinning continuous improvement to Australia’s biosecurity range of stakeholders including a cooperative system include: government-industry partnership. • Targeting what matters most, including risk-based decision making and managing biosecurity risk across the continuum (pre-border, at the border and post-border).

THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA • Good regulation, including effective legislation and reduced regulatory burden. • Better processes, including service delivery modernisation and streamlined systems. • Sharing the responsibility, including maintaining productive relationships with all levels of government, primary industries and the wider Australian public. CHAPTER 1: • Maintaining a capable workforce.

The benefits of the modern biosecurity system are realised by industry, government and the community, with positive flow-through effects to the economy more generally. Benefits include streamlined business processes, productivity improvements and reduced regulatory burden in a seamless and lower cost business environment. The system is characterised by risk-based decision making, the use of intelligence, a single point of regulatory contact and robust partnerships.

12 INTERGOVERNMENTAL AGREEMENT ON BIOSECURITY Within government, Australia’s partnership approach to biosecurity is underpinned by the Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity (IGAB), which came into effect on 13 January 2012. The IGAB was developed under the Council of Australian Governments and signed by ministers. The IGAB strengthens the working partnership between the Australian Government and state and territory governments by defining the roles and responsibilities of governments, and outlining priority areas for collaboration and improving the national biosecurity system.

Under the IGAB, key aspects of Australia’s biosecurity system are becoming better coordinated. Areas addressed include mechanisms to allow emergency response information to be shared between governments, an improved model for managing nationally significant established pests, measures to improve the transparency and rigour of national decision making and investment and a national biosecurity research, development and extension strategy. A public information and stakeholder engagement framework with standardised tools for all jurisdictions has also been developed. THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

As responsibility for biosecurity management is shared, the agreement also provides opportunities for industries, natural resource managers and the community to work together to achieve some of the reforms outlined in the IGAB. PHA has been an active CHAPTER 1: contributor to this process, and has aligned the National Plant Biosecurity Strategy (see next section) with the goals and objectives of the agreement.

In November 2015, Australian agriculture ministers agreed that the IGAB will be formally reviewed in 2016.

The National Plant Biosecurity Strategy (NPBS) outlines a set of aims and activities to strengthen Australia’s plant biosecurity system by 2020. PHA developed the strategy by drawing together the views of stakeholders across Australia.

The NPBS was finalised in December 2010 with endorsement from PHA members, and in 2011 the process of implementing the recommendations began. With the benefits of many of the recommendations cutting across both industry and governments, responsibility for guiding the implementation process is shared among organisations and committees, based on their expertise.

Toward the end of 2014, halfway through its lifespan, PHA reviewed the NPBS and assessed progress against each of the recommended activities. An implementation plan listing the remaining tasks to be completed was published in 2015. All plant biosecurity stakeholders have a role to play in achieving the vision set out for 2020 (see box on page 21).

13 The government aspects of implementation are overseen by the Plant Health Committee Table 1. Plant biosecurity related legislation (PHC), with specific input from the Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics (SPHD) and the Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance (SNPHS) on implementing the Jurisdiction Administering authority Legislation diagnostic and surveillance aspects, respectively. The Subcommittee on Domestic Commonwealth Department of Agriculture and Biological Control Act 1984 Quarantine and Market Access (SDQMA) works to ensure consistency of biosecurity Water Resources Quarantine Act 1908 requirements across states and internationally. Quarantine Regulations 2000 Plant industries, PHA and research and development corporations are contributing to Quarantine Proclamation 1998 NPBS implementation through biosecurity preparedness activities such as developing Commonwealth Department of Environment, Water, Environment Protection and contingency plans and prioritising threats through the industry biosecurity planning process. Heritage and the Arts Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 Environment Protection and The NPBS continues to provide the focus and strategic direction for national plant biosecurity Biodiversity Conservation activities and, through its implementation, will strengthen the plant biosecurity system. Regulations 2000 ACT Territory and Municipal Services Plant Disease Act 2002 Directorate BIOSECURITY LEGISLATION Pest Plants and Animals Act 2005 NSW Department of Primary Industries Plant Diseases Act 1924 Australia’s biosecurity system operates under Commonwealth, state and territory legislation Plant Diseases Regulation 2008 administered and managed by the respective government agricultural and environmental Noxious Weeds Act 1993 agencies. Legislation current at 31 December 2015 is listed in Table 1. Noxious Weeds Regulation 2008 THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Legislation covers a range of activities involving the international movement of people and Apiaries Act 1985 goods into Australia, movement of goods within the country and exporting agricultural Stock Diseases Act 1923 commodities. There are also laws covering related aspects such as the collection of Animal diseases and Animal Pests primary industry levies to cover the costs of biosecurity activities, reporting of suspicious (Emergency Outbreaks) Act 1992 CHAPTER 1: pests and biosecurity incident responses. NT Department of Primary Industry Plant Health Act 2008 and Fisheries Plant Health Regulations 2011 The Biosecurity Act 2015 and Biosecurity (Consequential Amendments and Transitional Qld Department of Agriculture and Plant Protection Act 1989 Provisions) Act 2015 were introduced in 2015 to update current federal laws from 2016. Fisheries Plant Protection Regulation 2002 The NSW Biosecurity Act 2015 was assented to in September 2015 and is expected to SA Primary Industries and Regions Plant Health Act 2009 come into effect in 2017. Queensland also has new legislation, Biosecurity Act 2014, which Plant Health Regulations 2010 comes into effect 1 July 2016. Tas Department of Primary Industries, Plant Quarantine Act 1997 Parks, Water and Environment Weed Management Act 1999 Vic Department of Economic Plant Biosecurity Act 2010 Development, Jobs, Transport Plant Biosecurity Regulations 2012 and Resources WA Department of Agriculture and Biosecurity and Agricultural Food Management Act 2007

14 THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1:

15 1.2 National committees

National committees provide a mechanism for developing and coordinating key plant PLANT HEALTH COMMITTEE biosecurity policy and procedures across jurisdictions. As a representative or observer at Plant Health Committee (PHC) is the peak government plant biosecurity policy forum. meetings, PHA is able to provide a link back to other members, particularly peak industry Its role is to maintain or improve plant health in Australia in support of the economy, bodies, and other organisations with a stake in biosecurity. Figure 2 shows the structure of environment and community. PHC provides strategic policy, technical and regulatory Australian plant related committees that are tasked with national coordination. PHA has advice, and national leadership on plant biosecurity matters. It has responsibility for observer status at National Biosecurity Committee (NBC), and is a member of Plant Health overseeing the implementation of the government aspects of the National Plant Biosecurity Committee (PHC) and the three PHC subcommittees, as well as the majority of emergency Strategy (NPBS) and the Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity (IGAB) with respect response committees. to plant health. PHA attends PHC meetings and the Committee reports to the National The Agriculture Senior Officials Committee (AGSOC) is responsible for primary industries Biosecurity Committee (NBC). policy issues. AGSOC comprises the heads of primary industry government departments Through its subcommittees, currently the Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics from the Australian Government, Australian states and territories and the New Zealand (SPHD), Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance (SNPHS) and Subcommittee government. AGSOC is supported by the NBC. on Domestic Quarantine and Market Access (SDQMA), PHC also facilitates a consistent national approach to legislative outcomes and standards within the plant biosecurity sector. NATIONAL BIOSECURITY COMMITTEE PHC’s membership comprises representatives from the Australian, state and territory THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA governments. PHA and subcommittee chairs have observer status. The National Biosecurity Committee is responsible for managing a national, strategic approach to biosecurity issues relating to plant and animal pests and diseases, marine In 2015 PHC continued implementation of the NPBS, using the document as one of the pests and aquatics, and the impact of these on agriculture production, the environment, main guiding principles when determining work area priorities. PHC also continued to

CHAPTER 1: community wellbeing and social amenity. A core objective of the committee is to promote progress various lines of work to support and maintain trade and market access, both cooperation, coordination, consistency, and synergies across and between Australian domestically and internationally. governments. The NBC has reporting responsibilities to ministers responsible for biosecurity through relevant Chief Executive Officers. Further information on PHC can be found at www.agriculture.gov.au/plant/health/ committees/phc. The Secretary of the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources chairs the NBC as a member of the AGSOC. The Australian Government is also represented by the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources Deputy Secretary responsible for biosecurity, and a Deputy Secretary from the Department of the Environment (or delegate). PHA and Animal Health Australia are observers.

Remaining members are senior representatives from primary industry or environment departments for each state and territory. Jurisdictions may have up to two representatives.

The Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics meets twice a year to maintain an effective diagnostic system in Australia.

16 Figure 2. National biosecurity committees and the associated working groups with a plant focus

KEY

Environment, primary industries Federal and state/territory BINCN IABIT BEPWG and plant biosecurity focus Ministers

Emergency response

NBC Working Groups NBC

AHC MPSC PHC IPAC THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

NMG CCEPP SAP SDQMA SNPHS SPHD (EPPRD) (EPPRD) (EPPRD) CHAPTER 1:

Non-EPPRD Non-EPPRD management consultative groups committees

Abbreviations Abbreviations Abbreviations AHC Animal Health Committee IPAC Invasive Plants and Animals Committee SDQMA Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market Access BEPWG Biosecurity Emergency Preparedness Working MPSC Marine Pest Sectoral Committee Group SNPHS Subcommittee on National Plant Health NBC National Biosecurity Committee BINCN Biosecurity Incident National Communication Surveillance NMG National Management Group Network SPHD Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics CCEPP Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant PHC Plant Health Committee Pests SAP Scientific Advisory Panel IABIT Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity Implementation Taskforce

17 1.3 Australian Government plant health services

Australian Government plant biosecurity responsibilities are delivered principally through the The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources also pursues international market Agriculture portfolio, in collaboration with other agencies described below. access for Australia’s industries and access to the Australian market for our trading partners through bilateral, regional and multilateral engagement. Priority is given to: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND WATER • Working to remove impediments to international trade. RESOURCES • Progressing and resolving market access issues for portfolio industries. Australia’s approach to managing the risk of incursions of exotic pests is multi-layered, • Facilitating targeted technical assistance and agricultural cooperation in support of involving complementary measures applied along the biosecurity continuum: pre-border, portfolio interests. at the border and post-border. The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources’ core • Assisting the development of international standards for portfolio products and priorities in managing biosecurity are to: industries. • Effectively identify risks and target resources to the areas of greatest return from a risk The market access work of the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources is management perspective. supported and enhanced by a network of agricultural counsellors located in China, Europe, • Partner with other governments, industry, clients and stakeholders to manage India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, the Middle East, Thailand and the United States. At each Australia’s biosecurity. stage of the continuum, success is dependent on partnerships between governments,

THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA • Deliver biosecurity services to support access to overseas markets and protect the industry and the community. economy and the environment from the impacts of unwanted pests. • Support Australia’s reputation as a competitive exporter of agricultural goods and products.

CHAPTER 1: Pre-border activities seek to prevent biosecurity risks reaching Australia by understanding global risks, working with international trading partners and the private sector, and informing travellers about Australia’s biosecurity requirements. Specific activities include cooperation in multilateral forums, import risk analyses, collaborative plant health surveys in partnership with Australia’s nearest neighbours, and capacity development audit activities, all aimed at managing plant health risks prior to reaching Australia.

Border activities seek to intercept biosecurity risks at airports, seaports, mail centres and along Australia’s coastline. Border activities include import permit requirements, inspection of passengers, goods, vessels and mail, audit activities, monitoring and surveillance activities for exotic animal and plant pests, and post-entry quarantine. Rather than being based on state and territory boundaries, these activities are carried out in five consolidated regions as shown in Figure 3.

Post-border, the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources works cooperatively with other Australian Government agencies, state and territory governments and industry partners to detect and respond to plant pest emergencies that may adversely impact on Australia’s agriculture, fisheries and forestry industries and the environment. Examples of post-border activities include national policy development, enhancing surveillance and diagnostic capability, and facilitating emergency preparedness and emergency responses. Formal national arrangements exist for managing responses to Emergency Plant Pests (see Chapters 2 and 4). Border activities are the more apparent biosecurity activities. Image courtesy of DAWR.

18 Figure 3. Regional boundaries for Department of Agriculture and Water Resources border biosecurity operations THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1:

Department of Agriculture and Water Resources regions for border activities: Northern Includes Torres Strait and south to Cardwell in Queensland, Northern Territory, west to Broome in WA and the Indian Ocean territories South West From south of Broome, includes South Australia (including Broken Hill – excluding Riverland) South East Includes Tasmania, Riverland and extends north to Riverina and east coast NSW to Eden Central East Includes NSW with the exception of Eden and areas south, Riverina and far north coast North East Extends from Cardwell in Queensland to far north coast NSW, south to Grafton 19 20 CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA their skillsforthebenefitofdeveloping countriesandAustralia. developmentcooperationprograms. Australian Government's ACIARencouragesAustralia'sagricultural scientiststouse The AustralianCentre AgriculturalResearch forInternational (ACIAR)isastatutoryauthoritythatoperatesaspartofthe information, adviceandservices. agency. Austrade’s roletrade,investmentandeducationinterests istoadvanceAustralia'sinternational byproviding The AustralianTrade Commission,Austrade,istheAustralianGovernment’s trade,investmentandeducationpromotion Authority (APVMA). CSIRO, theOffice ofthe Gene Technology Regulator(OGTR),andtheAustralianPesticides Veterinary Medicines agenciesthatcontributetomaintainingAustralia’sOther AustralianGovernment plantbiosecuritysystemincludethe biosecurity system. and Sciences(ABARES)provides current scientificandeconomicadvicetodecisionmakerssupporttheplant theDepartmentofAgriculture andWaterWithin Resources, theAustralianBureau ofAgriculture andResource Economics OTHER GOVERNMENTORGANISATIONS people across theAustralianborder. Agriculture andWater Resources andtheDepartmentofDefence,toregulate andcontrol themovementofgoodsand agencies,inparticulartheAustralianFederalPolice,Departmentof andinternational closely withothergovernment The DepartmentofImmigrationandBorder Protection managesthesecurityandintegrityofAustralia’s borders. Itworks DEPARTMENT OFIMMIGRATION ANDBORDERPROTECTION risk assessments. It alsoprovides advicetotheDepartmentofAgriculture andWater Resources onenvironmental issuesinrelation to Tradeobligations undertheConventiononInternational FaunaandFlora(CITES). inEndangered SpeciesofWild The DepartmentoftheEnvironment isalsoresponsible underthe invasive plantsthatcauseharmtotheenvironment. The DepartmentoftheEnvironment isresponsible for contributingtothedevelopmentofnationalpoliciesonpestsand DEPARTMENT OFTHEENVIRONMENT agenciestocoordinategovernment Australia’s global,regional andbilateralinterests. The departmentprovides foreign,andworkswithother tradeanddevelopment policyadvicetothegovernment prosperous bypromoting andprotecting ourinterestsandcontributingtoglobalstabilityeconomicgrowth. internationally The purposeoftheDepartmentForeign Affairs andTrade (DFAT) istohelpmakeAustraliastronger, saferandmore DEPARTMENT OFFOREIGNAFFAIRS ANDTRADE approvals ofwhichare doneinaccordance withthe Act 1999 forassessingtheenvironmental impactassociatedwithproposals toimportlivespecies(exceptplants,the Quarantine Act1908 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Environment ProtectionandBiodiversityConservation ) and ensuring that Australia complies with its ) andensuringthatAustraliacomplieswithits

1.4 State and territory plant biosecurity services Report card on improvements to the plant biosecurity system Australia’s plant biosecurity system is on track to meet the vision set out for 2020, Under the Australian Constitution, state and territory governments are responsible for the but there is still work for governments and industry bodies to do. delivery of plant biosecurity operations and the supporting legislation within their borders. While each state and territory has a different approach to the role, primarily due to the That’s according to the National Plant Biosecurity Strategy 2015–20 Implementation varied climatic conditions and legislative frameworks across the country, together Plan released by Plant Health Australia in July 2015. jurisdictions provide a number of core services. These include: Recognising and responding to a number of substantial challenges facing the plant biosecurity sector, the National Plant Biosecurity Strategy was developed to provide • Management of state and territory imports and exports: clear guidance on a pathway for the implementation of a world class plant –– State quarantine services for the clearance of passengers, cargo, mail, plants biosecurity system. and plant products moving interstate. –– Export and market access support, including plant health certification services, In 2014, halfway through the life of the document, PHA reviewed the Strategy, the accreditation and auditing of export compliance arrangements, and surveys which covers planned improvements in the key functional areas of emergency and inspections to support area freedom. response, diagnostics, surveillance and communications.

• Emergency response services, involving activities to prepare for, and respond to, The mid-life review confirmed that the document is still a useful blueprint for the THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA a plant pest incursion. future of the system. It found that most recommendations are progressing well and that some initiatives have been completed. • Delivery of responsibilities under the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed (EPPRD) (Chapter 4). Remaining improvements are

• Core services to support biosecurity: prioritised using a traffic light CHAPTER 1: system and are allocated to –– Surveillance and monitoring for early detection of pests, maintaining area freedom stakeholder groups that are and delimiting the extent of pests, in partnership with industry surveillance. best equipped to advance the –– Diagnostic services to identify plant pests (both endemic and exotic) found in remaining elements. a broad range of crops. –– The development and maintenance of information systems to support routine PHA will work with members and emergency plant biosecurity management. to facilitate ongoing implementation of the –– Communication programs to raise awareness of biosecurity. Strategy to 2020. • Science based risk analysis to identify pest threats and inform plant biosecurity policy and operations. • Research, development and extension (RD&E) to support the continued improvement of pest management and protection capabilities. • Development and administration of plant biosecurity policies and legislation.

State and territory governments work with the Australian Government in a manner set out in the Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity (see page 13). The National Biosecurity Committee is responsible for managing a national approach to all biosecurity issues (see page 16).

21 AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY NORTHERN TERRITORY Lead agency: Territory and Municipal Services (TAMS) Directorate Lead agency: NT Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries (NT DPIF) www.tams.act.gov.au www.nt.gov.au/d The ACT Government manages plant biosecurity through the TAMS Directorate, Plant biosecurity in the NT is managed by the Plant Biosecurity Branch, within NT DPIF’s together with the Environment and Planning Directorate (EPD). TAMS is responsible Biosecurity and Animal Welfare Division. The Plant Biosecurity Branch is responsible for the for the operational implementation of biosecurity initiatives and the EPD is responsible development and implementation of plant biosecurity policies, programs and procedures for policy development. aimed at maintaining NT’s freedom from plant pests that could adversely impact on trade, market access, public health and the environment. Although the ACT does not have many plant production industries, the government is represented on national committees during plant pest emergency responses and The objectives of the Plant Biosecurity Branch include: participates in the development of associated national frameworks and strategies when it has the expertise to contribute. • Maintaining and improving the plant health status of the plant and plant product industries of NT. Plant biosecurity activities in the ACT are underpinned by the Plant Diseases Act 2002, • Ensuring that plant and plant products that enter NT comply with the Plant Health Act the Pest Plants and Animals Act 2005, the Magistrates Court (Plant Diseases Infringement 2008 and Plant Health Regulations 2011. Notices) Regulation 2005 and the Nature Conservation Act 2014. • Minimise the risk of exotic pests entering NT through compliance and surveillance. • Ensuring preparedness for effective emergency response mechanisms in the event of an NEW SOUTH WALES Emergency Plant Pest incursion. THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Lead agency: Department of Primary Industries (NSW DPI) • Facilitating interstate trade of plant and plant products through certification, inspection www.dpi.nsw.gov.au and the Interstate Certification Assurance program. NSW DPI is the principal agency responsible for plant biosecurity in New South Wales, • Conducting active and passive pest surveillance to support market access nationally and within NT.

CHAPTER 1: ensuring that policies, management and procedures are in place to minimise the impact of existing, invasive and emergency pests. NSW DPI maintains rapid response mechanisms • Conducting active surveillance for the early detection for a range of emergency plant pests. for pest incursions in order to protect trade and market access, agricultural resources, • Preparing for effective emergency response mechanisms in the event of an emergency regional economies and the environment. The NSW Biosecurity Strategy defines how plant pest incursion. NSW DPI, in partnership with other government agencies, industry and the public, manages biosecurity risks to NSW. • Developing, implementing and reviewing NT’s plant health policy and legislation.

Within NSW DPI, the Plant Biosecurity and Product Integrity unit develops plant pest policy The Plant Biosecurity Program is underpinned by the Plant Health Act 2008 and the Plant directions and has oversight of operational responses to emergency plant pests. The group Health Regulations 2011. The Act and Regulations aim to minimise the risk of plant pests provides advice to and participates actively in national decision making forums for plant pests entering and establishing in the NT through movement and importation controls on plants of national significance and interstate market access for NSW plants and plant products. and plant products. They also provide the powers to ensure appropriate action can be taken for the control of pests if an incursion were to occur. Diagnosis and surveillance activities are supported by the Plant Health Diagnostic Service at Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, the Australian Scientific Collections Unit at Orange Agricultural Institute, the state wide network of compliance officers and the emergency management First Response Team.

Close collaboration is established with entomology and plant pathology researchers and with the state-wide Local Land Services network.

Current legislation underpinning the NSW Government’s plant biosecurity activities, administered by NSW DPI, are the Plant Diseases Act 1924 No. 38 and the Plant Diseases Regulation 2008. In 2017 the NSW Plant Diseases Act 1924 will be rescinded and powers to respond to plant pests and diseases will be provided by the NSW Biosecurity Act which was passed by the NSW parliament in September 2015. 22 QUEENSLAND Construction of the $3.8 million Sterile Insect Technology facility at Port Augusta commenced in 2015 and is due for completion in September 2016. The facility will produce Lead agency: Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (QDAF) a male-only strain of Queensland fruit fly and forms part of the National SITplus Consortium www.daf.qld.gov.au investment of $50 million over five years, with R&D focused on developing the flies, area Within QDAF, Biosecurity Queensland is responsible for: developing policies, standards, wide management and release strategies, and smart technology. delivery systems and services to reduce the risk of introduction of exotic plant pests; minimising the impacts of new plant pest incursions on Queensland’s plant industries, Plant biosecurity programs in SA are underpinned by the Plant Health Act 2009 and environment and communities; and preserving and expanding market access for Plant Health Regulations 2009. In addition, the Plant Quarantine Standard SA has been Queensland’s plant based industries. The Plant Biosecurity and Product Integrity program established under the Act to identify the relevant conditions of entry for fruit, vegetables, within Biosecurity Queensland has responsibility for plant biosecurity, diagnostics and the plants, plant products, machinery or equipment of biosecurity concern. implementation of programs for the detection, control and prevention of certain plant pests.

Agri-Science Queensland, a division of QDAF, undertakes research, development and TASMANIA extension on a wide range of plant pests in the cropping, horticultural and forestry Lead agency: Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and industries. The group provides additional diagnostic capability, undertakes surveillance and develops integrated management packages to limit the impacts of pests within Environment (DPIPWE) farming systems. www.dpipwe.tas.gov.au The DPIPWE Biosecurity Tasmania Division manages biosecurity policy and programs Currently, plant biosecurity management in Queensland is underpinned by the Plant for plant pests. Branches within this division are responsible for the development and Protection Act 1989 and Plant Protection Regulation 2002 which are focused on implementation of policies on barrier control, surveillance and monitoring, risk analysis, preventing, controlling and removing pest infestations of plants. This legislation is also Emergency Plant Rest (EPP) response and incursion management and plant biosecurity THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA complemented by a number of other acts, including the Apiaries Act 1982, the Agricultural communications. Standards Act 1994 and the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (Queensland) Act 1994. Central to biosecurity emergency preparedness in Tasmania is the Biosecurity Emergency SOUTH AUSTRALIA Preparedness Program. This program features an all-hazard approach and all Biosecurity CHAPTER 1: Emergency Response Team (BERT) members receive the same training regardless of Lead agency: Department of Primary Industries and Regions SA (PIRSA) whether they are from animal, plant, fisheries or other natural resource 24 areas. At present www.pir.sa.gov.au BERT consists of over 100 registered volunteers. The Tasmanian Government’s Biosecurity Biosecurity SA, a division within PIRSA, is responsible for the development and Policy and the Tasmanian Biosecurity Strategy provide the state framework for all implementation of plant biosecurity policies, programs and procedures aimed at government biosecurity actions and decision making processes, including EPP responses. maintaining SA’s freedom from pests that could adversely impact trade, market Plant biosecurity in Tasmania is underpinned by the Plant Quarantine Act 1997. When access, public health, food safety, the rural economy and the environment. needed, this is complemented by the Emergency Service Act 1976. This legislation has Given SA’s freedom from fruit flies of economic significance, PIRSA has a strong focus been shown to provide an appropriate range of specific and general legislative functions on operations aimed at preventing their entry and establishment. These activities include and powers to deal with prevention, monitoring, control and eradication of plant pests. a dedicated state wide fruit fly trapping grid, static quarantine stations and random In addition, the various Tasmanian Government agency responsibilities are detailed in roadblocks, targeted awareness and education campaigns, and specific measures the Tasmanian Emergency Management Plan, which includes details of biosecurity to effectively respond to and eradicate any fruit flies detected. emergency response arrangements.

The South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI) is the state government’s principal research institute and provides Biosecurity SA with plant diagnostic, pathology and entomology advice. SARDI also undertakes targeted research and development to reduce losses from plant disease across cereal, pulse, pasture, viticulture and horticulture industries. This includes delivery of plant health diagnostic services to growers, consultants, state and national plant biosecurity authorities. The group collaborates closely with breeding companies, pre-breeding programs and the private sector to develop disease resistant plant varieties.

23 VICTORIA WESTERN AUSTRALIA Lead agency: Victorian Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Lead agency: Department of Agriculture and Food WA (DAFWA) Transport and Resources (DEDJTR) www.agric.wa.gov.au www.ecodev.vic.gov.au Maintaining market access and the productive capacity of the agriculture and food sectors The Biosecurity Branch of DEDJTR delivers biosecurity and product integrity programs are the key drivers for DAFWA investment in biosecurity services. This contributes to across the agriculture, forest and amenity plant sectors. Activities are guided by the state’s market competitiveness, profitability and sustainability in WA. Biosecurity services are Biosecurity Strategy which aims to minimise the impact of emergency plant pest incidents delivered through a network of dedicated and skilled staff throughout the state. on the environment and production systems and maintain access to local and overseas markets. Plant biosecurity in WA is governed mainly by the Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act 2007. This Act establishes a modern biosecurity regulatory system to control the entry, The Chief Plant Health Officer Unit of the Biosecurity Branch is responsible for the establishment, spread and impact of pests, control the use of agricultural and veterinary development, review and monitoring of policies, protocols and procedures in accordance chemicals, establish standards to ensure the safety and quality of agricultural products and with national and international obligations. The Agriculture Service Biosecurity Operations raise funds for biosecurity-related purposes. Branch delivers operational functions from a number of regional centres according to technical standards and protocols which are underpinned by the Plant Biosecurity Act 2010. Opportunities are provided under the legislation for producers and marketers to adopt quality assurance arrangements which are subject to regular audit and improvement.

THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Scientific and diagnostic support is provided by the Biosciences Research Branch. It provides expert technical advice to assist incursion response, market access programs and other biosecurity initiatives (e.g. industry biosecurity plans) as well as technical expert representation on national committees and working groups. This Branch and its associated

CHAPTER 1: Crop Health Services diagnostic business supports biosecurity by conducting relevant research and providing diagnoses in the areas of entomology, mycology, nematology, virology and bacteriology. Specialist diagnostic services and expertise has also been provided to interstate jurisdictions to support national incursion responses.

Victoria has led and managed national response programs for chestnut blight, giant pine scale and hazelnut mite. Response work also continues for Queensland fruit fly in Greater Sunraysia and surveillance to support the reinstatement of area freedom for blueberry rust.

Targeted surveillance was undertaken to maintain area freedom status for exotic fruit flies, Asian gypsy moth, Asian citrus psyllid, huanglongbing disease, black spruce longhorn beetle, brown spruce longicorn beetle, wood wasps, Japanese pine sawyer beetle and pine wilt nematode. DEDJTR has worked with the Australian Government to investigate and resolve post-border breaches of dwarf honey bee, red imported fire ant and West Indian drywood termite. Officers also investigated a significant number of suspected emergency plant pests reported by industry and the community. Image courtesy of Barry Large.

24 Prevent fruit fly Since some of the chemical control options that were commonly used to control fruit fly numbers are no longer available in Australia due to human health concerns, area wide management has become the focus of fruit fly prevention.

Area wide management is a viable method of preventing populations of fruit flies becoming troublesome for farmers, but relies on efforts from everyone in a region. Commercial producers have to deal with fruit flies in their orchards and fields, but they also need help from all other fruit and vegetable growers in the region in order to ensure that they can continue to produce good quality produce while keeping prices down.

This means that gardeners across Australia have a crucial role to play. Everyone who grows fruit and vegetables needs to control fruit fly in order to protect their own fruit and vegetables from being damaged, and to help farmers in the area. Fruit fly management is particularly important in towns in horticulture production areas and peri-urban communities, due to their proximity to commercial growers.

In 2015, PHA set up the Prevent fruit fly website which provides information on two THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA fruit fly species of economic concern: Queensland fruit fly, present in Queensland, NT, NSW, ACT and Victoria, and Mediterranean fruit fly, which is a problem in WA but not in the eastern states of Australia. Only Tasmania and SA are fruit fly free, a status that

is maintained with considerable effort. It is worthwhile, since growers in areas that are CHAPTER 1: considered free of fruit fly are able to gain access to additional valuable markets.

Gardeners are advised to choose a control strategy based on their situation and ability, in order to protect their own yield as well as that of farmers in the region.

The website, established on behalf of the National Fruit Fly Council, will be further expanded to become the central hub of other fruit fly awareness raising activities across the country.

The new website encourages gardeners as well as producers to control fruit flies.

Trapping is an integral part of area wide management for fruit flies. Image courtesy of Summerfruit Australia. 25 1.5 Private sector plant biosecurity services

In addition to the activities performed by the Australian and state and territory PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS governments, and industry bodies, the private sector makes a large contribution to the A number of Australian societies and associations whose membership includes scientific plant biosecurity system. professionals are linked with plant biosecurity. These organisations contribute to the development of Australia’s plant biosecurity system through a range of activities including: PRIVATE CONSULTANTS AND COMMERCIAL • Peer reviews and publication of research findings. AGRONOMISTS • Provision of pest, disease and weed notes. Private consultants and advisers in Australia provide a wide range of professional services • Scientific reviews. to plant production industries and their growers. Across a range of crop types, and in most • Convening forums to share plant biosecurity research. key production areas, consultants provide extensive plant biosecurity extension advice. Working closely with growers is an effective mechanism for maximising efficiency at farm • Independent comment and input into the development and implementation of plant level when it comes to maintaining biosecurity. biosecurity policy and the development of international phytosanitary standards. • Encouraging professionalism amongst plant scientists and technicians. In addition to private consultants, commercial agronomists work across a wide range of Australian plant production industries, providing local services through the major Key associations include the Australasian Plant Pathology Society, the Australian Society

THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA distribution chains. They are backed by national technical networks which provide a for Microbiology, the Australian Entomological Society, the Australian Society of Agronomy comprehensive suite of services to agricultural industries. This group of professional and the Council of Australian Weed Societies. agriculturalists supply a variety of free and consultative services across the spectrum of crops grown in Australia, including specialty services for plant biosecurity issues. AUSTRALIAN AERIAL AGRICULTURE OPERATORS CHAPTER 1: Aerial agriculture has played an important role in Australian agriculture for over half a decade. Some 300 agricultural aircraft are used to efficiently apply fertilisers, seed and, importantly for biosecurity, pesticides to a range of crops.

Aerial application allows registered farm chemicals to be used particularly when the height of the crop limits access from the ground, a pest has to be managed within a short window of opportunity or when weather or soil conditions prevent wheeled access to a crop. Agricultural aircraft pilots are highly trained and enable growers to have access to a range of professional specialised application services.

Agronomists assist producers with pest management. Image courtesy of AgNova Technologies.

26 (EPPRD), providing significant benefitsforallpartiesintheeventofanEPPincursion. members theoptionofbeingasignatorytoEmergencyPlant Pest ResponseDeed Being amemberenablespartiestoworktogetheronbiosecurityissues. Italsogives members. members ofPHA,bringingthetotalnumberto53.Table 2(page29) givesafulllistof andmostmajorplant-basedagriculturalindustriesare All AustralianGovernments PHA’s efforts helpto: • • • • • • • • • • • • PHA achievesthisby: independently advocatesonbehalfofthenationalplantbiosecuritysystem. in Australia.Asanot-for-profit company, PHAservicestheneedsofitsmembers and PHA isthenationalcoordinatorpartnershipforplantbiosecurity ofthegovernment-industry 1.6

Preserve environmental healthandamenity. rely uponthem. Support thesustainabilityandprofitability ofplantindustriesandthecommunitiesthat Safeguard thelivelihoodofproducers. Assist tradebothdomesticallyandinternationally. Enhance Australia’s planthealthstatus. Minimise plantpestimpacts. Facilitating improved nationalinvestmentinplantbiosecurity. Determining future needsofAustralia’s plantbiosecuritysystem. biosecurity system. Monitoring performanceandpromoting continualimprovement ofAustralia’s plant Assisting nationalmanagementofbiosecurityrisks. arrangements. Enhancing theoperationandintegrityofAustralia’s plantpestemergencyresponse andindustriestoworktogether.Enhancing thecommitmentofgovernments

Plant HealthAustralia a longtermview. company toputtheinterests oftheplantbiosecuritysystemfirstaswellsupporting independence fostersanimpartialapproach toservicingmemberneeds,allowingthe be mutuallyagreed upon,issuesidentifiedandsolutionstoproblems found.PHA’s role forPHA.Through PHA,current andfuture needsoftheplantbiosecuritysystemcan Fostering, strengtheningpartnershipisaprimary andexpandingthegovernment-industry access, trade,profitability, sustainabilityandenvironmental preservation. from goodbiosecurity. Benefitsincludeimproved productivity, product quality, market recognition that,inadditiontoplantproducers, thewiderAustraliancommunitybenefits the plantbiosecuritysystem.Shared responsibility forbiosecuritywasestablishedin industries withshared responsibility formaintainingtheintegrityandperformanceof and Plant biosecurityinAustraliaoperatesasapartnershipbetweengovernments PARTNERSHIPS surveillance anddiagnosticsystems support,response training andsimulationexercises. preparedness, PHA provides arangeofservices includingcontingencyplanning, obligations assignatoriestotheEPPRD andimprove theiremergency response are identifiedthrough post-EPPincident reviews. To assistmemberstomeettheir to theagreement totakeaccountofnewinformationandprocedural improvements that PHA convenesregular meetings ofsignatoriestotheEPPRDandfacilitatesmodifications operational response plan for suspectedexoticpestsofsignificance(Chapter4). its custodianshipandadministrationoftheEPPRDPLANTPLAN, theagreed arrangements foreffective responses toEPPincursions.PHAundertakesthisrole through Another centralrole forPHA istheestablishmentoffundingandmanagement EMERGENCY RESPONSES this work. The NationalPlantBiosecurityStrategy(Section1.2)andthisstatus report are examplesof coordination andcollaboration, andtargetsmemberefforts andinvestmenttobesteffect. andindustry policydevelopment,facilitatesimproved contribute togovernment national consultation withstakeholders,PHAformulatesthestrategies,plansandreports that performance ofthenationalbiosecuritysystemanddeterminingitsfuture needs.Inclose PHA’s independenceandexpertiseenablethecompanytotakealeadinmonitoring STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVE

27 CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA PEST RISK MITIGATION Beyond its contribution to response arrangements, PHA supports the national plant biosecurity system by coordinating and assisting efforts to reduce the risks posed by emergency plant pests. This is achieved in large part by supporting industries and governments to develop strategies and plans that improve biosecurity standards as well as providing assistance with implementation of agreed risk mitigation measures. Biosecurity plans, biosecurity manuals for producers and awareness raising extension services are examples of activities that PHA undertakes with and on behalf of members. Honey bees are included in PHA because of the benefits that pollination brings to crop yield.

FUNDING PHA’s main activities are funded from annual subscriptions paid by members, as detailed in PHA’s Annual Operational Plan.

A range of separately funded projects are also undertaken for individual members or groups of members. Non-subscription funded projects boost biosecurity for particular industries. Examples include biosecurity officers who work with growers, government and industry partnership initiatives for honey bee health and manuals and plans for THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA non-members. CHAPTER 1:

28 Table 2. Plant Health Australia’s members at end December 2015

Industry members Government members Almond Board of Australia Inc. Commonwealth of Australia Apple and Pear Australia Ltd Australian Capital Territory Government Australian Banana Growers' Council New South Wales Government Australian Forest Products Association Limited Northern Territory Government Australian Ginger Industry Association Queensland Government Australian Honey Bee Industry Council Inc. South Australian Government Australian Lychee Growers' Association Tasmanian Government Australian Macadamia Society Ltd Victorian Government Australian Mango Industry Association Ltd Western Australian Government Australian Melon Association Inc. Australian Olive Association Ltd Australian Processing Tomato Research Council Inc. Associate members Australian Table Grape Association Inc. AgNova Technologies

Australian Walnut Industry Association THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Cotton Research and Development Corporation AUSVEG Limited CSIRO Avocados Australia Ltd CANEGROWERS Grains Research and Development Corporation CHAPTER 1: Canned Fruit Industry Council of Australia Horticulture Innovation Australia Cherry Growers of Australia Inc. Plant Biosecurity CRC Chestnuts Australia Incorporated Sugar Research Australia Citrus Australia Ltd Victorian Farmers Federation Cotton Australia Ltd Wine Australia Dried Fruits Australia Inc. Grain Producers Australia Limited GROWCOM Hazelnut Growers of Australia Incorporated Nursery and Garden Industry Australia Ltd Onions Australia Passionfruit Australia Incorporated Pistachio Growers Association Incorporated Raspberries and Blackberries Australia Inc. Ricegrowers' Association of Australia Inc. Strawberries Australia Inc. Summerfruit Australia Limited Wine Grape Growers Australia

29 1.7 Australia’s plant production industries

INDUSTRY REPRESENTATIVE BODIES AND GROWERS CROP PRODUCTION SUMMARY Many of Australia’s farmers have peak representative bodies that act on behalf of their Australian agriculture, of which plant production industries make up over half in value, members, who are usually growers, on a range of activities including biosecurity. is an integral part the nation’s economy. Plant production industries contributed over $29.1Cotton billion inForestry 2014–15 to annualFruit and agricultural nutsGrains production.Grapes Nursery Pasture and haySugarcane Vegetables Industry groups may provide funding at regional, state or national levels for specific plant biosecurity activities, such as research and development, management initiatives and Figure 4 shows the contribution of each of the main plant production industries to total emergency responses. Industries can also set biosecurity priorities that deliver outcomes plant gross production value in 2013–14 (the latest year for which this breakdown is specific to their needs. available).

They provide a voice for growers at meetings and conferences and on committees that determine the direction of plant biosecurity in Australia including any emergency plant pest Figure 4. Comparative value of Australia’s plant production industries, based on responses. Furthermore, industry groups negotiate and work with government departments gross value of production, 2013–14 on biosecurity issues ranging from international market access through to pest surveillance activities. Industry personnel also represent their industries in any emergency plant pest response activities. 7% Cotton THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA 5% Forestry Industry representative bodies play an important part in Australia’s biosecurity system by raising awareness among growers of the importance of biosecurity, the key pests they 11% Fruit and nuts need to protect against and how to implement biosecurity on-farm and along the supply 49% Grains

CHAPTER 1: chain. 3% Grapes Growers also have an important role to play in supporting Australia’s biosecurity on-farm. 4% Nursery Each producer needs to implement good biosecurity practices to protect their crops, their livelihood, the region and, in turn, the industry from both endemic and exotic pests. 5% Pasture and hay See On-farm biosecurity in Chapter 3. 4% Sugarcane 12% Vegetables

The industry profiles that follow (for PHA members) show trends in local value of production (LVP), which is the value of agricultural commodities at the farm gate (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016). The distribution of production between the states and territories and a list 0% Honey bees of high priority pests (HPPs) that have been identified as posing the main threats to each industry are also shown.

30 Plantation forestry Honey bees Hortic Broadacre crops CROP and are givenonlyforPHAmembers. Data are from theAustralianBureau ofStatisticsorappropriate peakindustrybodies Production valuesforindustriesshowninthissectionare forthelatestavailableyear. Industry profiles Vegetables (includingpotatoes) Table grapes Strawberries 75 Stone fruits Raspberries andblackberries Processing tomatoes Pistachios 67 Pineapples 66 Passionfruits 64 Onions 63 Olives 62 Nursery andgarden Melons 60 Mangoes 58 Macadamias 57 Lychees 56 Hazelnuts 54 Ginger 48 Dried fruits Citrus 44 Chestnuts 43 Cherries 40 Canned fruits Bananas 36 Avocados 34 Apple andpears Almonds 32 Sugarcane 76 Rice 72 Grains 50 Cotton 46 Wine grapes Wine Walnuts 82 ulture PAGE

80 78 74 71 70 61 47 39 33 84 68 55 Image courtesy ofCottonAustralia. 31 CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA ALMONDS

Represented by the Almond Board of Australia Inc. Figure 5. Annual value of almond production, 2007–14 www.australianalmonds.com.au

In 2013–14, almond production was valued at $342 million (LVP). About three-quarters 350 of Australian almonds are exported, going to 50 countries, with Europe the largest market 300 and India the most valuable export country. 250 The Australian almond industry is concentrated in Victoria, SA and NSW with almost 30,000 hectares of cultivated almond trees. The industry is undergoing enormous 200 expansion. Production has risen from 12,000 tonnes in 2005 to 80,000 tonnes in 2015. 150

It is predicted that another 15,000 hectares will be planted with almond orchards over the ($ MILLION) 100 next three years with an expected yield of 130,000 tonnes by 2025. 50 The almond industry is covered by version 2.0 of the nut biosecurity plan and the Orchard of Production Local Value 0 Biosecurity Manual for the Almond Industry Version 1.0. 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 FINANCIAL YEAR

Table 3. High Priority Pests of the almond industry ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Scientific name Common name Amyelois transitella Navel orangeworm Figure 6. Distribution of almond production by state and territory, 2013–14 Chinavia hilaris Green stink bug; pistachio bug (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Leptoglossus clypealis Leaf footed bug Leptoglossus occidentalis Western conifer seed bug Leptoglossus zonatus Western leaf footed bug 0% Australian Capital Territory Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle 4% New South Wales Verticillium dahliae (exotic defoliating strains) Verticillium wilt 0% Northern Territory Xylella fastidiosa (including Xylella fastidiosa Almond leaf scorch; pecan bacterial subsp. Fastidiosa; Xylella fastidiosa subsp. leaf scorch 0% Queensland Multiplex; Xylella fastidiosa subsp. Piercei) 23% South Australia 0% Tasmania 73% Victoria 0% Western Australia

Navel orangeworm. Image courtesy of Jack Kelly Clark, Almond leaf scorch. Image courtesy of Jack Kelly Clark, University of California Statewide IPM Program. University of California Statewide IPM Program.

32 APPLES AND PEARS

Represented by Apple and Pear Australia Ltd Figure 7. Annual value of apple and pear production, 2007–14 www.apal.org.au In 2013–14, apple and pear production was valued at $457 million (LVP). The most popular apple varieties are Cripps Pink (Pink LadyTM), Royal GalaTM and Granny Smith, whilst for 700 pears Packham and Williams dominate. 600

The major production area for the Australian apple and pear industry is in Victoria, primarily 500 in southern Victoria and the Goulburn Valley. This area produces 43 per cent and 89 per cent oduction 400 of Australia’s apples and pears respectively. Other major growing areas include Stanthorpe in Queensland, Batlow and Orange in NSW, the Huon and Tamar Valleys in Tasmania, 300 alue of P r the Adelaide Hills in SA, and Donnybrook, Manjimup and the Perth Hills in WA. ($ MILLION) 200

The majority of apple production is consumed domestically, with less than five per cent 100 Local V exported to the premium markets of the United Kingdom and Europe and the markets 0 of south east Asia. 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 FINANCIAL YEAR The apple and pear industry is covered by version 2.01 of the apple and pear biosecurity ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA plan and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Apple and Pear Industry Version 2.0. THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

Figure 8. Distribution of apple and pear production by state and territory, 2013–14 Table 4. High Priority Pests of the apple and pear industry (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1:

Scientific name Common name Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly Conotrachelus nenuphar Plum curculio 0% Australian Capital Territory Drosophila suzukii Spotted-winged drosophila 15% New South Wales Dysaphis plantaginea Rosy apple aphid 0% Northern Territory Erwinia amylovora Fire blight 6% Queensland Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Cedar apple rust 10% South Australia Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth 5% Tasmania Monilinia fructigena Brown rot 56% Victoria Neonectria ditissima European canker 8% Western Australia Rhagoletis pomonella Apple maggot

33 AVOCADOS

Represented by Avocados Australia Ltd www.avocado.org.au In 2013–14, avocado production was valued at $184 million (LVP). The Hass variety is the predominant avocado produced in Australia, accounting for approximately 80 per cent of production, with Shepard accounting for about 15 per cent. A number of other varieties such as Reed, Wurtz, Sharwil and Fuerte make up the balance. Exports are mostly shipped to Singapore and Malaysia.

Queensland dominates Australia’s avocado production, followed by WA, NSW, SA and Victoria.

The avocado industry is covered by the avocado biosecurity plan version 2.01 and the OrchardACT BiosecurityNSW Manual NTfor the AvocadoQLD Industry VersionSA 1.0. TAS VIC WA

Figure 9. Distribution of avocado production by state and territory, 2013–14

THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA (based on LVP)

CHAPTER 1: 0% Australian Capital Territory 11% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 64% Queensland 4% South Australia 0% Tasmania 4% Victoria 17% Western Australia

34 Figure 10. Annual value of avocado production, 2007–14 Table 5. High Priority Pests of the avocado industry

Scientific name Common name 200 Avocado sunblotch viroid (symptomatic strains) Avocado sunblotch 180 Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly 160 140 Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fruit fly oduction 120 Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly 100 Bactrocera facialis Tropical fruit fly 80 alue of P r ($ MILLION) 60 Bactrocera kandiensis Fruit fly 40 Bactrocera kirki Fijian fruit fly

Local V 20 Bactrocera melanotus Fruit fly 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 Bactrocera papayae Papaya fruit fly FINANCIAL YEAR Bactrocera passiflorae Fijian fruit fly

Bactrocera philippinensis Philippine fruit fly THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Bactrocera xanthodes Pacific fruit fly Conotrachelus aguacatae (Barber) Small avocado seed weevil

Conotrachelus perseae Small seed weevil CHAPTER 1: Erwinia herbicola Avocado blast complex Heilipus lauri (Boheman) Large seed weevil Oligonychus persea Persea mite (Tuttle, Baker and Abbatiello) Pseudomonas syringae Avocado blast complex Pseudomonas syringae pv. Syringae van Hall Bacterial canker complex Scirtothrips perseae (Nakahara) Thrips Stenoma catenifer (Walsingham) Stenomid (avocado) moth

Image courtesy of Avocados Australia.

35 BANANAS Table 6. High Priority Pests of the banana industry Scientific name Common name Represented by the Australian Banana Growers’ Council Inc. www.abgc.org.au Abaca bunchy top virus (Babuvirus) Abaca bunchy top virus In 2013–14, banana production was valued at $304 million (LVP). There are currently about Banana bract mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Banana bract mosaic disease 13,500 hectares of bananas grown in Australia. Banana bunchy top virus (Nanovirus) Banana bunchy top disease

Bananas are grown all year round with the two main varieties being Cavendish and Lady Blood disease bacterium Blood disease Fingers. The Cavendish variety accounts for the vast majority of production. The Australian Erionota thrax Banana skipper butterfly banana industry only supplies the domestic market. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Panama disease, tropical race 4 Around 95 per cent of bananas are grown in Queensland, from Ingham to Hopevale Guignardia musae Banana freckle (including the Tablelands). Mycosphaerella eumusae Eumusae leaf spot The Australian banana industry is currently involved in two major biosecurity responses for Mycosphaerella fijiensis Black sigatoka banana freckle in the Northern Territory and Panama Disease Tropical Race 4 (TR4) in north Ralstonia solanacearum, race 2 Moko Queensland. There is also a major banana bunchy top virus containment project running ACTTetranychus pierceiNSW NT QLDBanana spiderSA mite TAS VIC WA in northern NSW and south east Queensland. Additionally, an officer is employed to undertake inspections for the presence of yellow sigatoka in the North Queensland commercial production area. THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Figure 12. Distribution of banana production by state and territory, 2013–14 To contain the TR4 incursion in north Queensland, a TR4 Biosecurity Extension Project has (based on LVP) been jointly funded by the Queensland and Australian governments, and is being delivered by the Australian Banana Growers’ Council. See box on page 97 for information about the CHAPTER 1: TR4 response.

The banana industry is covered by version 2.0 of the banana industry biosecurity plan 0% Australian Capital Territory and the Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Banana Industry Version 1.0. A review of the 4% New South Wales biosecurity plan is expected to commence in 2016. 1% Northern Territory 95% Queensland Figure 11. Annual value of banana production, 2007–14 0% South Australia 500 0% Tasmania 450 400 0% Victoria 350 0% Western Australia oduction 300 250 200 alue of P r ($ MILLION) 150 100

Local V 50 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 FINANCIAL YEAR

36 THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1:

Image courtesy of the Australian Banana Growers' Council Inc. 37 THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1:

38 CANNED FRUITS

Represented by the Canned Fruits Industry Council of Australia Figure 13. Annual value of canned fruit production, 2007–14 www.fgv.com.au

In 2013–14, production of canned fruit was valued at $13 million (LVP) which was a 45 reduction from the 2012–13 production year when canned fruit was valued at $26 million. 40 Fruit production for canning is carried out from December to May each season and 35 volumes of between 80,000 to 100,000 tonnes are processed annually. 30 oduction The industry represents more than 300 fruit growing, packing and exporting businesses. 25 20 The canned fruits industry is primarily based in the Goulburn–Murray Valleys region of alue of P r

($ MILLION) 15 Victoria, processing Australian apples, pears and stone fruit (peaches, apricots and plums). 10

The canned fruit industry does not have a specific biosecurity plan or manual, but plans Local V 5 and manuals for the pome fruit (apple and pear) and stone fruit (summerfruit) industries 0 contain information of relevance to biosecurity for canned fruit production. 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 FINANCIAL YEAR ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

Figure 14. Distribution of canned fruit production by state and territory, 2013–14 (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1:

0% Australian Capital Territory 0% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 0% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 100% Victoria 0% Western Australia

Image courtesy of Canned Fruits Industry Council of Australia.

39 CHERRIES

Represented by Cherry Growers of Australia Inc. www.cherrygrowers.org.au In 2013–14, cherry production was valued at $127 million (LVP). The main varieties grown are Lapin, Sweetheart, Sweet Georgia, Merchant, Stella, Bing, Van, Simone, Regina, Samba and Stacarto.

The Australian cherry industry is concentrated in the following regions: 800 hectares in NSW (Hillston/Narromine, Orange and Young, and Batlow/Tumut); 800 hectares in Victoria (Swan Hill/Sunraysia, Goulburn Valley, north-eastern Victoria, Yarra Valley/Dandenongs); 600 hectares in Tasmania (Huon Valley/Channel, Derwent Valley, Coal Valley, Tamar Valley and north-western Tasmania); 500 hectares in SA (Adelaide Hills, Riverland and south east SA); 70 hectares in WA (Perth Hills, Donnybrook/Manjimup and Mt Barker); and 25 hectares in Queensland (Stanthorpe/Granite Belt).

About 10,000 tonnes of cherries are consumed domestically and another 6,000 tonnes exported at a value of $73 million. Exports are currently shipped to 30 countries, with the top six destinations being Hong Kong, China, Taiwan, Singapore, Korea and the Middle East. THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA The Australian cherry industry is covered by version 2.01 of the cherry biosecurity plan and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Cherry Industry Version 1.0. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA CHAPTER 1:

Figure 15. Distribution of cherry production by state and territory, 2013–14 (based on LVP)

0% Australian Capital Territory 19% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 0% Queensland 17% South Australia 26% Tasmania 36% Victoria 1% Western Australia

40 Figure 16. Annual value of cherry production, 2007–14 Table 7. High Priority Pests of the cherry industry

Scientific name Common name 140 Cherry leaf roll virus (Nepovirus) (exotic strains) Blackline 120 Choristoneura rosaceana Oblique banded leaf roller 100 Conotrachelus nenuphar Plum curculio oduction 80 Ctenopseustis obliquana Brown headed leaf roller Drosophila suzukii Spotted-winged drosophila 60

alue of P r European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma European stone fruit yellows ($ MILLION) 40 Little cherry virus 1 (unassigned) Little cherry virus 1 20

Local V Little cherry virus 2 (Ampelovirus) Little cherry virus 2 0 Monilinia fructigena Brown rot 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 FINANCIAL YEAR Neonectria ditissima European canker Pandemis cerasana Cherry brown tortrix

Phymatotrichum omnivorum Texas root rot THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Planotortrix octo Green headed leaf roller Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus Podosphaera clandestina var. clandestina Powdery mildew of cherry CHAPTER 1: (exotic strains) Rhagoletis fausta Black cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis indifferens Western cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis pomonella Apple maggot X disease phytoplasma Peach X disease Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease

Plum curculio. Image courtesy of E. Levine, The Ohio State European canker. Image courtesy Abrahami. University, bugwood.org.

