of Coron

ECAN Resource Management Plan

2017- 2022

Prepared by

College of Human Ecology1 – Department of Community and Environmental Resource Planning University of the , Los Baños

In partnership with

Municipal Government of Coron,

Municipal ECAN Board,

and Palawan Council for Sustainable Development

1 Abrenica, Mark Anthony; , Geronima Abigail; Liuag, Hanna Larissa; Napeñas, Arlyn; Tabion, Rochelle Ann; and Tamina, Roselaine Camille

Municipality of Coron ECAN Resource Management Plan 2017-2022

Prepared by

College of Human Ecology1 – Department of Community and Environmental Resource Planning University of the Philippines, Los Baños

In partnership with

Municipal Government of Coron, Municipal ECAN Board, and Palawan Council for Sustainable Development

1 Abrenica, Mark Anthony; Ilagan, Geronima Abigail; Liuag, Hanna Larissa; Napeñas, Arlyn; Tabion; Rochelle Ann; and Tamina, Roselaine Camille

Table of Contents List of Tables ...... iv List of Figures ...... vii Acronyms ...... viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE ECAN ZONING PLAN ...... 1 1.2 TARGET USERS OF THE ECAN ZONING PLAN ...... 1 1.3 LEGAL BASES OF THE ECAN ZONING PLAN ...... 1 1.4 EXISTING LAND USE PLANNING AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS IN PALAWAN ...... 4 CHAPTER 2: ECOLOGICAL PROFILE ...... 5 2.1 HISTORY ...... 5 2.2 GEO-PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 5 2.3 POPULATION AND SOCIAL PROFILE ...... 29 2.4 LOCAL ECONOMY ...... 50 2.5 INFRASTRUCTURE, PUBLIC FACILITIES AND UTILITIES ...... 61 2.6. LOCAL INSTITUTIONAL CAPABILITY ...... 69 CHAPTER 3: THE ECAN ZONING STRATEGY ...... 77 3.1. THE ECAN ZONES AS A MANAGEMENT UNIT ...... 78 3.2. COMPONENTS OF THE ECAN ZONES ...... 79 3.3. CRITERIA AND PARAMETERS IN THE DELINEATON OF THE ECAN ZONES ...... 80 3.4. ALLOWABLE ACTIVITIES IN THE ECAN ZONES...... 85 3.5. DELINEATION OF THE ECAN ZONES USING GIS ...... 87 CHAPTER 4: MAJOR STEPS IN THE ECAN ZONING PLAN PREPARATION...... 89 4.1. THE ECAN ZONES MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS ...... 89 4.2. GUIDE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A DETAILED ECAN ZONING PLAN ...... 90 CHAPTER 5: INTEGRATED THREAT ANALYSIS ...... 104 5.1. IDENTIFIED THREATS IN ECAN ZONES ...... 106 5.2. CURRENT INTIATIVES IN ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE ...... 120 5.3. OPPORTUNITIES ...... 122 CHAPTER 6: THE ECAN ZONES MANAGEMENT PLAN...... 125 6.1. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE ECAN ZONES MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 125

ii

6.2. THE ECAN ZONES OF CORON MUNICIPALITY ...... 125 6.3. RIDGE-TO-REEF ECAN MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK AND LAND/WATER USE STRATEGIES ...... 127 6.4. ECAN ZONES MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES ...... 132 6.5. SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREAS ...... 141 6.6. ECAN MANAGEMENT PROGRAM (2017-2022) ...... 143 CHAPTER 7: ADMINISTRATION OF THE ECAN ZONING PLAN ...... 158 7.1. ADMINISTRATOR AND IMPLEMENTER OF THE ECAN ZONING PLAN ...... 158 7.2. IMMEDIATE ACTIVITIES ...... 159 7.3. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FUNDS...... 160 7.4. MONITORING AND EVALUATION ...... 162 REFERENCES ...... 163 ANNEXES ...... 167 Annex A: Summary Documentation of the ECAN Planning Workshop in Coron ...... 168 Annex B: Workshop Design for ECANizing Coron ...... 170 Annex C: Questionnaires Used for Key Informant Interviews ...... 181 Annex D: Attendance Sheets...... 188 Annex E: Computation for Ecological Footprint ...... 193 Annex F: Incorporating the SEP and ECAN into Local Land Use Plans (INTEGRATE) ...... 194 Annex G: Result of Participatory Planning Workshop ...... 203

