The Ruppin Index for Immigrant Integration at the Local Level Karin Amit & Svetlana Chachashvili-Bolotin

Home , Netanya, Petah Tikva, Rishon LeZion

Prof. Karin Amit Dr. Svetlana Chachashvili-Bolotin The MA Program in Immigration & The MA Program in Immigration & Social Integration (Head) Social Integration and the Dept. of Business Administration Ruppin Academic Center Ruppin Academic Center Immigrant integration indices

Indices of immigrant integration in Israel and other countries mainly address the national level.

One of the prominent indices for immigrant integration at the national level in Israel is the Ruppin index.

There are no systematic measurements of immigrant integration in Israel at the local-municipal level. Presentation aim:

To suggest using the Ruppin Index parameters for examining immigrant integration at the local level.

To present preliminary findings related to the integration of immigrants in 8 major cities in Israel compared to the national level.

To discuss challenges related to measuring immigrant integration at the local level. The Ruppin Index Parameters

core dimensions of integration are represented in the Ruppin Index

Social Standard of Economic Subjective integration - living integration in integration Language skills the labor market Pulling the data

Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) Social Survey 2013-2018

N=43,354 Israelis aged 20+ The CBS Social Survey specifies information about 8 cities Haifa

Netanya Tel Aviv-Yafo Petah Tikva Rishon LeZion Ashdod Jerusalem of the Israeli population resides Beer-Sheva 30% in these cities (N=13,724) Study groups Ideally… In practice… Immigrants from the Former Soviet Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union (FSU) arriving after 1990 Union (FSU) arriving after 1990.

Immigrants from Ethiopia Comparison Immigrants from Western countries • Israeli born (second & third generation) (arriving after 1990): French, English and Spanish speakers + veteran immigrants (before 1990) • Israeli population (Jews and Arabs) Description by cities and groups The number of cases of Ethiopian, French, English & Spanish speakers is too low! Israeli born+ French- English- Spanish- FSU Ethiopian Imm. Arabs Total speakers speakers speakers before 1990

176 20 55 125 29 2126 1206 3737 Jerusalem

Tel Aviv-Yafo 240 15 16 44 10 2104 71 2500

Haifa 462 18 9 9 6 1093 154 1751

Rishon LeZiyon 274 43 2 5 4 1095 0 1423

Petah Tikva 307 35 1 4 5 962 2 1316

Ashdod 464 30 20 7 8 667 2 1198

Beer Sheva 294 24 0 1 7 556 11 893

Netanya 210 35 30 6 6 619 0 906

Total 2427 220 133 201 75 9222 1446 13724 Examining FSU immigrants in 8 cities

Presenting We present the findings only for FSU immigrants.

Comparing We compare the integration of FSU in 8 major cities to:

FSU immigrants Total Israeli Israeli-born + Israeli-born + at the national population at the immigrants before immigrants level national level 1990 at the before 1990 national level at the local level Findings FSU Israeli-born + Imm. before 1990

% in the city Age % BA+ % in the city Age % BA+

Jerusalem 4.7% 53.2 65.3% 56.9% 45.2 28.5%

Tel Aviv-Yafo 9.6% 45.1 45.0% 84.2% 47.1 48.1%

Haifa 26.4% 50.8 49.8% 62.4% 51.1 39.5%

Rishon LeZiyon 19.3% 49.7 49.6% 77.0% 48.7 25.7%

Petah Tikva 23.3% 48.8 47.2% 73.1% 48.7 31.5%

Ashdod 38.7% 54.3 41.2% 55.7% 45.8 17.7%

Beer Sheva 32.9% 53.3 49.0% 62.3% 45.6 22.5%

Netanya 23.2% 53.2 49.0% 68.3% 48.1 24.4%

National level 13.9% 51.2 45.0% 63.0% 46.9 31.6% The Ruppin Index Parameters

core dimensions of integration are represented in the Ruppin Index:

Social Standard of Economic Subjective integration - living integration in integration Language skills the labor market Social integration- Language skills

Hebrew language proficiency: • Hebrew language index (1-5) Reported language proficiency: Speaking, reading & writing • % Speaking very well FSU immigrants living in Tel Aviv-Yafo have the highest level of Hebrew proficiency

FSU Israeli-born + Imm. before 1990

National level 4.8 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.3 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.1

Jerusalem Tel Aviv- Haifa Rishon Petah Ashdod Beer Sheva Netanya FSU Israeli-born All Israelis Yafo LeZiyon Tikva +Imm. Hebrew Language Index (1-5) Before 90 FSU immigrants living in Tel Aviv-Yafo have the highest level of Hebrew proficiency

FSU Israeli-born + Imm. before 90

92% 93% National level 86% 86% 88% 82% 83% 80% 83% 70%

52% 40% 35% 30% 32% 33% 26% 24% 28%

Jerusalem Tel Aviv- Haifa Rishon Petah Ashdod Beer Netanya FSU Israeli- All Israelis Yafo LeZiyon Tikva Sheva born +Imm. Before 90 % Speaking Hebrew very well Standard of living

• Family income • Ability to cover expenses • Consumption patterns (domestic help) • Housing density