41 THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1:

42 CHESTNUTS

Represented by Chestnuts Australia Inc Figure 17. Annual value of chestnut production, 2009–14 www.chestnutsaustralia.com.au 7 In 2013–14, chestnut production was valued at $6.5 million (LVP). In 2015 there were around 1,300 hectares containing about 200,000 chestnut trees. It is estimated that with 6 more trees planted, production will rise to approximately $9.8 million by 2020.

The main varieties grown are Red Spanish, Purton's Pride and De CoppiMarone. Chestnuts 5 flower during November and December and are harvested from March through to May. oduction The industry is primarily focused on the domestic market with approximately two per cent 4 exported, mainly to Asian markets. 3 alue of P r The Australian chestnut industry operates principally in the southern states of Australia, ($ MILLION) primarily in Victoria. 2 Local V Chestnuts Australia Inc is an integral part of the chestnut blight eradication program, being 1 represented on both the NMG and the CCEPP. During 2015, the chestnut industry activated their EPPR Levy, to 1 cent per kilogram, to fund part of the eradication program. 0 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Aspects of biosecurity are well embedded in the Australian Chestnut Industry Five Year FINANCIAL YEAR Strategic Plan – 2015 to 2020.

The chestnut industry is covered by version 2.0 of the nut biosecurity plan. Figure 18. Distribution of chestnut production by state and territory, 2013–14 CHAPTER 1: (based on LVP)

Table 8. High Priority Pests of the chestnut industry

Scientific name Common name Dryocosmus kuriphilus Oriental chestnut gall wasp 0% Australian Capital Territory Lymantria dispar Gypsy moth (Asian and European strains) 27% New South Wales Cryphonectria parasitica Chestnut blight 0% Northern Territory Verticillium dahliae (exotic defoliating strains) Verticillium wilt 0% Queensland Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death 3% South Australia 3% Tasmania 64% Victoria 3% Western Australia

43 CITRUS

Represented by Citrus Australia Ltd www.citrusaustralia.com.au In 2013–14, citrus production (oranges, mandarins, lemons, limes and grapefruit) was valued at $446 million (LVP). In 2014, production of citrus was estimated to be 620,000 tonnes. Currently, there are about 28,000 hectares of citrus plantings nationally.

Citrus is the largest fresh fruit exporting industry in Australia with major export markets including Hong Kong, Japan, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, the United States and New Zealand.

Citrus fruits are grown commercially throughout Australia, with the exception of Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory. Major growing areas include the Riverina (NSW), Central Burnett and Emerald (Queensland), Riverland (SA) and Murray Valley (Victoria/NSW). Production also occurs in WA and there are a small number of plantings in NT.

The Citrus Biosecurity Project, which is funded by Hort Innovation and jointly managed by PHA and Citrus Australia, continued through 2015, boosting the preparedness of the citrus

THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA industry for serious exotic pests.

TheACT citrus industryNSW is coveredNT by version 3.0QLD of the citrusSA biosecurity planTAS and the VIC WA Biosecurity Manual for Citrus Producers Version 2.0. CHAPTER 1:

Figure 19. Distribution of citrus production by state and territory, 2013–14 (based on LVP)

0% Australian Capital Territory 49% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 1% Queensland 36% South Australia 0% Tasmania 11% Victoria 3% Western Australia

44 Image courtesy of Citrus Australia. Figure 20. Annual value of citrus production, 2007–14 Table 9. High Priority Pests of the citrus industry

Scientific name Common name 500 Anastrepha ludens Mexican fruit fly 450 400 Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly 350 Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly oduction 300 Bactrocera invadens* Fruit fly 250 Bactrocera kandiensis Fruit fly 200 alue of P r ($ MILLION) 150 Bactrocera occipitalis Fruit fly 100 Bactrocera papayae* Papaya fruit fly

Local V 50 Bactrocera philippinensis* Philippine fruit fly 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 Bactrocera trivialis New Guinea fruit fly FINANCIAL YEAR Caliothrips fasciatus Bean thrips Candidatus Liberibacter africanus Huanglongbing (African strain) THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Candidatus Liberibacter americanus Huanglongbing (American strain) Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Huanglongbing (Asiatic strain) Citripestis sagittiferella Citrus fruit borer

Citrus leprosis virus (Cilevirus) Citrus leprosis CHAPTER 1: Citrus tristeza virus (Closterovirus) Mandarin stem-pitting/citrus tristeza (exotic strains) Diaphorina citri Asiatic/Asian citrus psyllid Frankliniella bispinosa Florida flower thrips Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy-winged sharpshooter Spiroplasma citri Citrus stubborn disease Trioza erytreae African citrus psyllid Xanthomonas citri subsp. Citri Citrus canker Xylella fastidiosa subsp. Pauca Citrus variegated chlorosis

* This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis

Image courtesy of Citrus Australia.

45 COTTON

Represented by Cotton Australia Ltd Figure 22. Annual value of cotton production, 2007–14 www.cottonaustralia.com.au

In 2013–14, cotton production was valued at $2 billion (LVP). 2.5

Australian cotton yields are high by international standards—nearly three times the world 2.0 average. Almost the entire Australian cotton crop is exported, with two thirds sold to China

and the remainder mainly to spinning mills in Asia. Australia is the fourth largest cotton oduction exporter in the world, behind the United States, India and Brazil. 1.5

Cotton is grown in most of the major inland river valleys of eastern Australia, in a belt 1.0 alue of P r stretching from central Queensland in the north, to the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area and ($ BILLION) Menindee Lakes in southern and western NSW. Approximately 66 per cent of the national 0.5

crop is grown in NSW with the remainder grown in Queensland. Cotton is generally grown Local V

as an annual irrigated summer crop in fertile alluvial floodplain soils and, in an average 0 season, rain grown cotton represents approximately 16 per cent of the total planted area. 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 FINANCIAL YEAR The cotton industry is covered by version 3.0 of the biosecurity plan for the cotton industry ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA and the Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Cotton Industry Version 1.1. THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

Table 10. High Priority Pests of the cotton industry Figure 21. Distribution of cotton production by state and territory, 2013–14 (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1: Scientific name Common name Anthonomus grandis Cotton boll weevil Aphis gossypii (exotic strains) Cotton aphid Bemisia tabaci (exotic strains) Silverleaf whitefly 0% Australian Capital Territory Cotton leaf curl virus (Begomovirus) Cotton leaf curl disease 65% New South Wales Cotton leafroll dwarf virus (Polerovirus) Cotton blue disease 0% Northern Territory Dysdercus spp. (including: D. honestus, Cotton strainer; red bugs D. maurus, D. suturellus (American species)) 35% Queensland Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum Fusarium wilt (exotic races) 0% South Australia (exotic races) 0% Tasmania Halyomorpha halys Brown mamorated stink bugs 0% Victoria Helicoverpa armigera Cotton bollworm; African boll worm 0% Western Australia Lygus hesperus Western plant bug Lygus lineolaris Tarnished plant bug Phymatotrichopsis omnivora Texas root rot Thaumatotibia leucotreta False codling moth Verticillium dahliae (defoliating strain) Verticillium wilt Xanthomonas citri subsp. Malvacearum Bacterial blight/angular leaf spot

46 DRIED FRUIT

Represented by Dried Fruits Australia Inc. Figure 24. Annual value of dried fruit production, 2007–14 www.driedfruitsaustralia.org.au In 2013–14, dried fruit production (sultanas, currants, raisins and sunmuscats) was valued 60 at $33 million (LVP). 50 The main export markets for dried fruit are dominated by Germany (40 per cent), the United 40 Kingdom (25 per cent) and New Zealand (11 per cent). oduction

In Australia, grapes are grown for the dried fruit industry in the Sunraysia region which 30 spans north western Victoria and south western NSW around the Murray River, and to alue of P r

($ MILLION) 20 a lesser extent, in the SA Riverland. 10

The dried fruit industry regularly distributes biosecurity information and guidelines from Local V PHA to its members via a quarterly publication, The Vine. The viticulture biosecurity manual 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 has been distributed to dried fruit growers through the major industry processors, Sunbeam Foods and Australian Premium Dried Fruits. The industry also undertakes FINANCIAL YEAR EPPRD training in order to understand the roles and responsibilities of their officers in the event of a pest incursion. THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

The dried fruit industry is covered by version 3.0 of the biosecurity plan for viticulture Table 11. High Priority Pests of the dried fruit industry andACT the BiosecurityNSW Manual forNT the ViticultureQLD Industry VersionSA 1.0. TAS VIC WA

Scientific name Common name CHAPTER 1: Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly Figure 23. Distribution of dried fruit production by state and territory, 2013–14 (based on LVP) Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera papayae* Papaya fruit fly Candidatus Phytoplasma solani Bois noir Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (exotic strains) Grapevine phylloxera 0% Australian Capital Territory Drosophila suzukii Spotted-winged drosophila 16% New South Wales Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma Flavescence dorée 0% Northern Territory Guignardia bidwellii Black rot Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy-winged sharpshooter 0% Queensland Hyalesthes obsoletus Cixiidae planthopper 3% South Australia Lobesia botrana European grapevine moth 0% Tasmania Planococcus ficus Vine mealybug 80% Victoria Polychrosis viteana American berry moth 1% Western Australia Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybug Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease

* This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis

47 GINGER

Represented by Australian Ginger Industry Association Figure 25. Annual value of ginger production, 2010–14 www.australianginger.org.au In 2013–14, ginger production was valued at $32 million (LVP). Land under ginger 35 cultivation is approximately 280 hectares, which produces around 8,400 tonnes 30 of fresh ginger. It is available year round. 25

The main ginger varieties grown in Australia are Queensland and Jumbo (Canton). oduction 20 The entire Australian ginger crop is produced for the domestic market. Approximately 60 per cent of ginger produced in Australia is sold as fresh ginger and the remaining 15 alue of P r 40 per cent is processed. ($ MILLION) 10

The Australian ginger industry is based predominantly in south east Queensland, followed by 5 the Widebay region and very small percentages in far north Queensland and northern NSW. Local V 0 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 The ginger industry is covered by version 1.0 of the biosecurity plan for the ginger industry. FINANCIAL YEAR ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Table 12. High Priority Pests of the ginger industry

Scientific name Common name Figure 26. Distribution of ginger production by state and territory, 2013–14 Aspidiella hartii Yam scale (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1: Elytroteinus subtruncatus Fijian ginger weevil Radopholus similis (exotic strains) Burrowing nematode Ralstonia solanacearum, race 4 (exotic strains) Bacterial wilt 0% Australian Capital Territory 2% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 98% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria 0% Western Australia

Ralstonia solanacearum. Image courtesy of Bruce Mathews, Burrowing nematode. Image courtesy of bugwood.org. University of Hawaii at Hilo College of Agriculture, Forestry & Natural Resource Management.

48 THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1:

49 GRAINS

Represented by Grain Producers Australia Ltd www.grainproducers.com.au In 2013–14, grain production (wheat, barley, canola, sorghum, oats, and lupins) was valued at $13.3 billion (LVP). The grains industry is Australia’s largest plant industry with wheat, the largest crop, accounting for more than half of total production. The majority of Australia’s grain is produced in the wheat belt located from central Queensland through NSW, Victoria, Tasmania, SA and southern WA.

Most of the grain produced in Australia is exported predominantly to markets in Asia and the Middle East including China, Indonesia, Iraq, Korea, Vietnam, Iran and Vietnam.

The grains industry invests in a biosecurity program to raise awareness and improve practices on-farm. Grain Producers Australia funds the Grains Farm Biosecurity Program which includes the deployment of five Grains Biosecurity Officers embedded in state departments in NSW, Queensland, SA, Victoria and WA.

The grains industry is covered by version 3.0 of the biosecurity plan for grains and the

THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Biosecurity Manual for Grain Producers Version 4.0. CHAPTER 1:

Image courtesy of Barry Large.

50 Figure 27. Annual value of grains production, 2007–14 Finding a fumigant for phosphine resistant grain pests 14 Pests of stored grain that have developed resistance to the commonly used 12 fumigant phosphine have become an increasing challenge for the Australian grains 10 industry in recent decades. oduction 8 Phosphine resistance has meant that grain insect pests are more difficult to 6 control both on-farm and in bulk storage sites across grain growing areas. In 2015,

alue of P r a large-scale research project was undertaken by Yong Lin Ren from Murdoch ($ BILLION) 4 University, funded by the PBCRC to determine the role of sulfuryl fluoride for pest 2 management in stored grain. Local V 0 Sulfuryl fluoride has long been used to control a variety of insect pests in closed 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 structures. It has many benefits, including being non-flammable, non-corrosive and FINANCIAL YEAR suitable for use with a range of commodities and structures, including flour mills. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA It also dissipates quickly during aeration. THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA The research team evaluated the use of sulfuryl fluoride at an industry storage site in Queensland. They exposed insect pests that were strongly resistant to phosphine to Figure 28. Distribution of grains production by state and territory, 2013–14 the gas, including lesser grain borers, (based on LVP)

rice weevils, red-rust flour beetles and CHAPTER 1: rusty grain beetles.

The screening of test insects after 0% Australian Capital Territory fumigation revealed complete control of all four pests, and that the time to 22% New South Wales re-infestation afterwards is at least 0% Northern Territory three months.

6% Queensland These results have indicated sulfuryl fluoride 17% South Australia can offer a viable option to help in breaking the phosphine resistance cycle. 0% Tasmania 16% Victoria Sulfuryl fluoride can only be used by licensed fumigators to ensure safe and Western Australia 40% effective use.

Phosphine resistance is most widespread in the lesser grain borer. Image courtesy of PBCRC.

51 Table 13. High Priority Pests of the grains industry

Scientific name Common name Scientific name Common name Ascochyta rabiei (MAT1-1 mating type is Ascochyta blight Heterodera sorghi Sorghum cyst nematode endemic. MAT 1-2 is exotic) Homoesoma electellum Sunflower moth Barley mild mosaic virus (Baymovirus) Barley mild mosaic virus Magnaporthe grisea Wheat blast Bean common mosaic virus (Potyvirus), Bean common mosaic virus/peanut stripe Mayetiola destructor Hessian fly Peanut stripe strain strain Mayetiola hordei Barley stem gall midge Cephus cinctus Wheat stem sawfly Mungbean yellow mosaic virus Legume yellow mosaic viruses Cephus pygmeus European wheat stem sawfly Nysius huttoni Wheat bug Ceutorhynchus assimilis Cabbage seed weevil Pantoea stewartii Stewart's disease/bacterial wilt Ceutorhynchus napi Rape stem weevil Peanut clump virus (Pecluvirus) Peanut clump virus/indian peanut clump virus Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus Cabbage seed weevil Peronosclerospora philippinensis Philippine downy mildew of maize Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus (Mastrevirus) Chickpea chlorotic dwarf Peronosclerospora sorghi Sorghum downy mildew Chickpea chlorotic stunt virus (Polerovirus) Chickpea chlorotic stunt virus Plasmopara halstedii Downy mildew Chilo orichalcociliellus Coastal stalk borer Prostephanus truncatus Larger grain borer Colletotrichum truncatum Lentil anthracnose THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA (lentil affecting strain) Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Wheat stem rust Cylindrocopturus adspersus Sunflower stem weevil Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei Barley stripe rust Diabrotica barberi Northern corn rootworm Rhizoctonia solani f. sp. sasakii Banded leaf and sheath spot

CHAPTER 1: Diabrotica undecimpunctata Southern corn rootworm/spotted cucumber Riptortus dentipes Pod sucking bug beetle Schizaphis graminum Greenbug/wheat aphid/spring green aphid Diabrotica virgifera Western corn rootworm Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (Furovirus) Soil-borne wheat mosaic Diaporthe helianthi Stem canker Thaumatotibia leucotreta False codling moth Diuraphis noxia Russian wheat aphid Tilletia indica Karnal bunt Eurygaster integriceps Sunn pest Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris Fusarium wilt of chickpea/chickpea wilt Zea mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Zea mosaic virus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. glycines Fusarium wilt of soybean Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lupini Fusarium wilt Fusarium virguliforme Sudden death syndrome Groundnut bud necrosis virus (Tospovirus) Groundnut bud necrosis virus Groundnut ringspot virus (Tospovirus) Groundnut ringspot virus Harpophora maydis Late wilt/slow wilt Heterodera ciceri Chickpea cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi Cereal cyst nematode Heterodera glycines Soybean cyst nematode Heterodera latipons Mediterranean cereal cyst nematode Lentil anthracnose. Image courtesy of Robert L. Anderson, Pea leafminer. Image courtesy of Merle Shepard, Gerald United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. R. Carner, and P. A. C Ooi.

52 THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1:

53 HAZELNUTS

Represented by Hazelnut Growers of Australia Inc. Figure 29. Annual value of hazelnut production, 2010–14 www.hazelnuts.org.au In 2013–14, hazelnut production was valued at $0.9 million (LVP). Because local supply 0.9 does not meet demand Australia has imported 2,500 tonnes per year, chiefty from Turkey, 0.8 since 2000. 0.7 A northern hemisphere confectionary manufacturer has invested in Australian orchards in recent years to boost production. Plants have been imported through a strict quarantine 0.6 process from Chile for planting in rural NSW. It is anticipated that close to a million trees will oduction be planted and that hazelnut production will be 300 tonnes valued at $2.1 million by 2020. 0.5

The hazelnut industry became a signatory to the EPPRD in November 2015. To boost 0.4 hazelnut biosecurity exotic pest fact sheets are being developed, the hazelnut section of alue of P r

($ MILLION) 0.3 the nut biosecurity plan is being amended and a biosecurity manual will be published. 0.2 Local V 0.1 Table 14. High Priority Pests of the hazelnut industry THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA 0.0 ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Scientific name Common name 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 Chinavia hilaris (Syn. Acrosternum hilare; Green stink bug Pistachio bug FINANCIAL YEAR Pentatoma hilaris; Chinavia hilare; Nezara hilaris) CHAPTER 1: Halyomorpha halys Brown mamorated stink bug Figure 30. Distribution of hazelnut production by state and territory, 2013–14 (based on LVP) Lymantria dispar Gypsy moth (Asian and European strains) Anisogramma anomala Eastern filbert blight

0% Australian Capital Territory 33% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 0% Queensland 11% South Australia 11% Tasmania

Hazelnut blight. Image courtesy of Joseph O’Brien, United Filbertworm. Image courtesy of Todd M. Gilligan and 44% Victoria States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. Marc E. Epstein, Colorado State University, United States. 0% Western Australia

54 HONEY BEES

Represented by Australian Honey Bee Industry Council Inc. Figure 31. Annual value of honey and beeswax production, 2007–14 www.honeybee.org.au

In 2013–14, honey and beeswax production was valued at $79 million (LVP). Around 90 12,400 beekeepers are currently registered, operating nearly 530,000 hives. Apiaries 80 range in size from between one and several thousand hives. 70

60

In addition to honey and beeswax, there is some trade in live bees but this has declined in oduction recent years due to market closures including the United States. 50

40 The honey bee industry is currently a member of PHA due to the benefits that honey bees alue of P r provide to pollination-dependent plant industries, estimated to be worth $4–6 billion per ($ MILLION) 30 year. Pest emergency responses relating to honey bees are now covered under the EPPRD. 20

The industry resigned as a member from Animal Health Australia during 2015. Local V 10 0 The National Bee Pest Surveillance Program continues to operate at ports around Australia 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 to boost preparedness for exotic pests of bees and pest bees. ACT NSW NT QLDFINANCIAL YEARSA TAS VIC WA

A National Bee Biosecurity Program and Code of Practice for beekeeping are currently THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA under development and Bee Biosecurity Officers are being recruited across the states. Figure 32. Distribution of honey and beeswax production by state and territory, The honey bee industry is covered by version 1.0 of the honey bee biosecurity plan and 2013–14 (based on LVP) the Biosecurity Manual for Beekeepers Version 1.1. CHAPTER 1:

Table 15. High Priority Pests of the honey bee industry 0% Australian Capital Territory Scientific name Common name 41% New South Wales Acarapis woodi Tracheal mite 0% Northern Territory Apis cerana (exotic strains, genotypes and Asian honey bee sub-species) 20% Queensland Apis mellifera capensis Cape honey bee 12% South Australia Apis mellifera scutellata African honey bee 3% Tasmania Apis mellifera scutellata (hybrid) Africanised honey bee 19% Victoria Deformed wing virus (Iflavirus) Deformed wing virus 5% Western Australia Hoplostoma fuligineus Large hive beetle Slow paralysis virus (Iflavirus) Slow paralysis virus Tropilaelaps clareae Tropilaelaps mite Tropilaelaps mercedesae Tropilaelaps mite Varroa destructor Varroa mite Varroa jacobsoni Varroa mite Vespa spp. (exotic species) Hornets

55 LYCHEES

Represented by Australian Lychee Growers Association Figure 33. Annual value of lychee production, 2009–14 www.australianlychee.com.au In 2013–14, lychee production was valued at $14 million (LVP). Lychees are a high value 14

summer fruit in Australia. The main varieties of lychees grown are Kwai May Pink, Bengal, 12 Fay Zee Siu, Kaimana, Salathiel, Souey Tung, Tai So and Wai Chee. 10

Current annual production ranges from 2,000 to 3,500 tonnes, depending on climatic oduction 8 and seasonal conditions. While grower numbers have reduced over the past decade, a number of existing growers have increased their plantings keeping production steady. 6 alue of P r There are approximately 250 lychee orchards in Queensland and NSW, but the bulk of ($ MILLION) 4 the annual tonnage is produced in the North Queensland tablelands and central and south east Queensland. 2 Local V

0 The majority of lychees are grown for domestic consumption. In 2015, Australia 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 commenced export shipments to the United States and is seeking access to mainland FINANCIAL YEAR China where counter season production confers an advantage to Australian producers. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA The lychee industry is covered by version 1.0 of the lychee biosecurity plan.

Figure 34. Distribution of lychee production by state and territory, 2013–14 Table 16. High Priority Pests of the lychee industry (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1: Scientific name Common name Aristobia testudo Lychee longicorn beetle Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly 0% Australian Capital Territory Conopomorpha sinensis Lychee fruit borer 1% New South Wales Paradasynus longirostris Hong Kong stink bug Peronophythora litchii Brown blight 0% Northern Territory Pseudotheraptus wayi Coconut bug 99% Queensland Unknown (suspected phytoplasma) Longan and lychee witches’ broom disease 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria 0% Western Australia

56 MACADAMIAS

Represented by the Australian Macadamia Society Ltd Figure 35. Annual value of macadamia production, 2007–14 www.macadamias.org

In 2013–14, macadamia production was valued at $108 million (LVP). There are around 120 18,000 hectares planted with macadamias in Australia, comprising approximately 5.5 million trees. Annual production is approximately 45,000 tonnes in-shell or 15,000 100 tonnes of kernel. 80 The significant majority of plantings are varieties ofMacadamia integrifolia. Of these about 60 80 per cent are Hawaiian selections with the remainder being Australian varieties. Harvest commences in March and runs through to August.

($ MILLION) 40

Australian macadamia production stretches from Coffs Harbour on the NSW north coast 20 to Mackay on the north Queensland coast. The majority of macadamia plantings are in of Production Local Value northern NSW and south east Queensland. The northern rivers region of NSW is the largest 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 production area comprising about 45 per cent of production. The fastest growth in FINANCIAL YEAR production is occurring in the Bundaberg area which currently represents around 35 per cent of production. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Approximately 70 per cent of the crop is exported, principally to Europe, USA, Japan, China and other Asian countries. Australia is currently the world’s largest producer of Figure 36. Distribution of macadamia production by state and territory, 2013–14 macadamia kernel and second largest producer overall. South Africa and Kenya are the (based on LVP) other major producers. CHAPTER 1: THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

In order to encourage biosecurity awareness within the industry, approximately 70 per cent of orchards employ professional pest scouts and the Australian Macadamia Society convenes an annual pest scout forum where pest pressures for the previous season are 0% Australian Capital Territory reviewed and any new pest and disease sightings reported. 48% New South Wales The macadamia industry is covered by version 2.0 of the nut biosecurity plan. 0% Northern Territory 52% Queensland Table 17. High Priority Pests of the macadamia industry 0% South Australia

Scientific name Common name 0% Tasmania Hypothenemus obscurus Tropical nut borer 0% Victoria Xylella fastidiosa (including Xylella fastidiosa Almond leaf scorch; Pecan bacterial leaf 0% Western Australia subsp. Fastidiosa; Xylella fastidiosa subsp. scorch Multiplex; Xylella fastidiosa subsp. Piercei) Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death

57 MANGOES Figure 37. Annual value of mango production, 2007–14 Represented by the Australian Mango Industry Association Ltd www.industry.mangoes.net.au 120 In 2013–14, mango production was valued at $79 million (LVP). On average, 85 per cent of total fruit produced is consumed fresh with the remainder processed. 100 The proportion processed is influenced by crop production and the fresh market price. 80 oduction The most abundant variety, Kensington Pride, accounts for approximately 55 per cent of Australian production. Other varieties include B74 (CalypsoTM), Brooks, Honey Gold, Keitt, 60 Palmer, Pearl and R2E2, as well as green eating varieties, Keo Savoy and Nam Doc Mai. alue of P r

($ MILLION) 40 There is a range of other varieties that are also produced in smaller volumes. 20

The industry supplies the Australian market, with the majority of production occurring Local V from September to March each year. In Australia, the majority of mangoes are grown in 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 Queensland and the NT, with smaller but significant production in regions throughout WA and other states. FINANCIAL YEAR

The mango industry is covered by version 2.1 of the biosecurity plan for the mango industry ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION TO AUSTRALIA’S THREATS and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Mango Industry Version 1.0.

Figure 38. Distribution of mango production by state and territory, 2013–14 Table 18. High Priority Pests of the mango industry

CHAPTER 2: (based on LVP)

Scientific name Common name Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly Bactrocera papayae* Papaya fruit fly 0% Australian Capital Territory Ceratocystis fimbriata sensu lato Mango sudden decline syndrome 0% New South Wales Ceratocystis manginecans Mango sudden decline syndrome 20% Northern Territory Ceratocystis omanensis Mango sudden decline syndrome Deanolis sublimbalis Red-banded mango caterpillar 74% Queensland Fusarium mangiferae Mango malformation 0% South Australia Fusarium mexicanum Mango malformation 0% Tasmania Fusarium proliferatum Mango malformation 0% Victoria Fusarium sterilihyphosum Mango malformation 6% Western Australia Parasa lepida Blue-striped nettle grub Procontarinia spp. (exotic species) Mango gall midges Sternochetus frigidus Mango pulp weevil Xylosandrus compactus Black twig borer

* This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis

58 THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1:

59 MELONS Figure 39. Annual value of melon production 2013–14 Represented by the Australian Melon Association Inc www.melonsaustralia.org.au In 2013–14, melon production was valued at $160 million (LVP). Fresh seedless 250 watermelons, rockmelons and honeydew melons are the major melon products. They are produced all year round and marketed predominantly as commodities. Brands are 200 recognised only at the wholesaler and retailer levels. The main form of value-adding is cut oduction and wrapped fruit. Some melons are used in fresh cut fruit salad mixes and juice products. 150

The Australian melon industry consists of approximately 300 growers producing, on 100 alue of P r average, 200,000 tonnes of melons annually across an area of around 7,000 hectares, ($ MILLION) with the majority of production occurring in Queensland, NT, WA and NSW. 50

Melons are grown for domestic consumption as well as international export with Local V 0 85 per cent of all exported products going to New Zealand, United Arab Emirates 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 and Singapore. About one quarter of the produce was watermelons. FINANCIAL YEAR The melon industry is working with growers on biosecurity measures to address seed ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION TO AUSTRALIA’S THREATS borne diseases, on-farm biosecurity and surveillance. Melons are covered by version 1.0 of the biosecurity plan for the melon industry. Figure 40. Distribution of melon production by state and territory, 2013–14

CHAPTER 2: (based on LVP) Table 19. High Priority Pests of the melon industry

Scientific name Common name

Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fruit fly 0% Australian Capital Territory Bactrocera invadens Fruit fly 34% New South Wales Bactrocera latifrons Solanum fruit fly 9% Northern Territory Liriomyza b ryoniae Tomato leafminer 42% Queensland Liriomyza huidobrensis Pea leafminer/serpentine leafminer Liriomyza sativae Vegetable leafminer 4% South Australia Liriomyza trifolii American serpentine leafminer 0% Tasmania Bemisia tabaci (exotic strains and biotypes) Silerleaf whitefly 0% Victoria Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis (exotic Fusarium root and stem rot of melons 11% Western Australia races), Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (exotic races), Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum Monosporascus cannonballus Monosporascus root rot Erwinia tracheiphila Cucurbit bacterial wilt

60 NURSERY

Represented by the Nursery & Garden Industry Australia Ltd Figure 41. Annual value of nursery production, 2007–14 www.ngia.com.au In 2013–14, nursery production (propagation stock, seedlings, bedding plants, indoor 900 plants, trees and shrubs) was valued at $660 million (LVP). The nursery industry operates 800 in all states and territories, being one of the largest and most diverse plant industries in 700

Australia. 600 oduction 500 The industry estimates an annual gross production value of approximately $2.5 billion (production nurseries only) in 2015 across the entire supply chain. This includes ornamental 400 alue of P r retail, landscape, re-vegetation/rehabilitation and production horticulture sectors (including ($ MILLION) 300 tree crops e.g. fruit, forestry, tea tree), vegetables and cut flower producers. The industry 200 has a limited export focus of approximately $18 million annually with ample opportunity for Local V 100 international export growth. 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 A suite of biosecurity resources are available to growers including BioSecure HACCP, FINANCIAL YEAR the industry on-farm biosecurity program, pest and disease fact sheets, nursery papers, pest management plans including the Australian Nursery Industry Myrtle Rust Management Plan and a biosecurity training program. Extension videos covering topics such as site THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA surveillance, intake inspection and crop monitoring were added from 2013 through to 2015. Table 20. High Priority Pests of the nursery industry

The nursery industry is covered by version 3.0 of the nursery and garden biosecurity plan Scientific name Common name ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA and the Biosecurity Manual for the Nursery Production Industry Version 1.0. Achatina fulica Giant African snail CHAPTER 1: Aphis gossypii (exotic strains) Cotton aphid Figure 42. Distribution of production nurseries by state and territory, 2013–14 Bemisia tabaci (exotic strains) Silverleaf whitefly (based on LVP) Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Huanglongbing (Asiatic strain) Diaphorina citri Asian citrus psyllid Echinothrips americanus Poinsettia thrips Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy-winged sharpshooter 0% Australian Capital Territory Lettuce infectious yellows virus (Crinivirus) Lettuce infectious yellows virus 19% New South Wales Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leaf miner 1% Northern Territory Lygus lineolaris Tarnished plant bug 26% Queensland Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth 4% South Australia Oligonychus ilicis Southern red mite 3% Tasmania Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death 40% Victoria Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae Bacterial canker 7% Western Australia (exotic races) Puccinia psidii sensu lato (exotic variants) Guava rust/eucalyptus rust Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease

61 OLIVES

Represented by the Australian Olive Association Ltd Figure 43. Annual value of olive production, 2007–14 www.australianolives.com.au

In 2013–14, olive production was valued at $86 million (LVP). The industry estimates that 250 in 2015 the Australian olive industry produced around 22 million litres of olive oil. 200 Victoria is the largest producer, followed by WA, SA and NSW. The olive industry remains

an important employer in regional Australia. oduction 150 Olive oil accounts for 97 per cent of olive product exports. 100 alue of P r The olive industry is covered by version 1.0 of the biosecurity plan for the olive industry. ($ MILLION) 50 Local V

Table 21. High Priority Pests of the olive industry 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 Scientific name Common name FINANCIAL YEAR Bactrocera oleae Olive fly ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Liothrips oleae Olive thrips Prays oleae Olive moth Figure 44. Distribution of olive production by state and territory, 2013–14 Verticillium dahliae (defoliating strain) Verticillium wilt (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1:

0% Australian Capital Territory 6% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 1% Queensland 14% South Australia 0% Tasmania

1 mm 65% Victoria

Olive fly. Image courtesy of PaDIL, ugwood.orgb . Olive fly. Image courtesy of Lorraine Graney, Bartlett Tree 14% Western Australia Experts, bugwood.org.

62 ONIONS

Represented by Onions Australia Figure 45. Annual value of onion production, 2007–14 www.onionsaustralia.org.au

In 2013–14, onion production was valued at $161 million (LVP). 300

The main growing areas for onion production include the Lockyer Valley, St George and 250 Darling Downs in Queensland, Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area in NSW, Adelaide Plains, 200 Riverland and south eastern SA, Manjimup and Pemberton in WA, Werribee and oduction Cranbourne in Victoria and the north-western to northern midlands of Tasmania. 150 Sowing of onions starts in Queensland during February (short day types) and finishes in the alue of P r

($ MILLION) 100 southern states in August (long day types). Harvest starts in Queensland during September and finishes during April in the southern states. 50 Local V

The onion industry is covered by version 2.0 of the onion biosecurity plan. 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 ACT NSW NT QLDFINANCIAL YEARSA TAS VIC WA Table 22. High Priority Pests of the onion industry THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Scientific name Common name Figure 46. Distribution of onion production by state and territory, 2013–14 Botrytis squamosa Leaf blight (based on LVP) Cladosporium allii Leaf spot CHAPTER 1: Delia antiqua Onion fly Delia florilega Bean fly Eumerus amoenus Onion bulb fly 0% Australian Capital Territory Eumerus strigatus Lesser bulb fly 3% New South Wales Liriomyza sativae Vegetable leaf miner 0% Northern Territory Phytomyza gymnostoma Allium leaf miner 9% Queensland Puccinia spp. (exotic species) Rust 44% South Australia Rhizoglyphus callae Bulb mite 15% Tasmania Rhizoglyphus setosus Bulb mite Thrips tabaci (exotic strains/biotypes) Onion thrips 11% Victoria Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. allii Xanthomonas leaf blight 18% Western Australia

63 PASSIONFRUIT

Represented by Passionfruit Australia Inc. www.passionfruitaustralia.org.au In 2013–14, passionfruit production was valued at $16 million (LVP). There are currently 300 hectares of passionfruit under cultivation in Australia with about 400,000 passionfruit vines yielding approximately 4,600 tonnes of fruit.

About two thirds of the Australian passionfruit crop is grown in Queensland and around one third in NSW. New plantings around Bundaberg, Queensland and Humpty Doo, Northern Territory will expand the industry in the coming seasons.

Passionfruit is grown year round but main supply times to market are December through to September. The main purple passionfruit varieties grown in Australia are Misty Gem and Sweetheart and the major Panama passionfruit varieties are Pandora and McGuffie’s Red.

At present, Australian passionfruit are not exported but an application for export to New Zealand has been made. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA The passionfruit industry is covered by version 1.0 of the passionfruit biosecurity plan.

Figure 47. Distribution of passionfruit production by state and territory, 2013–14

CHAPTER 1: (based on LVP)

0% Australian Capital Territory 29% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 70% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria 1% Western Australia

64 Figure 48. Annual value of passionfruit production, 2007–14 Table 23. High Priority Pests of the passionfruit industry

Scientific name Common name 18 Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly 16 Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fruit fly 14 Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly 12 oduction 10 Bactrocera facialis Tropical fruit fly

8 Bactrocera kandiensis Fruit fly alue of P r

($ MILLION) 6 Bactrocera kirki Fijian fruit fly 4 Bactrocera melanotus Fruit fly

Local V 2 Bactrocera papayae* Papaya fruit fly 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 Bactrocera passiflorae Fijian fruit fly FINANCIAL YEAR Bactrocera philippinensis* Philippine fruit fly Bactrocera psidii South Sea guava fruit fly Bactrocera xanthodes Pacific fruit fly THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA East Asian passiflora virus (Potyvirus) East Asian passiflora virus Passiflora chlorosis virus (Potyvirus) Passiflora chlorosis virus Passionfruit crinkle virus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit crinkle virus Passionfruit ringspot virus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit ringspot virus CHAPTER 1: Passionfruit severe leaf distortion virus Passionfruit severe leaf distortion virus (Begomovirus) Passionfruit Sri Lankan mottle virus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit Sri Lankan mottle potyvirus Passionfruit vein clearing virus (Rhabdovirus) Passionfruit vein clearing rhabdovirus Passionfruit yellow mosaic virus (Tymovirus) Passionfruit yellow mosaic virus Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae Bacterial blight

* This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis

Fijian fruit fly. Image courtesy of S. Wilson, Secretariat of the Philippine fruit fly. Image courtesy of Anthony O’Toole, Pacific Community. Secretariat of the Pacific Community.

65 PINEAPPLES

Represented by GROWCOM Figure 49. Annual value of pineapple production, 2007–14 www.growcom.com.au

In 2013–14, pineapple production was valued at $47 million (LVP), which was up from last 80 year. The industry estimates that in 2015 approximately 44,200 tonnes of fresh fruit and 24,300 tonnes of processed fruit were marketed. 70 60

There are approximately 80 commercial pineapple enterprises, all based in Queensland, oduction 50 with key growing districts in Wamuran, Elimbah, Glasshouse Mountains, Beerwah, Yandina, Mary Valley, Maryborough, Hervey Bay, Childers, Bundaberg, Cawarral, Yeppoon and 40 northern Queensland. 30 alue of P r ($ MILLION) 20 Australia contributes less than one per cent to the world’s fresh pineapple production and 10 supplies almost the entire domestic market. Four primary packing houses pack and market Local V more than 70 per cent of fresh pineapples. The primary pineapple processor, Heinz Golden 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 Circle Ltd, produces canned pineapple and juice. FINANCIAL YEAR Approximately 55 per cent of pineapple varieties grown are Smooth Cayenne and Queen ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA (Rough leaf). The remaining 45 per cent of plantings are new hybrid varieties that appeal more to the fresh market and this proportion is expected to increase. Figure 50. Distribution of pineapple production by state and territory, 2013–14 The pineapple industry is covered by version 1.0 of the pineapple biosecurity plan. (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1:

Table 24. High Priority Pests of the pineapple industry

Scientific name Common name 0% Australian Capital Territory Cryptophlebia leucotreta False codling moth 0% New South Wales Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Grey pineapple mealybug 0% Northern Territory Erwinia chrysanthemi (distinct pathovar) Bacterial fruit collapse Fusarium guttiforme Fusariosis 100% Queensland Strymon megarus Pineapple fruit borer 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria 0% Western Australia

False codling moth. Image courtesy of Marja van der Straten, Grey pineapple mealybug. Image courtesy of William M. Ciesla, NVWA Plant Protection Service, bugwood.org. Forest Health Management International, bugwood.org.

66 PISTACHIOS

Represented by Pistachio Growers’ Association Inc. Figure 51. Annual value of pistachio production, 2008–14 www.pgai.com.au

In 2013–14, pistachio production was valued at $12 million (LVP). The industry estimates 20 that in 2015, 950 hectares were under cultivation with pistachio trees, and an on-crop of 18 1,800 tonnes of pistachio nuts was produced. 16 14

The major production areas are along the Murray River Valley between Swan Hill in Victoria oduction 12 and Waikerie in SA. Further plantings are in central west Victoria and Pinnaroo, SA, with 10 small plantings in WA. It is estimated that 30 hectares were planted in 2015, 80 hectares 8

will be planted in 2016 with 50 to 100 hectares per annum in following years. alue of P r ($ MILLION) 6 There are five large pistachio orchards and another five orchards of 10–15 hectares, which 4 is the acknowledged size required to make a living solely from pistachio nut production. Local V 2 Around 20 mixed fruit growers each produce less than 5 tonnes of pistachios (dry) per 0 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 annum from one to five hectares. There is also a small number of growers in central NSW, FINANCIAL YEAR southern Victoria and WA. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Australian pistachio production currently only meets 40 per cent of domestic consumption, THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA with the remainder imported from other major producers including Iran and the United States. The domestic production of pistachio is expected to increase to 2,000 tonnes by 2020. Figure 52. Distribution of pistachio production by state and territory, 2013–14 (based on LVP)

Aspects of biosecurity are well embedded in the Australian Pistachio Industry Five Year CHAPTER 1: Strategic Plan 2015 to 2020.

The pistachio industry participated in a 2015 review of the nut biosecurity plan and is covered by version 2.0 of that plan. 0% Australian Capital Territory 44% New South Wales Table 25. High Priority Pest of the pistachio industry 0% Northern Territory

Scientific name Common name 0% Queensland Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle 25% South Australia Chinavia hilaris (Syn. Acrosternum hilare, Green stink bug pistachio bug 0% Tasmania Pentatoma hilaris, Chinavia hilare, Nezara hilaris) 30% Victoria Leptoglossus clypealis Leaf footed bug 1% Western Australia Leptoglossus occidentalis Western conifer seed bug Leptoglossus zonatus Western leaf footed bug Amyelois transitella Navel orange worm Lymantria dispar Gypsy moth (Asian and European strains) Verticillium dahliae (exotic defoliating strains) Verticillium wilt

67 PLANTATION FORESTRY

Represented by the Australian Forest Products Association Ltd www.ausfpa.com.au In 2013–14, plantation forestry production was valued at $1.4 billion (LVP). The forest, wood and paper products sector is Australia’s 8th largest manufacturing industry. In 2014–15, almost 23 million cubic metres of logs were harvested from Australia’s plantation estates for further processing in Australia and to export internationally. Plantations provide around 84 per cent of the log resources. Plantings are split almost evenly between softwood and hardwood.

The softwood plantation estate of over one million hectares is dominated by exotic species of pine, Pinus radiata in southern states, P. elliotti and P. caribaea in Queensland and P. pinaster in Western Australia. There is also a notable area (around 50,000 hectares) of native hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) in the south east of Queensland and northern NSW. Softwood plantations are predominately long rotation and produce saw, peeler and pulp logs for a range of products including sawn timber, wood-based panels, engineered wood products, paper and paperboard.

THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA The hardwood plantation estate of just under one million hectares is predominantly species of eucalypts grown for pulp and export woodchips. Around 10 per cent of the hardwood estate is grown for saw logs to supplement the native forest sawlog supply. There are also some small plantings of Acacia mangium, African mahogany and Sandalwood grown in the CHAPTER 1: NT and northern WA.

Plantations are grown mainly in the medium rainfall zones (greater than 700 mm but less than 1,200 mm) along the east coast and south west corner of mainland Australia, as well as in Tasmania and NT.

The plantation forestry industry is covered by version 2.0 of the plantation forest biosecurity plan and the Biosecurity Manual for the Plantation Timber Industry version 1.0 .

68 Figure 54. Annual value of plantation forest production, 2007–14 Table 26. High Priority Pests of the plantation forest industry

Scientific name Common name 1600 Bursaphelenchus spp. including B. xylophilus Pinewood nematode species complex 1400 Chrysoporthe austroafricana Eucalyptus canker disease 1200 Coptotermes formosanus Formosan subterranean termite

oduction 1000 Coptotermes gestroi Asian subterranean termite 800 Dendroctonus ponderosae Mountain pine beetle

600 Dendroctonus valens Red turpentine beetle alue of P r ($ MILLION) 400 Endocronartium harknessii Western gall rust

200 Fusarium circinatum Pitch canker Local V

0 Hylesia nigricans Burning moth 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 Ips typographus Spruce bark beetle FINANCIAL YEAR ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth

Lymantria monacha Nun moth THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Monochamus spp. including M. alternatus, Longhorn beetles Figure 53. Distribution of plantation forest production by state and territory, M. galloprovinicialis, M. titillator, M. scutellatus 2013–14 (based on LVP) Orgyia thyellina White spotted tussock moth CHAPTER 1: Phytophthora pinifolia Dano foliar del Pino Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death

0% Australian Capital Territory Puccinia psidii sensu lato (exotic variants) Guava rust/Eucalyptus rust Teratosphaeria gauchensis Coniothyrium eucalyptus canker 19% New South Wales Teratosphaeria zuluensis Coniothyrium eucalyptus canker 0% Northern Territory Tomicus piniperda Pine shoot beetle 9% Queensland Urocerus gigas Giant wood wasp 16% South Australia 10% Tasmania 29% Victoria 17% Western Australia

Mountain pine beetle. Image courtesy of G. D. Amman, Red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens) larvae. Image United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. courtesy of Ladd Livingston, Idaho Department of Lands.

69 PROCESSING TOMATOES

Represented by the Australian Processing Tomato Research Council Inc. Figure 55. Annual value of processing tomato production, 2007–14 www.aptrc.asn.au

In 2013–14, processing tomato production was valued at $20.5 million (LVP). The industry 35 estimates that approximately 2,700 hectares were planted in 2014–15 with around 30 286,000 tonnes delivered for processing, which was an increase of about 28 per cent from the previous year. This included over 7,300 tonnes from growers of fresh tomatoes. In 25

2014–15, an average yield of 106 tonnes per hectare was achieved by growers of oduction 20 processing tomatoes — a new record. Australia consumes around 550,000 tonnes of processed tomatoes, with the majority of imports coming from Italy and China. 15 alue of P r ($ MILLION) The main varieties grown in Australia are dominated by Heinz cultivars and 99 per cent of 10 the production area is irrigated using sub-surface drip lines. 5 Local V

0 A biosecurity plan has recently been developed for this industry and will be published in 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 early 2016. FINANCIAL YEAR ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

Figure 56. Distribution of processing tomato production by state and territory, 2013–14 (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1:

0% Australian Capital Territory 9% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 23% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 68% Victoria 0% Western Australia

Image courtesy of Australian Processing Tomato Research Council.

70 RASPBERRIES AND BLACKBERRIES

Represented by Raspberries and Blackberries Australia Inc. Figure 57. Annual value of rubus production, 2009–14 www.arga.com.au 60 In 2013–14, raspberry and blackberry production was valued at $56 million (LVP). There are currently over 380 hectares of land under cultivation with Rubus varieties. 55

New plantings continue to see the industry expanding as it responds to increasing 50 consumer demand. 45 Peak production is early summer to autumn, however fresh Australian raspberries are now 40 available all year-round with plantings in subtropical areas being harvested in late autumn to oduction spring. The increased use of protected cropping and hydroponic systems also extends the 35 harvest season and productivity. Most of the raspberries and blackberries produced in 30 Australia are consumed locally with little to no export of fresh fruit. alue of P r ($ MILLION) 25 The rubus industry is covered by version 1.0 of the biosecurity plan for the rubus industry 20 which was prepared in 2013 using rubus levy funds matched by the Australian Local V Government. RABA signed the EPPRD Act in June 2015 and is in the process of 15 developing the consultation to introduce an EPPR levy at zero and a PHA levy. 10

5

0 Table 27. High Priority Pests of the rubus industry 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 ACT NSW NT QLDFINANCIAL YEARSA TAS VIC WA

Scientific name Common name OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA ORGANISATION Arthuriomyces peckianus Orange rust (long-cycled) Cercosporella rubi Rosette Figure 58. Distribution of rubus production by state and territory, 2013–14 Drosophila suzukii Spotted-winged drosophila (at the farm gate) CHAPTER 1: Euschistus conspersus Consperse stink bug Gymnoconia nitens Orange rust (short-cycled) Halyomorpha halys Brown-marmorated stink bug/ Yellow-brown stink bug 0% Australian Capital Territory Heterocrossa rubophaga Raspberry bud moth 18% New South Wales Pennisetia hylaeiformis Raspberry crown borer 0% Northern Territory Pennisetia marginata Raspberry crown borer 13% Queensland Popillia japonica Japanese beetle 5% South Australia 29% Tasmania 32% Victoria 3% Western Australia

71 RICE

Represented by the Ricegrowers’ Association of Australia Inc. www.rga.org.au In 2013–14, rice production was valued at $255 million (LVP), a little lower than the average of around $300 million (farm gate value) in typical production seasons. After several low production years during the drought, production between 2010–11 and 2014–15 ranged between 690,000 tonnes and 1.1 million tonnes of paddy.

The Australian rice industry is predominantly located in the temperate climatic region of the Riverina in southern NSW. A very small area of rice is also grown in northern NSW and rice growing is emerging as an industry in north Queensland. In the Riverina, the major varieties grown are temperate Japonica varieties planted in October and harvested from March to May of the following year.

The vast majority of Australia’s rice is exported to international destinations in Asia, the Middle East, and many nations in the Pacific. Market analysis indicates that there is demand across all market segments, both domestic and international for 950,000 tonnes of paddy production annually. THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Following the acquisition of a rice seed company in north Queensland by Ricegrowers’ Limited (SunRice), rice is being grown there in increasing tonnages. While still limited, commercial production continues to increase as varieties bred specifically for that

CHAPTER 1: environment and management techniques suitable for local conditions are introduced to the cropping system.

Strict biosecurity measures have been put in place to ensure that any rice plant pests which may be endemic in northern Australia are not spread south to the major rice growing area in NSW.

The rice industry is covered by version 3.0 of the rice biosecurity plan.

72 Image courtesy of Ricegrowers' Association of Australia. Figure 59. Annual value of rice production, 2007–14 Table 28. High Priority Pests of the rice industry

Scientific name Common name 300 Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil 250 Magnaporthe grisea Rice blast

200 Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail oduction Rice grassy stunt virus (Tenuivirus) Rice grassy stunt virus 150 Rice ragged stunt virus (Oryzavirus) Ragged stunt virus alue of P r ($ MILLION) 100 Rice tungro bacilliform virus (unassigned) Rice tungro bacilliform virus Rice tungro spherical virus (Waikavirus) Rice tungro spherical virus/Waika virus 50

Local V Tilletia barclayana Kernel smut of rice 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 Tilletia indica Karnal bunt FINANCIAL YEAR Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

Figure 60. Distribution of rice production by state and territory, 2013–14 (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1:

0% Australian Capital Territory 99% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 0% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 1% Victoria 0% Western Australia

73 STONE FRUIT

Represented by Summerfruit Australia Ltd Figure 61. Annual value of stone fruit production, 2007–14 www.summerfruit.com.au In 2013–14, stonefruit production (fresh apricots, nectarines, peaches and plums) was 300 valued at $175 million (LVP). Nectarines and peaches comprised two-thirds of national stone fruit production, followed by plums and apricots. 250

200 Production of stone fruit has grown considerably over the past 10 years, with the majority oduction

of this growth directly attributable to prospective export to China. Around $38 million worth 150 of stone fruit was exported in 2014–15—an increase of 14 per cent. alue of P r

($ MILLION) 100 Production is mainly located in subtropical and temperate Australia where the industry is a major rural and regional employer. Victoria produces around 65 per cent of Australia’s stone 50 fruit (in the order nationally of 115,000 tonnes) with the remaining production spread Local V 0 between NSW, Queensland, SA, WA and Tasmania. 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 FINANCIAL YEAR The stone fruit industry is covered by version 1.0 of the biosecurity plan for the summerfruit industry and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Summerfruit Industry Version 1.0. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

Table 29. High Priority Pests of the stone fruit industry Figure 62. Distribution of stone fruit production by state and territory, 2013–14 (based on LVP)

CHAPTER 1: Scientific name Common name Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera papayae* Papaya fruit fly 0% Australian Capital Territory Conotrachelus nenuphar Plum curculio 6% New South Wales Cryptophlebia leucotreta False codling moth 0% Northern Territory Cydia funebrana Plum fruit moth 3% Queensland Drosophila suzukii Spotted-winged drosophila 9% South Australia European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma European stone fruit yellows Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy-winged sharpshooter 2% Tasmania Monilinia fructigena Brown rot 65% Victoria Monilia polystroma Asiatic brown rot 14% Western Australia Peach rosette mosaic virus (Nepovirus) Peach rosette mosaic virus Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus Popillia japonica Japanese beetle X disease phytoplasma Peach X disease Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease

* This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis

74 STRAWBERRIES

Represented by Strawberries Australia Inc. Figure 63. Annual value of strawberry production, 2007–14 www.strawberriesaustralia.com.au

In 2013–14, strawberry production was valued at $209 million (LVP). 250

Strawberries are grown in all states of Australia by an estimated 500 growers concentrated 200 in the Sunshine Coast area of Queensland, the Yarra Valley and the Mornington Peninsula in

Victoria, Wannaroo and Albany in WA, the Adelaide Hills in SA and Launceston in Tasmania. oduction 150 Strawberries are grown throughout the year with Florida varieties grown in subtropical locations (May–October) and Californian varieties grown in temperate climate areas 100 alue of P r (October–June). The industry is investing in the breeding of Australian varieties and these ($ MILLION) have gradually entered the market. 50 Local V

The industry is primarily focused on the domestic market with around five per cent exported. 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 The increase in production over the past several years is due primarily to rising per capita consumption, driven by higher planting numbers, improved Australian varieties that have FINANCIAL YEAR been developed using the best varieties from Europe and the United States, and better ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA cool chain management. THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

The strawberry industry is covered by version 2.0 of the biosecurity plan for the Figure 64. Distribution of strawberry production by state and territory, 2013–14 strawberry industry. (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1:

Table 30. High Priority Pests of the strawberry industry

Scientific name Common name 0% Australian Capital Territory Lygus hesperus Western plant bug 0% New South Wales Lygus lineolaris Tarnished plant bug 0% Northern Territory Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae Red steele root rot Raspberry ringspot virus (Nepovirus) Raspberry ringspot virus 42% Queensland Strawberry latent ringspot virus (Sadwavirus) Strawberry latent ringspot virus 12% South Australia Tomato black ring virus (Nepovirus) Tomato black ring virus 3% Tasmania Tomato ringspot virus (Nepovirus) Tomato ringspot virus 34% Victoria Xanthomonas fragariae Strawberry angular leaf spot 9% Western Australia

75 SUGARCANE

Represented by CANEGROWERS Figure 65. Annual value of sugarcane production, 2007–14 www.canegrowers.com.au In 2013–14, sugarcane production was valued at $1.2 billion (LVP). The Australian cane 16 industry produces 30–35 million tonnes of cane per year, which when processed equates to around 4–4.5 million tonnes of sugar. 14 12 Australia’s sugarcane is grown in high-rainfall and irrigated areas along coastal plains and oduction river valleys on 2,100 km of Australia’s eastern coastline between Mossman in far north 10 Queensland and Grafton in NSW. Queensland accounts for about 95 per cent of Australia’s 8 raw sugar production. 6 alue of P r ($ BILLION) Australia is the world’s third largest exporter of raw sugar, with approximately 80 per cent 4 2

of production sold to international markets. Major export customers include east Asia, China, Local V

Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan, the United States and New Zealand. 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 The sugarcane industry is covered by version 2.01 of the sugarcane biosecurity plan. FINANCIAL YEAR ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA

Figure 66. Distribution of sugarcane production by state and territory, 2013–14 (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1:

0% Australian Capital Territory 4% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 96% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria 0% Western Australia

Image courtesy of Canegrowers.