iii

List of Tables

Table 1. Sections of PCSD Resolution 05-250 related to the ECAN Zoning Plan...... 2 Table 2. Laws and issuances related to local land use and development planning...... 3 Table 3. Existing Land Area of All Barangays in Coron, Palawan...... 6 Table 4. Islands under the Jurisdiction of Specific of the Municipality of Coron...... 7 Table 5. Types of Soil of the Municipality of Coron, Palawan...... 12 Table 6. Existing General Land Use...... 16 Table 7. Urban Land Use in Coron, Palawan...... 16 Table 8. Covered Barangays with Tenurial Land Area...... 19 Table 9. Ecological footprint of the Municipality of Coron1...... 21 Table 10. Existing Hazards/Constraints in the Municipality of Coron...... 25 Table 11. Fauna Species Found in Coron Municipality...... 26 Table 12. Land and Sea Cover Classification of Coron, Palawan...... 28 Table 13. Projected Municipal Population of Coron Palawan per Barangay: 2015 – 2025...... 30 Table 14. 2010 Population Density in Each Barangay of Coron, Palawan...... 30 Table 15. Number of Households and Average Household Size per Barangay...... 31 Table 16. Population of Coron by Age and Sex Group...... 32 Table 17. List of Hospital/ Health Center, 2013...... 34 Table 18. Rural Health Unit by Number of Personnel, 2013...... 35 Table 19. Ten Leading Causes of Morbidity...... 35 Table 20. Ten Leading Causes of Mortality...... 35 Table 21. Family Planning Program Beneficiaries, 2013...... 36 Table 22. Literacy of Household Population 10 Years Old and Over by Age Group and Sex 2010...... 37 Table 23. School-going Population in Coron, Palawan...... 38 Table 24. Inventory of Schools in Coron, Palawan...... 39 Table 25. List of Schools in Coron, Palawan and their Location per Barangay...... 39 Table 26. Total Enrollees of PSU from 2011-2015...... 41 Table 27. Total Household and Makeshift Housing in Coron, Palawan...... 42 Table 28. Recorded Informal Settlers in Coron, Palawan...... 43 Table 29. Labor Force Population and Employment Rates...... 44 Table 30. Households with income below poverty level...... 45 Table 31. Households with income below the food threshold...... 45 Table 32. Existing Sports and Recreation Facilities by Barangay ...... 46 Table 33. Personnel and Equipment of Protective Services in Coron...... 47 Table 34. Crime incidences from 2013-2015...... 49 Table 35. Distribution of Employment among Different Economic Tiers...... 50 Table 36. Major Crops Cultivated in Coron: Total Area Covered, Total Production, and Yield per Hectare...... 51 Table 37. Cost of Production and Net Income per Hectare of Major Crops Cultivated in Coron...... 52

iv

Table 38. Livestock and Poultry Population in Coron...... 53 Table 39. Total Number of Farmers per Barangay...... 54 Table 40. List of Farmers Associations...... 55 Table 41. Existing Agricultural Support Facilities, 2007 ...... 55 Table 42. Inventory of Fishing Gears and Fish Caught in Coron...... 56 Table 43. List of Fisher folk’ Associations...... 56 Table 44. Production level in aquaculture and existing fishing grounds of Coron...... 57 Table 45. List of Tourism Attractions in Coron, Palawan...... 58 Table 46. List of Tourism Associations...... 59 Table 47. Business Establishments in Coron, 2016...... 60 Table 48. Communication facilities in Coron (2014) ...... 61 Table 49. Distances of Other Barangays in Coron, Palawan from 2 and the Means of Transportations...... 62 Table 50. Summarized Inventory of Roads ...... 63 Table 51. Inventory of Bridges along National Highway ...... 64 Table 52. Specific Inventory of Roads in Coron, Palawan...... 65 Table 53. Directory of Municipal Officials in Coron, Palawan ...... 69 Table 54. National Government Agencies in the Municipality of Coron...... 72 Table 55. List of Barangay Chairman in Coron, Palawan...... 72 Table 56. ECAN Board members in Coron, Palawan...... 73 Table 57. Number & Percentage Share of Ordinances...... 74 Table 58. Comparative Income & Expenditure by Year (2004-2013)...... 75 Table 59. Revenue by Source by Year (2010-2013)...... 76 Table 60. Parameters and criteria in the delineation of terrestrial ECAN zones (from SEP Law and PCSD Resolution 05-250)...... 81 Table 61. Parameters and criteria in delineating coastal/marine ECAN zones...... 82 Table 62. Activities allowed in the ECAN zones (from PCSD Resolution 05-250 and PCSD Resolution 06-270)...... 85 Table 63. Spatial and non-spatial data sources related to ECAN mapping...... 87 Table 64. Data requirements for ECAN zones management planning...... 89 Table 65. NIPAS areas of Palawan ...... 93 Table 66. Thematic planning modules for use in ECAN planning ...... 94 Table 67. A sector-based list of spatial data needs for sustainable development planning (adapted from Loterte-Avillanosa, unpublished)...... 96 Table 68. Sample log frame for the forestry sector (Phil-CSD 2013)...... 99 Table 69. Sample core themes for sustainable development planning...... 100 Table 70. Possible sustainability criteria for projects in Palawan...... 101 Table 71. Possible courses of action in the forest and biodiversity sector (Phil-CSD 2013)...... 101 Table 72. Possible courses of action in the municipality ...... 103 Table 73. Identified Stakeholders Consulted in the Key Informant Interview and Focused Group Discussion for Integrated Threats Analysis...... 106 Table 74. Threat Analysis in Core Zone using DPSIR Matrix ...... 107