In Z scores compared to the national average (all groups) The standard of living of FSU immigrants is lower compared to Israeli-born + Imm. before 1990

FSU Israeli-born + Imm. before 90 .66

.53

National level .28 .22 .20 .16 .15 .06 .08 Ashdod FSU -.01-.01 Tel Aviv- -.01 Haifa Beer Israeli-born -.03 -.01 Jerusalem Yafo Sheva -.05 + Imm. Rishon -.08 Netanya before 90 LeZiyon Petach -.13 Tikva -.20 Standard of living index (compared to all Israelis at the national level Z=0) Economic integration in the labor market

Actual integration in the labor market (employed only) • Wages • PTM (Professional, Technical and Managerial) occupation • Full time vs. part time The integration in the labor market of FSU immigrant men is lower compared to Israeli-born + Imm. before 1990, but is close to the Israeli average

FSU Israeli-born + Imm. before 90

.40

National level .20 .16 0.2 .11 .10 .05 .08 Beer .01 Ashdod Sheva FSU Tel Aviv-Yafo -.01Rishon Petach Netanya Israeli-born -.04 Haifa LeZiyon Tikva -.03 + Imm. -.08 -.09 -.10 -.14 before 90 Jerusalem -.17 -.26 Actual integration in the labor market- Men FSU (compared to all Israeli (Jews + Arabs) men at the national level Z=0) The integration in the labor market of FSU immigrant women is lower compared to Israeli-born + Imm. before 1990 but also lower than the Israeli average for women

FSU Israeli-born + Imm. before 90 .40

Are people optimistic about the future? Are they satisfied with their lives? In Tel Aviv-Yafo and Haifa, FSU immigrants are more optimistic than the Israeli-born population

FSU Israeli-born + Imm. before 90 63% National level 58% 54% 53% 54% 52% 53% 50% 50% 48% 48% 47% 48% 45% 43% 44% 39% 37% 37%

Jerusalem Tel Aviv- Haifa Rishon Petah Ashdod Beer Netanya FSU Israeli- All Israelis Yafo LeZiyon Tikva Sheva born Jews Expectations for the future - Subjective Integration (% optimistic) In general, the life satisfaction of Israelis is high

FSU Israeli-born + Imm. before 90

3.4 3.4 National level 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9

Jerusalem Tel Aviv- Haifa Rishon Petah Ashdod Beer Netanya FSU Israeli- All Israelis Yafo LeZiyon Tikva Sheva born + Imm. before 90 Subjective Integration - Life satisfaction (1-4) To summarize… There are differences in the language proficiency of FSU Social immigrants in Tel Aviv-Yafo compared to other cities- integration: FSU immigrants living in Tel Aviv-Yafo have the highest Language skills level of Hebrew proficiency while those living in Ashdod Beer Sheva & Haifa have the lowest.

There are differences in the standard of living between Economic cites, both among FSU immigrants and Israeli born + integration: immigrants before 1990. Standard of living The highest level is in Tel Aviv-Yafo the lowest in Ashdod. Integration in the labor market

There are differences between cities, both There are differences between cities, both among FSU immigrants and Israeli born+ among FSU immigrants and Israeli born + immigrants before 1990. immigrants before 1990.

For FSU immigrants, the highest level of labor For FSU immigrants, the highest level of labor market integration is in Petah Tikva and Tel Aviv- market integration is in the center - Petah Tikva Yafo and the lowest is in Beer Sheva and Haifa. Tel Aviv-Yafo and Rishon LeZion and the lowest is in Netanya, Beer Sheva and Haifa. The case of Ashdod - FSU immigrants have higher level of labor market integration The case of Ashdod - FSU immigrants have compared to the Israeli born+ immigrants before higher level of labor market integration 1990 living in Ashdod. compared to the Israeli born+ immigrants before 1990 living in Ashdod. The integration in the labor market of FSU immigrant men is lower compared to Israeli-born + Imm. before 1990, but is close to the Israeli average

FSU Israeli-born + Imm. before 90

.40

FSU Israeli-born + Imm. before 90 .40

.21 .23 .18 National level .12 .09 .06 .03 Beer .01 Ashdod Sheva FSU Tel Aviv-Yafo Rishon Petach Netanya Israeli-born Haifa LeZiyon Tikva + Imm. -.07 before 90 Jerusalem -.11 -.11 -.16 -.21 -.20 -.25 -.29 Actual integration in the labor market- Women FSU (compared to all Israeli (Jews + Arabs) women at the national level Z=0) Subjective In Tel Aviv-Yafo and Haifa FSU immigrants are more integration: optimistic than the Israeli-born + immigrants before Expectations for 1990. the future FSU living in Ashdod and Rishon LeZion are the least optimistic.

Subjective The differences between cities integration: for FSU immigrants are small. Life satisfaction Future considerations • Our findings emphasize the importance of analyzing immigrant integration at the local level. • The findings can be useful for municipalities and policy makers at the local and national levels. • This analysis should be conducted for all immigrant groups in Israel and for additional cities. • A comparative study of immigrant integration in cities in Israel and Canada can shed more light on the integration of specific immigrant groups in different locations (FSU). • The challenge is to allocate a better data sample which can allow these additional analyses. Thank you!