76 Table 31. High Priority Pests of the sugarcane industry

Scientific name Common name Scientific name Common name Aleurolobus barodensis Sugarcane whitefly Sesamia grisescens Stem borer Ceratovacuna lanigera Sugarcane woolly aphid Sesamia inferens Pink stem borer Cercospora longipes Brown spot Sorghum mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Sorghum mosaic virus Chilo auricilius Sugarcane internode borer Stagonospora sacchari Leaf scorch Chilo infuscatellus Yellow top borer of sugarcane Sugarcane grassy shoot phytoplasma Grassy shoot Chilo sacchariphagus Sugarcane internode borer Sugarcane mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Sugarcane mosaic virus (exotic strains) Chilo terrenellus Sugarcane stem borer Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (unassigned) Sugarcane streak mosaic Cicadulina mbila South African maize leafhopper Sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma White leaf Dorysthenes buqueti Sugarcane longhorn stem borer Tetramoera schistaceana Sugarcane shoot borer Fulmekiola serrata Oriental sugar cane thrips Unknown Ramu stunt disease Lepidiota blanchardi Blanchard's canegrub

Lepidiota discedens Canegrub THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Lepidiota pruinosa Pruinose canegrub Lepidiota reuleauxi Ramu canegrub Lepidiota stigma White canegrub CHAPTER 1: Leucopholis near armata Canegrub Perkinsiella bicoloris Sugarcane sidewinder Perkinsiella diagoras Sugarcane sidewinder Perkinsiella lalokensis Sugarcane sidewinder Perkinsiella papuensis Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane infested with stem borer (Sesamia grisescens) in Sugarcane longhorn stem borer. Image courtesy of Sugar Papua New Guinea. Image courtesy of Sugar Research Research Australia. Perkinsiella rattlei Sugarcane sidewinder Australia. Perkinsiella saccharivora Sugarcane sidewinder Perkinsiella vastatrix Sugarcane sidewinder Perkinsiella vitiensis Sugarcane sidewinder Peronosclerospora philippinensis Philippine downy mildew of maize Peronosclerospora sacchari Sugarcane downy mildew Peronosclerospora spontanea Downy mildew Pulvinaria iceryi Pulvinaria scale Pyrilla perpusilla Sugarcane pyrilla Sugarcane downy mildew. Image courtesy of Christian Sugarcane stem borer. Image courtesy of PaDIL. Scirpophaga excerptalis Top shoot borer Cumagun, University of the Philippines, Los Banos.

77 TABLE GRAPES

Represented by Australian Table Grape Association Inc. Figure 67. Annual value of table grape production, 2007–14 www.australiangrapes.com.au In 2013–14, table grape production was valued at $278 million (LVP). Green, red and blue/ black varieties of table grapes are produced by 1,200 growers in the major growing regions 300 of Sunraysia and the Murray Valley in Victoria, the Riverina in NSW and in south east Queensland. 250

200 The table grape industry is covered by version 3.0 of the viticulture biosecurity plan and the oduction Biosecurity Manual for the Viticulture Industry Version 1.0. 150 alue of P r

($ MILLION) 100 Table 32. High Priority Pests of the table grape industry 50

Scientific name Common name Local V Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly ACT NSW NT QLDFINANCIAL YEARSA TAS VIC WA Bactrocera papayae Papaya fruit fly THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA * Candidatus Phytoplasma solani Bois noir Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (exotic strains) Grapevine phylloxera Figure 68. Distribution of table grape production by state and territory, 2013–14 Drosophila suzukii Spotted-winged drosophila (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1: Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma Flavescence dorée Guignardia bidwellii Black rot Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy-winged sharpshooter 0% Australian Capital Territory Hyalesthes obsoletus Cixiidae planthopper Lobesia botrana European grapevine moth 9% New South Wales Planococcus ficus Vine mealybug 1% Northern Territory Polychrosis viteana American berry moth 18% Queensland Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybug 1% South Australia Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease 0% Tasmania * This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis 63% Victoria 8% Western Australia

78 THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1:

79 VEGETABLES (INCLUDING POTATOES)

Represented by AUSVEG Ltd www.ausveg.com.au In 2013–14, vegetable and potato production was valued at $2 billion (LVP). Major crops include potatoes, carrots and lettuce.

Australia’s diverse climate and soils accommodate vegetable cultivation in all states and territories, ensuring a constant supply of fresh vegetables. Australian vegetable growers provide the majority of fresh vegetables consumed in Australia and an increasing amount of fresh vegetables consumed overseas.

The Australian vegetable industry is committed to building its capacity to respond to potential biosecurity threats and is engaging with multiple relevant government departments, committees and bodies. This includes participation in technical meetings with the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources and PHA, the appointment of a vegetable industry Biosecurity Advisor and a dedicated Vegetable and Potato Biosecurity Officer.

During 2015, the Vegetable and Potato Biosecurity Officer held a series of biosecurity awareness seminars across Australia and visited a number of growing regions in order to THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA discuss best practice on-farm biosecurity. Raising biosecurity awareness among growers, and especially farm visitors, is a key goal of the program.

AUSVEG is also actively collaborating with state governments. As an example, in 2015 the

CHAPTER 1: Vegetable and Potato Biosecurity Officer collaborated with the NT government to develop a National Management Plan for the control of an incursion of the exotic cucumber green mottle mosaic virus. The successful progression of this plan resulted in the implementation of on-farm biosecurity plans for management of the virus and the lifting of quarantine arrangements in NT cucurbit production areas.

The Australian vegetable industry is covered by version 2.0 of the vegetable biosecurity plan, the Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Northern Adelaide Plains Vegetable Growers Version 1.0 and the Biosecurity Induction Manual for Bundaberg Horticultural Farms Version 1.0.

80 Figure 69. Annual value of vegetable production, 2007–14 Table 33. High Priority Pests of the vegetable industry

Scientific name Common name 2500 Bactericera cockerelli Tomato/potato psyllid

2000 Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fruit fly Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum Zebra chip oduction 1500 Globodera pallida (pathotypes PA1, PA2) Potato cyst nematode (white or pale) Globodera rostochiensis (exotic strains) Potato cyst nematode (golden) 1000 alue of P r ($ MILLION) Groundnut bud necrosis virus (Tospovirus) Bud necrosis disease

500 Heterodera carotae Carrot cyst nematode

Local V Liriomyza bryoniae Tomato leaf miner 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leaf miner FINANCIAL YEAR Liriomyza sativae Vegetable leaf miner ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Liriomyza trifolii American serpentine leaf miner

Phytophthora infestans (A2 mating type and Late blight THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA exotic strains of A1 mating type)

Figure 70. Distribution of vegetable production by state and territory, 2013–14 Potato spindle tuber viroid (Pospiviroidae) Potato spindle tuber viroid (based on LVP) Potato virus Y (Potyvirus) (exotic strains) Potato virus Y CHAPTER 1: Psila rosae Carrot rust fly Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 (exotic strains) Bacterial wilt Watermelon bud necrosis virus (Tospovirus) Watermelon bud necrosis 0% Australian Capital Territory Watermelon silver mottle virus (Tospovirus) Watermelon silver mottle 11% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 27% Queensland 14% South Australia 8% Tasmania 30% Victoria 10% Western Australia

Potato cyst nematode. Image courtesy of Florida Division of Serpentine leaf miner. Image courtesy of Plant Protection Plant Industry Archive, Florida Department of Agriculture and Service Archive, bugwood.org. Consumer Service.

81 WALNUTS

Represented by the Australian Walnut Industry Association Figure 71. Annual value of walnut production, 2007–14 www.walnut.net.au In 2013–14, walnut production was valued at $47 million (LVP). In 2015, the production of Australian walnuts was in excess of 8,000 tonnes (in–shell). 45 40 The Australian walnut industry operates in most states of Australia. The industry has grown 35 significantly in recent years due to growth in the establishment of large scale commercial 30 plantings. The area currently under cultivation is approximately 2,980 hectares. Production oduction is expected to increase dramatically in the next five years as new orchards mature and 25 come into bearing. 20 alue of P r

($ MILLION) 15 Walnut production in Australia has been steadily increasing, and local production of in–shell 10 walnuts can satisfy all domestic consumption. About 70 per cent of Australia’s walnut

Local V 5 production is exported with greatest demand for in-shell walnuts in China, Turkey and Italy. 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 In December 2015 an Industry Development Officer was appointed with a view to further FINANCIAL YEAR improving the industry biosecurity program. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Aspects of biosecurity are well embedded in the Australian Walnut Industry Five Year Strategic Plan 2015 to 2020. Figure 72. Distribution of walnut production by state and territory, 2013–14 The walnut industry participated in a review of the nut biosecurity plan and is covered by (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1: version 2.0 of that plan.

Table 34. High Priority Pests of the walnut industry 0% Australian Capital Territory Scientific name Common name 85% New South Wales Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle 0% Northern Territory Halyomorpha halys Brown mamorated stink bug 0% Queensland Amyelois transitella Navel orange worm 0% South Australia Lymantria dispar Gypsy moth (Asian and European strains) 12% Tasmania Verticillium dahliae (exotic defoliating strains) Verticillium wilt 2% Victoria 1% Western Australia

82 THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1:

83 WINE GRAPES

Represented by the Wine Grape Growers Australia Figure 73. Annual value of wine grape production, 2007–14 www.wgga.com.au

In 2013–14, wine grape production was valued at $672 million (LVP). The wine industry has 1600 a significant footprint in Australia, comprising over 5,100 winegrowers over a vineyard area 1400 of 135,178 hectares, made into wine at over 2,300 wineries, and generating gross sales of $773 billion. Wine grape production was 1.67 million tonnes in 2015, about the same as 1200

the previous year. It is estimated that the wine industry contributes over $40 billion to the oduction 1000 Australian economy, and directly employs over 68,000 people. 800

In 2015, the most grown wine grape varieties were Shiraz (23 per cent), Chardonnay 600 alue of P r ($ MILLION) (22 per cent) and Cabernet Sauvignon (13 per cent). The major varieties by colour are 400 Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot for reds and Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc and 200 Semillon for whites. Local V 0 WGGA estimates that there has been a net removal of vines of 2–3 per cent each year 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 since the 2007–2008 season, although production has been steady. FINANCIAL YEAR ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA The wine grape industry is covered by version 3.0 of the viticulture biosecurity plan and the Biosecurity Manual for the Viticulture Industry Version 1.0. Figure 74. Distribution of wine grape production by state and territory, 2013–14 (based on LVP) CHAPTER 1:

0% Australian Capital Territory 20% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 0% Queensland 52% South Australia 0% Tasmania 14% Victoria 4% Western Australia

84 Table 35. High Priority Pests of the wine grape industry

Scientific name Common name Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera papayae* Papaya fruit fly Candidatus Phytoplasma solani Bois noir Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (exotic strains) Grapevine phylloxera Drosophila suzukii Spotted-winged drosophila Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma Flavescence dorée Guignardia bidwellii Black rot Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy-winged sharpshooter Hyalesthes obsoletus Cixiidae planthopper Lobesia botrana European grapevine moth

Planococcus ficus Vine mealybug THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA Polychrosis viteana American berry moth Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybug Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease CHAPTER 1: * This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis

Melon fruit fly. Image courtesy of Florida Division of Plant Serpentine leafminer larvae. Image courtesy of Merle Industry Archive, Florida Department of Agriculture and Shepard, Gerald R. Carner, and P. A. C Ooi, bugwood.org. Consumer Services, bugwood.org.

Black rot. Image courtesy of Bruce Watt, University of Maine. Grape mealybug. Image courtesy of Jack Kelly Clark, University of California. 85 86 Chapter 2 Threats to Australia’s plant production 88 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION risk tooneormore crops withasevere economicimpact identified asposingthegreatest risktoplantproduction The chapter ends with a description of the management The chapterendswithadescriptionofthemanagement in Australia.Identifyingthepeststhatposegreatest experts haveidentifiedthateachonerepresents ahigh Pests thatare currently containedtoparticularregions biosecurity planningforeachplantindustry. Plantpest This chapter lists some 380 plant pests that have been This chapterlistssome380plantpeststhathavebeen of weeds in Australia, which also pose a considerable of weedsinAustralia,whichalsoposeaconsiderable The listofHighPriorityPestswasdevelopedthrough risk enablesagreed targeted measures toprevent are alsolistedandcurrent eradicationresponses to Emergency PlantPestsare described. pest entry, establishment andspread. if itisestablishedinAustralia. threat toplantproduction.

The exoticpestchestnutblightisbeingeradicated fromVictoria.ImagecourtesyofDEDJTR. 2.1 Australia’s High Priority Pests

The basis of any risk mitigation system begins with identifying threats. For Australia’s plant producers and beekeepers, this includes exotic pests that could have a significant impact on production or trade, should they establish in Australia, as well as pests that are in Australia but confined to particular regions.

To identify and prioritise exotic pests of quarantine concern, pest risk assessments are made on an industry-by-industry basis, during the development of biosecurity plans. Through consultation with industry and government experts who form an Industry Biosecurity Group, estimates are made of the level of risk associated with each pest. The process takes into account the pest’s likelihood of entry, establishment and spread, as well as the economic impact it would be expected to have if it became established in Australia. The assessment includes all entry pathways including legal, illegal, accidental or through natural causes.

High Priority Pests (HPPs) are those found to pose the greatest risk with the largest potential economic impact. It is important to note that pest risk assessments are general analyses of overseas pest risks, a process that differs from the Import Risk Analysis processes conducted for individual import applications (See 3.1 International Trade).

Once the HPPs for an industry or crop have been identified, the Industry Biosecurity Group THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION TO AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 2: THREATS develops and agrees risk mitigation measures for each. Agreed measures also form part of the biosecurity plan.

Measures to mitigate the risk posed by a particular HPP might include surveillance protocols to check for the presence of the pest, the development of diagnostic protocols to ensure the pest can be identified accurately should it make it to Australia, and the development of contingency plans that outline the approach to dealing with such a pest should an incursion occur. Public awareness programs and pre-emptive breeding or other research might also be included.

Biosecurity plans undergo formal reviews on a regular basis to ensure they remain up-to-date given new research and changes to potential pathways.

Table 36 lists all 377 HPPs that have been identified from the 28 biosecurity plans developed by PHA (see Table 44) in conjunction with industries and governments, along with those listed in Schedule 13 of the EPPRD, which are pre-categorised pests.

Whilst this list predominantly contains exotic pests, it does contain some species that are already present in Australia. These regionalised pests are usually controlled through active management or containment programs, yet are still of significant quarantine concern nationally.

89 Table 36. Pests designated as High Priority Pests during biosecurity planning

Scientific name Common name Risk assessments Scientific name Common name Risk assessments Abaca bunchy top virus Abaca bunchy top virus Banana Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly EPPRD, Apple and Pear, (Babuvirus) Avocado, Citrus, Lychee, Papaya, Passionfruit, Acarapis woodi Tracheal mite Honey bee Summerfruit, Viticulture Achatina fulica Giant African snail Nursery and Garden, Tomato Bactrocera facialis Tropical fruit fly Avocado, Passionfruit, Acleris comariana Strawberry tortrix EPPRD Tomato Adoxophyes orana Summer fruit tortrix EPPRD Bactrocera invadens* Fruit fly Citrus, Melon Aleurolobus barodensis Sugarcane whitefly EPPRD, Sugarcane Bactrocera kandiensis Fruit fly Avocado, Citrus, Passionfruit Amyelois transitella Navel orangeworm EPPRD, Nut Bactrocera kirki Fijian fruit fly Avocado, Passionfruit Anastrepha ludens Mexican fruit fly Citrus Bactrocera latifrons Solanum fruit fly Melon Anisogramma anomala Eastern filbert blight EPPRD, Nut Bactrocera melanotus Fruit fly Avocado, Passionfruit hazelnut blight Bactrocera occipitalis Fruit fly Citrus Anthonomus bisignatus Strawberry bud weevil EPPRD Bactrocera oleae Olive fly Olive Anthonomus grandis Cotton boll weevil EPPRD, Cotton Bactrocera papayae* Papaya fruit fly EPPRD, Avocado, Citrus,

THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION TO AUSTRALIA’S THREATS Aphis gossypii (exotic strains) Cotton aphid Cotton, Nursery and Garden Mango, Papaya, Passionfruit, Apiosporina morbosa Black knot EPPRD Summerfruit, Viticulture Apis cerana (exotic strains, Asian honey bee Honey bee Bactrocera passiflorae Fijian fruit fly Avocado, Papaya, genotypes and sub-species) Passionfruit CHAPTER 2: Apis mellifera capensis Cape honey bee Honey bee Bactrocera philippinensis* Philippine fruit fly EPPRD, Avocado, Citrus, Papaya, Passionfruit Apis mellifera scutellata African honey bee Honey bee Bactrocera psidii South Sea guava fruit fly Passionfruit Apis mellifera scutellata Africanised honey bee Honey bee (hybrid) Bactrocera trivialis New Guinea fruit fly Citrus Apple proliferation Apple proliferation Apple and Pear Bactrocera xanthodes Pacific fruit fly Avocado, Passionfruit phytoplasma Banana bract mosaic virus Banana bract mosaic disease EPPRD, Banana Aristobia testudo Lychee longicorn beetle Lychee (Potyvirus) Arthuriomyces peckianus Orange rust (long-cycled) Rubus Banana bunchy top virus Banana bunchy top disease Banana (Nanovirus) Ascochyta rabiei (MAT1-1 is Ascochyta blight Grains endemic, MAT 1-2 is exotic) Barley mild mosaic virus Barley mild mosaic virus Grains (Bymovirus) Aspidiella hartii Yam scale Ginger Bean common mosaic virus Bean common mosaic virus Grains Atherigona soccata Sorghum shoot fly Grains (Potyvirus) (peanut stripe Avocado sunblotch viroid Avocado sunblotch Avocado strain) (asymptomatic strains) Bemisia tabaci (Biotypes other Silverleaf whitefly Cotton, Melon, Nursery and Avocado sunblotch viroid Avocado sunblotch Avocado than B and AN) Garden (symptomatic strains) Bemisia tabaci (Types Asia 1, Silverleaf whitefly Cotton, Melon, Nursery and Bactericera cockerelli Tomato/potato psyllid EPPRD, Potato, Tomato China 1, China 2, Asia II (1-8), Garden, Tomato Italy, Sub-Saharan Africa (1-4), Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly Avocado, Citrus, Mango, Uganda, New World, Papaya, Passionfruit, Mediterranean, Middle East Tomato, Viticulture Asia Minor 2, Indian Ocean)

* This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis 90 Table 36.PestsdesignatedasHighPriorityduringbiosecurityplanning (Polerovirus) Chickpea chlorotic stuntvirus (Mastrevirus) Chickpea chloroticdwarfvirus ( leafrollvirus Cherry Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus Ceutorhynchus napi Ceutorhynchus assimilis Cercosporella rubi Cercospora longipes Ceratovacuna lanigera Ceratocystis ulmi Ceratocystis omanensis Ceratocystis manginecans lato Ceratocystis fimbriata Cephus pygmeus Cephus cinctus solani Candidatus solanacearum Candidatus psyllaurous Candidatus asiaticus Candidatus americanus Candidatus africanus Candidatus Caliothrips fasciatus including Bursaphelenchus squamosa Botrytis Blood diseasebacterium Scientific name Nepovirus B.xylophilus ) (exoticstrains) Liberibacter Liberibacter Phytoplasma Phytoplasma Liberibacter Liberibacter Liberibacter Liberibacter spp. spp. sensu sensu Chickpea chlorotic stuntvirus virus Chickpea chlorotic dwarf Blackline Cabbage stemweevil Rape stemweevil Cabbage seedpodweevil Rosette Brown spot Sugarcane woollyaphid Dutch elmdisease syndrome Mango suddendecline syndrome Mango suddendecline syndrome Mango suddendecline European wheatstemsawfly Wheat stemsawfly Bois noir Zebra chip psyllaurous Candidatus Huanglongbing (Asiaticstrain) strain) Huanglongbing (American strain) Huanglongbing (African Bean thrips complex Pinewood nematodespecies Leaf blight Blood disease Common name Liberibacter Liberibacter Plantation forest Onion EPPRD, Banana Risk assessments Grains Grains EPPRD, Cherry, Rubus Grains Grains Grains Rubus Sugarcane Sugarcane EPPRD Mango Mango Mango Grains Grains Viticulture Potato, Tomato EPPRD Citrus, NurseryandGarden Citrus Citrus Citrus Chilo infuscatellus Chilo auricilius Scientific name ( Cotton Leafrolldwarf virus ( Cotton leafcurlvirus Cotinis mutabilis Coptotermes gestroi Coptotermes formosanus Conotrachelus perseae Conotrachelus nenuphar Conotrachelus aguacatae Conopomorpha sinensis (lentil strain) Colletotrichum truncatum subsp. Clavibacter michiganensis Cladosporium allii stem-pitting strain) ( Citrus tristezavirus (unassigned) Citrus leprosisvirus Citripestis sagittiferella Cicadulina mbila Ciborinia camelliae austroafricana Chrysoporthe Choristoneura rosaceana Chinavia hilaris( Chilo terrenellus Chilo sacchariphagus Chilo partellus Chilo orichalcociliellus hilare) Polerovirus Begomovirus Closterovirus sepedonicus ) ) (mandarin ) (mandarin ) syn. Chinavia Chinavia Cotton bluedisease Cotton leafcurldisease Fig beetle Asian subterraneantermite termite Formosan subterranean Small seedweevil Plum curculio Small avocadoseedweevil Lychee fruitborer Lentil anthracnose Bacterial ringrot Leaf spot Mandarin stem-pitting Citrus leprosis disease Citrus fruitborer leafhopper South Africanmaize Camellia petalblight Eucalyptus Oblique bandedleafroller Green stinkbug Sugarcane stemborer Sugarcane borer internode Spotted stemborer Coastal stemborer sugarcane Yellow topborer of Sugarcane borer internode Common name cankerdisease Cotton EPPRD, Cotton Pineapple Plantation forest Plantation forest Avocado Cherry, Summerfruit EPPRD, AppleandPear, Avocado Lychee Grains EPPRD Onion Citrus Citrus Citrus Sugarcane EPPRD Plantation forest Cherry Nut Sugarcane Sugarcane Grains Grains Sugarcane Sugarcane Risk assessments 91 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION 92 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION Table 36.PestsdesignatedasHighPriorityduringbiosecurityplanning Dryocosmus kuriphilus Dryocosmus Drosophila suzukii buqueti Dorysthenes Diuraphis noxia chrysanthemi infecting strains)syn. Dickeya Diaporthe helianthi Diaphorina citri Diabrotica virgifera Diabrotica undecimpunctata Diabrotica barberi Dendroctonus valens Dendroctonus ponderosae Delia florilega Delia antiqua Deformed wingvirus Deanolis sublimbalis (exotic strains) Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (biotype B) Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Cylindrocopturus adspersus Cydia funebrana Ctenopseustis obliquana parasitica Cryphonectria Scientific name Dysmicoccus neobrevipes species)) D. suturellus D. honestus, D.maurus, Dysdercus Dysaphis plantaginea spp. spp. (including: spp. (American (American

(pineapple (pineapple Erwinia Erwinia ( Iflavirus

) Grey pineapple mealybug Cotton staine Rosy appleaphid Oriental chestnutgallwasp Spotted-winged drosophila borer Sugarcane stem longhorn Russian wheataphid Bacterial heartrot Bacterial fruitcollapse/ Sunflower stemcanker Asian citruspsyllid rootWestern corn worm root corn worm Southern root corn worm Northern Red turpentinebeetle Mountain pinebeetle Bean fly Onion fly Deformed wingvirus caterpillar Red-banded mango Grapevine phylloxera Grape phylloxeratypeB Sunflower stemweevil Plum fruitmoth Brown headedleafroller Chestnut blight Common name Pineapple Cotton Apple andPear Nut Viticulture Rubus, Summerfruit, Apple andPear, Cherry, Sugarcane EPPRD, Grains Pineapple Grains Garden EPPRD, Citrus,Nurseryand Grains Grains Grains Plantation forest Plantation forest Onion Onion Honey bee Mango Viticulture EPPRD Grains Summerfruit Cherry EPPRD, Nut Risk assessments Echinothrips americanus ( East AsianPassifloravirus Scientific name f. sp Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium mexicanum Fusarium mangiferae Fusarium circinatum Fulmekiola serrata Frankliniella intonsa Frankliniella bispinosa Euschistus conspersus integriceps Eurygaster phytoplasma European stonefruityellows Eumerus strigatus Eumerus amoenus Erwinia tracheiphila Erwinia Erwinia papayae (exotic strains) Erwinia herbicola Erwinia amylovora Erionota thrax Endocronartium harknessii Elytroteinus subtruncatus Potyvirus . melonis . ciceris

glycines cubense vasinfectum lupini spp. ) (exotic races)

(exotic races)

of melons Fusarium Fusarium Fusarium Fusarium race 4 Panama disease,Tropical Fusarium Mango malformation Mango malformation Pitch canker Oriental sugarcanethrips Flower thrips Florida flowerthrips Consperse stinkbug Sunn pest European stonefruityellows Lesser bulbfly Onion bulbfly Cucurbit bacterialwilt Mushy canker Bacterial crown rot Avocado blast Fire blight Banana skipperbutterfly Western gallrust Fijian gingerweevil Poinsettia thrips East Asian Common name root andstemrot wilt wiltoflupin wiltofsoybean wiltofchickpea Passiflora virus Melon Cotton Grains Grains EPPRD, Banana Grains Mango EPPRD, Mango Plantation forest Sugarcane Tomato Citrus Rubus Grains EPPRD, Cherry, Summerfruit Onion Onion Melon Papaya Papaya Avocado EPPRD, AppleandPear EPPRD, Banana Plantation forest Ginger Nursery andGarden Passionfruit Risk assessments Table 36.PestsdesignatedasHighPriorityduringbiosecurityplanning ananas) Fusarium subglutinans and Fusarium Fusarium proliferatum f. sp. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Fusarium oxysporum Scientific name (exotic strains) Heterodera filipjevi Heterodera ciceri Heterodera carotae Heterocrossa rubophaga Bt Helicoverpa armigera Heilipus lauri Harpophora maydis Halyomorpha halys juniperi-virginianae Gymnosporangium Gymnoconia nitens Guignardia musae Guignardia bidwellii (Tospovirus) Groundnut ringspotvirus ( Groundnut budnecrosisvirus phytoplasma Grapevine flavescencedorée (exotic strains) Globodera rostochiensis (pathotypes PA1, PA2) Globodera pallida Cladosporium caryigenum) Fusicladium effusum Fusarium virguliforme Fusarium sterilihyphosum Tospovirus resistance alleles) F. guttiforme radicis-cucumerinum niveum spp. ) (exotic races) (F. ananatum Synonym:

(

syn. syn. (carrying (carrying f.sp.

Flavescence dorée (golden) Potato cystnematode or pale) Potato cystnematode(white Pecan scab Sudden deathsyndrome Mango malformation core rot Pineapple eyerot/Fruitlet Fusariosis/ Mango malformation of melons Fusarium of melons Fusarium Common name Cereal cyst nematode Chickpea cystnematode Carrot cystnematode Raspberry budmoth Cotton bollworm Large seedweevil Late wilt Brown-marmorated stinkbug Cedar applerust Orange rust(short-cycled) Banana freckle Black rot Groundnut ringspotvirus Bud necrosis disease root andstemrot root andstemrot Fusarium stemrot/ Melon Melon Risk assessments Grains Grains Vegetable Rubus Cotton Avocado Grains Cotton, Nut,Rubus Apple andPear Rubus EPPRD, Banana EPPRD, Viticulture Grains Grains, Vegetable Viticulture EPPRD, Potato Potato Nut Grains Mango Pineapple Mango Heterodera latipons Heterodera latipons Heterodera glycines Scientific name Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Liriomyza trifolii Liriomyza sativae Liriomyza huidobrensis Liriomyza bryoniae Liothrips oleae Liberobacter asiaticus Leucopholis neararmata virus Lettuce infectiousyellows Leptoglossus zonatus Leptoglossus occidentalis Leptoglossus clypealis Leptinotarsa decemlineata Lepidiota stigma Lepidiota reuleauxi Lepidiota pruinosa Lepidiota discedens Lepidiota blanchardi Ips typographus Hypothenemus obscurus Hylesia nigricans Hyalesthes obsoletus Hoplostoma fuligineus Homoeosoma electellum Homalodisca vitripennis High plainsvirus Heterodera sorghi ( Crinivirus ) (unassigned) Rice waterweevil miner American serpentineleaf Vegetable leafminer Serpentine leafminer Tomato leafminer Olive thrips greening Huanglongbing/Citrus Canegrub virus Lettuce infectiousyellows Western leaffootedbug Western coniferseedbug Leaf footedbug Colorado potatobeetle White canegrub Ramu canegrub Pruinose canegrub Canegrub Blanchard's canegrub Spruce barkbeetle Tropical nutborer moth Burning Cixiidae planthopper Large hivebeetle Sunflower moth Glassy-winged sharpshooter High plainsvirus Sorghum cystnematode nematode Mediterranean cereal cyst Soybean cystnematode Common name EPPRD, Rice Melon, Vegetable, Tomato Vegetable, Tomato EPPRD, Melon,Onion, Vegetable, Tomato Melon, NurseryandGarden, Melon, Vegetable, Tomato Olive EPPRD Sugarcane Nursery andGarden Nut Nut Nut EPPRD Sugarcane Sugarcane Sugarcane Sugarcane Sugarcane Plantation forest Nut Plantation forest Viticulture Honey bee Grains Summerfruit, Viticulture Citrus, NurseryandGarden, EPPRD Grains Grains Grains Risk assessments 93 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION 94 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION Table 36.PestsdesignatedasHighPriorityduringbiosecurityplanning Nysius huttoni Numonia pirivorella Noorda albizonalis Neonectria ditissima Mythimna unipuncta Mycosphaerella fijiensis Mycosphaerella eumusae virus (Begomovirus) Mungbean yellowmosaic Monosporascus cannonballus M. titillator, M.scutellatus) M. galloprovinicialis, (including Monochamus Monilinia fructigena Monilia polystroma Mayetiola hordei Mayetiola destructor Marchalina hellenica Magnaporthe grisea Lymantria monacha Lymantria dispar Lygus lineolaris Lygus hesperus Lobesia botrana ( virus2 Little cherry (unassigned) virus1 Little cherry Scientific name Pandemis cerasana Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus Orgyia thyellina Oligonychus perseae Oligonychus ilicis Ampelovirus M. alternatus, M.alternatus, ) spp. spp.

Cherry brown tortrix Rough strawberryweevil White spottedtussockmoth Persea mite redSouthern mite Wheat bug Pear fruitmoth Red bandedborer European canker Armyworm Black sigatoka Eumusae leafspot virus Mungbean yellowmosaic Monosporascus beetles Longhorn Brown rot Asiatic brown rot Barley stemgallmidge Hessian fly Giant pinescale Rice blast Nun moth Asian gypsymoth Tarnished plantbug Western plantbug European grapevinemoth Little cherryvirus2 Little cherryvirus1 Common name root rot Cherry EPPRD Plantation forest Avocado Nursery andGarden Grains EPPRD EPPRD Apple andPear, Cherry EPPRD EPPRD, Banana Banana Grains Melon Plantation forest EPPRD, Cherry, Summerfruit Summerfruit Grains EPPRD, Grains EPPRD EPPRD, Grains,Rice Plantation forest Garden, Plantationforest Apple andPear, Nurseryand Strawberry Cotton, NurseryandGarden, EPPRD, Strawberry Viticulture Cherry Cherry Risk assessments Paradasynus longirostris Paracoccus marginatus Pantoea stewartii Scientific name Peronosclerospora sacchari philippinensis Peronosclerospora Peronophythora litchii Perkinsiella vitiensis Perkinsiella vastatrix Perkinsiella saccharivora Perkinsiella rattlei Perkinsiella papuensis Perkinsiella lalokensis Perkinsiella diagoras Perkinsiella bicoloris Peridroma saucia Pennisetia marginata Pennisetia hylaeiformis (Pecluvirus) Peanut clumpvirus ( Peach rosettemosaicvirus virus Passionfruit yellowmosaic ( Passionfruit veinclearingvirus virus Passionfruit SriLankanmottle distortion virus Passionfruit severeleaf ( Passionfruit ringspotvirus ( Passionfruit crinklevirus ( Passiflora chlorosisvirus Parasa lepida Nepovirus Rhabdovirus Potyvirus Potyvirus Potyvirus ( ( Tymovirus Potyvirus ) ) ) ) ) ) ( Begomovirus ) ) Sugarcane downymildew maize Philippine downymildewof Brown blight Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane sidewinder Variegated cutworm Raspberry crown borer Raspberry crown borer Peanut clumpvirus Peach rosette mosaicvirus virus Passionfruit yellowmosaic rhabdovirus Passionfruit veinclearing potyvirus Passionfruit SriLankanmottle distortion virus Passionfruit severe leaf Passionfruit ringspotvirus Passionfruit crinklevirus Passiflora Blue-striped nettlegrub Hong Kongstinkbug Papaya mealybug Stewarts wiltofmaize Common name chlorosis virus EPPRD, Sugarcane Grains, Sugarcane Lychee Sugarcane Sugarcane Sugarcane Sugarcane Sugarcane Sugarcane Sugarcane Sugarcane EPPRD Rubus Rubus Grains Summerfruit Passionfruit Passionfruit Passionfruit Passionfruit Passionfruit Passionfruit Passionfruit Mango Lychee Papaya Grains Risk assessments Table 36.PestsdesignatedasHighPriorityduringbiosecurityplanning pv. Pseudomonas syringae Pseudococcus maritimus Prostephanus truncatus (exotic species) Procontarinia Prays oleae (exotic strains) Potato virusY ( Potato spindletuberviroid Popillia japonica Pomacea canaliculata Polychrosis viteana var. Podosphaera clandestina Plum poxvirus Plasmopara halstedii Planotortrix octo Planococcus ficus Phytophthora ramorum Phytophthora pinifolia Phytophthora mengei Phytophthora kernoviae strains ofA1matingtype) (A2 matingtypeandexotic Phytophthora infestans fragariae Phytophthora fragariae Phytomyza gymnostoma Phymatotrichum omnivorum Phoma tracheiphila Phakopsora euvitis Peronosclerospora spontanea Peronosclerospora sorghi Scientific name Pospiviroidae clandestina syringae (exotic races) spp. ) ( Potyvirus ( Potyvirus (exotic strains)

var.

)

)

Bacterial canker Grape mealybug Larger grainborer Mango gallmidges Olive moth Potato virusY Potato spindletuberviroid Japanese beetle Golden applesnail American berrymoth Powdery mildewofcherry Plum poxvirus Sunflower downymildew Green headedleafroller mealybug Vine Sudden oakdeath Dano foliardelPino Trunk canker Phytophthora blight Late blight Red steeleroot rot Allium leafminer Texas root rot Mal secco Grapevine leafrust Downy mildew Downy mildewofsorghum Common name EPPRD Sugarcane Grains Risk assessments Garden Avocado, Nurseryand Viticulture Grains Mango Olive Potato EPPRD, Potato Rubus, Summerfruit Rice EPPRD, NurseryandGarden, Viticulture Cherry EPPRD, Cherry, Summerfruit Grains Cherry Viticulture and Garden, Plantationforest EPPRD, Avocado, Nursery Plantation forest Avocado Avocado Potato EPPRD, Strawberry Onion EPPRD, Cherry, Cotton EPPRD Puccinia asparagi Psila rosae Pseudotheraptus wayi Scientific name (Waikavirus) Rice tungrospherical virus (unassigned) Rice tungrobacilliformvirus (Oryzavirus) Rice raggedstuntvirus (Tenuivirus) Rice grassystuntvirus Rhizoglyphus setosus Rhizoglyphus callae Rhizoctonia solani Rhagoletis pomonella Rhagoletis indifferens Rhagoletis fausta ( ringspotvirus Raspberry race 4(exoticstrains) Ralstonia solanacearum, race 3(exoticstrains) Ralstonia solanacearum, race 2 Ralstonia solanacearum, Raffaelea lauricola (exotic strains) Radopholus similis Pyrilla perpusilla Pulvinaria iceryi f. sp. Puccinia striiformis Puccinia (exotic variants) Puccinia psidii (pathotype Ug99) Puccinia graminis (AG 1) Nepovirus hordei spp. )

(exotic species) sensu lato sensu lato f. sp. f. sp.

tritici tritici sasaki sasaki

Waika virus Rice tungro sphericalvirus Rice tungro bacilliformvirus Ragged stuntvirus Rice grassystuntvirus Bulb mite Bulb mite Banded leafandsheathspot Apple maggot Western cherryfruitfly Black cherryfruitfly Raspberry ringspotvirus Bacterial wilt Bacterial wilt Moko Laurel wilt Burrowing nematode Sugarcane pyrilla Pulvinaria Barley striperust Rust Guava rust/ Stem rustofwheat Asparagus rust Carrot rustfly Coconut bug Common name scale Eucalyptus rust Rice Rice Rice Rice Onion Onion Grains Apple andPear, Cherry Cherry Cherry Rubus, Strawberry Ginger Potato EPPRD, Banana Avocado Ginger Sugarcane Sugarcane Grains Onion Plantation forest Nursery andGarden, Grains EPPRD Vegetable Lychee Risk assessments 95 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION 96 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION Table 36.PestsdesignatedasHighPriorityduringbiosecurityplanning Teratosphaeria gauchensis phytoplasma Sugarcane whiteleaf virus Sugarcane streakmosaic ( Sugarcane mosaicvirus phytoplasma Sugarcane grassyshoot of megarus Strymon virus latentringspot Strawberry Sternochetus frigidus Stenoma catenifer Stagonospora sacchari Spiroplasma citri Sphaceloma perseae ( Sorghum mosaicvirus (Furovirus) Soil-borne wheatmosaicvirus Slow paralysisvirus Sesamia inferens Sesamia grisescens Scirtothrips perseae Scirtothrips aurantii Scirpophaga excerptalis Schizaphis graminum Roesleria subterranea Riptortus dentipes Scientific name Tetranychus piercei Tetramoera schistaceana Teratosphaeria zuluensis Potyvirus Potyvirus Fusariosis) (unassigned) ( Sadwavirus ) (exoticstrains) ) ) (as a vector (as avector ( Iflavirus ) Banana spidermite Sugarcane shootborer canker Coniothyrium canker Coniothyrium White leaf Sugarcane streak mosaic Sugarcane mosaicvirus Grassy shoot Pineapple fruitborer virus Strawberry latentringspot Mango pulpweevil Avocado seedmoth Leaf scorch Stubborn Avocado scab Sorghum mosaicvirus virus wheatmosaic Soil-borne Slow paralysisvirus Pink stemborer Stem borer Avocado thrips South Africancitrusthrips Top shootborer Greenbug Grape root rot Pod suckingbug Common name Eucalyptus Eucalyptus

EPPRD, Banana Sugarcane Plantation forest Plantation forest EPPRD, Sugarcane EPPRD, Sugarcane Sugarcane Sugarcane Pineapple Rubus, Strawberry EPPRD, Mango Avocado EPPRD, Sugarcane Citrus Avocado Sugarcane Grains Honey bee Sugarcane EPPRD, Sugarcane Avocado EPPRD, Citrus Sugarcane Grains EPPRD Grains Risk assessments biotypes) Thrips tabaci leucotreta Cryptophlebia Thaumatotibia leucotreta Scientific name virus Wheat spindlestreakmosaic ( Watermelon silvermottlevirus virus Watermelon budnecrosis Vespa Verticillium longisporum (defoliating strain) Verticillium dahliae Varroa jacobsoni Varroa destructor Urocerus gigas Uredo rangelii phytoplasma) Unknown (suspected Unknown Tuta absoluta Tropilaelaps mercedesae Tropilaelaps clareae Trogoderma granarium Trioza erytreae (phosphine resistant) Tribolium castaneum Toxotrypana curvicauda Tomicus piniperda ( Tomato ringspotvirus ( Tomato blackringvirus Tilletia indica Tilletia barclayana Tospovirus Nepovirus Nepovirus ( ( Bymovirus Tospovirus spp. (exoticspecies) ) ) ) (exotic strains/ ) )

syn.

virus Wheat spindlestreak mosaic Watermelon silvermottle Watermelon budnecrosis Hornets Canola Verticillium Varroa Varroa Giant woodwasp Myrtle rust broom disease Longan andlycheewitches’ Ramu stuntdisease tomato leafminer South Americantomatomoth Tropilaelaps mite Tropilaelaps mite Khapra beetle African citruspsyllid Rust red flourbeetle Papaya fly Pine shootbeetle Tomato ringspotvirus Tomato blackringvirus bunt Karnal smutofrice Kernel Onion thrips False codlingmoth Common name mite mite Verticillium wilt wilt wilt wilt EPPRD Vegetable Vegetable Honey bee Grains EPPRD, Cotton,Nut,Olive Honey bee Honey bee,Nut Plantation forest EPPRD Lychee EPPRD, Sugarcane Tomato Honey bee,Nut Honey bee,Nut EPPRD, Grains,Nut,Rice Citrus EPPRD Papaya Plantation forest Rubus, Strawberry Strawberry EPPRD, Grains EPPRD Onion Pineapple, Summerfruit EPPRD, Cotton,Grains, Risk assessments Bactrocera cucurbitae) Zeugodacus curcubitae( Zea mosaicvirus(Potyvirus) Xylosandrus compactus Xylella fastidiosa Xanthomonas fragariae malvacearum Xanthomonas citri Xanthomonas citri (avocado strain) Xanthomonas campestris pv. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Xanthomonas axonopodis X diseasephytoplasma Scientific name passiflorae malvacearum citri allii subsp subsp . . citri syn.

Melon fruitfly Zea mosaicvirus Black twigborer Pierce’s disease Strawberry angularleafspot spot leaf Bacterial blight/Angular Citrus canker Bacterial canker Bacterial blight spot Bacterial blightAngularleaf Citrus canker Xanthomonas Peach Xdisease Common name leafblight Onion EPPRD, Cherry, Summerfruit Risk assessments Tomato, Vegetable Passionfruit, Summerfruit, Avocado, Melon,Papaya, Grains Mango Summerfruit, Viticulture Nursery andGarden, Nut, EPPRD, Cherry, Citrus, EPPRD, Strawberry Cotton Citrus Avocado Passionfruit EPPRD EPPRD banana plantsintheTully Valley, inthe heartofAustralia’s bananaproducing region innorth MarchIn 2015,acaseofPanamadiseasetropical race4(TR4)wasdetectedinCavendish tropical race4 Banana industryshakenbythediscoveryofPanama can evenreach theleaves. through thevascularsystem.Hyphaeoffungus the root systemandgoesontocolonisetheplant f. sp. Fusarium Panama diseaseiscausedbythe fungus times. destructive diseaseofbananainmodern Panama diseaseisconsidered tobethemost of TR4havebeenfoundonotherfarms. to prevent spread ofthepathogen.Nodetections The farmissubjecttostrictbiosecuritycontrols samples havereturned apositiveforthepathogen. several othersitesonthatsamefarmwhere plant Since theinitialdetectionofTR4,there hasbeen on-farm biosecuritymeasures. assist bananagrowers todevelop appropriate Banana Growers Councilis hostingworkshopsto protect properties from TR4andtheAustralian producedGovernment agrower kitonhowto Biosecurity QueenslandandtheAustralian been advisedtostrengthen theiron-farmbiosecuritytoprotect theirindividualenterprises. Given theeaseoftransmissionandnoknowncure forthedisease,bananagrowers have Australian andQueenslandgovernments. and managethediseaseare underwaywithindustryworkinginclosepartnershipthe Plant PestResponseDeed(sinceithasbeendeclared non-eradicable)efforts tocontain While theresponse totheincursioncannotbemanagedundertermsofEmergency years, sothatthefungusmayhavespread elsewhere bythetimeaninfectionisdetected. infection andwhenthefirstplantshowssymptomscanrangefrom twomonthstothree it canbetransportedinsoil,waterandplantingmaterial;thetimeframebetween disease; itiscausedbyafungusthatcansurviveinthesoilforaslong30to40years; Notable features contributing tothatdecisionwere: thatthere isnoknowncure forthe early determinationthattheincursionwouldnotbetechnicallyfeasibletoeradicate. and industry,In spiteofrapidactionbygovernment thenature ofthediseaseledtoan banana industry. Queensland. Thedisease,alsoknownas cubense (thefullnameis ). It is a soil pathogen which infects ). Itisasoilpathogenwhichinfects Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium

wilt,posesaseriousthreat tothe biosecurity measures. Australian Bananasmagazinefeatureson-farm

97 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION 2.2 Australia’s regionalised pests

When new exotic pests with the potential to cause serious economic impact on plant production industries are detected, eradication is the ideal goal. Australia has had great success in eradicating exotic pests but there are instances where this is not possible.

Following the establishment of these pests, measures can still be taken to minimise negative impacts, primarily through containment. Regionalised pests can be contained at a local, regional or state level, depending on current distribution and the ability to implement cost beneficial measures for containment.

State and territory government legislation underpins containment activities which are carried out by the jurisdictions in cooperation with other states, territories and relevant industries.

The regionalised pests listed in Table 36 are those formally recognised and backed by legislation. THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION TO AUSTRALIA’S THREATS CHAPTER 2:

Mediterranean fruit fly larvae make production difficult for many growers in WA. Courtesy of DAFWA.

98 Mediterranean fruit fly is found in WA. Image courtesy of James Nilard. Table 37.Australia’s regionalised pests Aleuroides dispersus Spongospora subterranea Ralstonia solanacearum virus (including and the (including to the Potato virusesbelonging Panonychus citri Subtropical race4) cubense Fusarium oxysporum Daktulosphaira vitifoliae ( Banana bunchytopvirus Bactrocera tryoni Citripestis eutrapera Brontispa longissima Bemisia tabaci Bactrocera tryoni Scientific name Babuvirus ) Potyviridae Luteoviridae (Race 1 and (Race 1and Potato leaf roll Potato leafroll Potato virusY ) family family f. sp.

)

Citrus red mite endemic strains Panama disease phylloxera Grapevine top virus Banana bunchy Queensland fruitfly Mango fruitborer Palm leafbeetle Silver leafwhitefly Queensland fruitfly Spiraling whitefly potatoes Powdery scabin potatoes Bacterial wiltin Common name Northern TerritoryNorthern New SouthWales Darwin, Darwinrural area, Katherine Darwin, Palmerston,Darwinruralarea Katherine Darwin, Palmerston,Darwinruralarea, Katherine, Tennant Creek, AliceSprings Darwin, Palmerston,Darwinruralarea, Katherine Darwin, Palmerston,Darwinruralarea, of the Protected Areas asdefinedinOrder O-443 Endemic inNSWexcludingtheSeed of the Protected Areas asdefinedinOrder O-443 Endemic inNSWexcludingtheSeed No.38 of the Protected Areas asdefinedinOrder O-443 Endemic inNSWexcludingtheSeed the (Citrus RedMite)Notification2016under Counties asoutlinedinPlantDiseases Cumberland andNorthumberland The 'CitrusQuarantineArea' of 1924 OR121 underthe Far northcoast,NSW–regulated viaOrder Diseases Act1924 Proclamation P176ofthe Albury/Corowa regions asdefinedin Zone, comprisedoftheSydneyand Present withintheNSWPhylloxeraInfested 1924 OR117 underthe Far northcoast,NSW–regulated viaOrder NSW PlantDiseasesAct Free Area asdefinedinOrder O-458ofthe NSW portionoftheGreater SunraysiaPest Endemic withinallofNSWexcludingthe Area ofregionalisation NSWPlantDiseasesAct1924 No.38 No.38 NSW PlantDiseasesAct1924 NSW PlantDiseasesAct1924 NSW PlantDiseasesAct1924 NSW PlantDiseasesAct NSW PlantDiseasesAct No.38

1924 NSW Plant NSWPlant No.38 No.38 No.38 No.38

Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium mangiferae Tropical race 4) Sub-tropical race4and cubense Fusarium oxysporum Eumetopina flavipes Deanolis sublimbalis brevis Cryptotermes ( Banana bunchytopvirus genotype Apis cerana, Anoplolepis gracilipes Aleurodicus dispersus Thrips palmi Tetranycus gloveri Sternochetus mangiferae Selenothrips rubrocinctus Parlatoria blanchardi Idioscopus nitidulus cubense Scientific name Babuvirus (Race4–tropical) (Race 1, Race 2, (Race 1,Race2, ) Java Java Muir f. sp. f.sp. f. sp.