v

Table 75. Threat Analysis in Restricted Use and Transition Zone using DPSIR Matrix ...... 110 Table 76. Threat Analysis in Controlled Use Zone using DPSIR Matrix ...... 112 Table 77. Threat Analysis in Traditional Use Zone using DPSIR Matrix ...... 113 Table 78. Threat Analysis in Multiple Use Zone using DPSIR Matrix ...... 115 Table 79. Threat Analysis in Tribal/Ancestral Zone using DPSIR Matrix...... 119 Table 80. Current initiatives in environmental governance of the unit of Coron, Palawan...... 120 Table 81. Proposed ECAN Zones of Coron...... 127 Table 82. Ridge-to-reef management framework of ECAN zones...... 128 Table 83. Recommended strategies to general threats to sustainable development of ECAN zones...... 130 Table 84. ECAN zones management goals and framework applicable to Coron Municipality...... 132 Table 85. Activities allowed in the ECAN zones (based on PCSD Resolution 05-250 and PCSD Resolution o6-270) vis-à-vis general and specific strategies in each zone...... 134 Table 86. Action Plan in each of the ECAN Zone and implementing organizations 151 Table 87. Indicative budget for Plan implementation ...... 154 Table 88. List of potential foreign funding organizations ...... 161 Table 89. Action Plan Matrix for threats identified in ECAN Zones in Coron ...... 206

vi

List of Figures

Figure 1. Hierarchy and linkages of plans (HLURB 2006, modified)...... 4 Figure 2. Location Map of the Municipality of Coron, Palawan...... 9 Figure 3. Administrative Boundary Map of the Municipality of Coron, Palawan...... 10 Figure 4. Elevation map of Coron, Palawan...... 13 Figure 5. Slope Map of Coron, Palawan...... 14 Figure 6. Geologic Map of Coron, Palawan...... 15 Figure 7. Land Classification Map of Coron, Palawan...... 20 Figure 8. Geohazard Map of Coron, Palawan...... 24 Figure 9. Population Pyramid of the Municipality of Coron, Palawan (2007 V.S 2010)...... 33 Figure 10. Busuanga Island Grid Map...... 68 Figure 11. Organizational Structure of the Local Government Unit of Coron, Palawan. 71 Figure 12. Configuration of biosphere reserve zones...... 77 Figure 13. Terrestrial ECAN zones map of Palawan Province (Kalayaan Municipality, also in Palawan, is not shown)...... 79 Figure 14. Palawan Tribal Ancestral Zones (TAZ) proclaimed by PCSD...... 92 Figure 15. DPSIR Framework for Threat Analysis...... 105 Figure 16. Proposed municipal ECAN zone map of Coron, Palawan...... 126 Figure 17. The positive reinforcing outcomes of SEP-ECAN...... 133 Figure 18. Institutionalization of the ECAN (Note: The boxed portion in red is the critical part of EZP Administration.) ...... 159

vii

Acronyms

ABC Association of Barangay Captains BFAR Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources BFARMC Barangay Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council BFP Bureau of Fire Protection BISELCO Busuanga Island Electric Cooperative CADT Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title CBFM Community-Based Forest Management CBMS Community-Based Monitoring System CBR Crude Birth Rate CDH Coron Hospital CDR Crude Death Rate CDP Comprehensive Development Plan CHE College of Human Ecology CIPC Calamian Island Power Corporation CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan CLWUP Comprehensive Land and Water Use Plan CRM Coastal Resources Management CRWSA Coron Rural Waterworks& Sanitation Association DA Department of Agriculture DAR Department of Agrarian Reform DepEd Department of Education DCERP Department of Community and Environmental Resource Planning DENR- Department of Environment and Natural Resources – CENRO Community Environment and Natural Resources Office DILG Department of Interior and Local Government DOH Department of Health DOT Department of Tourism DPSIR Driver Pressure State Impact Response DPWH Department of Public Works and Highways DRRMP Disaster Risk and Reduction Management Plan DSWD Department of Social Welfare and Development ECAN Environmentally Critical Areas Network ECC Environmental Compliance Certificate EP Ecological Profile ERMP ECAN Resource Management Plan EZP ECAN Zoning Plan FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FGD Focus Group Discussion FLUP Forest Land Use Plan FMB Forest Management Bureau GIS Geographic Information System GMP General Management Plan HLURB Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board HSP Human Settlements Planning IEC Information Education Campaign IP Indigenous People