Panama disease planthopper Island sugarcane mango caterpillar Red banded drywood termite West indian Bunchy top Asian honeybee Yellow crazyant Spiraling whitefly Melon thrips Glovers mite Mango seedweevil Red-banded thrips Date palmscale Mango leafhopper Panama disease disease malformation Mango Common name Queensland been established. Queensland. Acontainment program has single property intheTully Valley, farnorth Race 4(tropical) –Detectedin2015ona Queensland asfarnorthRosedale Race 4(subtropical) –South-East Race 2–SouthJohnstoneandCairns growing regions Race 1–endemicthroughout banana Queensland peninsulaareanorthern ofCapeYork, Torres Straitislandarchipelago andonthe CapeYorkFar northern Peninsula Rockhampton, BowenandTownsville Bay,Greater Brisbane,Wide From NoosasouthtotheNSWborder and Mareeba andsouthtoMenaCreek. Doon (nearMossman),westofAtherton Surrounding region, Cairns northtoBonnie totheGoldCoast spanning Cairns Populations dottedinvariouslocations south toBundaberg Mareeba, ChartersTowers, coastaltowns Torres StraitIslands,CapeYork Peninsula, Darwin ruralarea Darwin ruralarea Batchelor, AdelaideRiver Darwin, Palmerston,Darwinruralarea, Adelaide River, PineCreek, Katherine Darwin, Palmerston,Darwinruralarea, Alice Springs Adelaide River, PineCreek, Katherine Darwin, Palmerston,Darwinruralarea, Darwin ruralarea Darwin, Darwinruralarea, AdelaideRiver Area ofregionalisation 99 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION 100

CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION Table 37.Australia’s regionalised pests Urocystis cepulae Wasmannia auropunctata Ustilago scitaminea Thrips palmi virus ( Sugarcane striatemosaic ( Sugarcane mosaicvirus virus (Fijivirus) Sugarcane Fijidisease Striga asiatica Solenopsis invicta Procontarinia ( Papaya ringspotvirus Mycosphaerella fijiensis Idioscopus nitidulus Idioscopus clypealis Scientific name Potyvirus Potyvirus Carlavirus ) ) sp. )

Fiji disease Red witchweed ant Red importedfire midge Mango leafgall virus Papaya ringspot Black sigatoka Mango leafhopper Mango leafhopper Onion smut Electric ant Sugarcane smut Melon thrips mosaic virus Sugarcane striate virus Sugarcane mosaic Common name Queensland South Australia continued 6 and7 Sugarcane PestQuarantine Areas (PQA)5, the Mackayregion Isolated toasmallnumberofproperties in to theSEQ. it isanewincursionnotgeneticallyrelated Brisbane Airportisaseparateresponse as Coast councils.Yarwun, Gladstone.The Logan, Somerset,ScenicRimandGold Brisbane, Ipswich,Lockyer, Redland, South eastQueenslandincludingpartsof Peninsula Torres tipofCapeYork Straitandnorthern Bundaberg area South eastQueenslandasfarnorth Bundaberg area South eastQueenslandasfarnorth Coen Cape York Peninsula;extensionofrangeto from Wangetti toGordonvale south toAtherton,andalongthecoast Cape York PeninsulaandMareeba area, remaining quarantinedzones quarantine measures are appliedin2 Annual surveysofAlliumcrops inSA– and BingleBay hinterland Far northQueensland,Cairns Sugarcane PQAs2,4,5and6 and AthertonTablelands coastal areas from Ayr toMossman, Bundaberg area. NorthQueensland– South eastQueenslandasfarnorth Sugarcane PQA3 Sugarcane PQAs5and6 Area ofregionalisation

Bactrocera tryoni Globodera rostochiensis Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Scientific name c Fusarium oxysporum Ephestia kuehniella Ephestia elutella pusillus Cryptolestes ferrugineus Cryptolestes Cosmopolites sordidus Chortoicetes terminifera Ceratitis capitata Cantareus apertus Brontispa longissima Bemisia tabaci Aethina tumida Achroia grisella ubense (Race1) (Bbiotype) f. sp. f.sp. nematode Potato cyst phylloxera Grapevine Queensland fruitfly Panama disease moth Mediterranean flour Tobacco moth Flat grainbeetle Flat grainbeetle borer Banana weevil locust Australian plague fruit fly Mediterranean Green snail Palm leafbeetle Silverleaf whitefly Small hivebeetle Lesser waxmoth Common name Western Australia Victoria

(refer tospecificorders) lands, andPlantProtection District(PPD) Management ofPCNlinkedandinfested orders) Phylloxera free zone(refer tospecific Phylloxera infestedzone(PIZ)and orders) Permanent fruitflyzone(refer tospecific moving torest ofthestate –HostmaterialrestrictedCarnarvon from resistant strains Regulations/controls forinsecticide resistant strains Regulations/controls forinsecticide control inspecifiedareas Regulations/controls formovementand control inspecifiedareas Regulations/controls formovementand moving torest ofstate Kununurra –Hostmaterialrestricted from Regulations forcontrol inspecifiedareas control inspecifiedareas Regulations/controls formovementand Absent from eastKimberleyregion – control inspecifiedareas Regulations/controls formovementand moving torest ofstate Broome –Hostmaterialrestricted from restricted from movingtoKununurra –Hostmaterial Perth &Carnarvon moving torest ofstate Kimberley –Hostmaterialrestricted from control inspecifiedareas Regulations/controls formovementand Area ofregionalisation Table 37. Australia’s regionalised pests

Scientific name Common name Area of regionalisation Western Australia continued Galleria mellonella Larger wax moth Regulations/controls for movement and control in specified areas Hylotrupes bajalus European house Present in WA – Regulations/controls for borer movement and control in specified areas Oryzaephilus surinamensis Sawtooth grain Present in WA – Regulations/controls for beetle insecticide resistant strains Pentalonia nigronervosa Banana aphid Carnarvon – Host material restricted from moving to rest of the state Plodia interpunctella Indian meal moth Regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Potato spindle tuber viroid Potato spindle Carnarvon tuber viroid (PSTVd) Pythium tracheiphilum Lettuce blight Gingin and Perth metropolitan area

Rhyzopertha dominica Lesser grain borer Regulations/controls for insecticide PLANT PRODUCTION TO AUSTRALIA’S THREATS resistant strains Sitophilus granarius Granary weevil Regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Sitophilus oryzae Rice weevil Regulations/controls for insecticide CHAPTER 2: resistant strains Sitotroga cerealella Angoumois grain Regulations/controls for insecticide moth resistant strains Thrips palmi Melon thrips Kimberley – Low pest prevalence area Tribolium castaneum Rust red flour Regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Tribolium confusum Confused flour Regulations/controls for insecticide beetle resistant strains Trogderma variabile Warehouse beetle Regulations/controls for movement and control in specified areas

101 2.3 Responses to Emergency Plant Pests

With increasing global trade and tourism, up from 31.5 million arrivals and departures in Australia in 2013 to 34.8 million in 2015 (ABS 3401.0), and the potential for pests to enter via natural routes, Australia has a formal legal agreement between government and industry for dealing with Emergency Plant Pests (EPPs) and sharing the costs of responses to eradicate them. The Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed, is detailed in Section 4.2.

Table 37 identifies the status of responses to EPPs as at 31 December 2015. In addition, there were a number of new pests detected in Australia in 2015 for which no further action was required or which are still under investigation (Table 38).

COST SHARED EMERGENCY RESPONSES IN 2015 Four Cost Shared responses to Emergency Plant Pest incursions were underway in 2015. Giant pine scale (Marchalina hellenica) activities continued following detection in pine trees

THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION TO AUSTRALIA’S THREATS in urban areas of South Australia and Victoria in October 2014. A Cost Shared response was agreed to by the National Mangement Group (NMG) in March 2015. Affected Parties for the response include the Australian Government, state and territory governments, Australian Forest Products Association and Nursery and Garden Industry Australia (NGIA).

CHAPTER 2: Response activities in 2015 included surveillance, tree destruction and removal. There have been no detections in commercial pine plantations.

Banana freckle (Phyllosticta cavendishii) eradication on Cavendish bananas in the NT continued in 2015 and the response is proving effective. Affected Parties for this response include the Australian Government, state and territory governments, Australian Banana Growers Council (ABGC) and NGIA. Following surveillance and destruction of host plants in identified zones, Phase 2, a host free period extending through the wet season, commenced in May 2015.

Exotic fruit flies in the Torres Strait are dealt with under new arrangements from 2015. NMG agreed a Response Plan for 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2018 that includes an annual program of surveillance and eradication activities for Oriental fruit fly, New Guinea fruit fly and melon fly. The new arrangements mean that costs are now being shared between the Australian Government, state and territory governments and 12 Affected industry Parties. See more on page 159.

Chestnut blight in Victoria is well on the way to eradication following activity that began in 2010. The Proof of Freedom phase commenced in 2015 with declaration of eradication expected in July 2016. Affected Parties for this response include the Australian Government, state and territory governments, and Chestnuts Australia.

102 Biosecurity officers check for signs of chestnut blight. Image courtesy of DEDJTR. Table 38.Emergency responses toplantpestsunderEPPRDarrangements Scientific name Xanthomonas fragariae viroid Potato spindletuber Phyllosticta cavendishii Pepper chatfruitviroid Marchalina hellenica Liriomyza sativae f. sp. Fusarium oxysporum sensu lato F. sterilihyphosum F. pseudocircinatum F. proliferatum Fusarium mangiferae mosaic virus Cucumber greenmottle parasitica Cryphonectria Zeugodacus cucurbitae Bactrocera trivialis Bactrocera dorsalis cubensis

Common name leaf spot Strawberry angular (PSTVd) tuber viroid Potato spindle Banana freckle viroid (PCFVd) Pepper chatfruit Giant pinescale leafminer Vegetable Tropical Race4 Panama disease disease (MMD) malformation Mango mottle mosaicvirus Cucumber green Chestnut blight Melon fly New Guineafruitfly Oriental fruitfly Crops affected Strawberries vine, nurseryandgarden capsicums, whitepotato gooseberries, tomatoes, Potatoes, wild garden Bananas, nurseryand nursery andgarden Capsicums, tomatoes, garden Pine trees, nurseryand garden onions, nurseryand cotton, legumes, Tomatoes, vegetables, garden Bananas, nurseryand garden Mangoes, nurseryand nursery andgarden Vegetables, melons, Chestnuts vegetables Various fruitsand Region Strait Torres QLD QLD VIC QLD, WA, SA, NT SA SA, VIC QLD Strait, Torres QLD QLD NT, QLD VIC Past action A proposal fordeclaringeradicationwasprepared. delimiting surveys havebeenundertaken. Detected inMay2010. Infectedplantswere destroyed and undertaken todeterminetheextent ofPSTVdinAustralia. implemented, andaNationalSurveillance Program was destroyed, strictquarantineandhygienemeasures were Detected inSeptember2009.Diseased materialwas undertaken. on 3October2013anderadication activitieswere Detected on17July2013.NMGendorsedaResponsePlan undertaken. potential hostsremoved andtracingsurveillance Detected inAugust2013.Diseasedmaterialdestroyed, Tracing andsurveillance undertaken. andSouthAustraliainOctober2014. Detected inVictoria technically feasibletoeradicatefrom theTorres Strait. 2014. InAugust2014theCCEPPdeterminedthatitwasnot First detectedintheTorres Straitin2008andagainMay MMD inAustralia. technical questionsrelated to A ScientificAdvisoryPanelwasconvenedtoaddress eradication for The CCEPPisconsideringthetechnicalfeasibilityof tracing andsurveillanceundertaken. 2014. Diseasedmaterialdestroyed, hostsremoved and Detected oncommercial watermelonfarminNTJuly destroyed. endorsed byNMGAugust2014.Allinfectedtrees were Further detectioninJune2014.RevisedResponsePlan undertaken. Response PlaninNovember2010anderadicationactivities First detectedinSeptember2010.NMGendorseda Fusarium species causing MMD in Australia. speciescausingMMDinAustralia. Fusarium species causing speciescausing Current situationandstatus is eradicated. is eradicated. recommended toNMGthat CCEPP considered eradicationreport and not technciallyfeasibletoeradicate. supported theCCEPPrecommendation thatitwas Surveillance Program forPSTVdandNMG CCEPP considered theoutcomesofNational period commencedMay2015. Destruction ofhostmaterialcontinuedandfree recommended toNMGthatPCFVdiseradicated. CCEPP considered eradicationreport and Eradication activitiesandsurveillanceongoing. Response PlanendorsedbyNMGinMarch 2015. whilst surveillanceisundertaken. This pestisunderconsiderationbytheCCEPP Detected intheCapeYork PeninsulainMay2015. it wasnottechnciallyfeasibletoeradicate. NMG supportedtheCCEPPrecommendation that Detected inTully inMarch 2015.InApril2015the recommendations forconsiderationbytheCCEPP. The ScientificAdvisoryPanelmetandprepared management plan. Currently beingmanaged underanational to eradicate. recommendation thatitwasnottechnicallyfeasible In March 2015NMGsupportedtheCCEPP to confirmthattheEPPhasbeeneradicated. phase, withongoingsurveillancebeingundertaken Eradication program intheProof ofFreedom basis. Forfurtherinformationseepage159. and eradicationactivitieswilloccuronanannual for theperiodJuly2015toJune2018.Surveillance Exotic FruitFliesintheTorres StraitResponsePlan Australia. InNovember2015NMGendorsedthe Torres Straitanderadicatedtoprotect mainland Exotic fruitfliesare sporadicallydetectedinthe Xanthomonas fragariae

103 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION 104

CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION Table 39.PestdetectionsnotifiedundertheEPPRDthatdidnot result inaformalCost-Shared emergency response* Scientific name phalaenopsis Fusarium solani Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium lateritium Fusarium flocciferum sexmaculatus Eotetranychus neem Diaporthe australafricana Diaporthe cordylineae Dasineura trifolii Curvularia mottle virus necroticrusty Cherry mottle virus greenring Cherry Cecidophyes virus Catharanthus mosaic f. sp. Blumeria graminis biotype) Bemisia tabaci polerovirus 1 Asthma plant Aeroglypus robustus cooleyi complex Adelges complex nordmannianae Adelges dactylidis Jamesdicksonia mangiferae Hemicriconemoides tritici (Gilletteella) (Dreyfusia) sp. on sp.on cf. (exotic (exotic f. sp. f.sp. galii

Common name Ring nematode Fusarium Six-spotted spidermite Cordyline gallmidge Leaf blightof virus Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus Cherry green ringmottle Eriophyoid mites Catharanthus mosaicvirus Wheat powderymildew Silverleaf whitefly Asthma plantpolerovirus 1 Warty grainmite Cooley sprucegalladelgid Silver firAdelges wiltonlupin Trifolium Region Gretna Mutchilba Various locations Northampton Toolara Derwent Valley Townsville Manjimup Wongawallan Newmerella Various locations Various locations Dynnyrne Bremmer Bay Cobitty Darwin NT, WyndhamWA Emerald Sydney Macclesfield Hoddles Creek and North andBerwick Glen Waverley, Narre Warren State VIC TAS QLD NSW WA QLD TAS TAS QLD WA QLD VIC TAS VIC TAS, TAS WA NSW NT, WA QLD NSW VIC Scientific name iraniensis Lasiodiplodia sp. nov mahajangana Lasiodiplodia associated virus stem pitting Plum barknecrosis pecan Phytopthora moyootj P Phyllocoptes gracilis Phoma tropica yellow virus Phasey beanmild cherimoliae Phakopsora Peronospora Penicillifer martinii Pantoea stewartii Oligonychus plegas Oligonychus palus Neomaskellia bergii pentadesma Neolithocolletis parvum Neofusicoccum luteum Neofusicoccum incognita Meloidogyne virus2 Little cherry virus1 Little cherry hytophthora hytophthora sp. on sp.on sp. sub sub

Common name pitting associatedvirus Plum barknecrosis stem Dryberry mite virus Phasey beanmildyellow Rust poppy Downy mildewofwild Fairway patch Red spidermite Sugarcane white fly Angsana leafminer disease Dieback andcanker disease Canker anddieback nematode root-knot Southern Little cherryvirus2 Little cherryvirus1 Blueberry stemblight Region Brisbane Various locations North Coast Fitzgerald andJarrahdale Dunorlan Esperance Darwin Various locations Sydney Wyndham Napranum Napranum Broome Darwin Eurobin Penguin Ayr Orange NSW Various locationsTAS, Bundaberg State VIC QLD, TAS, NSW WA TAS NSW WA NT TAS NSW WA QLD QLD WA NT VIC TAS QLD NSW NSW TAS, QLD TAS Scientific name Common name Region State Protopulvinaria Pyriform scale Perth WA pyriformis Pseudocercospora Cercospora spot Darwin NT purpurea Pseudoidium sp. Powdery mildew Dareton NSW Puccinia ludovicianae Artemisia rust Gregory Hills NSW Pythium aristosporum Damping off, root rot, Robinvale VIC crown rot Rhubarb decline Rhubarb decline Various locations QLD associated virus associated virus Rotylenchulus leptus Nematode Menangle NSW Rotylenchulus Reniform nematode Rockhampton QLD reniformis Rugonectria Rugonectria canker Lane Cove NSW

castaneicola PLANT PRODUCTION TO AUSTRALIA’S THREATS Rugonectria sp. Rugonectria canker Wahroonga NSW Sweet potato leaf curl Sweet potato leaf curl virus Bundaberg QLD virus

Thelonectria sp. Wahroonga NSW CHAPTER 2: Thelonectria torulosa Wahroonga NSW Uredo rangelii Myrtle rust Burnie TAS, Tiwi Island NT TAS, NT Verticillium dahliae Verticillium wilt defoliating Narrabri NSW defoliating strain strain (VCG1A) (VCG1A) Verticillium tricorpus Verticillium wilt Ballarat VIC

* Some pests listed in this table are still under investigation and an emergency response may be undertaken. These pests may be new detections, extensions of range or new host records

Limnocharis flower. Image courtesy of Biosecurity Queensland. 105 106

CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION agencies. Farmbiosecurityactivities includeprevention ofweeds aswellplantpests. weed detectionsintheirareas, andare generallysupportedintheiractivitiesbygovernment programs are active in manystatesandlocalareas. Volunteers inthesegroups report new part intheweeddetectionandreporting network.Communitybasedweedspotter weeds ontheirproperties to reduce theimpactonplantproduction, andplayan integral weed incursionsintheirareas. Plantproduction industriesandtheirgrowers manage At thelocallevel,weedsurveillanceisundertakenbymostcouncils, whichreport new management activitiessuchasconductingweedidentifications. and territoryhasaherbariumthathousescollectionsofweedspecies tosupportweed environment haveresponsibility forweedmanagement withintheirjurisdictions.Eachstate departmentsofprimaryindustriesand Local councilsandstateterritorygovernment (NAQS) surveillanceactivitiesinAustralia’s northandneighbouring countries. Seeds List.Weeds are AustraliaQuarantineStrategy alsoanintegralpartoftheNorthern years withtheimplementationofmandatoryWRAsanddevelopmentPermitted border inspections.Plantimportpolicieshavebeentightenedconsiderablyoverthelast15 Assessments (WRAs)forallexoticplantspeciespriortoimportationandwhenconducting develops andimplementsquarantinepoliciesforplantimportsthrough Weed Risk throughThe AustralianGovernment, theDepartmentofAgriculture andWater Resources, WEED PREVENTION to managingweedsacross Australia. the community. Legislationacross thecountrysetsoutvaryingroles ofgovernments Managing andresponding toweedthreatsindustryand involvesalllevelsofgovernment, $4 billionannually. production. ThetotaleconomiccostofweedsinAustraliahasbeenestimatedatover environment nationally, andafurther1,000specieshavedirect impactonplant become establishedinAustralia,anestimated2,300speciescurrently impactthenatural While there are manypotentialweedspeciesthathavenotyetentered thecountryor management evenmore difficult. reduce productivity. Manyweedshavealsodevelopedherbicideresistance, making production industries.Theydisplacenativespecies,contributetolanddegradationand Weeds are amongthemostseriousthreats toAustralia’s naturalenvironment andplant pathogens, witharangeofactivitiesalsoinplacetoaddress thethreat posedbyweeds. The scopeofAustralia’s biosecuritysystemcoversmore thanjustinvertebratesand 2.4 Managing weedthreats in Australia

stakeholders. Mostsuccessfulweederadicationprograms haveoccurred whenthe depend onearlydetectionandanresponse from andindustry governments on ExoticPlantIncursions(CCEPI).Eradicationandcontainmentprograms forweeds cost-shared invasiveweederadicationprograms through theConsultativeCommittee manageandcoordinate The Australian,stateandterritorygovernments nationally ERADICATION ANDCONTAINMENT Queensland. Weeds EradicationProgram.ImagecourtesyofBiosecurity Eradicating limnocharis aspartoftheNationalFourTropical while Limnocharis, miconiaandmikaniavineare allconsidered seriousweedsinothercountries, • • • In 2015theprogram targetederadicationof: native totropical Americathatare innorthQueensland. The NationalFourTropical Weeds EradicationProgram (NFTWEP) targetsweedspecies National FourTropical Weeds EradicationProgram infested area waslessthanfourhectares. Queensland, NSW, NT andWA governments. The program ismanagedby BiosecurityQueenslandandiscost-shared bytheAustralian, extensive communityengagementtoidentifyinfestedareas andresearch components. The nationaleradicationprogram involvestargetedweedsurveysandcontrol, and sub-tropical areas ofAustraliawouldbesignificant ifallowedtoexpandunchecked. The combinedimpactsoftheseweedsonagriculture andtheenvironment intropical north Queensland. Mikania vine( Miconia ( Limnocharis Miconia nervosa Miconia calvescens, Miconia nervosa, Miconia racemosa Miconia calvescens,nervosa, (Limnocharis flava Mikania micrantha and Miconia racemosa ) ). have exhibited invasive characteristics in haveexhibitedinvasivecharacteristicsin Image courtesyofBiosecurity Queensland. Limnocharis isaweed found inNorthQueensland. )

Miconia isanotherspecies beingeradicatedunderacostsharingagreement. CourtesyofBiosecurityQueensland. now deliverstheCaringforourCountryProgram. and theWorking onCountry Indigenousrangerprograms. TheNationalLandcare Program Heritage Trust, theNationalLandcare Program, theEnvironment Stewardship Program, communities. Phasetwoofthisprogram, from July2013–2018, integratestheNatural of incursionsthatthreaten production ortheenvironment, orimpactontrade program provides fundingfornationalsurveillanceof weeds,containmentanderadication The SustainableAgriculture stream oftheAustralianGovernment’s CaringforourCountry maintain localbushland. informal groups suchaslocal‘friendsof…’groups, organise volunteerstorestore and Landcare Australia,ConservationVolunteers andGreening Australia,togetherwithsmaller inweedmanagement.Formalorganisationssuchas of industryandgovernments conduct weedinspectionsonprivateland.Localcommunitygroups supporttheactivities manage, includingconservationreserves androadside verges,andsomejurisdictionsalso Local councilsare responsible forweedmanagement onlandthattheyown,control or implemented inAustralia. production systems,whichuseherbicidestocontrol weeds,are nowcommonly weed control focusesonmechanicalcultivationandherbicideapplications.No-till or acombinationofthesemeasures through IWM.In horticulturalproduction systems, through competitionwith otherplants,herbicidesprays,tillage,slashing,grazing,burning, In Australianbroadacre plantproduction industries,weedsare mostcommonlymanaged manuals, andthelargerindustryorganisationsconductweedsurveillanceresearch. plant production industrypeakbodiesproduce integrated weedmanagement(IWM) production systemsuseamixture ofchemicalandnon-chemical control methods.Some weeds andtheirmanagementdiffer greatly betweenindustriesandregions, butmost Combating weedsatthefarmlevelisanintegralpartofmostfarmingsystems.Problem WEED MANAGEMENT The AustralianWeeds Strategyguidesweedmanagement. Plant HealthAustraliaandtheNewZealandGovernment. Observersonthe committeeincluderepresentativesterritory governments. from CSIRO, jurisdictional committeewithmembersfrom andallstate theAustralianGovernment mechanism foridentifyingandresolving weedissuesatanationallevel.Itiscross- The InvasivePlantsandAnimalsCommittee(IPAC) provides aninter-governmental COORDINATION OFWEEDMANAGEMENT Volunteers acrossAustralia. Courtesy ofFriendsthePinnacle. helptocontrolweeds innaturereserves RIRDC andPHAwebsites. System Mapping Australia’s Weed Management with manystakeholders.Thereport has arobust weedmanagementsystem (RIRDC). Thestudyrevealed thatAustralia Research andDevelopmentCorporation in AustraliafortheRuralIndustries In 2013,PHAreviewed weedmanagement of weeds. and socialassetssecure from theimpacts keep Australia'seconomic,environmental outlines goalsandactionsrequired to management inAustralia.TheAWS which istheoverarching policyforweed of theAustralianWeeds Strategy(AWS), The IPAC overseestheadministration

(RIRDC 13/019)isavailablefrom

107 CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PRODUCTION 108 Chapter 3 Maintaining Australia’s plant biosecurity status 3.1 Biosecurity and international trade

Australia’s plant biosecurity system involves multiple players Australia gains significant economic benefits as a net exporter of agricultural products, with around two-thirds of national agricultural production exported to overseas markets. working together to prevent the introduction, spread and Australia also benefits from importing a range of goods from overseas. Imports provide establishment of plant pests. access to a wide range of products, technology and services that enable economic growth in multiple sectors. The movement of plant produce around the world is covered Plant production, the economy and our unique natural by international agreements that function to prevent the spread of plant pests, known environment are protected through the joint efforts as phytosanitary agreements. of Australian governments, plant production industries, researchers, producers, Plant Health Australia Figure 73. Key components of Australia’s plant biosecurity continuum and the wider public.

The challenges are increasing with growing international travel and trade, since all movements pose a risk of spreading plant pests. Australia devotes many resources to facilitating safe import and export of produce and is PRE-BORDER AT THE BORDER POST-BORDER

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S MAINTAINING a signatory to international phytosanitary agreements, Department of Agriculture and Department of Agriculture and Department of Agriculture and with inherent responsibilities and obligations to prevent Water Resources Water Resources Water Resources, state and • Risk analysis and import approvals • Inspection and monitoring territory governments, plant industries, PHA, producers and the spread of plant pests. • Regional biosecurity • Enforcement and compliance community • Export market access negotiations • Implementation of risk • Monitoring and surveillance

CHAPTER 3: management system • Offshore assessment, audit and • National coordination and This chapter explains the activities that maintain Australia’s verification • Policy implementation response to pest incursions plant pest status in the three areas of activity: pre-border, • International standards • Education and awareness • Domestic quarantine movement development restrictions at the border and post-border. • Capacity building in overseas • Pest management countries • Breeding of resistant varieties • Gathering global pest intelligence • Emergency preparedness activities • Simulation exercises • Education and awareness • Biosecurity planning • Farm biosecurity

110 PARTICIPATING IN INTERNATIONAL PLANT PEST AGREEMENTS As an active trading nation, Australia has entered into a number of multilateral and bilateral trade agreements that influence its plant biosecurity system. On a multilateral level, Australia’s rights and obligations in relation to plant biosecurity are set out under World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements, particularly the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), although others, such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, may apply in certain circumstances.

The SPS Agreement provides WTO member countries with the right to use sanitary and phytosanitary measures to protect human, animal and plant life or health. The agreement also imposes a number of obligations, including that sanitary and phytosanitary measures cannot be used to inhibit trade where there is no danger to human, animal or plant health.

The WTO allows members to specify the level of protection that they consider appropriate to protect human, animal or plant life or health within their territory (this is known as the appropriate level of protection or acceptable level of risk) provided it is science-based, is applied consistently and takes into account the objective of minimising negative trade effects. Australia’s appropriate level of protection, which reflects community expectations through Australian Government policy, is expressed as “providing a high level of sanitary and phytosanitary protection aimed at reducing risk to a very low level, but not to zero.” MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S MAINTAINING All Australian state and territory governments have agreed to this statement as the basis for the national biosecurity system. Consistent with these requirements, Australia’s policy is to reduce biosecurity risk to a very low level, but not to zero, through the use of

science-based risk assessments. CHAPTER 3:

Australia has a number of bilateral free trade agreements with other countries, each of which deals with biosecurity issues in a slightly different way. However, all agreements are consistent with the SPS Agreement and Australia does not negotiate on specific quarantine measures within its free trade agreements.

There are also multilateral agreements on plant protection to which Australia is a party that outline a number of responsibilities and obligations to members. These agreements also set standards to help harmonise phytosanitary measures.

111 112

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS on trainingrequirements forplantquarantine inspectors. the developmentofstandards. TheAPPPCimplementsrelevant RSPMs,forexample standard. an international Australia isanactiveparticipantintheAPPPCassistingwith deal withspecific regional issues,supportthe region’s tradeandmayformthebasis of The APPPCdevelopsRegionalStandards forPhytosanitary Measures (RSPMs)that mandatory contributiontotheorganisation tosupporttheworkprogram. of amendmentstothefundingmechanismforAPPPC,Australia makesanannual pesticide useandregulation, andintegratedpestmanagement.Followingtheacceptance IPPC. TheAPPPCcoversphytosanitaryissuesrelating tomovementofpestsintrade, Commission (APPPC),aRegionalPlantProtection Body(RPPO)recognised underthe The PlantProtection Agreement establishedtheAsiaandPacificPlantProtection The PlantProtection Agreement fortheAsiaandPacificRegion PhytosanitaryPortal at on theInternational Reporting andexchangeofinformation,includingpeststatusparties, isavailable of coldtreatment ISPMssupporting Australia’s tradeobjectiveswere adopted. At thelastmeetingofCommissiononPhytosanitaryMeasures in2015,anumber • • • Water Resources, coordinates andprovides inputintothreebodies: governance but alsohelpfacilitatesafetrade.Australia,through theDepartmentofAgriculture and The standards notonlyreduce thenumberofpestsmovedthroughtrade, international are canharmonisetheirphytosanitaryregulations. ameansbywhichgovernments development ofpestriskanalysesorguidelinesforsurveillance.Importantly, thesestandards provide specific requirements forthemanagementofbiosecurityissues,suchas These standards,Standards knownasInternational forPhytosanitaryMeasures (ISPMs), as toanythingthatcanactavectorforthespread ofplantpests. of phytosanitarystandards relating toplantsandplant productstrade,aswell ininternational The IPPCisrecognised bytheSPSAgreement asthe bodyresponsible fortheestablishment program funding,sourced from FAO assessedcontributionsanddonors. the FoodandAgriculture OrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO), from whichitreceives trade.TheIPPCisanArticleXIVstatutorybodyof and invasivespecies)ininternational protects theworld’s plantresources from thespread ofseriouspests(includingdiseases PlantProtectionagreement The International Convention(IPPC)isaninternational that PlantProtectionThe International Convention the developmentofISPMs. IPPC Standards Committeeandassociatedworkinggroups responsible for IPPC StrategicPlanningGroup, whichdeterminesstrategicprioritiesforIPPCactivities implementation oftheIPPC Commission onPhytosanitaryMeasures, bodythatoversees thegoverning www.ippc.int.

the PPPOBoard. the region’s biosecurityinterests. AtthismeetingAustraliatookupthevice-Chairposition on At thetriennialPPPOBoard meetingin2015Pacificislandcountries discussed Access. Market other IPPCactivitiesfundedunder theDFAT program, PacificHorticulturaland Agricultural During 2015,thePPPOhostedan IPPCregional workshop toconsiderdraftISPMsand with AustraliaandNewZealand. region coversPacificisland countriesandUnitedStatesFrench territories,together tradewhilstprotecting facilitate international theplanthealthstatus ofparties.ThePacific of theCanberraAgreement. ThePPPOprovides adviceonphytosanitarymeasures to (PPPO), whichisanauxiliarybodyestablishedunderthethenSouth PacificCommission Australia isalsoamemberofsecondRPPO,thePacificPlant Protection Organisation Canberra Agreement implementation ofISPM6GuidelinesforSurveillance. and asixyearsurveillanceworkplanassociatedworkshopsto assistwiththe the developmentofaRSPMonhotwaterdippingtreatment forfruitfliesonmangoes, the APPPCadoptedseveralAustralian-ledinitiativessupportingregional harmonisation; A followupactivityledbyAustraliawasdelivered in2015.Atitsbiennialmeeting2015, a systemsapproach,Standards basedonInternational forPhytosanitaryMeasures (ISPM)14. Australian-funded pilotworkshop,whichfocusedontheimplementationofRSPMsthrough Australia. Officers from theDepartmentofAgriculture and Water Resources facilitatedan facilities During its2013biennialmeeting,theAPPPCadoptedtwonewRSPMs: Australia abidesbyinternational and Approval offumigationfacilities, l phytosanitary agreements. phytosanitary the development of which had been led by thedevelopmentofwhichhadbeenledby Approval of irradiation Approval ofirradiation

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S MAINTAINING CHAPTER 3:

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CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS that iscurrently inprogress. Refer toSection3.2forfurtherinformation onpre-border activities. Table 40detailspolicy advicefinalisedby31December 2015,aswelldraftpolicy advice (Pest RiskAnalysisforQuarantine Pests). health. Ofparticularrelevance are ISPM2(FrameworkforPestRiskAnalysis)and 11 recognisedbodies. TheIPPCisinternationally asthebodythatsetsstandards forplant the SPSAgreement andfollowingtheguidanceofrelevant standard international setting Assessments are conductedinaccordance withAustralia’s rightsandobligationsunder mandated publicconsultationperiodsandaformalappealprocess. a timeframeforcompletionwhichisregulated bylegislationandtheprocess includes such asimportriskanalyses(IRAs),pestassessmentsandpolicy reviews. IRAshave Assessments are conducted bytechnicalandscientificexpertscantakeseveralforms, Import riskassessmentisanimportantpartofAustralia’s biosecurity protection. bacterial disease orchids andsomenursery stock,followingtheintroduction ofemergencymeasures forthe all importconditionsoverfouryears.Earlyreviews are underwayontimberpestpathways, The 2015Agriculture Competitiveness WhitePaperhasprovided fundingforthereview of site visitsorauditsmayberequired. management measures are properly implementedandcanbemaintained.Off-shore In establishingimportconditions,Australiamustbeconfidentthatthe required risk and humancommodities. and containstheAustralianimportconditionsformore than20,000plant,animal,mineral The systemcanbefoundontheDepartmentofAgriculture andWater Resources website The BiosecurityImportConditionssystem(BICON)replaced ICONinOctober2015. Tradeon International FaunaandFlora,livespecimens. inEndangered Speciesof Wild endangered for importsofinternationally speciesdesignatedbyCITES,theConvention Quarantine Proclamation1998. Some importedmaterialrequires animportpermitand theseare issuedunderthe that importedmaterialmeetstheseconditionsandcompliantgoodsare allowedentry. and theshippingarrangements.TheDepartmentofAgriculture andWater Resources verifies basis, dependingonthepestrisksassociatedwithproduct, thelocationofproduction new pestsanddiseasestoAustralia.Importconditionsare determinedonacase-by-case Import conditionsare imposedtoensure thatproduce enteringthecountrydoesnotintroduce Act 1908 1989 (EPBC)Act1999 Biodiversity Conservation responsibility forregulation underthe plants andplantproducts intoAustraliaisstrictlyregulated.has TheAustralianGovernment Since importedplantproducts couldbringexoticpestsintothecountry, theimportationof REGULATING IMPORTS TOMANAGERISK andanysubordinate legislation.The , passedthrough ParliamentinJuneandwillbeenactedon162016. Xylella fastidiosa Permitsmayalsoberequired underthe inNovember2015(seeboxpage120). Quarantine Act1908, Biosecurity Act2015 , andwhere relevant, the the Environment Protection and Environment Protectionand , whichreplaces the Gene Technology Act EPBC Act1999 Quarantine Quarantine

import policyadvice Table 40. Hops propagative materials Hazelnut Grapevine propagative materials Grapes (table;revisions) Grapes (table) Grapes (table) Grapes (table) Grapes (table) Grapes (table) Grains Ginger Fresh ginger Durian (supplement) Durian Drosophila suzukii ( the biologicalcontrol ofcoralcactus Dactylopius tomentosus Citrus (revision) Citrus Cherries (toWestern Australia) Capsicums Apple/Pear (budwood) vectors associatedwith Candidatus tamarillo fruit,tomato) (capsicum, nurserystock,potatotubers, Candidatus Bananas Avocados (revision) Apples (Fuji) Apples Apples Apples Policy Cylindropuntia fulgida Department ofAgriculture andWater Resources finalisedanddraft Liberibacter species and their Liberibacter speciesandtheir Liberibacter psyllaurous (spottedwingdrosophila) var. Rutaceae ‘fulgida’ biotype for ‘fulgida’biotypefor mamillata Finalised policyadvice ). All countries Chile All countries USA Japan China Korea Chile USA Various Fiji Fiji Thailand Thailand All countries All countries Israel Egypt New Zealand Korea All countries New Zealand,USA Philippines New Zealand Japan New Zealand(review) China New Zealand Generic Country (from) 2010 2011 2013 2003, 2006 2014 2011 2011 2005 2002 2006, 2007,2008 2013 2015 2000 1999 2013 2015 2003 2002 2003 2009 2011 2009 2009 2007 1998 2011 2010 2007 2002 Year released Persimmon Permitted seeds Pears (Ya) Pears (Asian) Pears Pears Papaya Oranges (sweet) Olive (plantsapproved sources) Medium RiskNurseryStockreview (internal) Mangosteen Mangosteen Mangoes Mangoes Mangoes Mangoes Mangoes Mangoes Mangoes Mandarin (Unshu) Maize (bulk) Lychee/longan Lychee Limes (Tahitian) Lilium (re­-instatement) Lettuce Lentil (seedandhumanconsumption) Island cabbage Pineapple (de-crowned) Pineapple Phytophthora Phalaenopsis Policy spp. spp.hostpropagative material orchids (nurserystock) All countries Indonesia Thailand Vietnam Indonesia, Thailand, Pakistan India (revised conditions) areas) Philippines (additional India Taiwan Philippines Japan USA China, Thailand Taiwan andVietnam New Caledonia Taiwan New Zealand All Tonga, Vanuatu Cook Islands,Fiji,Samoa, Malaysia Islands, SriLanka,Thailand Philippines, Solomon All countries Taiwan Israel, Japan,Korea All countries China China China Korea Fiji Italy Generic Country (from) 2002 2013 2012 2002 2015 2010 2004 2006 1998 2003 2005 1999 2002 2005 2003 2014 2012 2004 2015 2011 2011 2010 2008 2006 1999 2009 2003 2004 2013 2006 2013 2007 Year released Pome fruittesting Pineapple (modification) Zantedeschia Prunus Potatoes forprocessing Nectarines Grapes (table) Fruit fly pestfree areas Citrus Candidatus Apples Wood packaging Tomato (truss,review) Tomato (truss) biological control ofyellowlacscale Tachardiaephagus somervillei (seed) Sweet corn Stone fruit(WesternAustralia) Stone fruit Seed contaminants(review oftolerances) Salacca Pseudomonas syringae Potato propagative material Policy spp.nurserystock spp.propagative material LiberibacterSolanacearum propagative material p.v. Actindae for the forthe Draft policyadvice(inprogress) All countries China, Japan,Korea Islands, SriLanka,Thailand Philippines, Solomon All countries All countries New Zealand Peoples RepublicofChina India China All countries All countries USA Generic New Zealand Netherlands All countries USA New Zealand USA All countries Indonesia New Zealand Country (from) 2014 2014 2012 2015 been released) report hasnotyet announced. Adraft (Commencement 2010 2009 2014 2015 this policy) been activatedon provisions have (stop theclock 2009 2006 2002 2003 2015 2003 2006 2010 2000 2014 2011 2013 2003 2003 Year released

115 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 116

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS of exportdocumentationforprimaryproduce prescribed underthe For plantindustriestheExportDocumentation(EXDOC)systemsupports thepreparation exporting. and exportersare responsible tochecktheimportingcountry’s requirements before information anddocumentation.InformationinMICoRPlantsisintended asaguideonly certificates, additionaldeclarationsandtreatments, andanyother relevant export Australia. Thisincludesdetailsonrequirements forimportpermits,phytosanitary provides informationonexport conditionsrequired toexportplantsandplantproducts from To assistexporters,theManualofImportingCountryRequirements (MICoR)Plants policyandlegislation. government which are instrumentalindevelopingeffective andefficient operational responses to Industry ConsultativeCommitteeandHorticulture ExportIndustryConsultativeCommittee) exporters through industryconsultativecommittees(theGrainandPlantProducts Export More specificexportlegislationislistedin Table 40.Strong linkagesare maintainedwith importing countryauthority. for whichaphytosanitarycertificate,oranyotherofficial certificate,is required an by of fresh fruits,fresh vegetables,driedfruits,prescribed grain,andplantsorplantproducts The enables Australiatoprovide ISPM15compliantwoodpackagingmaterialforexport. and hasresponsibility fortheAustralianWood Packaging CertificationSchemewhich The departmentalsonegotiatestechnicalmarketaccessforAustralianexportproduce, accordance withimportingcountryrequirements andAustralia’s obligations. international inspection, verification,andcertificationservicesforplantsplant in products The DepartmentofAgriculture andWater Resources provides exportandphytosanitary meet therequirements oftheActandanyquarantine requirements oftheimportingcountry. legal frameworkbywhichAustralianproducers canexporttheirproducts. Exportersmust The provisions ofthe conditions. Just asimportsare subjecttorestrictions toprotect planthealth,exportsmustalsomeet Many Australian plant industriesexport a proportion of the food and fibre thatthey produce. STANDARDS ENSURING AUSTRALIANEXPORTS MEETREQUIRED exports, aswellforanimalproducts. EXDOCacceptsdetails ofproposed exports from 1982 producers byaddressing phytosanitary issues.Changesinpeststatus, theemergenceof close consultation withindustrystakeholders,facilitate accesstomarketsforAustralian Technical marketaccessnegotiations betweenAustraliaanditstradingpartners,in certificate isissued. of inspectionsasrequired, andwhere applicable, anexportpermitandphytosanitary exporters andcreates arequest forpermit.Thisislinkedtoendorsementsandtheresults ExportControl(PlantandPlantProducts)Orders2011 andassociatedlegislation.Thesystemprovides certificationforgrainandhorticulture ExportControlAct1982 anditssubordinate legislationprovides the provide criteriafortheexport Export Control Act Export ControlAct

improving opportunitiesinexistingmarketsandmaintenanceofmarketaccess. Table 41detailsmarketaccessachievementssince2000,includingtonewmarkets, ensure Australiacancontinuetoexportitsplantproducts. maintenance are increasingly thefocusoftechnicalmarketaccessactivitieswhich import conditionsmeanthatnegotiationssurrounding marketimprovement andmarket new orimproved treatment technologies,andreviews bytradingpartnersoftheir Table 41.Australia'sexportlegislation Hort Innovation’s Trade AssessmentPanel. on theindustry’s prioritiesforneworimproved marketaccessrequests isprovided through For thehorticulture industry, advicetotheDepartmentofAgriculture andWater Resources prioritised inlinewithoverallindustrybenefit. andindustrytoensurebetween government marketaccessdecisionsare informedand For driedbulkcommodities,theGrainsIndustryMarketAccessForumprovides aconduit with astrong focusonevidence-basedanalyses. select marketpathwayswiththehighestlikelihoodoftechnicalandcommercial success, the departmentconsultswithindustrytoensure itsmarketaccessprioritisationprocesses systems toincrease thevalueofplantexports.Whenprioritisingmarketaccessactivities, There isahighlevelofdepartmentalinvestmentinnegotiatingprotocols andbuildingexport Export Charges(Imposition –General)Regulation2015 Export Charges(Imposition –Customs)Regulation2015 Export Charges(Collection)Regulation 2015 Export Control(Fees)Order2015 Export Charges(Imposition–General) Act2015 Export Charges(Imposition–Excise) Act2015 Export Charges(Imposition–Customs)Act2015 Export Charges(Collection)Act2015 Exports (FreshFruit)Regulations Export Control(UnprocessedWood) Regulations Export Control(RegionalForestAgreements)Regulations Export Control(OrganicProduceCertification)Orders Export Control(HardwoodWood Chips)Regulations1996 Export Control(PrescribedGoods–General)Order2005 Export Control(PlantsandPlantProducts)Order2011 Export Control(orders)Regulations1982 Export ControlAct1982 Legislation

Table 42. South Korea Taiwan South Korea Japan India European Union China Japan India USA South Korea New Zealand South Korea South Korea Thailand Thailand New Zealand New Zealand Japan South Korea South Korea South Africa Japan China New Zealand Morocco China Brazil USA Peru New Zealand South Korea Country Market accessachievementsforplantproduct exportsfrom Australiasince2000 Potatoes –brushedware andWA)Seed potatoes(Victoria Papaya Bananas –resumption oftrade Apples Citrus (unspecified) Mangoes Seed potatoes–micro-tubers Cherries (Tasmania) Citrus Mangoes –irradiated Olives –rooted cuttings Mangoes Lychees –nurserystock Tomatoes –greenhouse Olives –rooted cuttings Multiple productsValley) (Goulburn –pestfree area Lemons Oranges Commodity Cherries –access reinstated fornon-pestfree areas Cherries (Tasmania) Citrus –grapefruit Kiwifruit Citrus Table grapes Citrus (Sunraysia)–seasonalfreedom Peanuts –processed Cherries (mainland) Lupins Lychees Mangoes Multiple products Market accessgainedandrestored 2000 2000 Year achieved 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2009 2009 2008 2008 2008 2007 2007 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2004 2004 2004 2004 2003 2003 2003 Chile Bolivia Saudi Arabia Country India USA Thailand Thailand South Korea Japan China USA Phillipines Peru Malaysia Ecuador Ecuador China China Uruguay USA Taiwan Taiwan Peru Peru Peru Peru Indonesia India Egypt Blueberries Mangoes Summerfruit –apricots,plums,nectarines andpeaches Cherries Table grapes Table grapes Grape seed Apples Bana grasscuttings Teak seeds–sowing Creeping signalgrass–sowing submission in2008 Barley –forconsumptionfollowingatechnical nuts-in-shell forconsumption Macadamia nuts–accessgainedformacadamia issues preventing exportssince2009 Canola –re-opening oftradeafterresolving quarantine Chinese requirements Cherries –accessafterinitiallingaprotocol andmeeting Hemp seeds–sowing Cotton seed–stockfeed Whole lupins–processing Carrots Chia seeds–sowing Sorghum seeds–sowing Paulowina –rooted cuttings Wax flowers– rooted cuttings Table grapes,summerfruits andcherries Pearl milletseeds–sowing Honey Grapevines –nurserystock Sunflower seeds–sowing Lentils Commodity 2015 2015 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2011 Year achieved 117 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 118

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Table 42.Marketaccessachievementsforplantproduct exportsfrom Australiasince2000 Vietnam Saudi Arabia New Zealand Malaysia Thailand New Zealand Vietnam Country Indonesia India USA South Korea Japan China China China Emirates United Arab Taiwan Japan Japan Indonesia Indonesia India India Japan Taiwan South Korea South Korea Lentils –marketaccessrestored suspension forallAustralianfruit Table grapes–marketaccess restored following non-pest free areas Table grapes –in-transitcolddisinfestation from Macadamia nuts Cherries (mainland)–standalonecold treatment Citrus Grapefruit Apples (Tasmania) –improved conditions Mangoes –revised protocol Citrus –revised protocol Multiple products –removal ofSOPPrequirement Multiple products –2-3degree colddisinfestation Mangoes –reduced inspectionrate Cherries (Tasmania) –revised protocol Citrus –in-transitcolddisinfestation Table grapes–in-transitcolddisinfestation Mangoes –irradiated Oats Citrus –2-3degree colddisinfestation Queensland fruitflyarea freedom Multiple products (Tasmania) –reinstatement of Citrus –3degree colddisinfestation Carrots –freedom from nematode Tomatoes –improved conditions Mangoes –newphytosanitaryrequirements Citrus –2-3degree colddisinfestation list Zucchinis –removal ofQueenslandfruitflyfrom thepest suspensions forAustralianfruit Citrus –marketaccessrestored followingimport Commodity Market accessgainedandrestored Improvements inmarketaccess continued 2015 2015 Year achieved 2011 2011 2010 2010 2010 2010 2009 2009 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2007 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2005 2005 2015 Malaysia USA Indonesia Country South Korea Korea Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand China Thailand Thailand Taiwan South Korea Qatar Phillipines Libya Kenya Iran Indonesia Hong Kong China USA New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand India India Citrus –3degree cold disinfestation areas Citrus –in-transitcolddisinfestationfrom non-pestfree Commodity Potatoes Cut anddriedflowers Cherries –improved inspectionrates Persimmons –irradiationforfruitfly control Cherries –newtemperature forcoldtreatment Tablegrapes –newtemperature forcoldtreatment non-pest free area districts Citrus –more varietiesapproved forexportfrom Wheat andbarley–accessimproved withnewprotocol Grain andseed Citrus –someimportlimitationsremoved byThailand Apples 2013 All products –FTA negotiationsconcludedinDecember Hay treatment conditions Fruit –revised protocol includingfavourablecold Grain andseed Wheat Grain andseed Soybeans –removal ofafivepercenttariff Plants andplantproducts Canola Apples Avocado –in-transitcoldtreatment Table grapes–in-transitcold treatment Pears –in-transitcoldtreatment Citrus (unspecified)–in-transitcoldtreatment Citrus (unspecified)–3degree in-transitcoldtreatment flexible conditions Citrus (unspecified)–more favourabletemperatures and Maintained marketaccess 2004 2004 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2014 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2011 2011 Year achieved Table 42. Market access achievements for plant product exports from Australia since 2000

Country Commodity Year achieved Country Commodity Year achieved Maintained market access continued USA Cotton seeds − for stockfeed (reinstated Methyl Bromide 2013 fumigation and new tolerance levels) Thailand Citrus 2004 Indonesia Wheat – access maintained for grain for consumption 2015 Various Citrus 2004 Vietnam Seed for sowing 2015 Indonesia Multiple products 2006 Vietnam Grains for consumption 2015 Canada Summerfruit 2007 Vietnam Nuts for consumption 2015 China Citrus (unspecified) 2007 Vietnam Plant based stockfeed 2015 India Grain 2007 Mauritius Citrus 2007 Mauritius Potatoes 2008 Thailand Multiple products 2009 New Zealand Mangoes 2010 New Zealand Papaya 2010 New Zealand Lychees 2010 Taiwan Summerfruit − peach and nectarine 2011

Thailand Multiple products 2011 PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S MAINTAINING Thailand Table grapes 2011 Thailand Citrus 2011 Vietnam Multiple products 2011 CHAPTER 3: China Table grapes 2014 India Pome fruit 2012 Indonesia Multiple products 2012 South Korea Barley (malting) − processing 2012 Taiwan Summerfruit − plums 2012 Vietnam Multiple products 2012 Thailand Apples 2013 Thailand Pears 2013 Thailand Avocado 2013 Thailand Kiwifruit 2013 Thailand Strawberries 2013 Thailand Persimmon 2013 All markets All products − implementation of a new security paper 2013 for export health certificates Taiwan Apples − revised improved export protocol 2013

119 3.2 Pre-border activities Xylella threat prompts tighter quarantine restrictions for imported plants The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources has primary responsibility for The Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources has pre-border biosecurity activities. These are focused on minimising the likelihood of exotic responded to the threat of the exotic pest Xylella fastidiosa, an invasive bacterial pests and diseases reaching our border, while enabling the movement of people and goods plant pathogen that is spreading around the world, by tightening plant import across the border. They provide assurance to the community and producers about the requirements from November 2015. biosecurity status of commodities imported into Australia. Xylella is a biosecurity priority because it affects over 200 commercial and Pre-border activities include: ornamental plant species and because if it gets into Australia the chances of eradicating it are slim. • Conducting risk assessments to consider the level of biosecurity risk that may be associated with imports and identifying risk management measures. The disease caused by Xylella is known by a range of common names, including: • Conducting offshore verifications, inspections and audits. Pierce’s disease, California vine disease, Anaheim disease (in grapevine), alfalfa • Collaborating with international partners on plant health issues and standards. dwarf disease (in lucerne), phony disease (in peach), leaf scald (in plum), quick decline (in olive), leaf scorch (in coffee, almond, blueberry, olive, oleander, elm, • Regional capacity building through collaborative activities. oak, plane, mulberry, maple), and variegated chlorosis (in citrus). • Intelligence gathering to determine and assess potential biosecurity risks.

Xylella is spreading around the world, and although it is not present in Australia it is of major concern to Australia’s plant industries. ASSESSING RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPORTS

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S MAINTAINING Key changes to import requirements came into effect, including Xylella-free Biosecurity risks are managed in keeping with Australia’s legislative framework for certification of plant material coming in from overseas or holding and testing biosecurity and international obligations, particularly the SPS Agreement. See section 3.1 in an approved post entry quarantine facility. for further information on the role of risk assessments in assessing biosecurity risks associated with imports.

CHAPTER 3: It is expected that the restrictions will reduce the volume of some ornamental plant material and tree species permitted entry to Australia, and the cost of importing will increase. This is due to the need for laboratory testing and longer VERIFICATIONS, INSPECTIONS AND AUDITS observation times in quarantine. A range of verifications, inspections and audits are undertaken offshore to manage risks prior to import to Australia, and to ensure that exporting countries can meet Australia’s All producers and importers biosecurity requirements, provide export systems for safe trade and prevent the arrival are urged to abide by the of non-compliant consignments at the border. new restrictions to avoid an incursion that would have Some horticultural exports from China, the United States, Chile and New Zealand have widespreadand serious the option of offshore pre-shipment inspection by Department of Agriculture and Water implications for production Resources officers. Regular verifications and audits are also undertaken to ensure in Australia. compliance of specified plant material with prescribed risk management procedures. Controls also extend to production areas and for stock feed processing facilities to ensure compliance with Australia’s import permit requirements.

A new program implemented in 2015 will develop an offshore audit and verification framework. The department is working with national plant protection organisations in One of the diseases caused by the exotic bacteria Xylella – Pierce’s exporting countries to increase confidence in their systems’ ability to effectively manage disease in grapevines. Image courtesy of Christine Horlock, QDAF. biosecurity risks offshore. This will reduce the pressure on mitigating risks at the border and provide opportunities to reduce onshore intervention.

120 of non-compliance, enablingresources tobetargetedattheareas ofgreatest risk. used todevelopcargo profiles andcampaigns, andtosupportidentification andmanagement memoranda ofunderstandingand agreementsbodies.Theintelligenceis withinternational Information andintelligenceisshared betweenpartnersthrough legislativerequirements, with deliberateandinadvertentnon-compliance. partnerstoinformresponses and international toemergingrisksandassociated and tohelpprevent theirintroduction andspread. Work isundertakenwith domestic resourcesinternational and intelligenceare usedtoanticipateexoticplantpestthreats A rangeofsophisticatedtechnologiesandapproaches includingresearch, shared ANTICIPATING EXOTICPLANTPESTTHREATS risk thatsafeguard existing tradeorcreate opportunitiesforexpandingmarkets. Increasingly, capacitybuildingactivitiespromote approaches to managingphytosanitary obligationstoassistdevelopingcountries. Australia tomeetitsformalinternational among planthealthandbiosecurityagenciesexperts.These programs alsohelp improve regional biosecurity, builddiagnostic networksandcapabilities,fosterlinks Capacity buildingactivitiesyieldabetterunderstandingoftheplant pestrisksintheregion, Department ofForeign Affairs andTrade. countries. Activitiesare oftendelivered withtheassistance offundingfrom the Asian Nations(ASEAN)ortheAsia-PacificEconomicCooperation(APEC)group of activities are coordinated through regional bodies,suchastheAssociationofSoutheast proximity toAustraliaandforimportantemergingtradingpartners.Commonly, these Capacity buildingactivitiesare delivered foranumber ofAsia-Pacificcountriesinclose BUILDING CAPACITY INTHEASIA-PACIFIC REGION promoting Australia’s interests intheevolutionoftraderegulations, codesandstandards. neighbours andtradingpartners.Significanteffort isalsoinvestedingainingintelligenceand pre-border, limittheirspread, andreduce theirimpactontheagriculturalsystemsofregional to section3.1).Thiscooperativeapproach boostsAustralia’s abilitytoactivelymonitorpests Australia alsoparticipatesinsettingstandardsandregional forbothinternational bodies(refer establish inAustralia. informs offshore riskmanagementandearlydetection ofanypeststhatmayenterand collections andnetworks.Intelligenceassessmentsofhighpriorityexoticplantpests a varietyofsources includingpublishedrecords, surveillancedata,insectandherbarium information. Theinformationismadeavailabletoregional planthealthpractitionersthrough plantpest activities togathernationalandinternational Australia engagesininternational SYSTEMS PARTICIPATING ININTERNATIONAL PLANTHEALTH

Image courtesyofWTO. 121 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 122

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS post-entry quarantinefacilities. facilities, whereas highrisk plantsare senttoeitherAustralianorstategovernment be importedandscreened forexoticpestsinprivatelyoperatedquarantineapproved or bambooitemsare examined andtreated asrequired. Lowandmediumriskplantscan biosecurity requirements. Allplantsorplantparts,fruits, seeds,cuttings,bulbsandwood Audits are alsoundertaken onbusinessesthatimportgoodstoensure compliancewith facilities andcontainerdepotstoscreen andinspectincominggoodspeople. Surveillance andinspectionactivitiesare airports,seaports,mail performedatinternational A rangeoftechniquesare used includingriskprofiling, detectordogsandx-raymachines. and mailastheyarriveatportsofentry. vesselsandpassengers,cargo many ofwhomcontributetotheinspectioninternational The DepartmentofAgriculture andWater Resources employsmore than3,900officers, SCREENING ANDINSPECTION continual improvement. Activities attheborder are risk-based,informedbyevidence andsubjecttoreview and • • • • Biosecurity activitiesattheborder are focusedon: of threats attheborder remains animportantelementofthebiosecuritysystem. increasingtravelandtrade,thedetection levelsofinternational biosecurity activities.With The DepartmentofAgriculture andWater Resources hasprimaryresponsibility forborder 3.3 Activitiesattheborder and industryoperators. Raising awareness ofAustralia’s biosecurityrequirements amongtravellers,importers AustraliaQuarantineStrategy.the Northern Australiathrough Identifying andevaluatingthespecificbiosecurityrisksfacingnorthern observation andtreatment atquarantinefacilities. Managing thehighbiosecurityrisksofliveplantsandanimalsthrough containment, and plantproducts arrivinginAustralia. Screening vessels,passengers,cargo,mail,animals,plants, andinspectinginternational

• • In 2015staff from theDepartmentofAgriculture andWater Resources screened: borderAustralian Government inspectionsin2015 • • • • Unusual border findsduringtheyearincluded: • • • Image courtesyDepartmentofAgricultureand Water Resources. While thestuffedbadgerprovednottobeabiosecurity hazard,thelogcontainedplantandsoilmaterial. 4.5 million air passengers out of 23 million international air passengers airpassengers 4.5 millionairpassengersoutof23international 11.9 millionmailitemsoutof138received masses ofbiosecurityriskmaterial. during aninspectiononthewharfatTownsville becauseitwascovered in Department officers denied entrytoanexcavatorfrom PapuaNewGuinea packets filledwithseeds,hiddeninacut-outcompartment. A biosecurityofficer attheSydneymailcentre found abookwitheightpaper beetleswere pinelongicorn foundonacruiseshipinBrisbane. Exotic burnt found inaparcel frommailcentre. GermanyatSydneyinternational A stuffed European (Melinae)badgeronalogfilled with mossandsoilwas (2014–15 figures). 33.5 millionconsignmentsofcargoimportedviaairandseafreight seavessels 17,800 international Sea passengers(numberunknown)

PROTECTING OUR NORTHERN COASTLINE—NORTHERN Figure 74. NAQS surveillance area (shown in dark green) AUSTRALIA QUARANTINE STRATEGY Jayapura Since 1989, the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy (NAQS) has been meeting the unique Vanimo biosecurity challenges facing Australia’s north, stretching from Cairns to Broome and including the Torres Strait (Figure 74). The northern coastline is vast and sparsely populated, and commercial plantings are few and far between, making surveillance a challenge. Indonesia Papua Kiunga New Guinea The primary biosecurity risk is the close proximity of neighbouring countries to the

Australian mainland. Indonesia, Timor-Leste and Papua New Guinea have many insect Moorehead Dili Merauke Daru Port pests, plant diseases and weeds not present in Australia. These pests and diseases Moresby have the potential to arrive through human activities or natural means. Timor Leste Torres Strait Thursday Island NAQS designs and conducts surveillance for pest and disease incursions to facilitate eradication before they spread or become established further south. In addition, NAQS Nhulunbuy Darwin collects information about the absence of significant pests and diseases which contributes Lockhart River to market access and broader biosecurity strategies. Increasingly, surveillance is conducted in partnership with industry and other government partners.

NAQS also regulates the biosecurity aspects of the southwards movement of people, Cairns vessels, aircraft and goods through the Torres Strait to the mainland. The key to success Australia Karumba

has been the cooperation and goodwill of the Torres Strait communities. Broome PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S MAINTAINING

NAQS delivers on its objectives through a program that involves: • Scientific teams in Darwin and Cairns delivering plant health surveys and monitoring Figure 75. Quarantine zones in the Torres Strait (shown in red, blue and green)

across northern Australia. CHAPTER 3: • Public awareness activities to encourage local people and communities to report Parama Island Papua New Guinea Ture Ture unusual pests and diseases. Daru Island Bramble Cay • Officers at strategic locations, including the inhabited islands of Torres Strait, regulating Tais Buji plant risks associated with movements of people and goods through the islands (from Mari Boigu Island Saibai Island Ugar (Stephen Island) the Torres Strait Protected Zone to the Special Quarantine Zone, and from either zone Dauan Island to the mainland as seen in Figure 75). Erub (Damley Island) Masig (Yorke Island) • Delivery of pest and disease surveys and capacity building activities in Papua New Mabuiag Island Iama (Yam Island) Mer (Murray Island) Torres Strait Guinea, Indonesia, Timor-Leste and Solomon Islands. Badu Island Poruma (Coconut Island) Protected Moa Island Warraber (Sue Island) In 2015, plant scientists from NAQS conducted targeted surveillance for 156 exotic pests Zone and diseases on most horticultural hosts and a range of native and cultivated alternate hosts Thursday Island Group Special across northern Australia. In addition to targeted activity, damage symptoms are regularly Bamaga Quarantine investigated. As part of the Torres Strait Fruit Fly Monitoring Program, NAQS maintained Zone Jardine a set of permanent traps in Torres Strait and Northern Peninsular Area of Cape York to Northern River National target three exotic fruit fly species: Oriental fruit fly, melon fly, and New Guinea fruit fly. Peninsula Park Area Aboriginal Reserve

Mapoon Australia

123 3.4 Post-border activities

Despite all of the precautions in place, exotic pests can make it into Australia. This might be as a result of some imported goods still containing a pest, illegal imports in parcels or luggage or via natural pathways such as wind and water currents.

Recognising the need for a range of post-border measures aimed at limiting the impact of any detected pest or disease, Australia has established a unique and highly effective post-border biosecurity system to provide additional protection against exotic pests. Post-border activities range from planning and preparedness through to everyday pest management operations.

Identifying exotic threats and being prepared for their arrival significantly increases the chance of containing and successfully eradicating them should they arrive. Preparedness activities include agreed and implemented biosecurity plans for plant industries, pre-emptive breeding of resistant species and other targeted research and development, measures to raise awareness of plant pest risks among growers and internationally recognised surveillance systems capable of early detection and demonstrating area freedom.

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S MAINTAINING When an emergency plant pest is detected in Australia, formal emergency response arrangements are activated to ensure timely decisions and actions, providing the best chance of eradicating the new pest (see Chapter 4). For signatories to the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed and the National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement,

CHAPTER 3: there are formal arrangements to share the cost of responding to an incursion between the Australian Government, state and territory governments and relevant industry partners.

In addition to responses to exotic plant pest incursions, there are numerous activities aimed at minimising the impact of pests already endemic in Australia. Some pests are contained to specific regions of Australia, so domestic arrangements are in place to allow trade to both domestic and international markets without spreading these pests. The Australian Government, state and territory governments and industry all contribute to the management of endemic pests and preparing for potential exotic pest incursions.

124 Imported plant material is subject to strict entry requirements. ImagecourtesyofPHA. Imported plantmaterial issubjecttostrictentry Table 43. once ithasbeenverifiedfree from specificpests. screened forpestsatanapproved facility(Table 43).Materialisreleased from quarantine that enableshighandmediumrisknurserystockrestricted seedstobegrown and to prevent theentryofpests. Australiamaintainsapost-entryplantquarantineprogram All importedplantnurserystockandhighriskseedsare subjecttopestriskmanagement POST-ENTRY PLANTQUARANTINE NT WA Vic Tas SA QLD NSW ACT Location Australian post-entry plant quarantine facilities Australian post-entryplantquarantinefacilities facilities Government Australian 1 1 – – – – – –

plant material growing high-risk approved for facilities government State 1 3 1 1 2 1 – – plant material growing high-risk approved for facilities operated Privately (P) Scientific (S)and 4 (S),2(P) 1 (S),2(P) 1 (S),(P) 2 (P) 1 (S) 2 (S) 1 (S) – material risk plant growing medium approved for facilities operated Privately 13 5 1 8 8 – – – from quarantine from quarantine material released purposes –no research plant materialfor medium risk holding highand approved for research facilities Scientific 1 4 1 2 1 – – –

of liveanimalsandplantstoprotect thenationfrom biosecurityrisks. opened,providingVictoria anewsystemofpostentryquarantinefortheimport In 2015,Australia’s newPostEntryQuarantine(PEQ)facilityatMicklehamin Australia's newpostentryquarantinefacilityopens Construction ofadditionalfacilitiescontinuesuntil2018. entry quarantinereservations, furthersimplifyingtheimportprocess. The departmenthasshiftedtoanonlinebookingandpaymentsystemforpost laboratory. of 2,000square metres ofglasshousespaceplusshade housesandadiagnostic the glasshouseswere testedwithlocallygrown plants. Thefacilityhasacapacity with adjustabletemperatures tosuitdifferent species.Priortocommissioning, Glass housesatthesitecanaccommodateplantsfrom variousclimates, followed bycats,dogsandhorsesand,from December2015,plants. It cameonlineprogressively, withimportedbeesfirsttobeprocessed atMickleham, facilitieslocatedinSydney,government-owned andAdelaide. Melbourne The newfacilityisvast.Itcovers144hectares, consolidatingandreplacing four improve andsimplifytheimportprocess. Resources provides asingleentrypointforhighrisk plant andanimalimportsto The new$379millionfacilitybuiltbytheDepartmentofAgriculture andWater Image courtesyofDAWR. quarantinefacilityhasglass housesforvariousclimaticzones. The plantcompoundof thenewpostentry

125 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 126

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS post-harvest treatments. to non-affected regions forsale,onceithasmetcertainconditionssuchasin-fieldand products inAustralia.Forexample,produce from fruitflyaffected regions canbemoved important role indevelopingdomesticmarketaccessconditions forplantsandplant The committee’s oversightofawide rangeofquarantineconditionsmeansithasan the riskofspreading regionalised plantpests. standards andconditions that allowsexportofproduce around thecountrywhile avoiding The objectiveofthecommitteeistodevelop,review andmaintaindomesticquarantine regulators from andstateterritorygovernments. theAustralianGovernment to PlantHealthCommittee(Section1.3NationalCommittees)and consistsofsenior The SubcommitteeonDomesticQuarantineandMarketAccess(SDQMA) reports The SubcommitteeonDomesticQuarantineandMarket Access • • There are twotypesofcertificatesthatmaybeissued: (e.g. undercover),orundergoingdisinfestationtreatments afterharvest(e.g.fumigation). this mayrequire specifictreatments suchasgrowing produce ina particularway quarantine regulations of the importingstateorterritoryhavebeenmet.Inmanyinstances approach forinterstatemovement ofplantproducts andprovides evidencethatthe state andterritoryquarantineregulations. Thiscertificationschemeprovides aharmonised themovementofplantproductsInterstate certificationisusedtogovern underthedifferent Interstate certification by PHAwithanewinteractivesitedueforrelease in2016. on thewebsite regional borders inthebooklet There isalistfortravellersdetailingwhattheycanandcannotcarryacross stateand Restrictions applytodomestictravellersaswellinterstatemovementofgoods. the export andimportofgoodstofromquarantine legislationthatgoverns Australia. under stateandterritorylegislation(Table 1)tocomplementandsupportthenational in eachstateandterritorytoreduce thisrisk.Domesticquarantinerestrictions operate products, people,soilorequipment.Restrictionsonthemovementofhighriskitemsapply easily spread from onepartofAustraliatoanotherthrough themovementofplants,plant Newly establishedandregionalised pests(Section2.2Australia’s regionalised pests)canbe DOMESTIC QUARANTINE by the state or territory government accreditationby thestateorterritorygovernment authority. certificates, abusinessmustmeetspecific requirements andundergo regular audits an InterstateCertificationAssuranceschemearrangement.Inorder toissuethese Plant HealthAssuranceCertificate–whichissuppliedbyanapproved businessunder or territoryoforigin. officerPlant HealthCertificate–whichisissuedbyagovernment from thestate www.quarantinedomestic.gov.au. Australian InterstateQuarantine:ATraveller’s Guide Thewebsiteiscurrently beingupdated

and and

• • • SDQMA istaskedwithensuringthatconditionsare: planning canbefoundonthePHAwebsite. 34 ofAustralia’s majorplantindustries(Table 44).Furtherinformation onbiosecurity As ofDecember2015,28biosecurityplanshavebeendeveloped byPHA,covering plans are reviewed andupdatedatleasteveryfiveyears. aswellresearchindustry andgovernment, anddevelopmentorganisations.Biosecurity Group thatisassembledeach time.Thegroup iscomprisedofrepresentatives from PHA facilitatesthedevelopmentofeachplaninconsultationwith an IndustryBiosecurity to growers andthewidercommunity. to newoverseasmarkets,andreduce thesocialandeconomiccostsofanypestincursions industries aretrade,negotiateaccess betterplacedtomaintaindomesticandinternational effectively respond to,pestincursions.Thepre-emptive planningprocess ensures that greatest risks.Biosecurityplansthereby enhancethe abilitytoprevent, prepare forand to focusbiosecurityriskmitigationactivityonthe stakeholders includinggovernments, plans provide anagreed frameworkforindividualindustries andotherbiosecurity In additiontoidentifyingthegreatest threats toaparticular industryorcrop, biosecurity threats thatcouldhaveasignificantimpactontheircrops. andotherrelevant with governments stakeholders,toidentifyandprioritiseplantpest Biosecurity planningprovides amechanismforplantproduction industries,incollaboration PRE-EMPTIVE BIOSECURITYPLANNING trade, butalsopresentmarketaccess. apotentialpathwaytosupportinternational develop andimplementnewtreatment arrangementswhichnotonlyprovide fordomestic SDQMA workscloselywithstateandnationalplantquarantineagenciesindustriesto Consistent withAustralia’s obligationsundertheWorld international Trade Organization’s Coordinated andharmonisedacross thecountryandregions totheextentpossible. Technically justified,tominimise regulatory burdens onindustry. Agreement oftheApplicationSanitaryandPhytosanitaryMeasures.

PHA published biosecurity plans for grains, citrus and blueberry industriesin2015. PHA publishedbiosecurityplansforgrains,citrusandblueberry Table 44. Nuts (Version 2.0) Nursery andGarden (Version 3.0) Melon (Version 1.0) Mango (Version 2.1) Lychee (Version 1.0) Honey Bee(Version 1.0) Grains (Version 3.0) Ginger (Version 1.0) Cotton (Version 3.0) Citrus (Version 3.0) Cherry (Version 2.01) Bluberry (Version 1.0) Banana (Version 2.0) Avocado (Version 2.01) Apple andPear(Version 2.01) Current biosecurityplans Current industrybiosecurityplanscoveringAustralia’s plantindustries Viticulture (Version 3.0) Vegetable (Version 2.0) Truffle (Version 1.0) Summerfruit (Version 1.0) Sugarcane (Version 2.01) Strawberry (Version 2.0) Rubus (Version 1.0) Rice (Version 3.0) Potato (Version 2.0) Plantation timber(Version 2.0) Pineapple (Version 1.0) Passionfruit (Version 1.0) Papaya (Version 1.0) Onion (Version 2.0) Olive (Version 1.0) • • potentially largeeconomicimpactsforproducers through increased production costs,loss and territories.Thepresence ofparticularspeciesfruitfliesinagrowing area canhave commodities andthepotentiallyaffected industriesare spread across allAustralianstates Fruit fliesare atroublesome group ofpestsnationally. Theyaffect arangeofhorticultural OF FRUITFLIES MANAGING ECONOMICALLY SIGNIFICANTSPECIES • • The Council’s mainfocusareas are: secretariat from PHA. with anindependentChair. ItissupportedbyaNationalManagerandanindependent Council includesrepresentatives fromresearch, government, andindustryacross Australia being aconstrainttosustainableproduction orabarriertotradeandmarketaccess.The started bytheNFFSACandtodrivedeliveryofanationalsystemthatprevents fruitflies In December2015theNationalFruitFlyCouncilwasestablishedtocarryonwork The NFFSAChadaninitial18monthtermthatconcludedinNovember2015. of thedomesticmanagementallfruitflyissues,includingendemicandexoticspecies. to coordinate theongoing activitiesundertheNFFSandtoprovide nationalpolicyoversight The NationalFruitFlyStrategyAdvisoryCommittee(NFFSAC)wasestablishedinMay2014 $38 millionperyear. estimated thatiffullyimplementedtheNFFScouldgeneratebenefitsofbetween$29and in 2012bytheAustralianBureau ofAgriculturalandResource EconomicsandSciences importance ofacollaborativeapproach andasubsequentcost-benefitanalysisundertaken collectively. TheNationalFruitFlyStrategy(NFFS) developedin2008detailedthe Given thewidespread ramifications,itisineveryone’s interest totacklefruitflymanagement damage tofruit. flies are alsoaproblem fornon-commercial producers, requiring control costsorcausing markets,orarequirementof domesticandinternational forpost-harvesttreatments. Fruit Legislation andregulation discussions for horticulturalproduce intomarkets. Market accessdiscussions management offruitflies. of thethree areas above. technically justifiableapproaches andinnovativesolutions to meetthe requirements Research anddevelopmentopportunities standards.international controls formanagingfruit fliesare harmonisedacross Australiaandinlinewith Fruit flymanagementsystems , including activities that assist in securing entry conditions , includingactivitiesthatassistinsecuringentryconditions fortheprevention, detection, eradication,and toensure thatregulation andlegislative toensure thatAustralianR&Dprovides

127 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS PEST MANAGEMENT The agricultural plant production industries of Australia manage pests through multiple Cultural and mechanical control methods that are tailored to crop types, target pests and geographical conditions. Most Cultural and mechanical control refers to the practice of modifying the growing environment growers regularly employ a mixture of methods as part of their integrated pest management of production crops to reduce the prevalence of unwanted pests. Examples include changing (IPM) program. soil pH levels, irrigation practices, tillage methods, temperatures and fallow periods in order IPM combines chemical, cultural, mechanical and biological control methods with the to make the environment less favourable for the survival, growth and reproduction of pest needs of a particular crop to develop a multi-faceted approach to controlling the most species. These practices can provide significant relief from pests when used effectively. economically threatening pests. IPM is an approach, not a defined method, and is usually unique to each grower. The strength of employing an IPM approach to managing pests Biological control is that it targets individual pests specifically and is highly adaptable to change when new Biological control is a method of controlling pests through the use of natural enemies, and improved methods of pest management are created. biologically-based products such as pheromones, resistant plant varieties and techniques such as insect sterilisation. Natural enemies of pests are known as biological control agents Chemical control and include predators, herbivores, parasitoids and pathogens. For many pests, chemical control is considered the fastest and easiest option available, though it is strictly regulated and can be costly. Chemicals are often necessary for pest Biological control has been highly successful in many instances, with a number of pest incursion management and they underpin on-farm biosecurity with most growers using problems permanently resolved by importation and successful establishment of biological at least some type to maintain productive agriculture. control agents. These successes have been limited largely to certain types of ecosystems or pest situations, such as introduced pests in perennial ecosystems. However, biological control A recent report estimated that up to 68 per cent ($17.6 billion) of Australia’s total value of can provide long-term and even permanent results and poses no risk to human health. crop production is attributable to the use of crop protection products4. Table 45 illustrates

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S MAINTAINING the amount and type of agricultural chemicals used for controlling plant pests in Australia. This total expenditure on pesticides for plants represents over six per cent of the gross Table 45. Sales of plant chemicals in Australia, 2014–15 value of production for all crops in Australia5. Product type Number of products Value of product sales All agricultural chemicals sold or used in Australia must be registered with the Australian ($ million) CHAPTER 3: Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA). A national registration system Herbicide 3,119 1,545.49 ensures that all agricultural chemical products, when used as directed on the product label, Insecticide 1,514 332.45 will be effective and have no harmful or unintended effects on people, animals, crops, the environment or international trade. The use of chemicals is regulated by state and territory Fungicide 959 206.61 governments. Mixed function pesticide 219 71.74 Miticide 128 20.86 Although many pesticide products are formulated and packaged in Australia, almost all the active constituent chemicals are manufactured overseas, with many chemicals not Molluscicide 53 15.57 registered in Australia. This means that Australian growers and other land managers Nematicide 18 3.90 often do not have access to chemicals needed to manage exotic pests. Total 6,010 2,196.62 Minor use permits and emergency permits can be issued by the APVMA. Approximately Source: APVMA Gazette No.6, 22 March 2016. 83 per cent of minor use permit applications are submitted to the APVMA because no other options are currently available in Australia to manage a particular pest. Contingency plans on how to deal with an exotic pest, and response plans setting out how an incursion is dealt with, usually depend on the timely availability of appropriate chemicals, and permits often need to be obtained quickly by quarantine authorities when emergency plant pest incursions occur.

4 CropLife Australia, 2015. Economic activity attributable to crop protection products. Deloitte Access Economics Pty Ltd 5 ABARES, 2013. Agricultural commodity statistics 2013. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences, Canberra 128 Collecting surveillance data Many organisations including industry bodies, arrange systematic testing of crops for exotic pests to make sure they have not made it into Australia. This ‘evidence of absence’ is highly valuable because it supports market access negotiations, allowing Australia’s producers to sell to additional markets. However, to make effective use of checks for pests not present, the data must be collated into summaries that demonstrate the extent of surveillance.

Up until now, Australia has relied on the online National Plant Surveillance Reporting Tool (NPSRT) to capture the data. In 2015, PHA developed a state of the art surveillance database system, AUSPestCheck, which gathers data from a broad range of industry and government stakeholders including the checks for absent exotic pests.

The innovative system is being rolled out across multiple pest surveillance programs in Australia and will be launched in 2016. The project, made possible from funding by an Australian Government National Landcare Program Innovation Grants initiative, will bring widespread benefits.

AUSPestCheck will support the early detection of new pests, report evidence of area freedom from pests, expedite pest incursion responses and support the PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S MAINTAINING effective management of established pests. CHAPTER 3:

AUSPestCheck will revolutionise the way that surveillance data is captured and accessed by players in the plant biosecurity system.

Setting a light trap. Image courtesy of DPIPWE. 129 130

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS • industries andthewidercommunitytoprovide informationfor: Onshore surveillanceactivitiesforexoticplantpestsare carriedoutbygovernments, SURVEILLANCE FOREXOTICSPECIES grape cultivarsforresistance tofungalpathogens. Australia includetheAustralianCereal RustControl Program andtheidentificationofnewwine are more resistant topestdamage,reducing negativeimpactsonproduction. Programs in In the event ofan incursion, pre-emptive breeding allows the development of crop varieties that gene markersorothertraitsthatallowfortheselectionofresistance. breeding programs rely onoffshore testingofnewAustralianvarieties oruseresistance that canreduce theimpactsoftargetpestspecies.Inabsenceapest,pre-emptive breeding ofcrops toincorporateorimprove pesttoleranceorresistance characteristics Many Australianindustriesprepare forapotentialexotic pestincursionthrough pre-emptive IMPROVE PESTRESISTANCE PRE-EMPTIVE BREEDINGOFCROPSPECIESTO are reported, allstates andterritoriesruntheExoticPlantPestHotline(1800084881). day-to-day activities.To ensure thatalldetectionsofnewpeststhrough generalsurveillance community, andrely onthesestakeholderstolookforandreport thesepestsduringtheir programs workthrough raisingawareness aboutspecificpestswithgrowers andthewider Australia usesamixoftargetedandgeneralsurveillanceprograms. Generalsurveillance • • • • and someindustriesundertaketargeted surveillancefortheirpestsofconcern. Severalnationalprograms governments. are alsosupported bytheAustralianGovernment, The majorityofonshore targetedsurveillanceisundertaken bystateandterritory Calls tothehotlineare directed totherelevant stateorterritoryagriculture department. Identifying highriskpathwaysandareas: inspections todeterminepopulationlevelsimprove managementdecisions. Delimiting surveys: domestic markets. of apestfrom thecountry, stateorregion,and tosupportaccessinternational Market access: containment responses. become widelyestablished,increasing thechanceofsuccessfuleradicationor Early detection: surveillance efforts. Improved pestmanagement: to confirmthesuccessfuleradicationofpest. on thedistributionandspread ofpestsforuseinresponse managementactivitiesor surveillance to demonstrate the absence (i.e. ‘evidence of absence’) surveillancetodemonstratetheabsence(i.e.‘evidenceofabsence’) surveillancedesignedtodetectnewpestincursionsbefore they followingapestincursion,delimitingsurveysprovide information managementofestablishedpestsrequires regular inorder tofocusfuture

Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy and facilitates the development and implementation Biosecurity SurveillanceStrategyandfacilitatesthedevelopmentimplementation SNPHS hasresponsibility forsupervisingtheimplementationofNationalPlant surveillance issuesandensure thecontinuedeffective operationofthesurveillancesystem. Surveillance (SNPHS)toprovide expertpolicyandtechnicaladviceonnationalplanthealth The PlantHealthCommittee(PHC)establishedtheSubcommitteeonNational Subcommittee onNationalPlantHealthSurveillance Producers andagronomistsareencouragedtoringanationalhotlinereportanythingunusual. and SPHDalsocollaboratethrough jointWorking Groups oncommontopics,asrequired. Observers tothegroup includerepresentatives from SPHDandforestry experts.SNPHS PHA,thePlantBiosecurityCooperativeResearchgovernments, Centre andCSIRO. SNPHS comprisesrepresentatives fromstateandterritory theAustralianGovernment, marketaccess. international of nationalplantbiosecuritysurveillancestrategiesthatpromote bothdomesticand

Figure 77. Figure 76. Table 46.Thefigures belowshowsurveillancebytargetlostandpesttype. carriedout139surveillanceprograms,During 2015,Australiangovernments detailedin Targeted surveillanceprograms in2015 Invertebrate -insect Amenity/environment Surveillance programs by target pesttype Surveillance programs bytarget host Invertebrate -other Cotton Multiple Forestry Pathogen -bacteria Grains Pathogen -fungi Honey bees 10% 18% 56% 13% 21% 17% 11% 5% 3% 3% 5% 5% 1% 6% 1% 4% 9% 8% 3% Pathogen –virus Pathogen –multiple Pathogen –fungi Pathogen –bacteria Multiple Invertebrate –other Invertebrate –insect Not applicable Multiple Nursery Horticulture –viticulture Horticulture –vegetables Horticulture –general Horticulture –fruit Honey bees Grains Forestry Cotton Amenity/environment Pathogen -multiple Horticulture -fruit Pathogen -virus Horticulture -general

Horticulture -vegetables 300 hosts,primarilyfruittreesbutalsofieldcrops. andwoodyornamentals Brown marmoratedstinkbug(BMSB)isanexoticpestthatfeedsonmore than stink bug Collaborating withNewZealandtoexcludeexotic Zealand. Imagescourtesyofbugwood.org. Representatives fromAustraliatookpartinasimulated incursionoftheBrownmarmoratedstinkbuginNew the twocountries. stink bugmakessense,giventhelargeamountoftradeandtravelbetween Collaborating withNewZealandoncommonbiosecurityissuesliketheexotic and long-lastingodour. houses. Whendisturbedorcrusheditlivesuptoitsname,emittinganunpleasant nuisance ifitestablishedineithercountrysincetendstomakeitswayinto In additiontobeingapestofcrops, theBMSBcouldposeasignificantpublic series ofmeetingswiththeirNewZealandcounterparts. Auckland. Three representatives from Australia attendedtheexercise andhada Exercise RAWAHO (invaderinMaori)involvedasimulatedincursionofBMSB Industry Agreement forBiosecurityReadinessandResponse(GIA). biosecurity preparedness withatestofprocedures underthenewGovernment In late2015NewZealandheldanexercise inWellington toboostthatcountry’s establish inNewZealandandAustraliaifitfounditswayhere. Originally foundinAsia,ithasaggressively invadedtheUSandcouldsuccessfully Horticulture -viticulture Multiple Not applicable

131 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 132

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Table 46. * Thisspecieshasbeen synonymised with Asian gypsymoth Aphids Exotic Longhorn BeetleTrappingExotic Longhorn Diseases ofcotton Banana freckle Asian citruspsyllidtrapping Tramp ants Phylloxera surveillance Panama diseaseTR4 beetle Longhorn Little cherrydisease Grains FarmBiosecuritySurveillanceProgram Giant pinescale Forestry HighRiskSurveillanceProgram Surveillance Forestry CorporationofNSWForest Health Exotic fruitflies–Riverina Exotic fruitflies–Ports Asian honeybee fruit flytrapping AustraliaQuarantineStrategyexotic Northern surveys disease AustraliaQuarantineStrategypestand Northern National BeePestSurveillanceProgram Name Australia’s plantbiosecuritysurveillanceprograms Bactrocera dorsalis Various hostsaround ports Various horticultural(citrus,stonefruit) Various production andornamental Cotton Banana Citrus Various tree hostsaround ports Field crops, horticulture Horticulture species tropical horticulturalandagricultural Multiple surveillanceprograms of European honeybees Urban, horticulture Grapevines Banana –Cavendishvariety Urban tree hosts Cherries Wheat, Barley, Canola, Lupin Multiple pinespecies Pine forest General forest health Target hosts Australian Government V. jacobsoni ( Asian honeybee( Asian longhorn beetle( Asian longhorn Little cherryvirus1&2 ( indica Russian wheataphid( Giant pinescale, Brown beetle( mulberrylonghorn beetle( Asian longhorn fruit flies Mediterranean fruitfly( B. facialis,kirki,melanotus,passiflorae,xanthodes,psidii,zonata,Ceratitiscapitata Multiple – exotic strainsof ( Exotic strainsofbacterialblight( Banana freckle, Asian citruspsyllid, Asian gypsymoth, Multiple species Asian honeybee( Exotic fruitflies( 157 highpriorityexoticpests Tramp ants, Grapevine phylloxera, Panama diseaseTR4, sawyer beetle( Various exoticandendemichighprioritypestsof Various exoticandendemichighprioritypests Target pests Acarapis woodi Mayetiola destructor Begomovirus New SouthWales ), khaprabeetle( Bactrocera cucurbitae ) Solenopsis ), Texas root rot ( Monochamus alternatus ), Bactrocera Phyllosticta cavendishii Fusarium Marchalina hellenica Apis mellifera Apis cerana Tropilaelaps Lymantria Diaphorina citri ), lupinanthracnose( Diuraphis noxia Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Trogoderma granarium Ceratitis capitata Fusarium oxysporum Anoplophora glabripennis Anoplophora glabripennis spp. wilt spp.) spp.

mites( ) ( Phymatotrichum omnivorum Fusarium oxysporum ), gianthoneybee( Xanthomonas campestris , Apriona germari B. tau, B. carambolae, B. dorsalis, B. albistrigata, B. umbrosa, B. trivialis, B. tau,carambolae,dorsalis,albistrigata,umbrosa,trivialis, Tropilaelaps mercedesae,T. clareae ), barleystriperust( ) ), papayafruitfly( Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f.sp. ), cabbageseedpodweevil( ), Japanesepinesawyerbeetle( ), brownbeetle ( mulberrylonghorn Pinus ) cubense Apis dorsata f.sp. spp. Bactrocera papayae Puccinia striiformis ), cottonbluedisease( vasinfectum , exoticstrainsof ), red dwarfhoneybee( ) ), ) Ceutorhynchus obstrictus Varroa f.sp. Verticillium * ), variouscuelure attractedexotic Luteovirus Monochamus alternatus mites( hordei Apriona germari Apis florea wilt( ), Karnal bunt( ), Karnal Varroa destructor, ), cotton leaf curl virus ), cottonleafcurlvirus Verticillium dahliae ), tracheal mite ), trachealmite ), Hessian fly ), Hessianfly ), Japanese ), Japanese Tilletia Tilletia ), ),

), ), * Table 46.Australia’s plantbiosecuritysurveillanceprograms Thisspecieshasbeen synonymised with Urban hazard sitesurveillance Exotic beesurveillance Exotic beemites Cucumber green mottlemosaicvirus Gypsy mothsurveillance Fruit flymonitoringandsurveillance Forest pestsurveillance Grow HelpAustraliadiagnosticserviceproject Exotic fruitflytrapping Cape York Peninsulasurveys Banana pestsurveillance Red importedfire ant Red bandedcaterpillar Myrtle rust Mango pulpweevil Mango malformationdisease Grapevine leafrust Giant Africansnail Citrus canker Citrus gallwasp Banana freckle Name Bactrocera dorsalis Multiple Multiple Fruit, vegetableandornamental Fruits andvegetables Various Bananas unclean machinery All nurserystockexQueensland, Mangoes Melaleuca Myrtaceae Mangoes Mangoes Grapevines Soil, importedcargo Horticulture Pinus Exotic beeswarms Exotic beeswarms Cucurbit hosts Citrus Citrus Bananas Target hosts spp . spp., spp., Eucalyptus Callistemon spp. spp., spp., ( Numerous targets includingspirallingwhitefly( ( Xylella fastidiosa Gypsy moths( Alternaria capitata Queensland fruitfly( Needle blight( Asian honeybee( Varroa Cucumber green mottlemosaicvirus( granati gardeners. Commonlyencountered pathogensinclude All pestsandpathogensthatcanaffect horticulturalcrops, nationalparks,gardens, hobbygrowers andhome Exotic fruitflies( A rangeofpests f. sp. leaf spot( ( banana skipperbutterfly( Banana bractmosaicdisease( Red importedfire ant( Red-banded mangocaterpillar( Eucalyptus Mango pulpweevil( Mango malformation( Grapevine leafrust( Giant Africansnail( Citrus canker( Citrus gallwasp( Banana freckle ( stink bug( Target pests Phenacoccus solenopsis Erwinia amylovora Mycosphaerella fijiensis Northern TerritoryNorthern cubense Queensland mite( ), spottedwingeddrosophila ( ), Papayafruitfly( spp., Mycosphaerella musicola Halyomorpha halys rust( Varroa destructor ), Dothistroma pini Xanthomonas axonopodis Lymantria Rhizoctonia Guignardia musae Bactrocera Periconiella musae ), Asiancitruspsyllid/Huanglongbing( Puccinia psidii Bruchophagus fellis Apis cerana ), tomatopotatopsyllid( Achatina fulica Phakopsora euvitis Sternochetus frigidus Bactrocera tryoni Fusarium mangiferae Solenopsis invicta ), eumusaeleafspot( spp.) Erionota thrax ), exoticaphids,glassywingedsharpshooter/Pierce's disease( Bactrocera papayae spp., spp., ) (exoticspecies)) ), ) Banana bractmosaicvirus Tropilaelaps sensu lato(exoticvariants)) Deanolis sublimbalis Zeugodacus ) Pythium ) , ), moko( Veronaea musae Drosophila suzukii ) ), melonfruitfly( Tobamovirus ) ), bananastemweevil( )

) pv. spp., Bactricera cockerilli ) mite( Ralstonia solanacearum

Citri Mycosphaerella eumusae * spp, Aleurodicus dispersus ), Philippinefruitfly( Ralstonia ) Tropilaelaps clareae ) Ceratitis )

Diaphorina citri/Candidatus Bactrocera cucurbitae ), exoticleafminers( Phytophthora spp., ( Potyvirus spp.) ), exoticmites(incl. Odoiporus longicollis Erwinia Bactrocera philippinensis ), Panamadisease( )), Bananabunchytopvirus( ), exoticwhiteflies, spp., ), trachealmite( spp.andviruses ), leafspeckle( Liriomyza Fusarium ), Mediterraneanfruitfly( Liberibacter asiaticus Brevipalpus ), black sigatoka ), blacksigatoka spp.),brown marmorated spp., Acarapis woodi Mycosphaerella musae Solenopsis Fusarium oxysporum Homalodisca vitripennis Colletotrichum * ) spp., Babuvirus mealybug mealybug Aceria Aceria Ceratitis Ceratitis ) ), fireblight spp., spp., ), ),

), ),

/ 133 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 134

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Table 46.Australia’s plantbiosecuritysurveillanceprograms Endemic andexoticdiseasesofcotton Hazard sitesurveys Monochamus SurveillanceProgram Sucking pestmanagementincotton Silverleaf whitefly resistance monitoring cropping) Plant PestDiagnosticService(broadacre program National PhosphineResistanceMonitoring Endemic andexoticcottonvirussurveys Endemic andexoticgrainsvirussurveys Grains FarmBiosecurityProgram Grains FarmBiosecurityProgram On-Farm storagemonitoringproject West Indiandrywoodtermitesurveys variety trialsandgeneralpestsurveys Sugar industrysurveys,seedcaneinspections, Program National RedImportedFire AntEradication National ElectricAntEradicationProgram Multiple pestsurveillance Incident response surveys Bulk handlers Name Cotton graincrops Winter Sugarcane Amenity andenvironment Amenity andenvironment fruit guava andtropical andsubtropical species, sugarcane, citrus,lychee, Plantation andnativeforest Multiple Multiple Pinus Various Cotton Broadacre fieldcrops Grains Cotton Grains Summer graincrops Stored grains Stored grains structures Timber Target hosts spp. Queensland A rangeofspecies,includingsugarcanebeetle( longhorn Including cucumbergreen mottlemosaicvirus,variousmealybugspecies,vegetableleafminer, spidermites Solenopsis mealybug( Silverleaf whitefly(BemisiatabaciB-type) All pathogensthatcanaffect broadacre crops (cotton,grains,pastures) dahliae) virus Exotic strainsofbacterialblight( ( bark beetles( rubus ( Various pests Japanese pinesawyerbeetle( castaneum Lesser grainborer ( exotic viruses Cotton bunchytopvirus,cottonleafroll dwarfvirus( Various viruses,especiallyaphidtransmitted Fusarium Russian wheataphid( nematode ( millet ( Striga Khapra Beetle( West Indiandrywoodtermite( ( ( Ratoon stuntingdisease( Red importedfire ant( Electric ant( Khapra beetle( Target pests Trogoderma granarium Anoplophora Puccinia melanocephala,P. kuehnii Potyvirus ( ), sawyerbeetles( Begomovirus spp.(espasiatica–red witchweed),sorghumdownymildew( Sclerospora graminicola , exoticstrains spp.and ), Fijileafgall(Fijidiseasevirus( ), rustygrainbeetle( Ditylenchus dipsac Wasmannia auropunctata Ips spp.), lychee longicorn beetle( spp.),lycheelongicorn continued Trogoderma granarium Trogoderma granarium spp.),pinebarkbeetles( ), Texas root rot ( Rhyzopertha dominica Verticillium Diuraphis noxia Solenopsis invicta Phenacoccus solenopsis Fusarium ), Karnal bunt( ), Karnal Monochamus Leifsonia xyli spp. Cryptotermes brevis Cryptotermes i Monochamus alternatus ), sorghummosaicvirus, ), sunflowerdownymildew( Cryptolestes ferrugineus Cryptolestes wilt( Xanthomonas campestris ), yellowspot( Phymatotrichum omnivorum Fusarium oxysporum ), barleystriperust( spp.), drywood longicorn beetle( spp.),drywoodlongicorn ) Tilletia indica ), Karnal bunt( ), Karnal ), Karnal bunt( ), Karnal subsp. ) Fijivirus ), riceweevil( Dendroctonus Aristobia testudo Polerovirus complex xyli ) )), sugarcane smut( ), leafscald( Mycovellosiella koepkei ) ) Polerovirus Tilletia indica Tilletia indica ) Orobanche Sitophilus oryzae ), sawtoothedgrainbeetle( spp.),woodwasps(Siricide.g. Puccinia striiformis Dorysthenes buqueti Dorysthenes ), bluedisease( f.sp. Plasmopara halstedi Xanthomonas albilineans ), lateral-banded mango longhorn beetle( ), lateral-bandedmangolonghorn ), cottonleafcurlvirus( ), exoticstrains vasinfectum ) ) spp.,phomablight( Sporisorium scitamineum Peronosclerospora sorghi Stromatium barbatum ), rust-red flourbeetle( ), exoticpestsanddiseases Luteovirus f.sp. ), endemic cotton diseases, including ), endemiccottondiseases,including ), Asian and citrus longhorn beetle beetle ), Asianandcitruslonghorn i ) Verticillium horde Oryzaephilus surinamensis Oryzaephilus [suspected]), Begomovirus ), sugarcane mosaicvirus Phoma i ), khapra beetle ), khaprabeetle wilt( ), sugarcane rust ), ambrosia beetles ), downy mildew of ), downymildewof Tribolium spp.), stem spp.),stem Verticillium Uroceris gigas cotton leaf curl cotton leafcurl ) and all other ) andallother Bactocera Bactocera ) ) Table 46.Australia’s plantbiosecuritysurveillanceprograms National BeePestSurveillanceProgram National BeePestSurveillanceProgram Queensland fruitfly Mediterranean fruitfly Giant pinescale Potato spindletuberviroid Tomato yellowcurlleafvirus Onion smut European houseborer Myrtle rust Ports ofEntryTrapping Program Ports ofEntryTrapping Program National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram Name Sampling Sampling Sampling Sampling Pinaceae Solanaceae Solanaceae Allium Pinus Myrtaceae Fruit Flyhost/trapping trapping Rutaceae Rutaceae Eucalyptus Sampling Sampling Sampling Sampling Sampling Sampling Sampling Vitus vinifera Vitus vinifera Rutaceae/trapping Rutaceae/trapping Rutaceae Target hosts spp./ornamental trees/ spp./ornamental Tracheal mite( Varroa mites( Bumblebees ( Queensland fruitfly( Mediterranean fruitfly( Giant pinescale( Potato spindletuberviroid (PSTVd) Tomato yellowcurlleafvirus(TYLCV) Onion smut( European houseborer ( Myrtle rust( Fruit flies( Exotic gypsymoths( Browsing ant( Argentine ant( Yellow crazyant( African big-headedant( Electric ant( Tropical fire ant( Red importedfire ant( Glassy-winged sharpshooter( Pierce’s disease( Asian citruspsyllid( Glassy wingedsharpshooter( Citrus variegatedchlorosis ( Citrus canker( Hualongbing ( Target pests South Australia Bactrocera Puccinia psidii Wasmannia auropunctata Urocystis cepulae Varroa destructor Bombus Candidatus Lepisiota frauenfeldi Acarapis woodi Xanthomonas axonopodis Linepithema humile Solenopsis geminata Marchalina hellenica Xylella fastidios Anoplolepis gracilipes Diaphorina citri Bactrocera tryoni Lymantria and Solenopsis invicta spp.) Ceratitus capitata Hylotrupes bajulusLinnaeus Pheidole megacephala Ceratitis ) Liberibacter asiaticus) Xylella fastidiosa Homalodisca vitripennis ) andSmallhivebeetle( Homalodisca vitripennis spp.) ) and a) ) ) spp.) ) V. jacobsoni ) ) ) ) ) ) ) pv. ) Citri ) ), Tropilaelaps mites( ) ) ) Aethina tumida ) ) Tropilaelaps clareae and T. mercedesae ), ), 135 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 136

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Table 46.Australia’s plantbiosecuritysurveillanceprograms * Thisspecieshasbeen synonymised with Yellow mite vinemite/Hornbeam Multiple PestSurveillanceProgram – Pacific spidermite Multiple PestSurveillanceProgram – Pierce’s disease Multiple PestSurveillanceProgram – Black rot Multiple PestSurveillanceProgram – Fruit FlyTrapping Program National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram fundederadicationprogramVictorian National PlantHealthSurveillance Nationally costshared eradicationprogram Nationally costshared eradicationprogram Warehouse BeetleSurvey Blueberry RustSurvey Myrtle RustSurvey Silverleaf WhiteFlyStickyTrap Survey Bees –Americanfoulbrood Codling mothtrappingsurvey Grape mealybug Multiple PestSurveillanceProgram – Gypsy moth Multiple PestSurveillanceProgram – Name Bactrocera dorsalis Program

Stored grains Commercial blueberries commercial growers land, publicnurseriesand Myrtaceae Nursery stock European honeybees Apples, cherries Grapevines Grapevines Grapevines Grapevines Grapevines Fruit trees, fruitandvegetables amenity trees Multiple includingforest and Melbourne ports Melbourne ports Melbourne ports Melbourne ports Melbourne Citrus Citrus Melon andpumpkincrops Blueberry Fruit andvegetablecrops Chestnut andoaktrees Pinus Target hosts species spp.Forest, private L. dissoluta,sinica,marginata,atameles ( Gypsy moth(including Brown beetle( sprucelonghorn beetle( Black sprucelonghorn Wood wasp( Japanese sawyerbeetle( Huanglongbing ( Asian citruspsyllid( Cucumber green mottlemosaicvirus Blueberry rust( Fruit flies( Chestnut blight( Giant pinescale( Warehouse beetle( Blueberry rust( Myrtle rust, Silverleaf whitefly( American foulbrood Codling moth( Grape mealybug( Yellow mite( vinemite/hornbeam Pacific spidermite( Pierce’s disease( Black rot ( Ceratitiscapitata,Bactroceradorsalis Bactrocera tryoni, Target pests L. umbrosa,albescens,postalba,xylina,monacha,pulverea,minomonis,concolor, Tasmania Victoria Bactrocera Guignardia bidwellii Eucalyptus Urocerus fantoma Cydia pomonella Thekopsora minima Thekopsora minima Cryphonectria parasitica Cryphonectria Liberibacter asiaticus Marchelina hellenica Xylella fastidiosa Pseudococcus maritimus Bemisia tabaci Trogoderma variable Tetranychus pacificus Diaphorina citri spp.) spp.) rust( Lymantria disparasiatica,L. Monocamus alternatus Puccinia psidii ) Tetropium castaneum ) Tetropium fuscum ) ) Eotetranychus carpini ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) sensu lato(exoticvariants)) ) and ) ) ) L. fumida ) andotherexoticfruitflies* ) and L. disparjaponica ), moths including ), mothsincluding

Table 46.Australia’s plantbiosecuritysurveillanceprograms Agrisearch NVT Kalyx agriculture NVT Grains legumegenetic Grains cereal physiology Crop Variety Trials National Variety Trials (NVT) Grains soilsmanagement Grains crop protection –PestFax Grains agronomy National graininsectresistance monitoring AgWest graintestinglaboratory MyCrop e-surveillance PestFax e-surveillance MyPestGuide e-surveillance Khapra beetlesurveillance Grain insectdiagnostics Grain insectecologystudies European waspsurveillance Multiple PestSurveillance Port ofEntryAsianGypsyMothTrapping Port ofEntryFruitFlyTrapping Qfly Trapping fundedcontainmentprogramVictorian Browsing antsurveillance Cucumber green mottlemosaicvirus Codling mothTrapping Medfly Area Freedom National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram National PlantHealthSurveillanceProgram Name Pasture andfruittrees ports Melbourne ports Melbourne Grains Grains Grains Grains Grains Grains Grains Grains Grains Grains Grains Various Various Various Stored Grains Grains Grains Various Various Cucurbits andhostweeds Pheromone trap Pome, citrus Pheromone trap Pheromone trap Pheromone trap Pheromone trap Target hosts Giant green snail( Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Khapra beetle( Multiple Multiple European wasp( pv. Fire blight( Asian gypsymoth( Various Queensland fruitfly( Pine wiltnematode( Asian gypsymoth( Browsing ant( Cucumber green mottlemosaicvirus Codling moth( Mediterranean fruitfly( Target pests Western Australia Citri Bactrocera ), citrus longicorn beetle( ), citruslongicorn Erwinia amylovora Lepisiota frauenfeldi Cydia pomonella Trogoderma granarium Vespula germanica Cantareus apertus and Lymantria dispar Lymantria dispar Bursaphelenchus Bactrocera tryoni Ceratitis capitata Ceratitis ), huanglongbing( ) Anoplophora chinensis species ) ) ) ) ) ) spp.) ) ) Liberibacter asiaticus ), red importedfire ants( ), citruscanker( Solenopsis invicta Xanthomonas axonopodis )

137 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 138

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Checking sentinelhives atPortKurnell.ImagecourtesyofJennyShanks. funding agreement foranexpandedNBPSPfrom July 2015. areagencies, andgovernments currently workingtowards implementingalong-term the honeybeeindustry, pollination-reliant plantindustries,research anddevelopment DepartmentofAgricultureGovernment andWater Resources, fortwo years.PHA, industries thatrely onpollination(represented byHortInnovation)andtheAustralian In July2013,theNBPSPbecameacost-shared initiativebetweenthehoneybeeindustry, production through pollination. program since2012becauseofthehugebenefitsthathoneybeesbringtocrop is essentialifanincursionofanewpesttobeeradicated.PHAhasmanagedthe Effort isputintotheearlydetectionofexoticpestshoneybeesbecause mite, eachofwhichcausesseriousdamagetohiveshoneybeesoverseas. bee pests.Keytargetsoftheprogram are system todetectnewincursionsofpestbeesandexotic surveillance asanearlywarning Pest SurveillanceProgram (NBPSP)coordinates this andotheraspectsofexoticbee regularly foranysignsofexoticpestsbees,orbeespecies.TheNationalBee Sentinel hivesare beehivesthatare setupnearentry pointsintoAustraliathatare checked National BeePestSurveillanceProgram Varroa mites, Tropilaelaps mites and tracheal mitesandtracheal

Table 47. It isexpectedthattheCodewillbe endorsedinJuly2016. which willseetheemploymentof Bee BiosecurityOfficers in each statebeginningin2016. the honeybeeindustry. TheCodewillunderpintheNationalBeeBiosecurityProgram, diseases, aswellincrease thepreparedness and surveillanceofexoticpestthreats in The aimoftheCodePracticeis toimprove themanagement ofestablishedpestsand Biosecurity CodeofPracticetoprotect Australia’s honeybees. and PHAhavebeenworkingtowards developinganationallyagreed HoneyBeeIndustry The honeybeeindustry, represented by theAustralianHoneyBeeIndustryCouncil(AHBIC) The AustralianHoneybeeIndustryBiosecurityCodeofPractice 1  Program, bypest,2015 Table 48. 6 T 5  4  3  2  Queensland TerritoryNorthern New SouthWales TOTAL Varroa Small hivebeetle Tracheal mite Pest bees( TOTAL Western Australia Victoria Tasmania South Australia State orterritory Pest including 669 in Victoria aspartoftheirroutineincluding 669inVictoria sugarshakingprogram. In addition,814sampleswere collectedfrom hivesacross Australiaforsugarshaking,alcoholwashinganddrone uncapping, All sampleswere negativeforsmallhivebeetle. Small hivebeetlesamplesincludedApithortraps,oiltrapsandinspectionofsentinelhives inWA, NTandTasmania. Between 30and60randomlyselectedbeesfrom sentinelhives were dissectedtocheck for trachealmite. detection ofpestbees.Thisfigure isthenumberoffloralsweepnettingrunsconductedin2015. The developmentoffloralmapsandcoordinated floralsweepnettingcommencedinlate2014 around Australiaforthe Operational ScienceServices.Noexoticmiteswere found. A totalof23swarmsAsianhoneybee( he numberofsentinelhivestestedwithanacaricideandastickymat. and Number ofsamplesexaminedforpestsbees,bystateandterritory,2015 ce Number ofsamplestestedundertheNationalBeePestSurveillance A. cerana,florea,dorsata Tropilaelaps mites 5 Apis cerana Javagenotype)wereportarea collectedintheCairns 2015by ) 1 Samples examined Samples examined

580 138 160

124 162 113 100 186 156 939 939 939 61

98

6 4 3 2 Improvements to the National Bee Pest Surveillance Program in 2015 • The number of sentinel hives posted around Australia's coastline increased from 146 sentinel hives in 2014 to 160. Each hive is monitored every eight weeks. • More than 50 catch boxes were deployed at many southern ports as an additional surveillance measure. These empty hives provide an attractive home for any new bee swarms in the port area, allowing for testing for exotic pests. • Twenty remote surveillance hives are currently being trialled around Australia. These hives use mobile phone technology to report the presence of bee swarms so that the bees can be checked for exotic pests. It is hoped that when the trial finishes in early 2016 all catch boxes will gradually be replaced with remote surveillance hives. • More hobby beekeepers involved in coordinated surveillance of hives for exotic pests in areas surrounding high-risk ports. Beekeepers conduct simple detection tests on bees such as sugar shaking and alcohol washing. • APVMA issued a new permit for the use of two new chemical products (Bayvarol (flumethrin) and Apistan (tau-fluvalinate)) in sentinel hives boosting the ability to detect exotic mites.