viii

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature LDIP Local Development Investment Plan LGU Local Government Unit MAO Municipal Agriculturist’s Office MDRRMC Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council MEO Municipal Engineer’s Office MENRO Municipal Environmental and Natural Resources Office MHO Municipal Health Office MLGU Municipal Local Government Unit MPA Marine Protected Area MPDC Municipal Planning and Development Council MPDO Municipal Planning and Development Office MSWD Municipal Social and Welfare Development MTO Municipal Tourism Office NAPOCOR National Power Corporation NCIP National Commission for Indigenous Peoples NGO Non-government Organization NIA National Irrigation Authority NIPAS National Integrated Protected Areas System NSO National Statistics Office PCSD Palawan Council for Sustainable Development PCSDS Palawan Council for Sustainable Development Staff PNP Philippine National Police PO Peoples’ Organization PSA Philippine Statistics Authority PSU Palawan State University RHU Rural Health Unit SB SEMP Sustainable Environmental Management Project SEP Socio-Economic Profile SEP Strategic Environmental Plan SWMP Solid Waste Management Plan WEO Wildlife Enforcement Officer YKR Yulo King Ranch

ix

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report presents all the technical undertakings upon the formulation of ECAN Resource Management Plan of the Municipality of Coron, Palawan. Established by Republic Act No. 7611 otherwise known as the “Strategic Environmental Plan (SEP) for Palawan Act,” Environmentally Critical Areas Network (ECAN) was used as the main strategy for the protection of Palawan’s biosphere. Conforming to this regulation, the Department of Community and Environmental Resource Planning- College of Human Ecology (DCERP-CHE) at University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) and the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD) created a partnership to conduct an ECAN Resource Management Planning of Coron, Palawan. The Municipality of Coron is geographically located in the northernmost part of Palawan. It is one of the four which comprise the Calamian Group of Islands. With a total land area of 69, 247.2 hectares, it has seven urban barangays, eleven rural barangays and five rural-island barangays and located in it are 10 marine protected areas. Coron is home to 349 species of coral reefs, 9 species of sea grass communities and 2,690.80 hectares of mangrove cover. As of 2010, NSO recorded a total of 42, 678 residents and 9,775 households in the municipality with a population density of 62 persons per square kilometer. Aside from Tagalog, the native dialect such as Cuyunon, Tagbanua, and Kagayanen are commonly used as means of daily communication. Coron is home to four IP groups namely Agutaynen, Cagayanen, Cuyunen and Tagbanua. Two barangays in the municipality own CADT’s while the CADT’s of four more are on process. Its local economy is composed of 42.33% revenues from the primary sector (Agricultural, Livestock, Fisheries and Forestry) 14.67% Secondary sector (Manufacturing, mining, construction, electricity, gas and water) and 42.79% Tertiary Sector (Trade, transportation, communication, finance, real estate and business services) Employment rate in 2010 is at 60.98%. Currently, Coron’s tourism is prospering and is also a leading livelihood source for the locals. For its infrastructures, it has a total of 233,415 kilometers of road networks, 16 bridges, 1 cemetery, 1 public hospital, 86 schools, irrigation systems located at Barangay Borac and San Nicolas, a dry and wet market at Poblacion 3. Energy is supplied by Calamian Islands Power Corporation (CIPC) and distributed by BISELCO (Busuanga Island Electric Cooperative), Water, on the other hand comes from 3 levels of supply system which are Level 1: deep wells, pumped shallow wells, open dug wells and virgin springs, Level 2: communal water systems and Level 3: water from Mabentagen Dam distributed by Mactan Rock Inc and CRWSA (Coron Rural Waterworks& Sanitation Association). At present, the municipality of Coron is spearheaded by the Mayor, Honorable Clara E. Reyes and the Municipal Vice-Mayor, Honorable Jim Gerald L. Pe.

Situational analysis plays a vital role in the preparation of the ECAN Resource Management Plan. In the course of the study, this phase involved the ecological profiling and threats analysis. In assessing Coron’s ecological situation, both primary