• A statistical redesign of the surveillance carried out under the program is PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S MAINTAINING underway to further improve its sensitivity and cost-effectiveness. This project will act as the catalyst for PHA, the honey bee industry, pollination-reliant plant industries, research and development agencies, and governments to implement

a long-term funding agreement for the NBPSP from 2016–17. CHAPTER 3:

Sentinel hives are posted at ports arround Australia.

139 140

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Australia's diagnosticians meetregularlyforprofessionaldevelopment. ImagecourtesyofPHA. activities thatfocusonspecificpestsofconcern. as required. Diagnosticoperationsare oftenperformedaspartofcollaborativeresearch Services are provided onanadhoc,commercial ornationallycoordinated basis, the CSIROanduniversities(Table 49). commercial the AustralianGovernment, andprivatediagnosticlaboratories,museums, Services are delivered byarangeofagencies,including stateandterritorygovernments, and are availablethroughout mostmajoragricultural and horticulturalproduction areas. These criticaldiagnosticservicesare distributedacross everystateandterritoryinAustralia areas, allowingaccesstomarketsbothdomesticallyandinternationally. Rapid identificationalsosupportsquarantineprocesses, suchasmaintainingpestfree selection andapplicationoffarmchemicals,rely ontheaccurateidentificationofpests. in theproduction andtradeofplantproducts. Pestmanagement programs, includingthe Diagnostic capacityalsosupportsmuchoftheeverydaymanagementpracticesinvolved been eradicated. programs. Diagnosticsalsoprovides theevidencenecessary toclaimthatthepesthas factor indeterminingwhetherapestiseradicable),andtoallowsubsequentsurveillance to identifyaninitialdetection,assessthemagnitudeofincursion(whichisacritical appropriate andtimelymanner. Intheeventofanincursion,diagnosticexpertiseisrequired Australia relies onitsdiagnosticexpertstodetectandrespond tonewpestsinan identify bothendemicandexoticplantpests. biosecurity system.Itisessentialthatdiagnosticservicesare abletoquicklyandaccurately The accuratediagnosisofplantpestsfundamentallyunderpinsallaspectsthe OF PLANTPESTS DIAGNOSTICS –ACCURATE IDENTIFICATION

• • diagnostics inAustralia.Keyroles andresponsibilities ofSPHDinclude: by PlantHealthCommitteetosustainandimprove thequalityandreliability ofplant The SubcommitteeonPlantHealthDiagnostics(SPHD)wasestablishedinDecember2004 Subcommittee onPlantHealthDiagnostics More informationontheNPBDNcanbefoundat and providing surgecapacity duringincursions. of services,preventing any duplicationofeffort oridentifyingandaddressing any gaps, An integrated,nationalnetworkhasnumerous benefits,includingmore efficient delivery knowledge, aswellidentifyfuture activities. the Diagnosticians’Workshop bringsmembersofthenetworktogethertoshare ideasand of diagnosticresources, aswelloffering professional developmentactivities.Eachyear The NPBDNimproves capacitybyfacilitatingcommunicationbetweenexpertsandsharing scientists. bacteriologists, molecularbiologists,mycologists,nematologists, botanists andweed Members includeentomologists,generalplantpathologists,virologists, phytoplasmologists, Primary Industries. CSIRO,PBCRC,PHA,universitiesandtheNewZealandMinistryfor Government, theAustralian of plantpestdiagnostics,includingstateandterritorygovernments, Australasia. Networkmembersare from arangeoforganisations involvedinthedelivery The formationoftheNPBDNwasdrivenbySPHDtobuilddiagnosticcapacityfor were developedin2011and2012. a NationalPlantBiosecurityDiagnosticStrategyandnationalnetworkofdiagnosticians In order tostrengthen connectionsbetweenstakeholders inplantpestdiagnostics, National coordination of plantbiosecuritydiagnostics • • • • Reviewing anddevelopingstrategiestoaddress nationalcapabilityandcapacityissues. Reviewing anddevelopingdiagnosticpolicies,protocols andstandards. for diagnosticlaboratories. Driving developmentanduptakeofaccreditation andqualitymanagementsystems Coordinating nationalcapabilitybuildingthrough aprofessional developmentframework. Coordinating andfosteringtheNationalPlantBiosecurityDiagnosticNetwork(NPBDN). Endorsing NationalDiagnosticProtocols (NDPs)(seeFigure 78onp146). www.plantbiosecuritydiagnostics.net.au.

Table 49. Yanco AgriculturalInstitute,Yanco Wagga Wagga Wagga Wagga AgriculturalInstitute, The Cereal RustLaboratory, Cobbitty Tamworth AgriculturalInstitute,Tamworth Royal BotanicGarden, Sydney Agriculture, Rosebery Operational Science,Departmentof Macleay Museum,Sydney Advisory Station,Grafton Grafton AgriculturalResearch and West PennantHills Forest HealthManagementLaboratory, Institute, Menangle Elizabeth MacarthurAgricultural CSIRO CottonResearch Unit,Narrabri Australian Museum,Sydney Narrabri Australian CottonResearch Institute, Orange AgriculturalInstitute, Agricultural ScientificCollectionsUnit, Black MountainLaboratories,Canberra Black MountainLaboratories,Canberra Black MountainLaboratories,Canberra Black MountainLaboratories,Canberra Laboratory andlocation Australia’s diagnosticservices,theircapabilitiesandaccreditations NSW DPI Charles SturtUniversity, NSWDPI NSW DPI,UniversityofSydney, NSW DPI NSW Office ofEnvironment andHeritage Agriculture andWater Resources (DAWR) Departmentof Australian Government University ofSydney NSW DPI NSW DPI NSW DPI CSIRO Australian Museum NSW DPI/CSIRO (NSW DPI) NSW DepartmentofPrimaryIndustries CSIRO (AustralianNationalInsectCollection) National Research CollectionsAustralia, CSIRO (AustralianNationalHerbarium) National Research CollectionsAustralia, CSIRO BiosecurityFlagship, CSIRO BiosecurityFlagship, Organisation

Australian CapitalTerritory Fungal identification Bee pathogens Diagnostic capability pathology) Invertebrates andpathogens(vegetable andrice biology Plant pathology, nematode identification,molecular Rust pathology pathology ofbroadacre crops) Invertebrates andpathogens(entomology, methods Plant pathogensusingbothclassicalandmolecular pathology investigationtodeterminecausalagent rearing ofimmature stagesofarthropods, Pest anddiseaseidentification,collection Collection Insect pests routineInternal diagnostics and mycology) Invertebrates andpathogens(virology, bacteriology Entomology Collection Cotton pathology(mycology, virology, bacteriology) mite identification(mycologyandentomology) Invertebrates andpathogens,specialistinsect Insect, nematodeandmiteidentification Fungal identification New SouthWales containment 5.2/7.2 accredited quarantine Department ofAgriculture Australian Government IEC 17025:2005) NATA accreditation (ISO/ ISO9001 IEC 17025:2005) NATA accreditation (ISO/ Accreditation Entomology Entomology Entomology arthropods Fungal, bacterialand collections Herbarium andfungi collections Herbarium andfungi Collections 141 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 142

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Table 49.Australia’s diagnosticservices,theircapabilitiesandaccreditations Department ofLandResource Herbarium, FloraandFaunaDivision, Berrimah Berrimah AgriculturalLaboratories, Fisheries PlantPathologyLaboratory, Department ofPrimaryIndustryand Berrimah Berrimah AgriculturalLaboratories, Fisheries EntomologyLaboratory, Department ofPrimaryIndustryand Centre, Darwin CSIRO Tropical EcosystemsResearch Laboratory andlocation Regional Laboratory, Cairns AustraliaQuarantineStrategy Northern Eagle Farm Regional Laboratory, Darwin AustraliaQuarantineStrategy Northern and Museums,Darwin Territory,Northern DepartmentofArts Museum andArtGalleriesofthe Management, Palmerston DAWR DAWR DAWR NT DepartmentofArtsandMuseums Management NT DepartmentofLandResource DPIF Fisheries (DPIF) NT DepartmentofPrimaryIndustryand CSIRO Organisation purposes Ant identificationforgeneralpublicandbiosecurity Diagnostic capability microscopy. limited molecularbiologycapacity. Botany: real timePCR).Entomology:microscopy and serology andmolecularbiology(conventional Tropical plant pests.Plantpathology:microscopy, limited molecularbiologycapacity. (conventional PCR).Entomology:microscopy and pathology: microscopy andmolecularbiology Temperate andtropical plantpests.Plant microscopy. limited molecularbiologycapacity. Botany: real timePCR).Entomology:microscopy and serology andmolecularbiology(conventional Tropical plantpests.Plantpathology:microscopy, with intercepted samples. has beenassistingDAWR quarantineinspectors commercial purposes.Agastropod collectionthat Insect identificationforgeneralpublicand commercial purposes Plant identificationforgeneralpublicand mycology, diagnostics Plant pathology, virology, bacteriology, PCR, Insects andmites Northern TerritoryNorthern Queensland Containment 5.2/7.2 accredited quarantine Department ofAgriculture Australian Government scientific specimens (export andimport)of Registration forexchange scientific specimens (export andimport)of Registration forexchange Accreditation collections. collections. insect andherbarium collections. Extensive virus/virus-like disease specimens anddesiccated Plant pathology:herbarium and insectcollections Limited plantpathogen biting midges & overseasCulicoides Leste tephritidae;WA, NT pests; WA, NT&Timor general entomologyinsect Collection, whichcomprises: Territory QuarantineInsect Entomology: Northern collections. virus/virus-like disease specimens anddesiccated Plant pathology:herbarium of border collections. Gastropoda withanumber native species. Insects withafocuson Territorythe Northern Native plantcollectionof Plant PathologyHerbarium Australian Darwin Northern Reference Collection Economic Insect TerritoryThe Northern collection Research Centre ant Tropical Ecosystems Collections Table 49.Australia’s diagnosticservices,theircapabilitiesandaccreditations South AustralianMuseum, Adelaide Sciences, Adelaide School ofEarthandEnvironmental Waite Institute,Adelaide School ofAgriculture, FoodandWine, Adelaide Development Institute(SARDI), South AustralianResearch and Brisbane Queensland Museum,SouthBrisbane, Indooroopilly, Woodford, Mackay, Tully Sugar Research Australia(SRA), USQ, Toowoomba QDAF, Tor Street, Toowoomba Station, SouthJohnstone QDAF, SouthJohnstoneResearch Nambour QDAF, Maroochy Research Station, QDAF, Gatton Research Station, Gatton Dutton Park,Warwick, Nambour Food Innovation(QAAFI),StLucia, Queensland AllianceforAgriculture and Dutton Park QDAF, EcosciencesPrecinct, Mareeba QDAF, Centre forTropical Agriculture, QDAF, ReddenStreet, Cairns Bowen QDAF, BowenResearch Station, Centre, Moggill QDAF, BiosecurityQueenslandControl Laboratory andlocation

SA Departmentof Premier andCabinet University ofAdelaide University ofAdelaide SARDI Queensland Museum SRA Queensland University ofSouthern QDAF QDAF QDAF QDAF QAAFI, UniversityofQueensland QDAF QDAF QDAF QDAF QDAF Organisation Queensland Fire ants Diagnostic capability Entomology Entomology Nematology andviticulture virology surveillance nematology, virology, taxonomy),entomologyand Molecular diagnostics,plantpathology(mycology, Aracology, entomology Sugarcane pestsanddiseases Plant pathology, nematology entomology, virology, nematology, andmycology Field crop pestsanddiseases,molecularbiology, Nematology, entomology, plantpathology Plant pathology Vegetable pestsanddiseases Plant pathology, virology exotic fruitflyscreening mycology, nematologyandmolecularbiology, Entomology, plantpathology, virology, bacteriology, bacteriology Entomology, plantpathology, molecular biology, Plant pestanddiseasetriage Entomology South Australia continued virus testing. accredited forpotato Biologicals. NATA accredited under Laboratory isNATA Molecular Diagnostics containment 5.2/5.3 accredited quarantine Department ofAgriculture Australian Government Accreditation

Adelaide University Entomology collection, Acaralogy, entomology entomology Plant pathology, Entomology collection Fire antreference Collections 143 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 144

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Table 49.Australia’s diagnosticservices,theircapabilitiesandaccreditations Seed AnalysisLaboratory, MtPleasant Gallery, Launceston MuseumandArt Queen Victoria Devonport andLaunceston) (satellite entomologylaboratoriesat Plant HealthLaboratories,NewTown Peracto, Devonport Forestry Tasmania, Hobart Laboratory andlocation Tullamarine Airport Operational ScienceLaboratory, Irymple Research Centre, Irymple Horsham Research Centre, Horsham Forest HealthLaboratory, Heidelberg AgriBio, Bundoora Campus, Hobart University ofTasmania, SandyBay Campus, Burnie University ofTasmania, CradleCoast Hobart Tasmanian Museumand Art Gallery, DAWR DEDJTR DEDJTR University ofMelbourne Transport andResources (DEDJTR) DepartmentofDevelopment,Jobs, Victorian Institute ofAgriculture University ofTasmania andTasmanian Institute ofAgriculture University ofTasmania andTasmanian Tasmanian Museumand Art Gallery DPIPWE MuseumandArtGallery Queen Victoria Parks, Water andEnvironment (DPIPWE) Tasmanian Departmentof PrimaryIndustries, Peracto Forestry Tasmania Organisation testing for Limited diagnosticsinpathology, mainfocusison Diagnostic capability Entomology andplantpathology General plantpathologyandentomology General plantpathologyandvirology (grainsfocus) Forest pathologyandentomology diagnostics, weeds insect taxonomy, high throughput molecular bacteriology, general plantpathology, fungaland Entomology, mycology, virology, nematology, Entomology, forest pathology, molecularlaboratory Plant pathology, nematology insect identificationforthegeneralpublic Entomology (specialisinginbeetlesandmoths), species Feed grainquarantineassessmentsfordeclared Insect identificationforthegeneralpublic virology and bacteriology),TASAG ELISAtestingservices, Entomology, plantpathology(virology, mycology Plant pathology Tasmania Victoria Phytophthora cinnamomi 5.2/7.2 quarantine containment DAWR accredited identification fruit flyand nematodfe identification, testing, potatocyst accredited forpotatovirus Biologicals. NATA accredited under Laboratory isNATA certification. 9001:2000/QA DAWR approved AS/NSZ containment approved Laboratory DAWR ISTA accredited IEC 17025:2005) NATA accreditation (ISO/ TASAG laboratorieshave containment approved, Laboratories DAWR containment approved Laboratory DAWR Accreditation Phylloxera

Entomology collection limited virus nematode, invertebrates, Fungal, bacterial, pathogens Limited collectionoffungal including weedsandfungi collection, herbarium Small insectreference seed reference collection quarantinable species Prohibited and groups includinginsects collection coveringmost Invertebrate reference Insect reference collection collection Tasmanian forest insect Collections Table 48.Australia’s diagnosticservices,theircapabilitiesandaccreditations Western AustralianMuseum,Kewdale Biotechnology Centre Western AustralianStateAgricultural Phytophthora Agriculture, Airport PerthInternational Operational Science,Departmentof Broome AustraliaQuarantineStrategy,Northern Perth Department ofEnvironmental Biology, South Perth DAFWA DiagnosticPlantLaboratories, Tatura Research Centre, Tatura Rutherglen Research Centre, Rutherglen Melbourne Royal BotanicGardens Melbourne, Mickleham Plant PostEntryQuarantinefacility, Laboratory andlocation Laboratory, Murdoch Western AustralianMuseum Murdoch University Murdoch University DAWR DAWR Curtin UniversityofTechnology Australia (DAFWA) Department ofAgriculture andFoodWestern DEDJTR DEDJTR Royal BotanicGardens Melbourne DAWR Organisation Insect identificationforgeneralpublic laboratory forplantpathogenidentification Commercial andresearch molecularbiology bacteriology, botany, virology andnematology General plantpathologyincludingmycology, Diagnostic capability laboratory Commercial andresearch bacteria andviruses mostly exoticpestsincludingarthropods, fungi, Identification ofquarantineintercept samples, mostly exoticpests Identification ofquarantineintercept samples, Mycology number ofbeepathogens virology, bacteriology, mycology, seedsandlimited pathogen identification,entomology, nematology, Commercial diagnosticlaboratoryforplant Entomology Entomology Mycology andweeds Victoria Western Australia continued continued Phytophthora diagnostic diagnostic 5.2/7.2 quarantine containment DAWR accredited QC2 accredited quarantine laboratoryis accredited –Plant Seed labisISTA andQC2 Accreditation Western Australia Largest insectcollectionin seed andcultures with alimitedcollectionof mostly exoticinvertebrates Small reference collection, mostly exoticinvertebrates Small reference collection, collections pathogen andinvertebrate Western Australianplant Collections 145 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Figure 78. National Diagnostic Protocol endorsement process

Assessment process

Does an approved national protocol already exist?

Yes No Facilitate development of new protocol

Is there an Australian or international protocol?

Does it follow SPHDS RS No. 2?

Yes No Adapt protocol

Protocol verification MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S MAINTAINING

Yes No Verification facilitated 5 year review process

CHAPTER 3: Protocol review

Yes No Review facilitated

SPHDS approval

Yes No Facilitate revision

ACCEPT NATIONAL DIAGNOSTIC PROTOCOL

PHC endorsement No

Yes

146 a pre-defined tree. interactive diagnostictoolbasedonobservablecharacteristics,rather thanaprotocol using In somecases,alucidkeyhasbeendevelopedforpestidentification. Alucidkeyisan • • • • Current SPHDReference Standards include: in Figure 78.NDPs,bothunderdevelopmentandendorsed include theprocesses ofpeerreview, verificationandendorsementbyPHCasshown 14 13 through SPHD.NDPsare developedaccording toSPHD Australia hasacoherent and effective systemforthedevelopmentofNDPsplantpests taxonomic information,detectionandidentification. laboratories. NDPsincludediagnosticprocedures anddataonthepest,itshosts, an incursion,providing transparency whencomparing diagnosticresults between Protocols forRegulatedPests.Theyhavebeennationallyendorseduseintheeventof taxonomic identificationofapestinmannerconsistentwithISPMNo.27—Diagnostic National DiagnosticProtocols (NDPs)are diagnosticprotocols fortheunambiguous • • • • • • management ofestablishedandexoticpests,including: pest orrelated group ofpests,relevant toitsdiagnosis.Suchinformationiscrucialforthe Diagnostic protocols are documentsthatcontaindetailedinformationaboutaspecificplant National diagnosticprotocols Endorsed NDPsare availableat SPHD Reference Standards canbefoundat Guidelines forVerification andPeerReviewReports(Version 3). Guidelines fortheApproval Process ofNationalDiagnostic Protocols (Version 4) Development ofDiagnosticProtocols—Technical Procedures (Version 4) Glossary ofTerms (Version 3) detection ofapestinanarea where itisnotknownto occur. routine diagnosisofpestsfoundinimportedconsignments pest diagnosticoperationsassociatedwithphytosanitarycertification surveillance aspartofanofficial control oreradicationprogram testing ofmaterialforcompliancewithcertificationprocedures general surveillanceforpeststatus plantbiosecuritydiagnostics.net.au/resource-hub/priority-pest-diagnostic-resources www.plantbiosecuritydiagnostics.net.au/resource-hub/documents 13 Reference Standards 1–4which 14 , are listedinTable 50.

producing country, exceptAustraliaandJapan. disease ofpomefruit(apples,pears)worldwide.Itisfoundinnearlyeveryapple Fire blight,causedbythebacterium New diagnostictestforfire blight USDA CooperativeExtension SlideSeries,bugwood.org. A newdiagnostictestwillmakeidentification offireblighteasierandfaster. ImagecourtesyofClemsonUniversity, incursion inAustralia. the speedandaccuracyoffire blightidentificationshouldthere everbeanother A diagnostictoolforfieldsurveillanceisalsounderdevelopment,whichwillimprove allowing themtodevelopamuchmore accurateandeffective diagnostictool. found geneticsequencesthatare onlypresent inthe Through theworkofRachelMannandPlantBiosecurityCRC,researchers so there wasareal needtodevelopanewaccurate diagnostic tool. accepteddiagnostictest usedtodetectfireinternationally blightwasunreliable, While the1997incursionwaseradicated,biosecurityworkersfoundthat related produce duringthethree-year eradicationresponse. revenue, mainlythrough aprohibition oninterstatemovementofhostplantsand cost theAustralianpomeandnurseryindustriesanestimated$20millioninlost In 1997anincursionoffire blightfoundinMelbourne’s RoyalBotanicGardens Erwinia amylovora E. amylovora , is the most devastating , isthemostdevastating pathogen, pathogen,

147 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Table 50. National diagnostic protocols

Scientific name Common name Status13 Adoxophyes orana Summer fruit tortrix Draftb Agrilus planipennis Emerald ash borer Draft Anastrepha spp., Bactrocera spp., Fruit flies (exotic and endemic Draft, FFc Ceratitis spp., Dacus spp., Dirioxa species of priority to Australia) handbook, spp. and Rhagoletis spp. Lucid keya Bactericera cockerelli Potato tomato psyllid Endorsed (NDP 20) Banana bract mosaic virus Banana bract mosaic disease Draft (Potyvirus) Bemisia tabaci Silver leaf white fly Lucid key Blood disease bacterium Blood disease Draft Broad bean mottle virus Broad bean mottle virus Draft Broad bean stain (Comovirus) Broad bean stain virus Draft Broad bean true mosaic Broad bean true mosaic virus Draft (Comovirus) Burkholderia glumae Panicle blight, bacterial grain rot of Draft rice

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S MAINTAINING Bursaphelenchus spp. including Pine wilt nematode, pinewood Draft B. xylophilus nematode species complex Candidatus Liberobacter asiaticus Huanglongbing, citrus greening Endorsed (NDP 25) Candidatus Liberobacter Zebra chip Endorsed (NDP 18)

CHAPTER 3: psyllaurous Candidatus Liberobacter solani Bois noir Ceratosystus ulmi Dutch elm disease Draft Ceratovacuna lanigera Sugarcane woolly aphid Draft Cherry leaf roll virus (Nepovirus) Blackline Endorsed (NDP 10) Chilo auricilius Sugarcane internode borer Draft Chilo infuscatellus Sugarcane yellow top borer Draft Chilo partellus Spotted stalk borer Draft Chilo polychrysus Stem borer Draft Chilo sacchariphagus Dark headed stripe borer Draft Chilo terrenellus Sugarcane stem borer Draft Cicadulina mbila South African maize leafhopper Draft Citripestis eautraphera Mango fruit borer Draft Citripestis sagittiferella Citrus fruit borer Draft

13 a. Endorsed – the standard has been assessed by SPHD and endorsed by PHC as a National Diagnostic Protocol Draft – the standard has not yet been assessed and verified by SPHD b. FF handbook – included in the Australian Handbook for the Identification of Fruit Flies c. Lucid key – only a lucid key for this species exists 148 Table 50.Nationaldiagnosticprotocols Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium circinatum mosaic virus) spindle streak chinese mosaicvirus,wheat (Wheat mosaic,cereal Furoviruses Flavescence doréephytoplasma Exotic aphids phytoplasma European stonefruityellows Erwinia amylovora Erionota thrax Endocronartium harknessii Echinothrips americanus Dysaphis plantaginea Drosophila suzukii Diuraphis noxia Diaphorina citri Dendroctonus valens Dendroctonus ponderosae Dendroctonus frontalis Deanolis sublimbalis Daktulosphaira vitifolii/viteus parasitica Cryphonectria Cotton leafrolldwarfvirus Cotton leafcurlvirus(Begomovirus) tristis Coryphodema Colletotrichum lentis sepedonicus Clavibacter michiganensis nebraskensis Clavibacter michiganensis Scientific name and and Bymoviruses Bymoviruses wheat yellow wheat yellow f. sp . ciceris subsp. subsp.

Fusarium wiltofchickpea Pine pitchcanker viruses Wheat soilborne Flavescence dorée Exotic aphids European stonefruityellows Fireblight Banana skipperbutterfly Pine gallrust Poinsettia thrips Rosy appleaphid Spotted wingeddrosophila Russian wheataphid Citrus psyllid Red turpentinebeetle pinebeetle Southern Mountain pinebeetle Red bandedmangocaterpillaradult Grape phylloxera,typeB Chestnut blight Cotton leafcurldisease Cotton leafcurldisease South Africancossidmoth Lentil anthracnose Bacterial ringrot ofpotato Goss's bacterialwilt,blightofcorn Common name Endorsed (NDP8) Draft Status Draft Draft Draft Draft Draft Endorsed (NDP12) Draft Draft Endorsed (NDP32) Endorsed (NDP4) Draft Draft Endorsed (NDP28) Draft Endorsed (NDP24) Draft Draft Draft Draft Endorsed (NDP11) Draft Draft Draft 13 Gibberella fujikuroi Fusarium oxysporum Scientific name Pepino mosaicvirus(Potexvirus) (Enamovirus) Pea enationmosaicviru (Tobravirus) Pea earlybrowningvirus Pantoea stewartii Orthaga euadrusalis Neonectria ditissima Mycosphaerella fijiensis Mycosphaerella eumusae Monilinia fructigena Mayetiola destructor (Potyvirus) Maize dwarfmosaicvirus Magnaporthe grisea Lymantria dispar Lobesia botrana Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Liriomyza trifolii Liriomyza sativae Liriomyza huidobrensis Liriomyza cicerina Liriomyza bryoniae Leptinotarsa decemlineata Hyalesthes obsoletus Homalodisca vitripennis Guignadia bidwellii Globodera rostochiensis Globodera pallida cubense tropical Race4 subsp. f. sp s

stewartii . Pepino mosaicvirus Pea enationmosaicvirus Pea earlybrowning virus Stewart's wiltofmaize Mango leafwebber European canker Black sigatoka Eumusae leafspot Brown rot Hessian fly Maize dwarfmosaicvirus Rice blast complex Asian gypsymoth,moth Grape berrymoth Rice waterweevil American serpentineleafminer American leafminer Serpentine leafminer Chickpea leafminer Tomato leafminer Colorado potatobeetle Cixxidae planthopper Glassy wingedsharpshooter Black rot Potato cystnematode Potato cystnematode Bakanae Common name Panama disease Draft Draft Draft Draft Draft Endorsed (NDP21) Draft Draft Endorsed (NDP1) Draft Draft Endorsed (NDP14) Draft Draft Draft Endorsed (NDP27) Lucid key Draft Draft Lucid key Endorsed (NDP22) Draft Endorsed (NDP23) Endorsed (NDP13) Draft Draft Draft Draft Status 13 149 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 150

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Table 50.Nationaldiagnosticprotocols Potato spindle tuber viroid Potato spindletuberviroid Potato moptopvirus(Pomovirus) Pomacea canaliculata Plum poxvirus(Potyvirus) Phytophthora ramorum type Phytophthora infestans Phymatotrichum omnivorum Phomopsis/Diaporthe helianthi Phoma tracheiphila Phakopsora euvitis Peronosclerospora sacchari Scientific name Semiaphis dauci Scolytines Scirtothrips perseae Scirtothrips aurantii Scirpophaga nivella Scirpophaga excerptalis Unknown Roesleria subterranea (Carlavirus) Red cloverveinmosaicvirus Ralstonia solanacearum Ralstonia solanacearum Raffaelea lauricola Pulvinaria iceryi Puccinia striiformis (exotic strain) Puccinia psidii papulans Pseudomonas syringae Pseudomonas maritimus Protopulvinaria pyriformis Potyvirus (Pospiviridae) general sensu lato (Signoret) f. sp . hordei A2 mating A2 mating pv. pv. Race 2

Carrot aphid Bark beetles Avocado thrips South Africancitrusthrips White riceborer Top borer, topshootborer Sugarcane whiteleaf Grape root rot Red cloverveinmosaicvirus Moko andbugtok Bacterial brown rot ofpotatoes Laurel wilt(andbeetlevector) Pulvinaria scale Barley striperust Guava rust, Blister spotofapples Grape mealybug Pyriform scale Potyvirus Potato spindletuberviroid Potato moptopvirus Golden applesnail Plum poxvirus Sudden oakdeath Potato lateblight Texas root rot Sunflower stemcanker Mal secco Grapevine leafrust Sugarcane downy mildew Common name eucalyptus rust Endorsed (NDP26) Endorsed (NDP29) Draft Status Draft Draft Endorsed (NDP3) Draft Draft Draft Draft Endorsed (NDP35) Draft Draft Draft Draft Endorsed (NDP34) Draft Draft Draft Draft Endorsed (NDP33) Draft Endorsed (NDP7) Endorsed (NDP15) Draft Endorsed (NDP2) Endorsed (NDP5) Draft Draft Draft 13 Stagonospora sacchari Sitobion avenae Sesamia grisescens Scientific name Xylophilus ampelina Xylella fastidiosa musacearum Xanthomonas vasicola Xanthomonas fragariae malvacearum Xanthomonas citri musacearum Xanthomonas campestris Xanthomonas X diseasephytoplasma (Bymovirus) Wheat spindlestreakmosaicvirus Verticillium dahliae Uromyces vicia-fabae Unknown Trioza erytreae Tilletia indica Tilletia horrida Tilletia controversa Tetranychus turkestani Tetranychus piercei Tetranychus pacificus Tetranychus lombardinii Tetranychus desertorum Tetranychidae Termites Synchytrium endobioticum Sternochetus frigidus (nee spp. subsp. subsp. subsp. barclayana citri (lentilstrain) pv. pv. pv. pv. ) Bacterial blight Pierce’s disease Banana bacterialwilt Angular leafspot cotton Hypervirulent bacterialblightof Bacterial wilt Citrus canker Peach Xdisease Wheat spindlestreak mosaicvirus Verticillium wilt(defoliatingstrain) Lentil rust Ramu stunt African citruspsyllid bunt Karnal smutofrice Kernel Dwarf buntofwheat Strawberry spidermite Spider mites Pacific spidermite Crimson spidermite Prickly pearspidermite Spider mites Potato wart Mango pulpweevil Leaf scorch Wheat aphid Stem borer Common name Draft Endorsed (NDP6) Draft Draft Draft Draft Endorsed (NDP9) Endorsed (NDP17) Draft Draft Endorsed (NDP31) Draft Draft Endorsed (NDP19) Draft Draft Draft Draft Draft Draft Draft Lucid key Draft Endorsed (NDP16) Draft Draft Draft Draft Status 13 FOREST HEALTH AND BIOSECURITY SUBCOMMITTEE At a meeting in March 2015 Australian Forests Products Association (AFPA) Resources Chamber agreed to establish the AFPA Resources Chamber Forest Health and Biosecurity (FHaB) Subcommittee, to replace the Subcommittee on National Forest Health, which was disbanded earlier in the year.

The FHaB Subcommittee includes both industry representatives responsible for managing forest health within their organisations and forest health technical experts. Also included are representatives from Plant Health Committee, PHA and the New Zealand forest researchers Scion.

Key functions of FHaB Subcommittee include: • Discussing and raising awareness of forest health and biosecurity issues within the AFPA membership and the broader forest industry. • Providing expert advice to inform federal and state government policy on forest health and biosecurity issues. • Supporting AFPA as the industry representative for Plant Health Australia and as signatory to the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed. • Offering technical advice to AFPA members during an emergency plant pest incursion. • Guiding forestry representatives on the Plant Health Committee’s Subcommittees MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S MAINTAINING on National Plant Health Surveillance (SNPHS) and Diagnostics (SPHD).

Early work for the FHaB Subcommittee includes reviewing and implementing the procedures outlined in the Biosecurity Manual for the Plantation Timber Industry, developing a process for reporting results of pest surveillance, enhancing the recently drafted CHAPTER 3: Framework for National Biosecurity Surveillance of Exotic Forest Pests and simplifying the reporting requirements for the annual Forest Health Status report. The group is also investigating the development of a Forest Health and Biosecurity Training module to standardise forest health and biosecurity training.

151 152

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS diseases, pestsandweeds. way towards protecting theirfarmsandfuture from theimpactofneworestablished By consideringhowtheseprinciplesapplytotheirproperties, producers cangoalong Resources produced byFarmBiosecurityallincludethesixbiosecurity‘essentials’. a biosecurityplanner. gate signsforsale,industryspecificinformation,videos,apersonal profile builderand provides anarrayofinformation, includingbiosecuritymanuals,templatesforrecords, posed bydiseases,pestsandweeds.Theprogram website The program aimstohelp producers identifyandreduce theriskstotheirenterprises which provides biosecurity adviceforbothcrop andlivestockproducers. partnered withAHAinajointcommunicationandawareness campaign,FarmBiosecurity, Recognising theincreasing numberofmixedfarmingenterprisesinAustralia,PHAhas The FarmBiosecurityProgram Farm Biosecuritywebsite. to implementtheadviceinmanuals.ManualsforPHAmembersare availableonthe from bothnewandestablishedpests.Itisajointresponsibility ofindustryandgovernments incorporated intoday-to-dayoperationstoimprove biosecurityandhelpprotect theirfarm tailored forgrowers andconsultants,outliningsimpleeffective measures thatcanbe number ofcrop-specific biosecurity manuals(Table 51).Thesebookletsare specifically PHA, inpartnershipwithplantproductionhasreleased industriesandgovernments, a Biosecurity manualsforproducers the spread ofpestanddiseasecausingorganisms,inmaintainingaccesstomarkets. Increasingly, growers are seeing the benefits of on-farm biosecurity and its role in preventing needs tobecomesecondnature—integrated intoeverydayactivities. So thatitactuallygetsdoneamidtherest ofthejobsthatneeddoingonfarm,biosecurity spread ofpests,diseasesandweeds. Farm biosecurityisasetofmeasures designedtoprotect aproperty from theentryand biosecurity status. The actionsofproducers on-farmare importantinmaintainingAustralia’s plant ON-FARM BIOSECURITY farmbiosecurity.com.au

Table 51. Orchard BiosecurityManualfortheAvocado Industry Orchard BiosecurityManualfortheAppleand PearIndustry Orchard BiosecurityManualfortheAlmond Industry Biosecurity Manual for the Plantation Timber Industry Biosecurity ManualforthePlantationTimber Biosecurity ManualfortheViticulture Industry Orchard BiosecurityManualfortheSummerfruit Industry Biosecurity ManualforthePapayaIndustry Farm BiosecurityManualfortheOrganicGrainsIndustry AdelaidePlainsVegetableFarm BiosecurityManualfortheNorthern Growers Biosecurity ManualfortheNurseryProduction Industry Orchard BiosecurityManualfortheMango Industry Biosecurity ManualfortheHoneyBeeIndustry Biosecurity ManualforGrainProducers Farm BiosecurityManualfortheCottonIndustry Biosecurity ManualforCitrusProducers Orchard BiosecurityManualfortheCherryIndustry Biosecurity InductionManualforBundabergHorticulturalFarms Biosecurity ManualfortheBananaIndustry Manual www.farmbiosecurity.com.au Secure yourfarm FARM BIOSECURITY your region. property support biosecurity in The measures inplace on your or animals leavethefarm gate. doesn’t endwhenplant products Responsibility for biosecurity Farm outputs Current PHAbiosecuritymanualsforproducers ofvariousindustries ...against diseases,pestsandweeds managed accordingly. biosecurity riskandshouldbe and equipmentposeahigh For thisreason, people,vehicles diseases, pestsandweeds. If itcanmove,carry and equipment People, vehicles movements. of purchases, salesand went. Keepaccuraterecords have comefrom andwhere they trace where animalsorplants and thatyouhavetheabilityto Ensure thatstaff are welltrained record Train, planand secure yourfarm:future

so theyneedtobeactivelycontrolled.so also causeharmtoyourbusiness, are awidespread nuisancebutcan Feral animals,plantpestsandweeds Ferals andweeds management practices. part ofyoureverydayfarm simple biosecuritymeasures as and diseasesbyimplementing reduce theriskofspreading pests It makesgoodbusinesssenseto Production practices

EXOTIC PLANT PEST HOTLINE 1800084 881 fertiliser. sources ofwater, feed and enter the property, as well as animals or plant materials that for livestock andplants. Monitor source ofpestsanddiseases your property canbe a potential Almost anything movedonto Farm inputs

Version

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 4.0 1.1 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0

PHA 13-003 Varroa behaviour isexpectedtohelpwhen bees showingincreased hygienic significant. Establishingapiaries with farmers and hives. Theimpactonpollinationfor loss of50-70percentpollinating will arriveinAustralia,withanestimated Experts agree thatitislikely tested, selectedandbred. threats totheindustry, canbe Australia), thetwobiggestbiosecurity foulbrood (apestthatisalready in against Bees thatshowhygienicbehaviour cells before theproblem spreads.” their brood nestandremove theaffected genes cansmelldiseaseandpestsin Lindsay said.“Beesthathavethe characteristic thatbeescaninherit,” “Hygienic behaviourisagenetic pests anddiseases,becausethey’re goodhousekeepers. Recently hehasbeenbreeding beesthatmaybemore resistant totheeffects of in thefuture,” Lindsaysaid. “Biosecurity isessentialformaintainingthebeekeepingandfoodindustrynow bees provide thebestpossibleresults forpollination dependant crops. driven bybiosecuritytomakesure thatthebestqualityhoneyisproduced andhis honey production andforcrop pollinationtoboostyields forplantproducers. Heis Lindsay, whoownsandrunsAustralianHoneyProducts, manages3,600hivesfor Plant BiosecurityFarmeroftheYear Award, sponsored byPlantHealthAustralia. whiff ofapestordisease.Thiswasonetheinitiativesthatwonhim2015 Beekeeper LindsayBourkehasbred beesthatcleanouttheirbrood nestatthe for beekeeper Tidy honeybeeswin2015FarmeroftheYear Award mite makes it into Australia. mitemakesitintoAustralia. Varroa food security will be food securitywillbe mite and American miteandAmerican

Varroa

biosecurity earnedhimtheawardin2015. Lindsay Bourke’s tirelesseffortstoimprovehoneybee

state and territory governments disseminate informationaboutbiosecurityintheirregions.state andterritorygovernments about nationalborder protection,requirements international andpre-border initiatives,while isprimarilyresponsible TheAustralianGovernment formessages among governments. Efforts relating tocommunicationandawareness-raising reflect jurisdictionalboundaries PLANT BIOSECURITYCOMMUNICATION of onlinebiosecurityinformationfor easeofaccess,see The BiosecurityPortal,developed byPHA,waslaunchedin2014.Itbringstogetherasuite and theAtlasofLivingAustralia. together toimprove theirusability andvalue,suchastheAustralianPlantPestDatabase technology tools.There are alsoanumberoftoolsthatconnectsystemsanddatasources vehicles andotherdetectiondevicesare improving linkswiththerangeofinformation New devicesandvehiclessuchashandheldwireless microscopes, unmannedaerial technologies, improving accessibility tothetoolsandintegrationintobiosecurityoperations. plant pests.Localandwebbasedtoolsare rapidlybeingsupplementedwithmobile are beingdevelopedforeverything from production managementthrough todiagnosing Information technologytoolsare increasingly central totheplantbiosecuritysector, and Plant biosecurityITtools,databasesandnetworks prevention awareness activitiesinareas where anationalapproach iswarranted. arising from ConsultativeCommitteemeetings.TheNCNalsoadvancespreparedness and responses topestanddiseaseoutbreaks andanimal welfare incidents,basedoninformation PHA andAHA.TheNCNworkstoproduce nationallyconsistentpublicinformationduring stateandterritoryagencies,biosecurityorganisationsincluding Australian Government, The NationalCommunicationNetwork(NCN)consistsofcommunicationmanagersfrom the Biosecurity IncidentNationalCommunicationNetwork the response,andindustryparties.SeeChapter4. whichusuallyincludesgovernment agency. However, messagesare determinedbytheConsultative Committeethatcoordinates Information duringaplantpestemergencyisdelivered tothepublicbyaffected state the ground. They useavarietyofcommunicationtoolsincluding,increasingly, biosecurityofficers on heightened awareness aboutplantpestsandimproving thepracticesoftheirproducers. playingasupportingrole.governments Plantindustriesalsoworktomitigaterisksthrough by industrybodiesandtheFarmBiosecurityprogram (runjointlybyPHAandAHA),with Information forproducers andothersalongthesupplychainisgenerallycommunicated www.biosecurityportal.org.au.

153 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 154 Chapter 4 Responding to plant pest incursions 156

CHAPTER 4: RESPONDING TO PLANT PEST INCURSIONS imports are increasing withtimeand,togethernatural and effectively respond toplantpestsinorder tominimise pests willenterthecountry. Passengerarrivalsandgoods strong border controls, there isstilltheriskthatnewplant available at through capitalisation.Forthefulllistofdefinitions, refer toclause1oftheEPPRD Defined termsundertheEPPRDare usedthroughout thischapter, identified not includeweeds. excludes GeneticallyModifiedOrganisms Products orBees,providedthatitisdiscrete,identifiableandgenetically stablebut strain ofinvertebratepestorpathogeninjurioustoPlantHealth,Unprocessed Plant This chapterusestheEPPRDdefinitionofa entry pathways such as wind and water currents, the risk entry pathwayssuchaswindandwatercurrents, therisk any newdetectionisdealtwithswiftly, providing thebest Even with a highly effective biosecurity system, including Even withahighlyeffective biosecuritysystem,including binding agreement between governments and industries binding agreementandindustries betweengovernments As a result, Australia has mechanisms in place to rapidly As aresult, Australiahasmechanismsinplacetorapidly when detectedinAustralia.Theagreement ensures that The Emergency PlantPestResponseDeedisthelegally that setsouthowemergency plantpestsare dealtwith www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/epprd chance of containing and eradicating the pest. chance ofcontaininganderadicatingthepest. of exotic pest incursions is ever present. of exoticpestincursionsiseverpresent. . The EPPRD definition of a Plant Pest does . TheEPPRDdefinitionofaPlantPestdoes Plant Pest . any negativeimpacts. : any species, biotype or any species,biotypeor

The EPPRDisaformal,legallybindingagreement betweenPHA,theAustralian Response Deed 4.1 Only EPPRDsignatoriescantake anactivepartinthesedecisionmakinggroups. andindustryPartiesthataregovernment likelytobeAffected bythePlantPest. are assembledtoagree actions.Thesecommitteesare madeupofrepresentatives from decision makingaboutaresponse toaPlantPestincursion.Instead,formalcommittees The termsoftheEPPRDensure thatnosinglePartyisexclusivelyresponsible for of therelative privateandpublic benefitsoferadication. andIndustryParties willshare and howgovernment thecosts,basedonanassessment Parties’ roles inthedecision makingandoperationalprocesses oftheEPPresponse and toprovide certaintyon themanagementandfundingofthatresponse. Itspecifies The EPPRDisdesignedtoensure arapidandeffective response toanEPPincursion, honey beeindustrywouldalsoaffect plantindustriesthatbenefitfrom pollination. Parties. HoneybeesandtheirpestsalsofallundertheEPPRD,since apestaffecting the the determinationthatitmeetsoneofabovecriteriaandthisis approved byRelevant A PlantPestisnotformallydesignatedtobeanEPPuntiltheCategorisation Group makes • • • • of thefollowingcriteria: Pest theresponse actionmaycommenceifitisreasonably believedtomeetone listed inschedule13oftheEPPRD.Ifthere isanIncidentofuncategorisedPlant For apesttobecovered bytheEPPRD,itmustbeanEPP, withcategorisedEPPs eradication responses toEmergencyPlantPests(EPP). The EPPRD,ofwhichPHAisthecustodian,coversmanagementandfunding and33plantindustrypeakbodies. allstateandterritorygovernments, Government, present there orbeingofficially controlled. A PlantPestofpotentialeconomicimportancetothearea endangered andnotyet new PlantPest. A seriousPlantPestofunknownoruncertainoriginwhichmaybeanentirely nationally ifestablishedinAustralia. investigative methods,andcouldhaveanadverseeconomicimpactregionally and A variantformofanestablishedPlantPestwhichcanbedistinguishedbyappropriate and nationallyifestablishedinAustralia. A knownexoticPlantPestthatcouldhaveanadverseeconomicimpactregionally The Emergency PlantPest

Parties, aneconomicexpertandindependentChairfrom PHA. Industry Parties,relevant andIndustry technicalexpertsnominatedbygovernment Each CategorisationGroup comprisesnominatedrepresentatives from theAffected category recommended by theCategorisationGroup. categories are showninTable 52.RelevantPartiesmustagree unanimouslytothe byAffected of eradicationandassignstheCostSharingsplitborne Parties.Thefour that eachPartywillpay. Eachcategoryisbasedonthepublicversusprivatebenefit purposes ofapplyingtheprovisions oftheEPPRD,includingproportion ofcosts The CategorisationGroup is assembledtodetermineacategoryforanEPPthe CATEGORISATION GROUP convened bytheCCEPPonanadhocbasis,toprovide adviceonspecifictechnicalmatters. technical adviceneededfortheNMGtomakedecisions.AScientificAdvisoryPanelmaybe The CCEPPisresponsible forassessingthegrounds foreradicationandproviding the PHA, andnominatedrepresentatives from eachAffected IndustryParty. Chief PlantProtection Officer, allstateandterritoryChiefPlantHealthManagers, is detectedorsuspectedtobepresent. ThecommitteeconsistsoftheAustralian on EPPincursionresponses. AswiththeNMG,CCEPPisformedwhenanEPP The CCEPPisatechnicalcommitteesetuptomakerecommendations totheNMG PLANT PESTS CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEEONEMERGENCY on technicalmattersbytheConsultativeCommitteeEmergencyPlantPests(CCEPP). agreed thateradicationistechnicallyfeasibleandcostbeneficial.TheNMGadvised The group isresponsible forapproving aResponsePlan,includingthebudget,ifitis andIndustryParties Affectedterritory governments bythePlantPest. identified. Itconsistsof representatives from allstateand PHA,theAustralianGovernment, response toanEPPincursionundertheEPPRD.Thegroup isformedwhenanincursion The NationalManagementGroup (NMG)isresponsible formakingthekeydecisionsin NATIONAL MANAGEMENTGROUP

Table 52. • • funded.Theseare100 percentgovernment EPPswhich,ifnoteradicated,would: The eradicationofCategory1EPPswouldhaveveryhighpublicbenefitsandbe • • These are EPPs,whichifnoteradicated,would: and80percentbyAffected would befunded20percentbygovernments IndustryParties. The eradicationofCategory4EPPswouldmainly, ifnotwholly, haveprivatebenefitsand • EPPs, whichifnoteradicated,would: and50 percentbyAffectedfunded 50percentbygovernments Industry Parties.Theseare The eradicationofCategory3EPPswouldhavemoderatepublicbenefitsandbe • • which ifnoteradicated,would: and20percentbyAffected80 percentbygovernments IndustryParties.Theseare EPPs, The eradicationofCategory2EPPswouldhavehighpublicbenefitsandsobefunded plants, and/orisamajornuisance,ifnothealthrisktohumans. to whatextent,andinanycasetheincursionprimarilyaffects nativefloraand/oramenity almost impossibletoproperly determinewhichCropping Sectorsbenefitfrom eradicationand flora, andthere isconsiderableuncertaintyastothe relative impactsonCrops. Inshort,itis This categoryalsocoverssituationswhere theEPPhasawiderangeofhosts,includingnative • • potentially affect humanhealthorcauseamajornuisancetohumans;and/or cause majorenvironmental damagetonaturalecosystems;and/or economies. generally there wouldbenosignificanttradeissuesthat affect nationaland regional costs ofproduction, extracontrol costs,ornuisancecosts;and The Affected Cropping Sectorswouldbeadverselyaffected primarilythrough additional have littleornopubliccostimplicationsandimpactsonnatural ecosystems. though moderatetradeimplicationsand/ornationalandregional economicimplications. affect publicamenities,householdsortheenvironment, and/orcouldhavesignificant, costs aswell(thatis,moderatepublicbenefitsfrom eradication).TheEPPcouldadversely primarily harmtheAffected Cropping Sectors,butthere wouldalsobesomesignificantpublic would benefitsignificantly from eradication. impose majorcostsontheAffected Cropping SectorssuchthattheCropping Sectors flow oneffects through theeconomy;and economic impactsonregions andthenationaleconomy, through largetradelosseswith environmental values and/oreffects onhouseholds; orindirectly through verysevere cause significantpubliclosseseitherdirectly through seriouslossofamenity, and/or have relatively littleimpactoncommercial Crops. cause significantdamagetoamenityflora;and/or EPP categoriesandtheassociatedAffected PartyCostSharingsplits Category 4 Category 3 Category 2 Category 1

157 CHAPTER 4: RESPONDING TO PLANT PEST INCURSIONS Three new EPPRD Signatories in 2015 Three new industries joined the EPPRD during 2015, bringing the total to 33 industries now signed up to the protections and obligations of the agreement.

Raspberries and Blackberries Australia joined in June, Hazelnut Growers of Australia in November and Australian Melon Association in December 2015.

With Australia’s nine governments and PHA, at the end of 2015 there were 43 signatories to the agreement, which sets out response and cost sharing arrangements for suspected Emergency Plant Pest incursions in Australia. RESPONDING TO PLANT PEST EMERGENCIES CHAPTER 4:

Three new industry bodies signed the EPPRD in 2015 for hazelnuts, melons and rubus.