x and secondary data gathering were conducted. On the other hand, review of existing plans, Key Informant Interviews (KII) and Focused Group Discussion (FGD) were performed in identifying threats, opportunities, and proposed action of the key stakeholders which were all grounded on ECAN zones. The municipal profile and the threats analysis were presented and verified during the one-day ECAN Resource Management Planning Workshop on April 26, 2016. Also, identification of major threats and giving corresponding action plans to those was held. All comments, suggestions, and recommendations during the workshop were taken into account and analyzed as part of the preparation of ECAN Resource Management Plan of Coron Palawan. The major threats in each ECAN zone, which were given prioritized actions were as of follows: I. Core Zone A. Terrestrial 1. Illegal cutting of naturally grown trees 2. Poaching of Fauna Species 3. Kaingin Farming 4. Forest fire/ Grass Fire B. Coastal 1. Poaching of threatened aquatic species 2. Illegal cutting of mangroves 3. Intrusion of Commercial Fishing Vessel II. Buffer Zone A. Restricted and Transitional Zone 1. Kaingin shifting cultivation 2. Timber poaching B. Controlled Use Zone 1. Timber Poaching 2. Irresponsible use of fire in honey collection C. Traditional Use Zone 1. Insufficient water supply in agricultural lands 2. Unsustainable collection of honey III. Multiple Use Zone 1. Improper waste disposal (domestic, industrial, tourism and special wastes)- both coastal and terrestrial 2. Use of illegal drugs and vices 3. Change in land use of mangrove areas 4. Insufficient hospital facilities, personnel and medicines 5. Narrow roads IV. Tribal Ancestral Zone

xi

1. Understanding of IPRA Law 2. Lack of waste disposal and management system 3. Presence of communicable diseases & respiratory infections

These mentioned above threats were chosen by the stakeholders as the primary concerns of each ECAN zones in the municipality. Also, corresponding proposed actions to respond and resolve these threats were given. Main strategies used in mitigating the threats were: Information, Education, and communication (IEC) Campaign, Enforcement, Institutional Capacity Building, Provision of Socio- Economic Services and Technology, Ecosystem Rehabilitation and Protection, and Human Resource Management.

xii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE ECAN ZONING PLAN By virtue of Republic Act 7611 (the 1992 Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan Act, or the SEP Law), Palawan Province is to be subdivided according to a zoning strategy called the ECAN (Environmentally Critical Areas Network). The ECAN is a graded system of protection and development control over the whole of Palawan. The need for ECAN Zoning arises from Palawan’s characteristics as an area with natural resources of high conservation value and, increasingly, as a center of economic development. Furthermore, Palawan’s ecosystems are fragile and vulnerable to natural and man-made threats like climate change, pollution, environmental degradation, and loss of resources. The projected increase in Palawan population due to high birth rate and in- migration is also expected to overshoot the carrying capacity of its natural systems. There is, therefore, a need to plan ahead for the optimal use of resources and the segregation of Palawan’s land and water into zones that will sustain their land use potential and life-support systems. This ECAN Plan shall cover the basic strategies for the sustainable development of the Municipality of Coron. The ultimate goal is to proactively respond to the evolving challenges and opportunities in the municipality and to address the issues and problems encountered by its environmental managers while pursuing sustainable development.

1.2 TARGET USERS OF THE ECAN ZONING PLAN The target users of this Plan are the municipality’s local government unit administrators, district environmental managers, municipal land use planners, NGOs, academe, and other stakeholders interested in local land use planning. They are the ones involved in implementing on-site some of the identified plans, programs, and projects in this Plan.

1.3 LEGAL BASES OF THE ECAN ZONING PLAN The SEP is the rubric of all governmental environmental plans in Palawan. Section 6 on “legal effects” of the SEP Law provides that the “SEP shall serve as the framework to guide the government agencies concerned in the formulation and implementation of plans, programs and projects affecting the environment and natural resources of Palawan.” To implement the provisions of the SEP Law, one of the powers and functions (Section 19) of its administrative body, the PCSD, is to “coordinate with the local governments to ensure that the latter's plans, programs and projects are aligned with the plans, programs and policies of the SEP.” The following table summarizes the relevant provisions of the PCSD Resolution 05-250 and 06-270, which lays down the SEP Law’s implementing guidelines on the ECAN. These provisions serve as bases and guide for formulating the ECAN Zoning Plan of Coron and other municipalities of Palawan.

1

Table 1. Sections of PCSD Resolution 05-250 related to the ECAN Zoning Plan. Relevant Section of Provisions PCSD Resolution 05- 250 Section 25. After the approval of the ECAN Map, the LGU through its ECAN Preparation of the Board and with the assistance of the PCSDS, shall prepare an ECAN Zoning Plan ECAN Zoning Plan taking into consideration factors relevant to local land/water use planning. The ECAN Zoning Plan shall include among others the following: i. Description of the Area ii. Goals/Objectives iii. Zoning Strategy (priorities, methodologies for marking zone boundaries) iv. Zone Management (activities regulatory measures policy directions) v. Administration vi. Monitoring and Evaluation vii. Annexes (maps and references) Section 26. The ECAN Zoning Plan shall be prepared by the ECAN Board to LGU Adoption of the be organized or reconstituted in each municipality/ as provided ECAN Zoning Plan in Sections 37-39 of these guidelines. The Plan shall be presented for public hearing in the respective locality before final adoption by the Sangguniang Bayan/Panglunsod and endorsement to the for subsequent approval of the Council through the Council Staff. Section 39. The Board is vested with the following powers and functions: 9. Powers and Functions Through the ECAN working teams, undertake the following: of the ECAN Board a. Provide technical support to the LGU in implementing the ECAN; b. Facilitate the flow of activities, documents, information and decision-making process related to the efficient and effective implementation of the ECAN; c. Assist in data acquisition, analysis, monitoring and evaluation of environmental conditions in the light of SEP and ECAN targets and objectives; d. Assist PCSD in the conduct of information and education activities; e. Facilitate the formulation of ECAN Zoning Plan and its harmonization with the Municipal Comprehensive Land and Water Use Plan; and f. Other activities in pursuance of sustainable development objectives. Chapter III. Section 30. ECAN as Framework for Municipal Planning. The Harmonization with the ECAN Zoning Plan (EZP) shall serve as the general physical plan Municipal Land and of every municipality/city. It shall be the basis of other planning Water Use Plans activities such as land use planning, tourism master planning and resource management planning as a whole. The Comprehensive Land and Water Use Plans of the respective LGUs shall be anchored on the ECAN Zoning Plan. Section 31. Integration/Harmonization of ECAN Zoning Plan with the Municipal Comprehensive Land and Water Use Plan. The implementation of the ECAN Zoning Plan which may include policy formulation, legislation, setting up of permitting system, monitoring and other related activities, as hereinafter provided,

2

Relevant Section of Provisions PCSD Resolution 05- 250 shall be the joint responsibility of the Local Government Units and the Council Staff through the Municipal ECAN Board. To attain this objective, the Plan may be integrated into or harmonized with the Municipal Comprehensive Land & Water Use Plan.

The following table summarizes the national laws and local issuances relevant to coming up with a local land use and sustainable development planning in the Municipality of Coron and other areas of Palawan.

Table 2. Laws and issuances related to local land use and development planning. Law/Issuance Description/Related Provisions 1987 Constitution, Article XIII, Section 1 – The state shall regulate the acquisition, Article 3 ownership, use and disposition of property and its increments. Article XII, Section 3 – Lands of the public domain are classified into agricultural, forest or timber, mineral lands and national parks. Agricultural lands of the public domain may be further classified by law according to the uses to which they may be devoted. Alienable lands of the public domain shall be limited to agricultural lands. Section 5 – The State shall protect the rights of indigenous cultural communities to their ancestral lands to ensure their economic, social, and cultural well-being. RA 7160 (Local Vests upon the LGUs the responsibility of land use planning and Government regulation in their capacity as “promoter” of the general welfare. Code) Mandates the provincial, city and municipal legislative bodies of the LGUs to adopt their respective comprehensive land use plan and enact the same through zoning ordinances (for city and municipal levels) Sec. 20(c) – The local government units shall, in conformity with existing laws, continue to prepare their respective comprehensive land use plans enacted through zoning ordinances which shall be the primary and dominant bases for the future use of land resources: Provided, That the requirements for food production, human settlements, and industrial expansion shall be taken into consideration in the preparation of such plans Sec. 3(i) – Local government units shall share with the National Government the responsibility in the management and maintenance of ecological balance within their territorial jurisdiction, subject to the provisions of this Code and national policies. CLWUP and Zoning Ordinance (LGC Sec. 20, 447, 458, 468) Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) and Local Development Investment Plan (LDIP) (LGC Sec. 109) RA 6657 Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law RA 7586 National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) RA 7942 Mineral Resources Development Act RA 8371 Indigenous Peoples Rights Act RA 8435 Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act RA 8550 Fisheries Code RA 9729 Climate Change Act of 2009 RA 10121 Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 PD 705 Revised Forestry Code

3

EO 72 Provides for the preparation and implementation of the Comprehensive Land Use Plans of LGUs pursuant to the Local Government Code

1.4 EXISTING LAND USE PLANNING AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS IN PALAWAN At the provincial level, the planning situation in Palawan is a preponderance of overlapping and interconnected mandates, institutions, and plans governing land use. A flowchart showing the relationship of the several planning documents is shown in the figure below. It shows multi-objective plans being implemented by multi-level institutions. The ECAN Plan is shown on the left side of the City/Municipal (C/M) CLWUP. The ideal case is for the two plans - the ECAN Plan and the CLWUP - to be “horizontally integrated” with each other.

P ECAN Plan

C/M ECAN Plan

Figure 1. Hierarchy and linkages of plans (HLURB 2006, modified). The red boxes and lines show the City/Municipal (C/M) ECAN Zoning Plan, its linkage and horizontal integration with the C/M CLWUP and its vertical integration with the Provincial ECAN Zoning Plan. The Provincial ECAN Zoning Plan is likewise linked and horizontally integrated to the Provincial CLWUP.