158 Biosecurity officers responding to the exotic plant pest giant pine scale in Victoria. Image courtesy of DEDJTR. a considerablecontributiontoAustralia’s preparedness forseriousplantpestrisks. inAustralia.Theseplansmake that havebeendevelopedbyindustriesandgovernments Table 53provides alistingof contingencyplansforover90plantpestsandpestgroups developed quickly. information containedinacontingencyplanallowsaneffective ResponsePlantobe best strategiesforsurveillance,control anddestruction.Intheeventofanincursion together tocollateinformationaboutadesignatedpestorgroup andtodevisethe posed byparticularexoticpestthreats. Before anyincursion occurs,expertsare brought Contingency planningisapre-emptive preparedness initiativethatassessestherisks CONTINGENCY PLANNING which are availableonlineat In 2015Partiesendorsedanumberofnewandrevised supportingdocuments,allof to makeaccessinformationeasierintrainingandemergencyresponse situations. PLANTPLAN issupportedbyanumberofdocumentsproviding detailonspecifictopics manages thecontinueddevelopmentofPLANTPLANonbehalfEPPRDParties. each yeartoincorporatethefindingsofIncidentdebriefsandsimulationexercises. PHA of thesephases.ItincorporatesbestpracticeinEPPresponses andisfurtherupdated as wellthekeyroles andresponsibilities Partiesduringeach ofindustry andgovernment outlining thephasesofanincursion(investigationandalert,operationalstanddown), It provides nationallyconsistentguidelinesforresponse procedures undertheEPPRD, underpins theEPPRDaspartofschedule5andisendorsedbyallsignatories. responding toaPlantPestIncidentdealtwithinaccordance withtheEPPRD.PLANTPLAN PLANTPLAN istheagreedandindustriesin technicalResponsePlanusedbygovernments 4.2 PLANTPLAN www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/plantplan.

neighbouring countries including Papua New Guinea. Significant effort goes into neighbouring countriesincludingPapuaNewGuinea.Significanteffort goesinto Exotic fruitfliesare foundeachyearinthe Torres Strait,blownsouthfrom fruit fliesfrom theTorres Strait New cost-sharing arrangements for eradicating exotic The exoticOrientalfruitflyisoneofthree flyspeciesthatwillbedealtwithunderanewcostsharingagreement. those forothereradicableexoticplantpestincursionsinAustralia. control intheTorres StraitundertheEPPRD,bringingtheseefforts intolinewith To address this,in2015newarrangementshavebegunthatputexoticfruitfly benefits oftheprogram are feltmore widely. incursions onislandsbefore thefliesmakeittoAustralianmainland,yet partnership toshare thecostofbiosecurityactivitiestomonitoranderadicate haveworkedin For thepast20yearsAustralianandQueenslandGovernments around $2.1billion. spreading from farnorthQueenslandtotherest ofAustraliawouldcostproducers In 2013,ABARESputadollarfigure onthelikelylosses,estimatingthatanincursion one ofthespecieswere toestablishonthemainlandofAustraliawouldbesevere. tradeifany least oneexoticspeciesandthedisruptiontodomesticinternational Almost allfruitandmanyvegetablecrops wouldbesusceptibletoinfestationbyat because anyoneofthemwouldcausesignificantproblems forourcrop industries. ensuring thattheseexoticspeciesare eradicatedbefore theyreach mainlandAustralia 159 CHAPTER 4: RESPONDING TO PLANT PEST INCURSIONS 160

CHAPTER 4: RESPONDING TO PLANT PEST INCURSIONS Table 53. * Thisspecieshasbeen synonymised with Pest scientificname Ceutorhynchus assimilis,Dasineura brassicae Ceratocystis ulmi Cephus pygmeus Cantareus apertus Ca. L.asiaticus, Candidatus Ca. Candidatus Ca Candidatus Burkholderia glumae Braula coeca Bipolaris spicifera ( ( chlorosis virus Beet pseudo-yellowsvirus Barley stripemosaicvirus Ceratitiscapitata Bactrocera tryoni, Bactrocera tryoni Bactrocera papayae*,B.tryoni solanacearum Bactericera cockerelli Atherigona soccata Aphis fabae,Haplothripstritici Anoplophora chinensis Alternaria triticina Alternaria humicola Agrotis segetum and Cerodontha denticornis Agromyza ambigua,A.megalopsis, Acarapis woodi Begomovirus Crinivirus L. asiaticus, L. asiaticus Chromatomyia nigra ) Contingency plans

and Liberibacter africanus, Ca. L. americanus, Liberibacterafricanus,Ca.L.americanus, Liberibacter Liberibacter africanus ) tomato yellow leaf curl virus tomatoyellowleafcurlvirus ( Crinivirus , Diaphorinacitri Diaphorina citri Diaphorina citri and Ceratitiscapitata and , africanus,Ca. ) Chromatomyia fuscula , lettuce infectious yellows virus , lettuceinfectiousyellowsvirus Candidatus ( Hordeivirus ( Closterovirus and Bactrocera dorsalis and and and and , Ca. Schizaphisgraminum Ceratitiscapitata and exoticspecies Trioza erytreae

Trioza erytreae Trioza erytreae ) Liberibacter Liberibacter L. americanus L. americanus, ) , Diodia vein , Diodiavein

, Pest commonname Cereal leafminers Tracheal mite Cabbage seedpodweeviland Dutch elmdisease European wheatstemsawfly Green snail Huanglongbing andvectors Huanglongbing andvectors Huanglongbing andvectors Panicle blight Braula fly Leaf blotchofcereals Whitefly-transmitted viruses Barley stripemosaicvirus Fruit flies Queensland fruitflyandMediterranean fruit fly Papaya fruitfly, QueenslandfruitflyandMediterranean Zebra chipcomplex Sorghum shootfly Exotic sap-suckingpests beetle Citrus longicorn Leaf blightofwheat Leaf spotoffieldpea Turnip moth Brassica podmidge Year 2011 2009 2012 2001 2008 2012–13 2014 2009 2013 2008 2012 2009 2011 2009 bi-annually Updated 2013 bi-annually Updated 2011 2008 2015 2009 2009 2009 2011 Location ofdocument and Water Resources Department ofAgriculture DEDJTR PHA DEDJTR Hort Innovation,PHA Hort Innovation QDAF, NGIA PHA PHA PHA PHA PHA PIRSA DPIPWE PIRSA Hort Innovation,PHA PHA PHA PHA PHA PHA and Water Resources Department ofAgriculture PHA PHA Scope National –grainsindustry State National –grainsindustry State industries (underreview) National –citrusandnursery industries (underreview) National –citrusandnursery National –production nurseries National –riceindustry National –honeybeeindustry National –grainsindustry National –production nurseries National –grainsindustry State State State industries National –vegetableandpotato National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –production nurseries National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –honeybeeindustry Table 53.Contingencyplans L. huidobrensis,sativae L.cicerina, Chromatomyia horticola,Liriomyzabryoniae, Pest scientificname Harpophora maydis Globodera rostochiensis Globodera pallida Gibberella fujikuroi Gibberella fujikuroi Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Fusarium oxysporum Fulmekiola serrata Eurogaster integriceps Eumetopina flavipes Erwinia papayae Erwinia amylovora Erwinia amylovora Erwinia amylovora Eoreuma loftini Eldana saccharina Echinothrips americanus buqueti Dorysthenes Diuraphis noxia Diatraea Deanolis sublimbalis Daktulosphaira vitifolii parasitica Cryphonectria Colletotrichum truncatum tomato spottedwiltvirus Pelargonium flowerbreakvirus Impatiens necroticringspotvirus stemnecrosisvirus Chrysanthemum Chortoicetes terminifera Chilo Chilo partellus lentis spp spp. . and F. oxysporum (and itsimpactonhoneybees) and f.sp. f. sp. Plasmoparahalstedii ( Tospovirus (lentil strain) and ciceris,F. oxysporum conglutinans f. sp. L. trifolii ( Carmovirus ( Tospovirus lupini ) ( Tospovirus )

), and

),

Agromyzid leafminers Pest commonname Plague locusts Sugarcane stemborer Spotted stemborer Exotic soil-borne pathogensofgrains Exotic soil-borne Potato cystnematode Potato cystnematode Bakanae Bakanae Fusarium wiltofcanola Fusarium wiltofchickpea,lentilandlupin Oriental sugarcane thrips Sunn pest Island sugarcane planthopper Bacterial crown rot Fire blight Fire blight Fire blight Mexican riceborer African sugarcane mothborer Poinsettia thrips Sugarcane stemborer longhorn Russian wheataphid Sugarcane borer Red-banded mangocaterpillar Grape phylloxera Chestnut blight Lentil anthracnose Thrips-transmitted viruses 2008 Year 2010 2008 2009 2013 2002 2001 2008 2005 2007 2009 2009 2008 2009 2011 2004 2007 2002 2008 2008 2010 2009 2012 2008 2008 bi-annually Updated 2010 2008 2011 PHA Location ofdocument PHA DEDJTR DPIPWE PHA NSW DPI PHA PHA SRA PHA SRA PHA DPIPWE Hort Innovation,PHA DEDJTR SRA SRA PHA SRA PHA SRA PHA PIRSA DEDJTR PHA PHA PIRSA SRA PHA National –grainsindustry Scope National –grainsindustry National State National –riceindustry National –riceindustry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –sugarcane industry National –grainsindustry National –sugarcane industry National –papayaindustry State –honeybeeindustry National –appleandpearindustry State National –sugarcane industry National –sugarcane industry National –production nuseries National –sugarcane industry National –grainsindustry National –sugarcane industry State State –viticulture industry State –chestnutindustry National –grainsindustry National –production nuseries State National –sugarcane industry National –grainsindustry 161 CHAPTER 4: RESPONDING TO PLANT PEST INCURSIONS 162

CHAPTER 4: RESPONDING TO PLANT PEST INCURSIONS Table 53.Contingencyplans Pest scientificname Psila rosae Potato spindletuber viroid Pomacea canaliculata ( Plum poxvirus Phytophthora ramorum Phyllophaga Phakopsora euvitis Peronosclerospora philippinensis Paracoccus marginatus Nysius huttoni Meromyza americana Mayetiola hordei Mayetiola destructor Maize dwarfmosaicvirus Magnaporthe grisea Magnaporthe grisea Lymantria dispar Lymantria dispar Lygus lineolaris Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Lissachatina fulica(Achatinafulica) Liriomyza huidobrensis and L.huidobrensis,sativa,trifolii Liriomyza bryoniae, Hylotrupes bajulus Hylotrupes bajulus Homalodisca vitripennis Heterodera ciceri,H.glycines Heterodera carotae Heterodera avenae,H.latipons Helicoverpa zea Potyvirus Chromatomyiahorticola ) spp. ( Potyvirus and ) and ( M.saltatrix Potyvirus and Tobacco etchvirus and and H.zeae H. filipjevi H.filipjevi ) P. sorghi Pest commonname Carrot cystnematode Cereal cystnematodes earworm Corn Carrot rust fly Potato spindletuber viroid (PSTVd) Golden applesnail Aphid-transmitted viruses Sudden oakdeath May beetle Grapevine leafrust Downy mildewofmaizeandsorghum Papaya mealybug Wheat bug Wheat stemmaggots Barley stemgallmidge Hessian fly Maize dwarfmosaicvirus Rice blast Rice blast Gypsy moth(AsianandEuropean strains) Asian gypsymoth/gypsymothcomplex Tarnished plantbug Rice waterweevil Rice waterweevil Giant Africansnail Serpentine leafminer Agromyzid leafminers European houseborer European houseborer Glassy-winged sharpshooter Exotic nematodesofgrains Year 2008 2012 2009 2009 2012–13 2008 2011 2010 2008 2006 2009 2011 2008 2009 2008 2005 2011 2008 2005 2009 2002 2011 2008 2005 2015 2009 2008 2011 2006 2009 2013 Location ofdocument DAFWA, Hort Innovation DEDJTR PHA PHA PHA PHA QDAF PHA PHA PHA PHA PHA DAFWA, PHA PHA PHA DAFWA, NSWDPI PHA NSW DPI Department ofAgriculture, PHA/DAWR PHA NSW DPI NGIA PHA QDAF, HortInnovation QDAF DAFWA PHA PHA DAFWA, HortInnovation PHA PHA Scope National –vegetable industry State –eradication plan National –riceindustry National –production nurseries National –production nurseries National –grainsindustry National National –grainsindustry National –papayaindustry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –riceindustry National –riceindustry National –production nurseries National National –production nurseries National –riceindustry National –riceindustry legumes vegetables, National –ornamentals, National –production nurseries National State State National –production nurseries National –grainsindustry National –vegetableindustry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry Table 53.Contingencyplans Pest scientificname Xyllela fastidiosa Xylella fastidiosa X. translucens Xanthomonas translucens Xanthomonas citri Wasmannia auropunctata Verticillium longisporum Venturia inaequalis Varroa destructor Various Ustilago scitaminea Uromyces pisi Uredo rangelii Uredo rangelii Tropilaelaps clareae Trogoderma granarium Tilletia indica Tilletia indica Tilletia indica Tilletia contraversa Tilletia barclayana Thekopsora minima Solenopsis invicta Solenopsis invicta Sitona Sitobion avenae Sesamia Scirpophaga Red cloverveinmosaicvirus Pyrenophora teres Puccinia striiformis Puccinia psidii Puccinia graminis spp. complex,especially spp. spp. pv. sensu lato sensu lato and f.sp. undulosa and f.sp. subsp. f. sp. U. viciae-fabae U. viciae-fabae and V. jacobsoni tritici teres teres T. mercedesae hordei citri pv. (pathotypeUg99) ( translucens Carlavirus S.lineatus ) and and

Pest commonname Barley striperust Eucalyptus Stem rustofwheat Pierce’s disease Pierce’s disease Bacterial leafstreak Citrus canker Electric ant Verticillium Apple scabfungus Varroa Various Sugarcane smut Field peaandlentilrust Myrtle rust Myrtle rust Tropilaelaps Khapra beetle bunt Karnal bunt Karnal bunt Karnal Dwarf buntofwheat smutofrice Kernel Blueberry rust Red importedfire ant Red importedfire ant Pea leafweevil Wheat aphid Sugarcane andmaize borers Top borer Red cloverveinmosaicvirus Net formofnetblotch mites wiltofcanola rust mites Year 2010 2009 2009 2002 2011 2011 2006 2013 2011 1992 2012 2015 1997 2009 2015 2012–13 2012 2005 2005 draft 2013–14 2006 2007 2008 2014 2013 2013 2005 2009 2008 2008 2008 2009 Location ofdocument DEDJTR PHA PHA QDAF QDAF, TACC PHA DAFWA PHA DEDJTR SRA PHA PIRSA DEDJTR PHA DAFWA, PHA PHA PIRSA DAFWA, NSWDPI DAFWA, PHA PHA DEDJTR QDAF, TACC QDAF, NBC DAFWA, PHA PHA SRA SRA PHA PHA NSW DPI,PHA PHA PHA Scope National –viticulture industry National –production nurseries National –grainsindustry State –citrusindustry State National –grainsindustry State National –honeybeeindustry National –production nurseries National –sugarcane industry National –grainsindustry State State National –honeybeeindustry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry State National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –riceindustry State State National National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –sugarcane industry National –sugarcane industry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –grainsindustry National –production nurseries National –grainsindustry 163 CHAPTER 4: RESPONDING TO PLANT PEST INCURSIONS TRAINING For an Emergency Plant Pest response to work effectively there must be a sufficient These qualifications put biosecurity response personnel on the same footing as those in number of appropriately trained people who understand their role ahead of time. Trained other emergency response areas, such as police and firefighters. The system ensures that personnel are required at all levels of a response, including representatives from both biosecurity emergency response training across the country meets the desired standard. industry and government and from members of the national decision making committees Qualifications available are: through to the surveillance officers carrying out field activities. • PUA33112 – Certificate III in Public Safety (Biosecurity Response Operations)

Delivery of this specialist training in emergency responses is provided by PHA, the • PUA42912 – Certificate IV in Public Safety (Biosecurity Response Leadership) Australian Government, state and territory governments, the Plant Biosecurity CRC • PUA52412 – Diploma of Public Safety (Biosecurity Response Management). and peak plant industry bodies. Training is offered in a variety of forms, from short presentations and e-learning courses, through to complete qualifications. National EPP Training Program In addition to emergency response training, a range of skills-based training is offered to PHA conducts the National EPP Training Program on behalf of its members, delivering members of the plant biosecurity system. For example, plant pest diagnostic training is training to industry and government representatives, growers and other biosecurity available to members of the National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network to address stakeholders. The aim is to highlight the key elements of the EPPRD and PLANTPLAN, any identified gaps in skills or capacity. ensuring that members are able to fulfill their roles and obligations as EPPRD Parties. The National EPP Training Program is delivered through a combination of face-to-face National Biosecurity Emergency Preparedness Training Specialist Task Group sessions and simulation exercises, which are supported by the e-learning platform BOLT.

MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES The National Biosecurity Emergency Preparedness Training Specialist Task Group (TSTG) Access to BOLT is open to all plant biosecurity stakeholders and can be accessed through is a skills-based working group that guides training to enhance Australia’s biosecurity www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/bolt. emergency preparedness, response and initial recovery arrangements. In it's national capacity, the TSTG identifies risks, gaps and duplication in biosecurity emergency training, Plant Biosecurity Program

CHAPTER 4: and provides advice and support to those undertaking delivery. The TSTG also ensures Online training also extends to postgraduate studies with the Plant Biosecurity Program that biosecurity emergency training is consistent with contemporary emergency www.plantbiosecurity.edu.au, which is coordinated by the PBCRC and supported by management practices. the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources. Students can undertake a Graduate The TSTG reports to the National Biosecurity Emergency Preparedness Expert Group Certificate of Biosecurity, Graduate Diploma of Biosecurity, Masters of Biosecurity or (NBEPEG) and supports delivery of Schedule 7 of IGAB. Masters of Food Security. The Plant Biosecurity Program is delivered through five Australian universities: Charles Biosecurity emergency response qualifications Darwin University, La Trobe University, Murdoch University, the University of Queensland The Biosecurity Emergency Training Working Group (the predecessor to the TSTG) and the University of Adelaide. developed three biosecurity emergency response qualifications, which have been nationally endorsed as part of the Public Safety Training Package. These qualifications align with the emergency response role training already delivered by jurisdictions, allowing personnel undertaking this training to achieve formal qualifications based on their work experience and training achievements.

164 MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES CHAPTER 4:

Image courtesy of Natalie O'Donnell. 165 166 Chapter 5 Research, development and extension The science that underpins plant biosecurity makes a significant contribution to how plant pests are managed. Australian research is needed to provide answers to problems that Australian producers are facing.

As a result, significant investment is made in plant biosecurity research, development and extension (RD&E). Extension is the term for communicating research and development outcomes to allow

RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION uptake of the newly developed knowledge, process or product.

CHAPTER 5: RD&E activities are conducted by a number of research institutions including CSIRO, Research and Development Corporations, Cooperative Research Centres, the Australian Government, state and territory agencies as well as universities, plant industries and private organisations.

PHA developed the National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy to ensure that valuable research funding is spent efficiently and effectively.

This chapter catalogues the key organisations carrying out plant biosecurity RD&E and lists the projects active in 2015.

Image courtesy of Plant Breeding Institute.

168 5.1 National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy

Plant biosecurity RD&E is conducted by a wide variety of research organisations across Australia, including universities, governments, botanic gardens, museums, plant industries and other private organisations. Until recently, there has been no overarching framework coordinating the research that is done. PHA devised the National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy in 2013 in collaboration with stakeholders around Australia, under the National Primary Industries RD&E Framework. The Strategy was developed to guide plant biosecurity research to increase efficiency and effectiveness and enhance collaboration. It was developed along with other sector specific and cross sector strategies being implemented by the Agriculture Senior Officials’ Committee (AGSOC). The objective of the strategy is to enable effective management of economic, environmental and social risks posed by pests that may enter, emerge, establish or spread within Australia,

by strengthening biosecurity research, development and extension for Australia’s plant RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION industries and those dependent on them. Since 2014 an Implementation Committee has been bringing the strategy to life. The Committee is comprised of representatives from the Australian Government, state governments, PHA, Hort Innovation, and the following research organisations: Council CHAPTER 5: of Rural Research and Development Corporations, GRDC, CSIRO and PBCRC. With administrative support from PHA, the Committee has an independent chair and reports to the AGSOC Research and Innovation Committee. The committee has developed a strategic framework identifying the outcomes sought, key focus areas and specific activities to commence implementation and delivery of the strategy.

Plant biosecurity research at the Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, one of the research organisations that will benefit from the implementation of the RD&E Strategy. Image courtesy of PBCRC. 169 5.2 Australian Government RD&E

The Australian Government currently contributes to a variety of plant biosecurity related CSIRO's successes include: RD&E activities. This occurs predominantly through the Department of Agriculture and • Diagnosing devastating pests and diseases in plants. Water Resources (DAWR) but also through the Department of Industry, the Department • Improving biosecurity infrastructure. of Environment and the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. • Designing integrated strategies to manage invasive pests in agriculture. • Providing rigorous risk analysis protocols. AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AND • Delivering biological control for many exotic weeds that are found in production STATUTORY AUTHORITIES landscapes and the wider environment. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research www.aciar.gov.au COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTRES The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was established to help identify agricultural problems in developing countries, and to commission collaborative CRCs are formed through a collaboration of businesses, the community, government RD&E, focusing on fields where Australia has special research competence. Its mission is organisations and researchers. Essential participants within a CRC must include at least one Australian end user (from either the private, public or community sector) and one RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION to achieve more productive and sustainable agricultural systems for the joint benefit of developing countries and Australia through international agricultural research partnerships. Australian higher education institution (or a research institution affiliated with a university). The CRC program is an Australian Government funded initiative. ACIAR’s biosecurity projects are spread across several program areas, including crop protection, horticulture, agricultural systems, economics and management, crop The Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre (PBCRC) is the one CRC that is directly CHAPTER 5: improvement and management, forestry, agricultural development, support for market related to plant production. driven adaptive research, soil management and crop nutrition. Plant Biosecurity CRC Australian Research Council www.pbcrc.com.au www.arc.gov.au The PBCRC undertakes research to develop and deploy scientific knowledge, tools, The Australian Research Council (ARC) is an independent agency within the Australian resources and capacity to safeguard Australia, its plant industries and regional communities Government’s Education and Training portfolio. The ARC administers the National from the economic, environmental and social consequences of damaging invasive plant Competitive Grants Program; administers Excellence in Research for Australia; and pests and diseases. provides advice to the Minister on research matters. The ARC plays a leading role in PBCRC’s objectives are achieved through its four research programs – Early Warning, supporting and developing Australian research to benefit Australia across the full range Effective Detection and Response, Safeguarding Trade and Secure Future – with education of research disciplines with outcomes in the commercial, cultural, economic, environmental, and delivery embedded throughout the programs. health and societal fields. Areas of expertise within PBCRC include plant biosecurity risk, pest pathway analysis, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation incursion impact management, insect resistance, plant health policy, economic analysis, www.csiro.au modelling and agricultural engineering. CSIRO is Australia's innovation catalyst, Australia’s national science agency and one of the largest and most diverse research organisations in the world. CSIRO creates value PBCRC is a collaborative venture with 27 government, industry and research participants for customers through innovation that delivers positive impacts for Australia. CSIRO feeds from: DAWR; the Bio-Protection Research Centre New Zealand; CAB International; CBH into Australia's plant biosecurity system via its Health and Biosecurity, and Agriculture Group; Charles Darwin University; CSIRO; the Department of Agriculture and Food, Western business units together with its National Research Collections. Australia; the Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Victoria; GrainCorp Operations Limited; the Grains Research and Development Corporation;

170 Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited; Kansas State University; La Trobe University; TAPPAS – Computer modelling wind borne threats Murdoch University; Museum Victoria; the NSW Department of Primary Industries; the Pacific Institute for Sustainable Development, Indonesia; Vinehealth Australia; Plant and Food Long distance spread of pests such as insects via wind currents is a recognised pathway Research New Zealand; Plant Health Australia; the Queensland Department of Agriculture into Australia, particularly in the north. But knowing when and where to check for these and Fisheries; the Queensland University of Technology; the South Australian Research and exotic pests has been difficult up until now, with the launch in 2015 of TAPPAS—Tool for Development Institute; the University of Adelaide; the University of Queensland; the University Assessing Pest or Pathogen Airborne Spread—which is able to predict dispersal patterns. of Western Australia; and Viterra Ltd. Wind dispersion models are important tools for predicting where and how quickly air PBCRC engages in international collaborative research with organisations in China, pollutants, such as volcanic ash, pollen load, or an accidental chemical release may spread. Timor-Leste, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, New Zealand, Thailand, United Kingdom, the United States and Vietnam, and has international linkages with east African nations Pest or pathogen dispersion is different to dust or pollutant dispersion because living including Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania, organisms respond differently within the atmosphere. They might die if it is too hot or Zambia and Zimbabwe. PBCRC commenced its six-year term on 1 July 2012, following cold, if the wind is too turbulent, or if they are susceptible to ultra-violet light. All these on from the Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity, which began organism-specific parameters need to be taken into account to establish if there is a operating in November 2005. biosecurity risk.

TAPPAS links to high performance computers that have access to global air circulation RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATIONS information from the Bureau of Meteorology, the dispersion model HYSPLIT and knowledge of the biology of the organism. Research and development corporations (RDCs) bring together industry and researchers to RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION establish the strategic directions for RD&E and to fund projects that provide industries with the innovation and productivity tools needed to compete in global markets. There are 15 It produces a series of maps showing the risk of dispersal over a period of time, rural RDCs in operation covering almost all of Australia’s agricultural industries, with seven pinpointing the ideal times and locations to undertake surveillance for potential wind borne threats.

focusing on plant production. CHAPTER 5:

RDCs provide funding and support to research providers including state governments, TAPPAS is a collaboration between CSIRO, the Bureau of Meteorology and Intersect. universities, CSIRO industry associations and research organisations in the private sector.

RDCs of particular relevance to Australia’s plant industries are described in this section. They include a mixture of industry owned companies and statutory corporations. The industry owned RDCs have statutory funding agreements with the Australian Government that lay out the general principles that must be observed when investing levy funds as well as reporting obligations to levy payers and the Australian Government.

Cotton Research and Development Corporation www.crdc.com.au The Cotton Research and Development Corporation (CRDC) was established in 1990 and is a partnership between the Australian Government and the Australian cotton industry. CRDC’s purpose is to invest in RD&E projects that support the performance of the cotton industry, helping to increase both productivity and profitability.

The cotton industry has always placed great emphasis on the value of its RD&E and the results speak for themselves. Over the past 10 years alone, RD&E has helped cotton growers reduce their pesticide use by 87 per cent, and increase their water use efficiency by 40 per cent. Thanks to RD&E, Australian cotton growers are now growing more cotton on less land and with less impact upon the environment. Biosecurity is a key focus of

CRDC’s investment. TAPPAS visualisation to determine if an exotic pest found in Kalumburu, WA could have travelled from Indonesia on the wind. Image courtesy of CSIRO.

171 Forest and Wood Products Australia Horticulture Innovation Australia (Hort Innovation) www.fwpa.com.au www.horticulture.com.au Forest and Wood Products Australia (FWPA) is an industry service company that provides a Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited is a not-for-profit, grower-owned RDC for Australia’s national integrated strategy to increase demand for forest and wood products and reduce $9.5 billion horticulture industry. Hort Innovation invests more than $100 million in research, the impediments to their supply. Owned by industry, FWPA is committed to helping industry development and marketing programs annually. grow through targeted RD&E investments, generic promotion and other services as Hort Innovation’s key functions include: requested by members. • Providing leadership to and promote the development of the Australian horticulture sector. These services include direct and collaborative investment in RD&E to provide innovative • Increasing the productivity, farm gate profitability and global competiveness of the solutions for the industry and promotion of the industry’s products, services and values. horticultural industries by investing grower levies and government funds in RD&E FWPA provides services to the industry that are designed to increase the sustainability and and marketing funds, programs and services. international competiveness of forest and wood products. FWPA is funded by private • Providing information, services and products related to project outcomes. companies and government agencies within the Australian forest and wood products sector, with the exception of pulp and paper manufacturers. • Promoting the interests of horticultural industries overseas including the export of Australian horticultural products.

Grains Research and Development Corporation Hort Innovation was established following the acceptance of the recommendations of an www.grdc.com.au independent review of Horticulture Australia Limited (HAL) 2014. The financial and other

RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION The GRDC is a leading grains research organisation, responsible for planning, investing in, assets of HAL were transferred to HIA under the Horticulture Marketing and Research and and overseeing RD&E across the Australian grains industry. Funding is provided through a Development services (Transfer of Industry Assets and Liabilities) Regulation 2014. levy on grain growers, which is matched (up to a specified limit) by the Australian Government. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation

CHAPTER 5: www.rirdc.gov.au GRDC’s research portfolio covers 25 leviable crops, spanning temperate and tropical cereals, oilseeds and pulses, which are worth over $11.5 billion a year in farm production. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) was set up by the The GRDC investment scheme ‘Protecting Your Crop’ is identified as part of the GRDC’s Australian Government to work closely with Australian rural industries regarding the five year RD&E plan. This five year plan targets genetic, cultural management and pesticide organisation and funding of their RD&E needs. The focus of RIRDC is on new and options for root and foliar crop diseases; increased farmer awareness and adoption of emerging industries as a way to diversify rural enterprises in Australia. This role is enhanced invertebrate and weed integrated management practices; and biosecurity and stewardship by responsibility for the RD&E for a range of established rural industries and for key generic of genetic and pesticide technologies. issues concerning the rural sector.

RIRDC is involved in a number of investments with their industries in biosecurity RD&E, including: Wine Australia • incursion risk analysis www.research.wineaustralia.com • biosecurity planning Wine Australia supports a competitive wine sector by investing in RD&E, growing global • pest management demand and protecting the reputation of Australian wine. Wine Australia’s revenue comes from levies on the annual wine grape harvest with contributions matched by the Australian • weed management Government. Wine Australia collaborates with key stakeholders to coordinate and direct • resistance breeding investments to best address the RD&E priorities of the wine industry. • containment • adoption of knowledge • emergency response.

172 Sugar Research Australia www.sugarresearch.com.au SRA was launched in August 2013 bringing together the assets of BSES Limited and the Sugar RDC. SRA invests in and manages a portfolio of RD&E projects that drive the productivity, profitability and sustainability of its levy payers and the Australian sugarcane industry.

In its role as the industry services body, SRA is entitled to receive the statutory levies paid by growers and milling businesses, and matching funds from the Australian Government. SRA’s own team of in-house researchers conducts research in the areas of plant breeding, trait development, biosecurity and farming systems.

The SRA Breeding Program and SRA Biosecurity Program collaborate to breed disease and pest-resistant crop varieties and support quarantine and disease-free seed cane programs. Cooperating with government departments to prevent entry of these pests and to prepare for possible incursions is also a high priority. RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION CHAPTER 5:

Monash University School of Biological Sciences. Image courtesy of Ros Gleadow.

173 RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION CHAPTER 5:

174 Image courtesy of CSIRO. 5.3 State and territory government RD&E

Most of Australia’s state and territory departments of agriculture have dedicated RD&E divisions that undertake research, including aspects of plant biosecurity that are a priority for that region. These organisations carry out a significant proportion of Australia’s agricultural RD&E. As well as research projects done to meet state and territory government needs, projects are often commissioned by commercial clients. RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION CHAPTER 5:

Monash University School of Biological Sciences. Image courtesy of Ros Gleadow.

5.4 University and private research institution RD&E

In every state and territory, Australia has a number of universities that provide research and education services for the community. Within universities, research often addresses local and regional issues. Research is funded by governments, industry, domestic or international sources, and is often carried out in partnership with other organisations.

Private research institutions are often established in collaboration with a university to provide research facilities and services in specific subject areas. These organisations generate and contain specialist knowledge and research skills in areas of particular significance to the Australian community and plant production industries.

175 Insect Other invertebrateBacteria Fungi Nematode Virus Other pathogenWeed Multiple Other 5.5 Plant biosecurity RD&E in 2015 Figure 80. RD&E projects by pest type

Insect In 2015, a substantial amount of RD&E that benefits plant biosecurity occurred across 1 Other inverterate Australia. Data collection methods have improved for this edition of the National Plant Biosecurity Status Report, improving the reliability of the data presented here over previous acteria years. Research organisations and funders have reported more than 570 projects that 1 Funi directly support the development and enhancement of the national plant biosecurity system. Nematode

Table 53 gives a complete listing of plant biosecurity related research projects that were 4 irus active during 2015. RD&E projects are presented by affected crop type, pest type, 1 Other pathoen biosecurity area, research type and project size in Figures 79-83. eed Research projects covered the spectrum of crops and pest types relevant to Australian 0 ultiple plant production industries, with a similar distribution to the RD&E projects captured in the Cotton Grains Sugarcane Other broadacreFruit crops Nuts Vegetables Other horticulturalForestry crops Nursery cropsNatural environment 2014 edition of this report. The highest proportion of projects were categorised as pest 1 nnown management. RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION

Pest managementCrop improvementSurveillance Diagnostics Emergency responseRisk analysis andPrevention modellingSystem approachesMarket accessInformation support managementTraining and awareness Figure 79. RD&E projects by crop type Figure 81. RD&E projects by biosecurity area

CHAPTER 5: Cotton Pest manaement 8 rains 10 Crop improvement Suarcane 8 Surveillance Other roadacre ianostics 8 Fruit Emerenc response 1 Nuts is analsis modellin

4 eetales Prevention Other horticultural crops Sstem approaches 1 Forestr 4 aret access support 1 Nurser crops 1 Inormation manaement Natural environment Trainin awareness 1 ultiple roadacre crops 1 Other 1 ultiple Communication awareness Other Pest asic iolo

ultiple horticulture crops Host asic iolo 1 esearch centre or committee Host or pest identiication ultiple 176 Field-based (ecology)Field-based (other)Laboratory-basedLaboratory-based (molecular)Policy (non-molecular) or o ce-basedMultiple Other Figure 82. RD&E projects by research type or location Research, development and extension projects

Field ased ecolo CROP PAGE Field ased other Broadacre crops 178 Laorator ased molecular Cotton 178 Grains 178 Laorator ased nonmolecular Sugarcane 183 Forestry 184 1 Polic or oice ased Horticulture 184 ultiple Fruit 184 1 Other Nuts 186 Vegetables 186 Other 186 Natural environment 189

Other crops 190 RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Nursery crops 190 <$20,000 $20,001-$100,000$100,001-$250,000$250,001-$500,000$500,001-$1,000,000>$1,000,001 Figure 83. RD&E projects by project size Multiple 190 PHA Levy-funded projects 193 CHAPTER 5:

4 0,000 1 0,001100,000 18 100,0010,000 1 0,00100,000 1 01,0001,000,000 1 1,000,001

Image courtesy of Sam Simons.

177 Table 54. Plant biosecurity research projects

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Broadacre – Cotton National Cotton Extension Development & Deliver CRDC CRDC – Stewardship of biotechnologies Aphids, mites and mirids in cotton 2014–2019 NSW DPI CRDC Neonicotinoid study (PhD) NSW DPI CRDC Australian cotton production and best practice QDAF CRDC web documentaries Networking remote diagnostics for the Australian PBCRC CRDC cotton industry Biosecurity training for growers & agronomists CA CRDC Silverleaf whitefly resistance monitoring QDAF CRDC, QDAF Conventional insecticide resistance in Helicoverpa NSW DPI CRDC, NSW DPI Staying ahead of weed evolution in changing QAAFI CRDC, QDAF Crop Protection Development Specialist QDAF CRDC cotton systems Development of eco-friendly alternatives for crop University of ARC Substitutes for pupae busting – commercial scale University of New CRDC pest management Queensland trials of moth busting England Disease of Cotton XI NSW DPI CRDC Surveillance and monitoring for endemic and QDAF CRDC, QDAF Enhancing IPM in cotton systems CSIRO CRDC, CSIRO exotic virus diseases of cotton Establishing Southern Cotton – IPM NSW DPI CRDC, NSW DPI Surveillance for exotic cotton viruses: multiple QDAF CRDC Fusarium wilt management in cotton QDAF CRDC, QDAF targets in and nearby Australia Hard to control weeds in northern farming systems NSW DPI CRDC, NSW DPI Sustainable resistance management of mites, NSW DPI CRDC, NSW DPI aphids and mirids in Australian cotton Helicoverpa egg collecting in cotton regions to CCA CRDC CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION support Bt and insecticide resistance monitoring Updating and expanding Weedpak in support of NSW DPI CRDC, NSW DPI the cotton industry & myBMP Helicoverpa punctigera in inland Australia – what University of New CRDC has changed? England Viruses, vectors & endosymbionts: Exploring University of CRDC interactions for control whitefly-transmitted cotton Queensland, QDAF Host plant relationships of green mirids – is University of CRDC viruses alternative control possible? Queensland Broadacre – Grains Identification of beneficials attacking silverleaf CSIRO CRDC Accelerating the utilisation and deployment of University of GRDC whitefly and green vegetable bug durable adult plant resistance to leaf rust in barley Sydney Identifying potential lepidopteran pests in Bt cotton CSIRO CRDC ACRCP3 Durable Genes University of GRDC Investigating the risk of mycotoxin contamination NSW DPI CRDC Sydney in Australian cotton production systems ACRCP3 Molecular Genetics CSIRO GRDC Management of mirids, stinkbugs and Solenopsis QDAF CRDC, QDAF ACRCP3 National Breeding Support University of GRDC mealybug Sydney Molecular genetic methods to detect neonicotinoid NSW DPI CRDC ACRCP3 Rust Surveillance University of GRDC resistance in cotton aphid Sydney Molecular VCG NSW DPI CRDC Advancement of new genes for stem and leaf rust University of GRDC Monitoring to manage resistance to Bt toxins CSIRO CRDC, CSIRO resistance from uncultivated relatives of wheat Adelaide (continuation) Multiple host use and gene-flow in green vegetable University of CRDC bug relative to cotton crop Queensland An integrated approach to manage pests and QDAFF PBCRC resistance to phosphine in stored grain National Cotton Extension Development & Delivery QDAF CRDC, QDAF Crop Protection Aphid and insecticide resistance management in cesar Pty Ltd GRDC oil seed and pulse crops

178 Table 54. Plant biosecurity research projects

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Assessing collections of wild chickpea relatives for University of GRDC DAQ00187: National barley foliar pathogen variety DEDJTR GRDC/DAFWA/ resistance to root-lesion nematodes Southern initiative program NSW DPI/SARDI/ Queensland QDAF/DEDJTR/ Assessing the biology impacts of wheat-infecting Australian National GRDC University of WA Botryosphaeria spp. (PhD) University DAS00137: National improved molecular DEDJTR GRDC/DAFWA/ Australian Cereal Rust Control Program – Towards University of GRDC diagnostics for disease management NSW DPI/SARDI/ 2019 and a century of monitoring cereal rust Sydney QDAF/DEDJTR/ pathogens in Australia University of WA Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative (phase 5) University of WA, GRDC DAV00128: National Nematology Project DEDJTR GRDC/DEDJTR QDAF DAV00129: Grain crop disease management in DEDJTR GRDC/DEDJTR Australian Wheat and Barley Molecular Marker University of GRDC Victoria Program – Genetic Analysis Adelaide DAV00134: Diagnostic services for pulse DEDJTR GRDC/DEDJTR Barley germplasm progression QDAF GRDC germplasm enhancement and breeding programs Beneficial Microbes Program 2 – progressing new Flinders University GRDC DAV00136: NVT: Increasing grower management DEDJTR GRDC/DEDJTR microbial products for Australian grain production of crop diseases through resistance knowledge to commercialisation DAV00144: Cereal and pulse cultivar resistance DEDJTR GRDC/DEDJTR Biological control of snails CSIRO GRDC ratings for the southern region Cereal and pulse cultivar resistance ratings for the DEDJTR GRDC DAW00228: National pathogen management DEDJTR GRDC/DAFWA/ CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Southern region modelling and delivery of decision support NSW DPI/SARDI/ QDAFF/University Characterisation of a major quantitative trait locus University of WA ARC of WA/DEDJTR on wheat chromosome 3BL responsible for Fusarium crown rot resistance DAW00245: Impacts of host resistance on DEDJTR GRDC/DAFWA/ disease-induced yield loss NSW DPI/SARDI/ Characterisation of effector proteins from Australian National GRDC QDAFF/University necrotrophic fungal wheat pathogens University of WA/DEDJTR Chemical residues of stored grain Murdoch University PBCRC DAW00247: Germplasm enchangement for yellow DEDJTR GRDC/DAFWA/ Combining monitoring and incursion surveillance NSW DPI PBCRC spot resistance NSW DPI/SARDI/ for grains QDAFF/University of WA/DEDJTR Components of immunity to Stagnospora Australian National GRDC nodurum in wheat (PhD) University Delivery and adoption of nitrogen/low oxygen Murdoch University PBCRC and nitrogen + phosphine technology for the Agricultural management options for herbicide QDAF, Charles GRDC management of grain storage pests and grain resistant weeds Sturt University quality DAN00175: National crown rot epidemiology and DEDJTR GRDC/DAFWA/ Deployment of a synthetic amorphous silica PBCRC PBCRC management NSW DPI/SARDI/ product for the control of grain storage pests QDAF/DEDJTR/ University of WA Developing tools for in-field surveillance of SARDI PBCRC pathogens DAN00202: Virus threats: New tools and DEDJTR GRDC/DAFWA/ germplasm for Australian pulse and oil seeds NSW DPI/SARDI/ Development of gene deployment strategies: CSIRO GRDC breeding programs QDAF/DEDJTR/ using evolutionary principles to optimise the University of WA deployment of genetic resistance in crops

179 Table 54. Plant biosecurity research projects

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Broadacre – Grains continued Expanding the brassica germplasm base through University of GRDC Development of genetic tools for Australian barley University of GRDC collaboration with China and India Melbourne crops against leaf rust Sydney Extending biosecurity preparedness and PHA GRDC, PBCRC Development of tools to accelerate nematode University of GRDC surveillance strategies and developing a chemical resistance gene deployment Adelaide supply framework for pest incursions Genetic characterization of Tilletia indica for NSW DPI, NSW DPI, CSIRO, FACE – Pathology DEDJTR GRDC, DEDJTR development of simpler, sensitive and high Ramaciotti Centre Ramaciotti Centre Field trials of attract-and-kill for diamondback University of New GRDC throughput diagnostic assay for quarantine for Functional for functional moth England Genomics, genomics Fungicide control of Rhizoctonia SARDI GRDC University of NSW and CSIRO Fungicide insensitivity in rusts NSW DPI Collaborative Research Diamondback moth control and insecticide SARDI GRDC resistance management Fungicide resistance management strategy and Curtin University of GRDC communications Technology Digital systems for pest identification and PBCRC PBCRC surveillance in grains Fungus and rust red flour beetles – Identifying the University of PBCRC fungal volatiles attractive to Tribolium castaneum Queensland Disease Screening Service (Fee for Service) DEDJTR Fee for Services (PhD) provider to

CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Australian grains Future NIPI forums: towards more sustainable pest CSIRO GRDC industry management practices DNA marker development and their use in University of PBCRC Genetic control of nematode species affecting University of GRDC monitoring and eradication of phosphine Queensland major crops – Germplasm enhancement for Southern resistance in stored grain pests (PhD) nematode control in cereals and pulses Queensland Ecology of Sitophilus and Cryptolestes species QDAF, University of PBCRC Genetic options for nematode control in the SARDI GRDC Queensland, southern region DAFWA, NSW DPI, Grain economic analyses for biosecurity University of WA PBCRC Kansas State University, Viterra Grain e-surveillance project DAFWA Royalties for Ltd regions and DAFWA Effective control of barley yellow dwarf virus in University of GRDC wheat Tasmania Grain industry delivery sites PBCRC, QDAF PBCRC Effective genetic control of Septoria tritici blotch NSW DPI GRDC Grain storage extension QDAF GRDC Effective genetic control of Stagonospora WAAA GRDC Grain Weeds Advisory Committee Rural Directions GRDC nodorum blotch Pty Ltd Emerging foliar diseases of canola University of WA GRDC Grains surveillance and diagnostic tools SARDI PBCRC Evaluating chlorine dioxide (PhD) Kansas State PBCRC Harvest weed seed control for the southern region Southern Farming GRDC University Systems Evaluation of chlorine dioxide and ozone to control Kansas State PBCRC Herbicide tolerance screening in the Northern QDAF GRDC stored product insects University Region (phase IV)

180 Table 54. Plant biosecurity research projects

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Identification and utilisation of novel sources of CIMMYT GRDC Improving weed management in pulse crops SARDI GRDC resistance to crown rot and the root lesion through herbicide tolerance – Part A nematodes in adapted spring and durum wheat Improving weed management in pulse crops SARDI GRDC Identifying DAFF-intercepted Cryptolestes and an CSIRO PBCRC through herbicide tolerance – Part B 'unknown' Cryptolestes in New South Wales and Increasing skills in cereal rust pathology and University of Bill and Melinda Queensland stored grain genetics in the developing world Sydney Gates Foundation Identifying unknown Cryptolestes CSIRO PBCRC Inducing suppression of Fusarium crown rot CSIRO GRDC Impact of seeding time and Pratylenchus neglectus SARDI SAGIT complexes on Rhizoctonia fungicide yield responses Insecticidal surface coatings to control pests of QDAF PBCRC Improved fungicide use for cereal rust control Foundation for GRDC stored grains Arable Research Integrated genetic solutions to crown rot in wheat University of GRDC Improved herbicide efficacy and longevity in University of GRDC Sydney southern no-till farming systems Adelaide Integrated strategy to manage phosphine QDAF PBCRC Improved management of snails and slugs SARDI GRDC resistance Improved resistance to oat pathogens and abiotic SARDI GRDC Integration of control methods and information on QDAF, NSW DPI, PBCRC stress management ecology of insects of stored grain into a systems GrainCorp approach for insect control on-farm and in bulk

Improving grower surveillance, management, QDAF, University GRDC CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION epidemiology knowledge and tools to manage of Southern storages crop disease Queensland Investigating the role of gamma-aminobuturic acid Australian National GRDC Improving grower surveillance, management, University of GRDC in pathogenicity of fungal wheat diseases (PhD) University epidemiology knowledge and tools to manage Southern Investigation of new control options for phosphine University of PBCRC crop disease – QDAF Queensland resistant pests of stored grain Queensland Improving grower surveillance, management, SARDI GRDC IPM training QDAF GRDC epidemiology knowledge and tools to manage IWM extension northern region Independent GRDC crop disease in South Australia Consultant Improving grower surveillance, management, NSW DPI GRDC Australia Network epidemiology knowledge and tools to manage Linking crop protection, weeds and native CSIRO GRDC crop disease in southern NSW vegetation management: on-the-ground NRM Improving grower surveillance, management, DEDJTR GRDC action to benefit grain growers epidemiology knowledge and tools to manage Maintaining a barley pre-breeding capability QDAF GRDC crop disease in Victoria in Queensland Improving IWM practice in the northern region University Of GRDC Management of insecticide resistance in University of GRDC Queensland RLEM and screening new MoA chemistry Melbourne Improving IWM practice of emerging weeds in the University of GRDC Management of spray drift through inversion WAAA GRDC southern and western regions Adelaide risk awareness Improving on-farm grain storage management QDAF GRDC Managing crop disease – Improving cereal SARDI GRDC through technical training (wheat and barley) root disease resistance supplement

181 Table 54. Plant biosecurity research projects

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Broadacre – Grains continued New knowledge to improve the timing of pest CSIRO Entomology GRDC Managing crop disease – Improving chickpea NSW DPI GRDC management decisions in grain crops pathogen resistance (PRR) New strategies for disease resistance to wheat NSW DPI Collaborative Managing crop disease – Improving crown rot University of GRDC stripe rust Research resistance in durum Southern New technology for stored grain pest Queensland GRDC Queensland, NSW management (phase 2) University of DPI, SARDI Technology Managing on-farm biosecurity risk through Curtin University of GRDC New tools and germplasm for Australian pulse and NSW DPI GRDC pre-emptive breeding: the case of rust in field pea Technology oil seeds breeding programs to respond to and lentil changing virus threats Mechanisms, evolution and inheritance of University of GRDC New tools and germplasm for Australian pulse and QDAF, NSW DPI GRDC resistance Adelaide oilseeds breeding programs to respond to Modelling VaporPhos and ProFume distribution in Kansas State PBCRC changing virus threats bulk storages to improve efficacy against insects University New tools for field grains surveillance and SARDI, QDAF, GRDC, PBCRC Molecular markers for broadening the genetic University of ACIAR diagnostics of high priority pests DEDJTR base of stem rust resistance genes effective Sydney New uses for existing chemistry Southern Farming GRDC against strain Ug99 Systems CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Molecular markers for pulse breeding programs DEDJTR GRDC Non-chemical method for stored grain (PhD) Murdoch University PBCRC More than defence: primary roles for cyanogenic Monash University ARC glucosides Non chemical management of stored grain pests Murdoch University PBCRC and strategy for phosphine resistance National Barley Foliar Pathogen Variety QDAF GRDC Improvement Program Non-chemical technologies to protect grain (PhD) Kansas State PBCRC University National Brassica Germplasm Improvement NSW DPI GRDC Northern NSW integrated disease management NSW DPI GRDC Program (phase II) Northern pulse and grains IPM QDAF GRDC National coordination of invertebrate pest research University of GRDC and insecticide resistance management Melbourne NZ rust pathotype survey NSW DPI PBCRC National improved molecular diagnostics for SARDI GRDC Options for improved insecticide and fungicide use University of WA GRDC disease management and canopy penetration in cereals and canola National monitoring program for resistence to QDAF, NSWT&I, PBCRC PBCRC3114: Adoption of new treatments and DEDJTR PBCRC, University chemicals in stored grain pests WAAA, Kansas combination of treatments for stored grain of Queensland, State University, QDAF, DEDJTR PHA, GrainCorp PestFax Map II National WAAA GRDC National Variety Trials (NVT) Service Agreement QDAF GRDC Phosphine distribution modelling (PhD) Kansas State PBCRC Network analysis of post-border pest Lincoln University PBCRC University, DAFWA spread (PhD) Pre-emptive chickpea pre-breeding for biotic ICARDA GRDC New fungicide technologies for crown rot SARDI GRDC stresses and germplasm enhancement for abiotic management stresses

182 Table 54. Plant biosecurity research projects

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research 'Proof of concept' for approaches designed to University of GRDC Broadacre – Sugarcane increase disease resistance to fungal pathogens Melbourne A novel polyphasic framework to resolve yellow University of SRA, QDAF of canola canopy syndrome paradox Western Sydney Pulse Germplasm Enhancement Program – DEDJTR GRDC Advancing yield, disease resistance and ratooning SRA SRA, QDAF Resistance to biotic stresses by exploiting new sources of genetic variability Reforming an integrated Australasian cereal rust NSWT&I PBCRC from wild relatives of sugarcane surveillance system Delivery of remote sensing technology to combat SRA SRA, QDAF Registration of minor use chemicals for the grain AKC Consulting GRDC canegrubs in Queensland cane fields industry Pty Ltd Developing cytogenetic and molecular tools to SRA SRA, QDAF Reverse genetics for the development of wheat CSIRO GRDC improve selection for soil-borne pathogen cultivars with improved resistance to necrotrophic resistance in wild hybrids pathogens Development of controlled-release formulations of SRA SRA, Nufarm Smart-trap design and deployment strategies Kansas State PBCRC imidacloprid for canegrub control (PhD) University Diagnostic laboratory for ratoon stunting disease SRA SRA Smart-use of fertilisers to minimise and manage University of GRDC the risk of pest infestations in growing canola Western Australia General pathology diagnostic, training and SRA SRA technical advice: Tully Strategies to provide resistance to the CSIRO GRDC economically important fungal pathogen, General pathology diagnostic, training and SRA SRA CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Rhizoctonia solani technical advice: Woodford Strength and spatio-temporal dynamics of QDAF, NSW DPI, PBCRC General pest management: Central Qld SRA SRA resistance to phosphine and contact insecticides DAFWA, Kansas General pest management: North Qld SRA SRA in key stored grain pests in Australia and USA State University, PHA, Graincorp General pest management: South Qld SRA SRA Surveillance of herbicide resistant weeds in Charles Sturt GRDC Innovative approaches to identifying the cause SRA SRA, QDAF Australian grain cropping University of chlorotic streak and new management strategies The role of weedy hosts in disease incidence and QDAF GRDC emergence in barley International and domestic quarantine for SRA SRA Towards genome methylation based crop University of ARC sugarcane germplasm improvement Queensland Investigation of smut resistance mechanisms in CSIRO SRA Understanding disease resistance mechanisms University of ARC sugarcane across the Brassicaceae Queensland Leaf sucrose: the link to diseases, physiological SRA SRA, QDAF Use of ProFume gas fumigant in Australian grain QDAF Dow AgroSciences disorders such as YCS and sugarcane productivity storages Mass production of the Adelina disease to better SRA SRA Weed surveillance QDAF GRDC manage greyback canegrubs White grain disorder in wheat SARDI GRDC New germplasm to develop more productive SRA, CSIRO SRA, QDAF, varieties with enhanced resistance to nematodes, CSIRO Yield loss response curves for host resistance to WAAA, QDAF GRDC Pachymetra root rot and smut leaf, crown and root diseases in wheat and barley Pachymetra awareness project for Condong NSW SRA Zea mays model and Phytophthora cinnamomi Deakin University Australian mill area CANEGROWERS Government

183 Table 54. Plant biosecurity research projects

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Broadacre – Sugarcane continued Isolation and functional characterisation of a Australian National ARC University Preparing the Australian sugar industry for threats SRA SRA, QDAF, Ramu pathogen meta effector able to inhibit detection of from exotic pests and diseases Agri-Industries multiple disease effectors by resistant plants (RAIL) Knowledge transfer and uptake of new practices Charles Darwin PBCRC Rapid detection of ratoon stunting disease CSIRO SRA, QDAF for pest management in irrigated rice University Molecular basis of rust infection and host plant Australian National ARC Regenerating a soil food web capable of improving Biological Crop SRA soil health and reducing losses from soil-borne Protection Pty Ltd resistance University pests and pathogens of sugarcane Potential exotic virus threats to lucerne seed University of RIRDC Screening clones for disease resistance for the SRA SRA SRA production in Australia Queensland breeding program: Tully The co-evolution of wild rice and its pathogens, University of PBCRC Screening clones for disease resistance for the SRA SRA especially Pyricularia spp. (PhD) Queensland SRA breeding program: Woodford Rice weed resistance testing Charles Sturt RIRDC Securing Australia from PNG biosecurity threats SRA SRA, QDAF, RAIL University SmutBuster: accelerated breeding of smut SRA SRA Broadacre crops – Multiple resistant sugarcane varieties Can genetic diversity predict the potential for University of CRDC Soil diagnostic assay laboratory: nematodes and SRA SRA emergent glyphosate resistance? Queensland Pachymetra root rot

CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Forestry Solving the yellow canopy syndrome SRA SRA, DAFQ Asian Gypsy Moth – National Surveillance Program QDAF QDAF Strategies to manage soil-borne fungi and mitigate CSIRO SRA Collaboration with Korean University and Murdoch University Korean sugarcane yield decline Quarantine Department to evaluate EDN for Government Validation of LSB-PCR diagnostic for ratoon NSW Sugar SRA nematode control on logs stunting disease and characterisation of non-Lxx Evaluating the costs and benefits of managing University of the FWPA, University strains of Leifsonia associated with sugarcane new and existing biosecurity threats to Australia’s Sunshine Coast of the Sunshine What biological factors causes or drive the SRA SRA plantation industry State, NSW DPI, development of YCS Forestry Tasmania Broadacre crops – Other Exotic forest pest surveillance scoping study NSW DPI Commonwealth Grants via Australian rice weed management Agropraisals Pty Ltd RIRDC Allocation Breaching the defences: the role of hydrophobin University of ARC Genome-wide determination of Puccinia psidii s.I. University of ARC protein monolayers in rice blast fungal infections Sydney rust resistance in eucalypts Melbourne Characterisation of rice blast races present in University of WA RIRDC Giant Pine Scale Eradication Program DEDJTR DEDJTR Australia Horticulture – Fruit Hydrophobin proteins on the fungal frontline University of ARC Sydney A generic approach to improving spray coverage University of AGWA Queensland Improved rice biosecurity NSW DPI RIRDC An inventory of Colletotrichum species infecting QDAF ABRS Improved subterranean clover seed production University of WA RIRDC tropical and subtropical fruit crops in Australia from multiple disease resistance based on molecular phylogenetics Improving pest and disease biosecurity in the NSW DPI RIRDC Australian rice industry