4

CHAPTER 2: ECOLOGICAL PROFILE

2.1 HISTORY The name Coron, meaning “pot” in Cuyonon was given by Don Nicolas Manlavi y Ledesma, a native of Cuyo, who migrated to and settled in Banuang Daan, a barangay about 10 kilometers away from the proper of Coron. In another version, the Tagbanuas named the place “Coron” meaning enclosed since the place is almost bounded by tall mountains on its three sides. That place is now known as Banuang Daan in Coron Island. Two groups pioneered inhabitation in Coron. First came the Tagbanuas, a sea- faring group who lived on fishing and crude agriculture. The Calamianes, a group who descended from the first wave of Malay immigrants who graced the Philippine lands between 20 BC and 100 AD came to Coron too. The Tagbanuas and the Calamianes were the ancestors of the Igorots and Bontocs of the Mountain Province.(FLUP, 2014) Intermarriages of immigrants from , Cuyo, Agutyo, Cagayancillo and other caused Calamianens to lose their tribal identity. During the last centuries of the Spanish regime, the immigrants who settled in the Calamian group of Islands were the Sandovals and Rodriguezes from Culion, the Vincuas from Cagayancillo in Coron Island and Don Nicolas Manlavi y Ledesma who settled in the mainland of Busuanga. In 1749, Pedro Vincua from Cagayancillo led in establishing an organized government through an authority of the Governor General to make Coron a “visita” under the jurisdiction of Culion, which was the “matria” at that time. This was officially named Peñon de Coron and this existed for more than fifty years. In 1902, Coron was registered as a town with Don Vicente Sandoval as their first Alcalde Mayor. The name of the municipality was then changed from Peñon de Coron to Coron. The early 20th century brought about different industries to Coron. In 1939, Coron, being a place with mountains rich with mineral reserves experienced a mining boom until the outbreak of the World War II in 1942. The Japanese occupied the mining camps in July 1942 and resumed to manganese mining then. Coron was liberated from the Japanese forces in 1945. On the other hand, deep sea fishing flourished in Coron in 1947. The population increased due to the opportunities of the municipality. People from all over the worked either as fishermen or miners. Today, the Municipality of Coron is a premier tourist destination for locals and foreigners for its breathtaking views and scenic places like the beautiful white sand beaches, marine parks, preserved wreckage of war, dive sites and coral reefs coupled with excellent services and accommodations, and its hospitable people.

2.2 GEO-PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT A. Geographical Location and Area The Municipality of Coron is geographically located in the northernmost part of Palawan. It is located approximately 367 km away from and 363 km from City. It is situated between the geographical coordinates of 11° 59'

5

55" North latitude and 120° 12' 21" East longitude. Coron is bordered on the west by the municipality of Busuanga, on the east by Coron Bay, on the southwest by the municipality of Culion, on the farther south by the municipality of Linapacan and on the north by Mindoro Island (Figure 2).

B. Political Boundary and Island Jurisdiction Coron is one of the four municipalities which comprise the Calamian Group of Islands. It covers half of the Busuanga Island with a total land area of 69 247.2 hectares. The is divided to the following: seven urban barangays covering 7,173.33 hectares (15.74%), eleven rural barangays with approximately 33,229.85 hectares (72.91%), and five rural-island barangays measuring 5,175.90 hectares (11.36%). Barangay Bintuan has the largest land area with 6,358.03 hectares (13.95%) while Barangay Poblacion 3 has the least land area, covering 2.95 hectares only (Table 3). Table 3. Existing Land Area of All Barangays in Coron, Palawan. No. Barangay Land Area (hectares) A. Urban Poblacion 1 207.6 Poblacion 2 8.6 Poblacion 3 14.2 Poblacion 4 116.1 Poblacion 5 531 Poblacion 6 2,722.7 Tagumpay 2,586.3 Sub-Total 6,186.5 B. Rural Bintuan 19,805.1 Borac 4,380.7 Buenavista 1,301 Decabobo 1,434.8 Decalachao 7,784.3 Guadalupe 3,854.2 Malawig 866.2 Marcilla 3,360.2 San Jose 1,297.8 San Nicolas 5,347.7 Turda 2,789 Sub-Total 52,221 C. Island Banuang Daan 3,165.2 Bulalacao 1,554.4 3,942 Lajala 1,312.2 Tara 865.9 Total 10,839.7 Grand Total 69,247.2 Source: FLUP, 2014

The islands and islets of the municipality of Coron are under the jurisdiction of barangays nearby its location. They have a total land area of 3,961.21 hectares. Both

6

Decabobo and Tara have jurisdiction on seven islands, Lajala with six islands, San Jose and Bulalacao with four islands each, Marcilla and Bintuan with two islands each, and one island each under the jurisdiction of barangays Buenavista, Cabugao, Malawig and Turda. The geographical setting of the specific island under the jurisdiction of each barangay of Coron is presented in Table 4.