184 Table 54. Plant biosecurity research projects

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research AP15001: Integrated pest and disease DEDJTR Hort Innovation, Final proof of zero infestation in fresh fruit for NSW DPI Hort Innovation management – PIPs II DEDJTR export Banana Bunchy Top Virus (phase 2) Australian Banana Hort Innovation Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense on banana University of Hort Innovation, Growers' Council Queensland ABGC, PBCRC, Banana Plant Protection Program University of Hort Innovation University of Queensland, QDAF Queensland BS10029: Developing virus molecular diagnostics DEDJTR Hort Innovation Fusarium oxysporum on strawberry QDAF, University of QDAF, University of for post entry quarantine and certification of Queensland Queensland strawberry runners Fusarium wilt Tropical Race 4 – Biosecurity QDAF Hort Innovation Child 10: DAF – Multi-scale monitoring tools for QDAF Hort Innovation and sustainable solutions managing Australian tree crops: industry meets Fusarium wilt Tropical Race 4 – Research QDAF Hort Innovation innovation Program Collaboration with Korean University and Murdoch University Korean Gold3 cold disinfestation NSW DPI Private industry Quarantine Department to evaluate ethyl formate Government plus phosphine for aphid control on pineapple Host-pathogen interactions in the Venturia-Pyrus La Trobe University New Zealand pathosystem Institute for Plant Detection and prevention of scab disease (PhD) La Trobe University PBCRC and Food Detection and prevention of scab disease in La Trobe University PBCRC, La Trobe Research (PFRNZ)

Asian and European pears University Improved diagnostic tools for AUSCITRUS NSW DPI Horticulture CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Development of molecular diagnostic tools to La Trobe University, Hort Innovation Innovation Australia detect endemic and exotic pathogens of Prunus DEDJTR Ltd species for Australia Improving soil health in support of sustainable QDAF ACIAR Development of disease management NSW DPI Hort Innovation development in the Pacific recommendations for blueberry production Improving yield and quality in avocado through QDAF, University of Hort Innovation Disinfestation of citrus with ethyl formate Murdoch University PBCRC disease management (phase 2) Queensland Effect of pre-harvest fungicides on post-harvest QDAF HAL In-line approaches to control surface pests of PFRNZ Hort Innovation decay of papaya concern from export citrus Enhancing Australia's capability and capacity NSWT&I PBCRC Integrated crop management strategies for papaya QDAF ACIAR to diagnose Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense in the Phillipines and Australia Tropical Race 4 Integrated management of yellow sigatoka and Australian Banana Hort Innovation Evaluate the potential for low-dose methyl bromide QDAF Hort Innovation other banana diseases in far north Qld Growers Council as a postharvest disinfestation treatment for citrus Low dose methyl bromide against fruit flies to QDAF Hort Innovation Evaluating the sugar flotation method for testing NSW DPI Hort Innovation improve market access for summerfruit cherries for Queensland fruit fly Mass-trapping methods for codling moth females DEDJTR Hort Innovation Evaluation of citrus varieties NSW DPI Collaborative in disrupted orchards Research Mechanically transmitted DNA virus control of PFRNZ PBCRC Export market scoping study for the lychee Trade and Hort Innovation Botrytis industry Investment MRL risk analyses and risk management options AKC Consulting Hort Innovation Queensland for major citrus export markets Pty Ltd

185 Table 54. Plant biosecurity research projects

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Horticulture – Fruit continued Fusarium oxysporum on ginger University of RIRDC, QDAF Queensland MRL risk analyses for major export markets of the AKC Consulting Hort Innovation pome fruit industry Pty Ltd Improved detection and identification of La Trobe University PBCRC National Citrus Postharvest Science Program SARDI Hort Innovation xanthomonads affecting vegetable crops (PhD) Overcoming passionfruit viruses QDAF Hort Innovation Improving productivity of fruiting solanaceous QDAF Hort Innovation crops through area wide management of insect Panama disease – Longitudinal analysis of CSIRO CSIRO vectored viruses in Bowen community wellbeing Innovating new virus diagnostics and planting bed Australian Hort Innovation Pineapple model and Phytophthora cinnamomi Deakin University Deakin University management in the Australian sweetpotato Sweetpotato Precise recognition for automated harvesting and Griffith University ARC industry Growers grading of strawberries Association, QDAF Protecting Australia's citrus genetic material NSW DPI Collaborative Integrated crop management to enhance NSW DPI, QDAF ACIAR Research vegetable profitability and food security Scoping herbicide impacts on banana production QDAF Hort Innovation International acceptance of Australian solanaceous PBCRC PBCRC and soil health and cucurbit seed tests Horticulture – Nuts Management and detection of bacterial leaf spot in QDAF Hort Innovation capsicum and chilli crops Control of Carpophilus beetle in almonds using DEDJTR Hort Innovation, CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION attract and kill system DEDJTR Managing soilborne diseases of onions SARDI Hort Innovation Food safety in almonds DEDJTR Hort Innovation, New end-point treatment solutions to control QDAF, NSW DPI Hort Innovation CSIRO fruit fly Horticulture – Vegetables PBCRC2148: International acceptance of DEDJTR PBCRC, DEDJTR, Australian tomato seed tests NSWT&I, Alternaria on tomato University of University of Department of Queensland Queensland Agriculture Bacterial spot of tomatoes (PhD) La Trobe University, PBCRC DEDJTR Perceptions towards biosecurity threats across Charles Darwin PBCRC Vietnamese farming communities in Australia (PhD) University Broccoli and Plasmodiophora brassicae Deakin University DEDJTR Pythium sulcatum on carrot University of University of Chemical control of WFT in processing tomatos NSW DPI Hort Innovation Queensland Queensland Detection and management of bacterial diseases QDAF Hort Innovation Strengthening biosecurity for the Australian AUSVEG Ltd Hort Innovation in Australian allium crops vegetable industry Developing vegetable export opportunities in Asia AUSVEG Ltd Hort Innovation Tomato potato psyllid and Liberibacter ecology PFRNZ PBCRC and the Middle East – 2014 Horticulture crops – Other Disinfestation of tomatoes against Mediterranean WAAA Hort Innovation fruit fly for interstate market access A trial of ‘Vapormate’ fumigant for the disinfestation Cedar Hill Flowers Package assisting of Australian wildflowers small exporters Disinfestation of springtails on celery Murdoch University Sumich Assessment of Pythium diversity in ginger University of RIRDC Export Readiness Program AUSVEG Ltd Hort Innovation Queensland Fruit fly research: gap analysis Applied Hort Innovation Biology and control of the systemic form of poppy University of DPIPWE Horticultural downy mildew Tasmania Research Pty Ltd

186 Table 54. Plant biosecurity research projects

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Biology, epidemiology and management of Elsinoe NSW DPI RIRDC, ATTIA Induced Pythium and Fusarium resistance in ginger Hortus RIRDC leaf spot in tea tree Integrated pest disease management in tea tree oil RIRDC, ATTIA RIRDC, ATTIA Determining pathogenicity and methyl bromide QDAF RIRDC – Monitoring and extension control of ginger nematodes Myrtle rust screening in lemon myrtle provenance Sunshine Coast RIRDC Developing a threat-specific contingency plan for SARDI, Cornell AGWA plantings (part 2) University the exotic pest angular leaf scorch University, National Biosecurity Strategy for the Cut Flower Flower Association Hort Innovation University of South and Foliage Industry of Queensland Inc Australia New rootstocks for Australian conditions CSIRO AGWA Developing and updating diagnostic protocols DEDJTR AGWA for key viticulture high priority exotic pest Objective measures for powdery mildew University of AGWA threats Adelaide Diet medicated RNAi Sterile Insect Technology CSIRO Hort Innovation Phylloxera biosecurity DEDJTR AGWA, DEDJTR Discovery of genetic resistance markers to myrtle Australian National RIRDC, ANFIL, Phylloxera rootstock screening DEDJTR CSIRO rust in Myrtaceae University ATTIA Practical management of grapevine trunk diseases SARDI AGWA Disease and Pest Testing Technology SARDI SA Government Red blue beetle table grape disinfestation research Agriculture Victoria Hort Innovation Effective management of summer root rot of parsley NSW DPI Hort Innovation Services Pty Ltd Risks and management of exotic and endemic DEDJTR AGWA Elsinoe leaf spot of tea tree NSW DPI RIRDC CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Phylloxera Epidemiology, impact and management of myrtle University of PBCRC rust in lemon myrtle plantations (PhD) Queensland Sampling strategies for Phylloxera area freedom Vinehealth PBCRC Australia, SARDI Evaluating and demonstrating new resistant CSIRO AGWA varieties for warm irrigated regions Sampling strategies for sensitive, accurate and Grape Industry AGWA cost effective detections of Phylloxera for Board of South Genetic transformation of grapevine to test CSIRO AGWA quantifying area freedom status Australia significant abiotic stress and pest resistance genes Sustaining vineyards through practical SARDI New Zealand Grapes e-surveillance project DAFWA Royalties for management of grapevine trunk diseases Winegrowers regions and DAFWA Table grape disinfestation DEDJTR Hort Innovation Identification and marker-assisted selection of CSIRO AGWA Technical support, extension and minor use AGIA RIRDC genes for reducing the susceptibility of new development for the ginger industry winegrape cultivars to fungal pathogens To develop a National Diagnostic Protocol based CSIRO AGWA Improved tissue culture production of clean ginger QDAF RIRDC on molecular DNA characters to rapidly confirm planting material detection of the grape berry moth Lobesia botrana at all life stages Improving soil health to suppress soilborne QDAF RIRDC diseases of ginger Towards elite mildew resistant selections suitable CSIRO AGWA for industry use Improving the sustainability of cocoa production in La Trobe University ACIAR, La Trobe eastern Indonesia through integrated pest, disease University Understanding fungicide resistance in powdery SARDI AGWA and soil management in an effective extension and and downy mildew policy environment

187 Table 54. Plant biosecurity research projects

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Horticulture – Multiple Grape berry moth diagnostics CSIRO GWRDC Adaptive area-wide management of Qfly using SIT CSIRO Hort Innovation, High density mass Qfly trapping NSWT&I PBCRC CSIRO, DAWR Impact of fruit fly populations outside an area wide QDAF ACIAR Area wide IPM SIT for the control of Qfly NSW DPI Hort Innovation management zone in Indonesia and Australia Blends versus pure chemicals: understanding the Queensland PBCRC Improved postharvest market access treatment for PFRNZ, QDAF, PBCRC mechanisms of host fruit location by Qfly (PhD) University of horticultural commodities NSW DPI Technology Improving efficacy of MAT to enhance area-wide Macquarie Hort Innovation Characterising Ilarviruses of Prunus species (PhD) La Trobe University, La Trobe University management of Qfly University DEDJTR Industrial Transformation Training Centre (ITTC), Macquarie ARC Comparisons of new sexing strains of Qfly Macquarie International Atomic 'Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation' University University Energy Agency Irradiation doses for mites and thrips on fresh NSW DPI New Zealand Co-operative produce Ministry of Research Program Agriculture and Compliance and risk based sampling for CEBRA University of Forestry horticulture exports Melbourne, DAWR Larval diets for high-productivity mass-rearing of Macquarie Hort Innovation Creating a novel lure and kill device for Qfly Queensland PBCRC Qfly for SIT University University of

CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Male only sterile Qfly (SITplus) SARDI Hort Innovation Technology, QDAF Molecular basis of response to sublethal stresses Murdoch University PBCRC Decision intelligence determining pest natal origin NSW DPI, BRCNZ PBCRC Mypolonga Fruit Fly Monitoring – Market Access RDA Murraylands Hort Innovation Desk audit of the Fruit Fly Body of Knowledge – NSWT&I PBCRC Program & Riverland Inc identifying the gaps and strengths of past fruit fly research National Fruit Fly Research, Development and PBCRC PBCRC Extension Plan Engaging communities in biosecurity strategies University of WA PBCRC (PhD) New and improved fruit fly lures for border security Macquarie Hort Innovation and management University Essential Market Access Data Packages QDAF Hort Innovation New fruit fly systems for mangoes and market DPIF Hort Innovation Establishment of areas of low pest prevalence of WAAA Hort Innovation access Medfly for market access New in-field treatment solutions to control fruit fly Macquarie Hort Innovation Establishment of systems to validate Pest Free DEDJTR Hort Innovation University Place of Production for Qfly in the Yarra Valley Next generation national fruit fly diagnostics and QUT, QDAF, PBCRC Farm-wide fruit fly management systems for the QDAF Hort Innovation handbook WAAA, PHA east coast of Australia OHMA Operational Support 2012 to 2015 Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Feasibility study on novel lures for pest fruit flies QDAF ACIAR that are non-responsive to known male PBCRC2153: Natural dispersal (phase 2) DEDJTR PBCRC, DEDJTR, attractants Department of Agriculture, PHA Fruit fly management incorporating SPLAT NSW DPI Hort Innovation Technology Pheromone component of a multi target approach NSW DPI, QDAF Hort Innovation to fruitspotting bug management

188 Table 54. Plant biosecurity research projects

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Piloting new techniques to control and eradicate DAFWA Royalties for Acacia gall rust (PhD) University of PBCRC Medfly regions and Queensland DAFWA Assessing pollination services of honey bees in James Cook ARC Post harvest disinfestation using microwave CSIRO CSIRO, Hort native ecosystems and threats posed by parasites University technology Innovation Commercialisation of a bioherbicide for the control University of BHA, Meat & Probiotics for enhancing fruit fly SIT NSW DPI, PBCRC of Parkinsonia aculeata Queensland, BHA Livestock Australia University of (MLA) Western Sydney Controlling aquatic weeds with endothal DEDJTR Goulburn Murray Providing data packages for new fruit fly control QDAF Hort Innovation (multiparty) Rural Water technology Corporation, Ord Irrigation Research and development of integrated crop QDAF ACIAR Co-operative, management for mango production in the Coleambally southern Philippines and Australia Irrigation Cooperative, Risk evaluation and improvements to diagnostics DEDJTR DEDJTR Murrumbidgee of south-eastern Australian fruit flies Irrigation Semiochemical-mediated enhancement of sterile NSW DPI Universities Detection of Rosellinia spp. on Maquarie Island University of DPIPWE male Qfly Tasmania CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION SITplus - raising Qfly SIT to world standard Macquarie Hort Innovation Development of a biohebicide for control of prickly University of MLA & BHA University acacia Queensland, BHA Social and institutional aspects of grower Charles Darwin PBCRC Development of Phytophthora cinnamomi University of ARC DP participation in area-wide fruit fly management University biocontrol agents Queensland programs in Australian horticulture industries (PhD) Distribution of Euphorbia paralias University of University of SPLAT Cuelure based management of Qfly SARDI Hort Innovation Wollongong Wollongong Strategies for area-wide fruit fly management in QDAF ACIAR Effectiveness of biocontrol agents for bitou bush University of University of Indonesia and Australia Wollongong Wollongong Study of NUL 3146 on western flower thrips NSW DPI Private industry Eradication of Phytophthora cinnamomi from Murdoch University ARC Sunraysia Pest Free Area – Qfly response and DEDJTR Hort Innovation infested haul roads and rehabilitated bauxite mine market access program sites in the Eucalyptus marginata forest Surveillance & management of horticultural crop NSW DPI Private industry Evolution and function of terpenes in Eucalyptus Australian National ARC diseases University Symbionts of Qfly NSW DPI Miscellaneous Impact of drawdown on Egeria in Lake Mulwala DEDJTR Goulburn Murray organisations Rural Water Corporation Natural Environment Invasion and impact: predicting the causes and University of ARC A predictive framework for invaded communities Monash University ARC consequences of plant invasions Canberra A weed by any other name? Comparing local Monash University ARC Lake Benalla Cabomba control DEDJTR GBCMA knowledge and uses of environmental weeds around the Indian Ocean

189 Table 54. Plant biosecurity research projects

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Natural Environment continued Solutions & understanding African whitefly CSIRO NRI Linking flow, nutrients, seagrass and fish: an Monash University ARC Systematic gene silencing and relevance to plant University of ARC integrated approach to estuary management biology Queensland Managing myrtle rust and its impact in Australia QDAF, NSW DPI PBCRC Tracing the evolutionary history of plant Monash University ARC developmental mechanisms Morphological and molecular variation in QDAF ABRS Gynaikothrips on fig trees in Australia, and generic Transcriptome analysis of Phytophthora-plant Australian National ARC revisions of Lissothrips and Strepterothrips interactions: characterisation of plant inhibitor University (Thysanoptera) proteins targeting Phytophthora extracellular effectors Multi-scale seed dispersal models for improved Monash University ARC regional weed management Understanding the role of small RNA pathways in Australian National CSIRO plant defence against fungal pathogens (PhD) University New invasive species management in wetlands DEDJTR DEDJTR UV influence on interactions of Hyaloperonspora Deakin University Deakin University Role of mycorrhizae in invasion University of University of parastica on Arabidopsis Wollongong Wollongong Nursery Crops Sagittaria (phase 2) DEDJTR Goulburn Murray Water Corporation, Plant health risk management, planning and QDAF Hort Innovation Goulburn Broken capacity building for the nursery industry CMA, Coleambally Understanding the evolution of fungicide University of ARC CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Irrigation resistance for durable control of fungal pathogens Tasmania Cooperative, in Pyrethrum Murrumbidgee Irrigiation, Murray Multiple Irrigation Advancing collaborative knowledge systems for CSIRO PBCRC Tradescantia biocontrol (phases 1 & 2) DEDJTR DAWR plant biosecurity surveillance Understanding the drivers of aquatic weed Macquarie Macquarie Agricultural weed surveillance in the south west to DAFWA Royalties for success University University protect industry profitability regions, DAFWA Understanding the mechanisms underpinning Macquarie Macquarie Air inversion modelling to manage spray drift Micrometeorlogical GRDC range expansion in exotic plant species University University Research and Educational Wandering Tradescantia and Fraxinus control DEDJTR Melbourne Water Services Western Grasslands Project DEDJTR DEDJTR Analytical assessment of leakage surveys CEBRA University of Other Melbourne, DAWR A risk-return prioritisation tool for global trade CSIRO PBCRC Anticipating, combating and exploiting the Australian National ARC inspections evolution of pesticide resistance in Australian University agricultural pests and disease vectors A test for Africanisation in imported honey bee University of RIRDC semen Sydney Arabidopsis and Plasmodiophora brassicae Deakin University DEDJTR DECO PILOT: Defence Trade Controls Act PBCRC PBCRC, DECO Automated insect monitoring for pest CSIRO CRDC management Get tough, get toxic or get a bodyguard University of ARC Western Sydney Autonomous fruit fly traps CSIRO CSIRO Pests and diseases of truffles and their tree hosts Australian National RIRDC Big data analytics for biosecurity CSIRO CSIRO in Australia University

190 Table 54. Plant biosecurity research projects

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Biopesticide use and insect resistance in University of ARC Determining the relative sensitivity and contribution CEBRA University of Australian agriculture Adelaide of criteria in prioritising the plant pests along the Melbourne, DAWR biosecurity continuum Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum on Norfolk QDAF PBCRC Island Develop an attractant specific to A. cerana Java University of RIRDC strain Newcastle Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation Macquarie ARC Industrial University Transformation Developing an alternative herbicide management SRA, James Cook SRA, QDAF Training Centre strategy to replace PSII herbicides in the Wet University Tropics area Citizen science to surveillance CSIRO PBCRC Development of pre-emptive APVMA emergency PHA GRDC Collaborative planning and shared decision QDAF PBCRC permits for exotic plant pest incursion containment making amongst stakeholders and control Collaboration with Indian Department of Murdoch University Indian Government DITA regulation (West Indian drywood termite) QDAF QDAF Agriculture to evaluate different treatment methods for Khapra beetle DNA barcoding Echium weed NSW DPI Universities Co-management of the Greater Sunraysia Pest DEDJTR Hort Innovation Do informal networks represent a biosecurity risk? Murdoch University PBCRC Free Area for market access (PhD) Crop Hygiene – Hort Indexing DEDJTR Fee for Services Ecological impact of myrtle rust (Puccinia psidii) in NSW DPI, PBCRC provider to native and managed ecosystems (PhD) Macquarie Australian University CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Horticultural Emerging viruses in agriculture: development of a La Trobe University, IRU-Malaysian Industries network for biosecurity and biosurveillance to DEDJTR University Curtailing exotic fungal spore incursions (PhD) DAFWA, University PBCRC support food security Research Network of WA Emerging weeds – Seed-bank biology of emerging University of GRDC Data mining to improve biosecurity risk profiling CEBRA University of weeds Adelaide Melbourne, DAWR Enabling improved plant biosecurity practices in PBCRC, Charles ACIAR Deciphering the role of microRNAs during University of ARC Cambodia, Laos and Thailand Sturt University pathogen attack: new concepts for disease Queensland Engagement in resilience in indigenous PFRNZ PBCRC resistance in plants communities Decision making for eradication and quarantine Queensland PBCRC Extended genetic effects of eucalypt plant University of ARC University of secondary metabolites on communities and Tasmania Technology ecosystems Delivery of an integrated internet-based Murdoch University PBCRC Evolution of multiple herbicide resistance is University of WA ARC bioinformatics toolkit for plant biosecurity widespread in Lolium rigidum in Australia diagnosis and surveillance of viruses Evolutionary aerial robotics CSIRO CSIRO and viroids Front line field plant pest diagnostic service for QDAF QDAF Deployment of validated genome-informed NSW DPI PBCRC horticultural and broadacre cropping industries bacterial diagnostics Future climates northern Tablelands biosecurity CSIRO NSW DPI Design and evaluation of targeted biosecurity University of WA PBCRC surveillance systems Global threat to agriculture from invasion CSIRO CSIRO

191 Table 54. Plant biosecurity research projects

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Multiple continued Molecular basis of synergy between proteinase La Trobe University, Industry, ARC inhibitors and plant and animal defensins against Hexima Ltd Discovery Grand challenge designing aphid CSIRO University of fungal pathogens Melbourne Nanoassembling agrochemicals – A new paradigm Monash University ARC Identification of immune receptor and signalling Australian National ARC in delivery for enviro-friendly crop treatment proteins from plants University National weed biological control project DEDJTR DAWR, MLA, Identification of novel insecticidal molecules La Trobe University, Industry DEDJTR, NSW from Australian native plants Hexima Ltd DPI, CSIRO, QDA Identification of the molecular targets on La Trobe University ARC New approaches for diagnosing bacterial Kansas State PBCRC, DEDJTR filamentous fungi that lead to specific recognition pathovars University, La Trobe and killing by an antifungal plant defensin University, Identifying the biochemical and molecular bases of University of ARC DEDJTR, NSW DPI 2,4D herbicide resistance in the economically Western Australia, New tools for insect surveillance and eradication PFRNZ PBCRC important weed Raphanus raphanistrum (wild Newfarm radish) New Zealand psyllids (PhD) Lincoln University PBCRC Implementation of new fumigation technology into Murdoch University PBCRC Novel insecticide resistance in green peach aphid CSIRO Hort Innovation, GRDC industry supply chain Optimising surveillance protocols using unmanned Kansas State PBCRC Import clearance performance management CEBRA University of CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION aerial systems University, QDAF Melbourne, DAWR Pathways and Risk Assessment Framework for CSIRO PBCRC Intelligence gathering and analysis CEBRA University of High Impact Species Melbourne, DAWR PBCRC rating system for myrtle rust NSW DPI PBCRC Intelligence tools for regulated goods traded via CEBRA University of e-commerce Melbourne, DAWR PBCRC2110: Design and evaluation of targetted DEDJTR PBCRC, University biosecurity surveillance systems of WA, DEDJTR, Intelligent image retrieval from distorted and partial Griffith University ARC WAAA, PFRNZ, queries for rapid mobile identification of pests PGIB threatening food and the environment Peptide toxins from animal venoms specifically Australian National NHMRC Investigation into the possible recent incursion of CSIRO GRDC targeting voltage-gated sodium channels as novel University an insecticide-resistant biotype of green peach analgesics and pesticides aphid into Australia Pest and Disease Image Library PBCRC PBCRC, DAWR Knowledge systems for surveillance CSIRO PBCRC Phytophthora cinnamomi and native vegetation Deakin University DAWR, Making Green Guard® greener: enhancing the University of ARC Parks Victoria efficacy of a biopesticide Sydney Pilot study of the application of portfolio resource Australian National DAWR Management of new industry minor use permits Agaware RIRDC allocation tools to support biosecurity investment University – A transition to industry ownership decision making Market-based incentives for biosecurity CEBRA University of Plant and associated microbiome responses to La Trobe University La Trobe University compliance Melbourne, DAWR indoleamines and potential applications in agriculture

192 Table 54. Plant biosecurity research projects

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Plant Laboratory Diagnostics Services DEDJTR DEDJTR Tools and approaches for invasive species CEBRA University of distribution modelling for surveillance Melbourne, DAWR Plant-product pathways and the continuous CEBRA University of sampling plan Melbourne, Torres Strait risk and resource allocation project CEBRA University of DAWR Melbourne, DAWR Provision of plant biosecurity capacity PBCRC ACIAR Towards the first wearable microscope Australian National PBCRC development services for the Sub-Saharan Africa University Psyllid microflora – Implications for Liberibacter La Trobe University PBCRC TraitCapture: genomic modelling for plant Australian National ARC disease surveillance and pest control (PhD) phenomics under environmental stress University Psyllids as biosecurity threats to plantation and La Trobe University ARC Transport risk pathways for emerging invasive University of ARC native eucalypts in Australia and internationally species Adelaide Real-time plant discrimination and weed detection Edith Cowan ARC Understanding the biochemical and molecular University of WA ARC platform University mechanisms of glyphosate and glufosinate Redesign of bee surveillance CSIRO DAWR resistance in Elausine indica Reduced herbicide usage through application Edith Cowan GRDC Unique epigenetic states in plant stem cell niches University of WA ARC technology University for safeguarding genome integrity Reducing impact of Nosema CSIRO RIRDC Update Australian Plant Pest Database NSW DPI PBCRC

Remote sensing for biosecurity surveillance CSIRO CSIRO Upgrading knowledge on pathogens (particularly CSIRO RIRDC CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION viruses) of Australian honey bees Risk assessment for the large African hive beetle University of RIRDC Sydney Use of citizen science surveillance CSIRO PBCRC Risk maps for optimising biosecurity surveillance CEBRA University of Using cutting edge technology to develop Murdoch University Chinese Melbourne, DAWR, diagnostic capability for Khapra beetle and Government Ministry for Primary dermestids including different geographical strains Industries, New What makes some genotypes invasive CSIRO CSIRO Zealand Wind spread of plant viral pathogens into northern University of WA, PBCRC Semiochemical management for occasional pests University of New CRDC Australia DAFWA, CSIRO of cotton and grains England With the benefit of hindsight: a bioeconomic University of WA, PBCRC Structural basis of host-pathogen interactions La Trobe University ARC analysis of past pest incursions University of The culture of weeds: invasion biology, identity and Australian National ARC Queensland, aesthetics in Australia University NSW T&I The effects of damage and repair of fungal DNA University of ARC Yellow crazy ant eradication in and next to the Wet James Cook Wet Tropics on animal and plant diseases Melbourne Tropics World Heritage Area University Management The Trojan Female Technique: a novel non-lethal Monash University New Zealand Authority approach for pest population control Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment

193 Table 54. Plant biosecurity research projects

Project title Organisation Funding source/ Project title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Levy-funded projects Review of the biosecurity plan for the cutflower PHA Hort Innovation, industry Flower Association Development of a code of practice and national PHA RIRDC of Queensland Inc bee biosecurity program Review of the biosecurity plan for the pineapple PHA Hort Innovation, Development of an Australian bee health and PHA RIRDC, Australian industry Growcom management website Honey Bee Industry Council Review of the biosecurity manual for beekeepers PHA NSWWA, Beekeepers Extending biosecurity preparedness and PHA PBCRC Association of the surveillance strategies and developing a chemical ACT, Wheen Bee supply framework for pest incursions Foundation, National bee pest surveillance program (2013-15) PHA RIRDC Amateur and facilitator Beekeepers Association of National fruit fly strategy implementation advisory PHA Hort Innovation NSW, AHBIC and group the Victorian Apiary National honey bee pest surveillance program PHA Hort Innovation Industry Advisory Protecting Australia's citrus industry from PHA Hort Innovation, Committee, via biosecurity threats Citrus Australia Ltd DEDJTR Enhancing capacity to identify and respond to high PHA DAWR CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Grains Farm Biosecurity Program PHA Grain Producers Australia Ltd priority exotic pests Review of the biosecurity plan for the citrus PHA Hort Innovation, Developing a response strategy for exotic stink PHA DAWR industry Citrus Australia Ltd bugs Review of the biosecurity plan for the cotton PHA CRDC, PHA National surveillance system for weeds and plant PHA DAWR industry pests: virtual coordination centre Development of a tomato industry biosecurity plan PHA Hort Innovation, Next generation national fruit fly diagnostics and PHA, Queensland PBCRC Australian handbook University of Processing Tomato Technology, QDAF, Research Council, DAFWA Northern Victoria Determining equivalent zones of agriculture for the PHA, AEA, CSIRO GRDC Fresh Tomato generation of registration data Industry Extending chemical usefulness 'spray application PHA GRDC Development technologies project' Council The facilitation of Category 25 submissions in the PHA GRDC Development of a blueberry industry PHA Hort Innovation, Australian grain industry biosecurity plan Australian Blueberry Growers' Association Review of the biosecurity plan for the tree nut PHA Hort Innovation, industry Australian Nut Industry Council, macadamia and almond R&D levies

194 195 CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION 196 Appendices Organisation contact details

Organisation For more information Organisation For more information AgNova Technologies www.agnova.com.au/ Australian National University Research www.services.anu.edu.au/business-units/ +61 3 9899 8100 Services research-services-division + 61 2 6125 9569 Almond Board of Australia www.australianalmonds.com.au +61 8 8584 7053 Australian Olive Association www.australianolives.com.au +61 8 8573 6545 Apple and Pear Australia www.apal.org.au +61 3 9329 3511 Australian Pesticides and Veterinary www.apvma.gov.au Medicines Authority +61 2 6210 4701 Atlas of Living Australia www.ala.org.au +61 2 6246 4061 Australian Processing Tomato Research www.aptrc.asn.au Council +61 3 5825 4633 Australasian Plant Pathology Society www.appsnet.org ORGANISATION CONTACT DETAILS CONTACT ORGANISATION +61 7 4632 0467 Australian Research Council www.arc.gov.au +61 2 6287 6600 Australian Agency for International www.dfat.gov.au Development – Department of Foreign +61 2 6261 3111 Australian Society for Microbiology www.theasm.org.au Affairs and Trade +61 1300 656 423 APPENDIX 1: Australian Banana Growers’ Council www.abgc.org.au Australian Table Grape Association www.australiangrapes.com.au +61 7 3278 4786 +61 3 4009 0127 Australian Bureau of Agricultural www.agriculture.gov.au/abares Australian Walnut Industry Association www.walnut.net.au and Resource +61 2 6272 3933 +61 418 664 672 Economics and Sciences – Department of Agriculture and Water Resources AUSVEG www.ausveg.com.au +61 3 9882 0277 Australian Centre for International www.aciar.gov.au Agricultural Research +61 2 6217 0500 Avocados Australia www.industry.avocado.org.au +61 7 3846 6566 Australian Entomological Society www.austentsoc.org.au +61 3 9895 4462 Canegrowers Australia www.canegrowers.com.au +61 7 3864 6444 Australian Forest Products Association www.ausfpa.com.au +61 2 6285 3833 Canned Fruits Industry Council of Australia www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/industries/ canned-fruit/ Australian Honey Bee Industry Council www.honeybee.org.au +61 7 5467 2265 Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk www.cebra.unimelb.edu.au Analysis +61 3 8344 4405 Australian Lychee Growers Association www.australianlychee.com.au +61 417 639 927 Central Queensland University www.cqu.edu.au +61 7 4930 9777 Australian Macadamia Society www.australian-macadamias.org +61 2 6622 4933 cesar pty ltd www.cesaraustralia.com +61 3 9349 4723 Australian Mango Industry Association www.industry.mangoes.net.au +61 7 3278 3755 Charles Darwin University www.cdu.edu.au +61 8 8946 7766 Australian Melon Association Inc. www.melonsaustralia.org.au +61 413 101 646 Charles Sturt University www.csu.edu.au +61 1800 334 733

198 Organisation New SouthWales Department ofPrimaryIndustries, Regions, SouthAustralia Department ofPrimaryIndustriesand TerritoryFisheries, Northern Department ofPrimaryIndustriesand Department ofForeign Affairs andTrade Jobs, Transport and Resources, Victoria Department ofEconomicDevelopment, Queensland Department ofAgriculture andFisheries, Western Australia Department ofAgriculture andFood, Resources Department ofAgriculture andWater Deakin University Curtin University Council ofAustralasianWeed Societies Corporation Cotton Research andDevelopment Cotton Australia Research Organisation Commonwealth ScientificandIndustrial Citrus Australia Chestnuts Australia Cherry Growers ofAustralia

For more information +61 1800 808 095 +61 1800808095 www.dpi.nsw.gov.au +61 882260995 www.pir.sa.gov.au +61 88999206 www.dpif.nt.gov.au +61 262611111 www.dfat.gov.au +61 136186 www.economicdevelopment.vic.gov.au +61 132523 www.daf.qld.gov.au +61 893683333 www.agric.wa.gov.au +61 262723933 www.agriculture.gov.au +61 352272673 www.deakin.edu.au +61 89266 www.curtin.edu.au +61 898213246 www.caws.org.au +61 267924088 www.crdc.com.au +61 296695222 www.cottonaustralia.com.au +61 1300363400 www.csiro.au +61 350236333 www.citrusaustralia.com.au +61 357511466 www.chestnutsaustralia.com.au +61 362311229 www.cherrygrowers.org.au Organisation Water andEnvironment, Tasmania Department ofPrimaryIndustries,Parks, Horticulture InnovationAustralia Hazelnut Growers ofAustralia Growcom Griffith University Corporation Grains Research andDevelopment Grain Producers Australia Graincorp Forest andWood Products Australia Flinders University Australia Farm BiosecurityManuals,PlantHealth Farm Biosecurity Exotic PlantPestHotline Plant HealthAustralia Emergency PlantPestResponseDeed, Edith CowanUniversity Dried FruitsAustralia Department ofEnvironment For more information +61 282952300 www.horticulture.com.au +61 263791616 www.hazelnuts.org.au +61 736203844 www.growcom.com.au +61 737357111 www.griffith.edu.au +61 261664500 www.grdc.com.au +61 262733000 www.grainproducers.com.au +61 293259100 www.graincorp.com.au +61 399273200 www.fwpa.com.au +61 882013911 www.flinders.edu.au +61 262157700 documents www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/about-us/ +61 262157700 www.farmbiosecurity.com.au +61 1800084881 +61 262157700 www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/epprd +61 134328 www.ecu.edu.au +61 350235174 www.driedfruitsaustralia.org.au +61 262741111 www.environment.gov.au +61 1300368550 www.dpipwe.tas.gov.au 199 APPENDIX 1: ORGANISATION CONTACT DETAILS Organisation contact details

Organisation For more information Organisation For more information International Plant Protection Convention www.ippc.int PLANTPLAN, Plant Health Australia www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/plantplan +61 2 6215 7700 James Cook University www.jcu.edu.au Queensland University of Technology www.qut.edu.au +61 7 4781 4111 +61 7 3138 2000 La Trobe University www.latrobe.edu.au Raspberries and Blackberries Australia www.arga.com.au +61 1300 528 7623 +61 407 242 757 Macquarie University www.mq.edu.au Ricegrowers’ Association of Australia www.rga.org.au +61 2 9850 7111 +61 2 6953 0433 Monash University www.monash.edu.au Rural Industries Research and www.rirdc.gov.au ORGANISATION CONTACT DETAILS CONTACT ORGANISATION +61 3 9902 6000 Development Corporation +61 2 6271 4100 Murdoch University www.murdoch.edu.au South Australian Research and www.pir.sa.gov.au/research +61 8 9360 6000 Development Institute +61 8 8303 9400

APPENDIX 1: New South Wales State Forests www.forestrycorporation.com.au Strawberries Australia www.strawberriesaustralia.com.au +61 1300 655 687 Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, www.agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity/ Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine www.domesticquarantine.org.au Department of Agriculture and Water quarantine/naqs and Market Access +61 2 6215 7700 Resources +61 1800 900 090 Subcommittee on National Plant Health www.agriculture.gov.au/plant/health/ Nursery and Garden Industry Australia www.ngia.com.au Surveillance committees/snphs +61 2 8861 5100 +61 1800 900 090 Onions Australia www.onionsaustralia.org.au Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostic www.plantbiosecuritydiagnostics.net.au/sphds +61 8 8725 8862 Standards +61 2 6272 4568 Passionfruit Australia www.passionfruitaustralia.org.au Sugar Research Australia www.sugarresearch.com.au +61 439 596 174 +61 7 3331 3333 Pistachio Growers Association www.pgai.com.au Summerfruit Australia www.summerfruit.com.au +61 428 922 576 +61 2 6041 6641 Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research www.pbcrc.com.au Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture www.utas.edu.au/tia Centre Ltd +61 2 6201 2882 +61 3 6226 6368 Plant Breeding Institute, University of www.sydney.edu.au/agriculture/ Sydney plant_breeding_institute/index.shtml Territory and Municipal Services, Australian www.tams.act.gov.au +61 2 9351 8800 Capital Territory +61 13 22 81 Plant & Food Research, Australia www.plantandfood.com.au Trade and Market Access Division, www.agriculture.gov.au/market-access-trade Plant & Food Research, New Zealand www.plantandfood.co.nz Department of Agriculture and Water +61 1800 900 090 Resources +64 9 925 7000 University of Adelaide www.adelaide.edu.au Plant Health Australia www.planthealthaustralia.com.au +61 8 8313 4455 +61 2 6215 7700

200 Organisation For more information University of Canberra www.canberra.edu.au +61 2 6201 5111 University of Melbourne www.unimelb.edu.au +61 3 13 6352 University of New England www.une.edu.au +61 2 6773 3333 University of New South Wales www.unsw.edu.au +61 2 9385 1000 University of Queensland www.uq.edu.au +61 7 3365 1111 DETAILS CONTACT ORGANISATION University of Sunshine Coast www.usc.edu.au +61 7 5430 1234 University of Sydney www.sydney.edu.au APPENDIX 1: +61 1800 793 864 University of Tasmania www.utas.edu.au +61 3 6226 2999 University of Western Australia www.uwa.edu.au +61 8 6488 6000 University of Western Sydney www.westernsydney.edu.au +61 2 9852 5222 University of Wollongong www.uow.edu.au +61 2 4221 3555 Vine Health Australia www.vinehealth.com.au +61 8 8273 0550 Viterra Ltd www.viterra.com.au +61 1800 018 205 Weeds of National Significance www.weeds.org.au/WoNS +61 3 6344 9657 Wine Grape Growers Australia www.wgga.com.au +61 8 8133 4400 Wine Australia www.wineaustralia.com +61 8 8228 2000 Wine Australia Research and Development www.research.wineaustralia.com Corporation +61 8 8228 2000

201 Glossary

Term Definition Term Definition Appropriate Level of Protection The level of protection deemed appropriate by Endemic pests Pests that are known to occur naturally in Australia. a country establishing a sanitary or phytosanitary Established pests Non-endemic pests that have established in Australia. measure to protect human, animal and plant life

GLOSSARY or health within its territory. Exotic pests Pests not currently present in Australia. Area freedom Absence of a specific pest in a specified location. High Priority Pest A pest that has been identified to have the greatest potential economic impact to a particular plant Biosecurity The protection of the economy, environment and industry and is listed in an Industry Biosecurity Plan human health from the negative impacts associated or in Schedule 13 of the EPPRD. APPENDIX 2: with entry, establishment or spread of exotic pests. International Standard for An international standard adopted by the commission Biosecurity activities Activities undertaken to manage biosecurity risks. Phytosanitary Measures on Phytosanitary Measures, established under the Biosecurity continuum The range of biosecurity activities and arrangements International Plant Protection Convention. that are undertaken in pre-border, border and National Diagnostic Protocols Diagnostic protocols for the official taxonomic post-border locations. identification of a pest in a manner consistent with Border In relation to the biosecurity continuum: airports, ISPM No. 27 – Diagnostic protocols for regulated seaports and land borders that represent the potential pests. National Diagnostic Protocols include point of entry for a pest into Australia. diagnostic procedures and data on the pest, its hosts, Commonwealth The Commonwealth of Australia, including its external taxonomic information, detection and identification. territories. Pre-border Measures to address risks that are undertaken before Contingency plans Management plans that outline pest specific goods arrive at the border. information for use in the event of an emergency Post-border Measures to address risks that are undertaken inside response. Australia's border. Diagnostic protocols Protocols that describe the procedures and methods Pest Any insect, mite, snail, nematode, pathogen (disease) for the identification of a pest to a defined level. and weed that is injurious to a plant or plant product. Diagnostics Processes and standards associated with the Pest Free Area An area in which a pest does not occur as accurate identification of a pest. demonstrated by scientific evidence and in which, Disinfestation Post-harvest management measures focussed on where appropriate, this condition is being officially eliminating the presence of pests within plants and maintained. plant products. Phytosanitary measure Any legislation, regulation or official procedure having Domestic quarantine Activities designed to prevent the movement and the purpose to prevent the introduction and/or spread spread of pests within Australia. of quarantine pests, or to limit the economic impact of regulated non-quarantine pests. Emergency Plant Pest A pest that is included in Schedule 13 of the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed or which Plant biosecurity The protection of plants or plant products from pests is determined by the Categorisation Group to meet that may impact on production or market access. one or more of the EPP criteria listed in Clause 1 Plant production industries All plant industries in the agricultural, horticultural and of the EPPRD. forestry sectors. Emergency Plant Pest Response A pre-agreed cost sharing and response framework for PLANTPLAN The national contingency planning framework for the Deed dealing with an incursion of an Emergency Plant Pest. management of plant pest emergencies in Australia. Emergency response The actions undertaken to eradicate an exotic pest after its detection.

202 Term Definition Quarantine The system of measures that are used to minimise risks associated with the entry of pests. RD&E Research aimed at developing solutions for particular problems and communication (extension) to users. GLOSSARY Regionalised pests Pests contained within a geographic region due to specific quarantine and/or management arrangements. Response Plan An integrated plan for undertaking a response to an EPP incident. APPENDIX 2: Risk analysis The process of evaluating scientific and economic evidence to determine the risk posed by a pest to Australia's environment, plant production industries and economy. Surveillance Processes which collect and record data on pest occurrence or absence by survey, monitoring or other procedures. Weeds of National Significance Weeds considered to currently pose serious threats at a national level.

Image courtesy of Katie Rivers. 203 Acronyms

Acronym Full name Acronym Full name ABARES Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics and Sciences DFAT Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics DPIF Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Northern Territory ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research DPI Department of Primary Industries, New South Wales ACRONYMS ACT Australian Capital Territory DPIPWE Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania AGSOC Agriculture Senior Officials Committee EPP Emergency Plant Pest AGWA Australian Grape and Wine Authority EPPRD Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed APPENDIX 3: AHA Animal Health Australia FAR Foundation for Arable Research AHC Animal Health Committee FWPA Forest and Wood Products Australia ANFIL Australian Native Food Industry Limited GBCMA Goulburn Broken Catchment Management Authority APVMA Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority GRDC Grains Research and Development Corporation ARC DP Australia Research Council Discovery Programme Hort Innovation Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited ATTIA Australian Tea Tree Industry Association HPP High Priority Pest BHA BioHerbicides Australia ICON Import Conditions Database BICON Biosecurity Import Conditions Database IPPC International Plant Protection Convention BIMS Biosecurity Incident Mangement System IGAB Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity BOLT Biosecurity Online Training ISPMs International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures BRCNZ Bio-Protection Research Centre New Zealand CA Cotton Australia LVP Local value of production CCA Crop Consultants Australia MICoR Manual of Importing Country Requirements CCEPP Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests MLA Meat and Livestock Australia CCEPI Consultative Committee on Exotic Plant Incursions MR&ES Micrometeorlogical Research and Educational Services CEBRA Centre of Exellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis NAQS Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy CIMMYT International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center NBC National Biosecurity Committee CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna NCN Biosecurity Incident National Communications Network and Flora NEBRA National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement CRC Cooperative Research Centre NFFS National Fruit Fly Strategy CRDC Cotton Research and Development Corporation NMG National Management Group CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation NPBDN National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network DAWR Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources NPBDS National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Strategy DAF Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland NPBS National Plant Biosecurity Strategy DAFWA Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia NPSRT National Plant Surveillance Reporting Tool DECO Defence Export Controls NRI National Rural Independents Limited DEDJTR Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Victoria NSW New South Wales

204 Acronym Full name NSWT&I New South Wales Trade & Investment NT Northern Territory NZMPI New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries ACRONYMS PBCRC Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre PHA Plant Health Australia PHC Plant Health Committee PIRSA Department of Primary Industries and Regions, South Australia APPENDIX 3: PFRNZ The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research QAAFI Queensland Alliance for Agriculture ad Food Innovation QDAF Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland RAIL Ramu Agri-Industries Limited RD&E Research, Development and Extension RDC Research and Development Corporation RIRDC Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation SA South Australia SAGIT South Australian Grain Industry Trust Fund SAP Scientific Advisory Panel SARDI South Australian Research and Development Institute SDQMA Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market Access SNPHS Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance SPHD Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostic SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary SRA Sugar Research Australia TAMS Department of Territory and Municipal Services, ACT TIQ Trade & Investment, Queensland UNE University of New England UWA University of Western Australia WA Western Australia WAAA Western Australia Agricultural Authority WA RDC Wine Australia Research and Development Corporation WTO World Trade Organisation

205 206 Index Index

A broadacre crops domestic quarantine, 110f, 126 ABARES, 20 research, development and extension, 176f, 177 see also Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine Agriculture Senior Officials Committee (AGSOC), 16, 169 brown marmorated stink bug, 131 and Market Access INDEX dried fruit, 47 almonds, 32 C apples, 33 Canberra Agreement, 112 E Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission, 112 canned fruits, 39 education and awareness, 110f, 153, 164 Asian honey bee, 138 Categorisation Group, 157 Emergency Plant Pest Categorisation, 157 AusPestCheck, 129 cherries, 40-41 Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed, 17f, 27, 89, Australian Capital Territory chemical control, 128 102, 156-159 see state and territory government chestnut blight, 102, 103t Emergency Plant Pests, 102, 103t, 156-159 Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, chestnuts, 43, 102 emergency responses, 21, 27, 88, 102, 103t 170, 178t citrus, 44-45 exports, 116 Australian Government, 18 committees, 16, 17f border activities, 18, 110f, 122 cost sharing categories, 157t F Farm biosecurity manuals, 28, 152t import regulations, 114 CSIRO, 20, 170, 171 Farm Biosecurity Program, 25, 145, 152 international plant pest agreements, 110 pest diagnostic services, 140, 141t communication and awareness, 153 Farmer of the Year Award for plant biosecurity, 153 legislation, 14, 114, 116 Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests, 17f, fire blight, 147 pest diagnostic services, 140, 141t 157 Forest and Wood Products Australia, 172 research, development and extension, 169-173 consultative committees, 17f Forestry, see Plantation forests risk assessments, 120 contingency plans, 159, 160t fruit flies, 25, 99, 102, 103t, 127, 159 surveillance, 132t cooperative research centres, 170, Australian Plant Pest Database, 153 cotton industry, 46 G Australian Research Council, 170, 178t Cotton Research and Development Corporation, 171, giant pine scale, 102, 103t Australian Weeds Committee, 17f 178t ginger, 48 avocados, 34-35 crop production summary, 30 Grains Farm Biosecurity Program, 50 cucumber green mottled mosaic virus, 103t grains industry, 50-52 B D Grains Research and Development Corporation, 172 bananas, 36, 97 Department of Agriculture and Water Resources Grape and Wine Research and Development banana freckle eradication response, 36, 102, 103t see Australian Government Corporation, 172 bees, see honey bees Department of Environment, 20 grapes, see Viticulture BICON (import conditions database), 114 legislation, 14 Bill and Melinda Gates Fundation, 181t Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 20 H biological control, 128 diagnostics, 140 hazelnuts, 54, 158 biosecurity manuals, 152t National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network, 140 High Priority Pests, 89, 90t biosecurity planning, 126, 127t National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Strategy, 140 honey bees, 55, 138, 153 Biosecurity Online Training (BOLT), 164 protocols, 145, 146f, 147, 148t Horticulture Innovation Australia, 172 Biosecurity Portal, 153 services and laboratories, 141t see also Subcommittee on Plant Health breeding, 130 Diagnostic Standards

Note: f = figure, t = table 208 I national committee structure, 16, 17f phylloxera, 99 identification of pests, 140 National Diagnostic Protocols, 146-150 phytosanitary measures and standards, 111-112 import risk analysis, 110f, 114, 120 National Emergency Plant Pest Training Program, 164 pineapples, 66 INDEX imports, 114 National Environmental Biosecurity Response pistachios, 67 market access, 116 Agreement (NEBRA), 13 plantation forestry, 68, 151 policy advice, 110, 114t National Fruit Fly Strategy, 127 see also Subcommittee on National Forest Health Indigenous rangers, 106, 123 National Fruit Fly Council, 127 surveillance, 131f industry biosecurity planning, 126 National Management Group, 17f, 157 Plant Biosecurity Program, 164 industry profiles, 31-85 National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Strategy, 140 Plant Health Australia, 27 National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network, 140 industry representative bodies, 30 biosecurity plans and manuals, 127t, 152 National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy, 130 Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity (IGAB), 13, National Emergency Plant Pest Training Program, National Plant Biosecurity Strategy, 13, 21 16, 17f 164 National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy, 169 international agreements, 111-112 members, 29t natural pathways, 171 International Plant Protection Convention, 112 pest risk mitigation, 28 NCN (Biosecurity Incident National Communications International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, role, 27 Network), 153 111-112 Plant Health Committee, 16, 17f New South Wales international trade, 111-122, 131 plant pests see state and territory governments interstate certification, 126 contingency plans, 159, 160t Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, 123 definition, 8, 156 K Northern Territory diagnostics, 140, 176f see state and territory governments emergency responses, 17f, 21, 29, 88, 102-104, L nursery and garden industry, 61 156 Landcare, 106 nut industry regionalised pests, 98, 99t legislation, 14, 22-24, 114, 116 see almonds, chestnuts, hazelnuts, macadamias, see also High Priority Pests lychees, 56 pistachios, walnuts surveillance, 130, 131f, 132t Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, 51, 147, M O 169, 170 macadamias, 57 olives, 62 PLANTPLAN, 156, 159 mangoes, 58 on-farm biosecurity, 152 post-entry quarantine, 122, 125 manuals, 152 onions, 63 pre-emptive breeding, 130 market access, 110f, 114, 117t, 126 P prevent fruit fly, 25 see also Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine Panama disease, 97, 99, 103t private consultants, 26 and Market Access passionfruit, 64 processing tomatoes, 70 melons, 158 pears, 33, 39 production values, 30f, 9 N pesticide application, 26, 128 professional associations, 26 National Bee Pest Surveillance Program, 138 pest management, 128 National Biosecurity Committee, 16, 17f phosphine-resistant pests, 51

209 Q Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market W quarantine Access, 16, 17f, 126 walnuts, 82 facilities, 122, 125 Subcommittee on National Forest Health, 16, 17f, 151 weeds INDEX legislation, 14t, 114, 116 Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance, 16, managing weeds in Australia, 105 Queensland 17f, 130 Western Australia see state and territory governments Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostic Standards, see state and territory governments 15, 16, 17f, 140, 146 Wine Australia. 172 R sugarcane 76-77 wine grapes, 84 raspberries and blackberries, 71, 158 surveillance, 129 World Trade Organization, 111, 121 red witchweed, root reform system, 21 honey bee, 138 regional biosecurity, 125, 126 Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, 123 X boundaries for biosecurity, 19f programs, 131f, 132t Xylella fastidiosa, 120 regionalised pests, 98, 99t see also National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance research, development and extension, 168, 176f-177f Strategy National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy, 169 see also Subcommittee on National Plant Health overview, 176f-177f Surveillance research and development corporations, 172-173 Sugar Research Australia, 173 research, development and extension projects, 178t rice, 72 T risk assessments, 88-89, 114, 120 table grapes, 78 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Tasmania 172 see state and territory governments tomatoes, 70 S tools, databases and networks, 153 screening and inspection, 122 trade agreements, 111, 114t South Australia training, 164 see state and territory governments Torres Strait, 123, 159 SPS Agreement, 111-112, 120 state and territory governments, 21 U biosecurity services, 17f, 21-24 Universities, 175 diagnostic services, 141t research, development and extension, 178t legislation, 15 V regionalised pests, 98, 99t vegetables, 80-81 research, development and extension, 175 Victoria surveillance programs, 132t see state and territory governments stone fruit, 74 viticulture strawberries, 75 see table grapes, wine grapes, dried fruits

210 INDEX

211

16-009