Table 4. Islands under the Jurisdiction of Specific Barangay of the Municipality of Coron. Barangay Island Area Bintuan Dibatunan Island 14.45 Sangat Island 522.03 Apo Island 896 Lusong Decalbe Buenavista (CR) Licatub Island 173.48 Napasqued Island Jalenget Bulalacao Bulalacao Island 1252.61 Guintungauan Island 14.37 Malaposo Island 3.68 Mininlay Island 24.17 Canipo Malcapuya Calombuyan Island (small) Calombuyan Island (big) Banana Island (Isla de Saging) Detaytayan Island Bulog Island 1 Bulog Island 2 Cabugao Delian Island 232.1 Banuang daan Coron Island 7,000 Decabobo Bungay Island 1.46 Cabilauan Island 564.42 Dibuloc Island 9.42 Dicapajan Island 6.52 Dimalanta Island 23.59 Diatoy Island 13.9 Lawi Island 60.58 Cabilauan Island Dibuyod Island 18.16 Dinanglet Island 2.73 Lajala Malapina Island 39.72 Marinon Island 16.16 Mayanpayan Island 7.34 Uson Island 23.08 CYC Island Marcilla Dibatang Island 22.01 Dinaran Island 60.19 San Jose (CR) Colocoto Island 0.95 Dimaguiat Island 15.69 Dumumpalit Island 12.95 Malpagalen Island 2.56

7

Tara Buntac Island 141.72 Calanhayoun Island 31.65 Camanga Island 53.28 Camanga Maliit Island 6.99 Lagat Island 32.35 Malubutglubut Island 9.08 Tara Island 519.42 Turda Dimilan Island 9.36 Total 3961.21 Source: FLUP, 2014

8

Figure 2. Location Map of the Municipality of Coron, Palawan.

9

Figure 3. Administrative Boundary Map of the Municipality of Coron, Palawan.

10

C. Topography Elevation Coron’s topography features a rugged and mountainous terrain. Among all the barangays of the municipality, four are at an elevation of 550-62 meters namely, Banuang Daan, Cabugao, Poblacion VI and Tagumpay. The elevation of the forest lands which ranges from 0-50 meters to 550-621 meters above sea level, characterizes the islands and islets within Coron. The highest elevations in the municipality are found to be at the south and western corner of its boundary with Busuanga which comprises a part of the Coron Range. The municipality is surrounded by narrow, sandy beaches and outlined by sheer, vertical limestone cliffs which reach up to 600 meters and extend as outcrops up to two kilometers inland. Among its coastal areas, two are relatively flat which coincides with the residential areas of Banuang Daan and Cabugao. One passage to such areas is a small cove fringed with strips of mangrove forest. Meanwhile, among the tallest mountain peaks of the municipality are the Tundarala with an elevation of 1,040 ft., Cabugao with 1,000 ft., Manaepet with 960 ft., Calindo with 930 ft., and Singay with 870 ft. The specific elevation of each barangay is further illustrated in Figure 4.

Slope The slope of the municipality is generally moderate at 8-15 % slopes with an area of 19,517.86 hectares which, given the appropriate soil management and proper housing development, are suitable for expansion of agriculture and human settlements. This slope range covers 31.2% of the 23 barangays. Meanwhile, 24.4% of the 18 barangays have flat slope of 0.3% which are potentially suitable for urban and agriculture development. Only about 20% of the municipality has slopes that are greater than 50% slope and about 38% are areas with less than 18% slope. The least slope in the municipality is 18-30% which includes 14 of the barangays with an aggregate area of 9,510.59 hectares which are mainly classified as forest lands. The specific slopes of each barangay are further illustrated in Table 3 and Figure 4.

Geology Coron is a wedge-shaped limestone island. It is widely dominated by Permian Limestone of Jurassic origin with few of its coastal areas being covered by mangrove forests. The municipality is surrounded with large Granite rock formations which make up most of its islands. Generally, it is assessed as the Northern Palawan Block which extensively underlain by metamorphic rocks. This rock formation has been catalyzed under Luminangcong Formation, interspersed with sedimentary deposits from Guinio Formation and then formed as the Coron Limestone. Its geology is underlain by chert and recent alluvial deposit. Chert can be found in the northern and southern hills of the island. Good outcrops of folded and fractured chert beds are exposed along the cliffs and foot slopes of the hills. Also, the municipality has predominantly rough mountainous soils. These areas are found to

11

have abundant reserves of manganese. The geologic settings of the various barangays of the Municipality of Coron are divided into three, namely: Cretaceous, Oligo-Miocene, and those with unknown setting. Nineteen (19) out of the 23 barangays of Coron were of the cretaceous setting. It covers the largest area of the forest lands. On the other hand, only Banuang Daan and Cabugao are within the Oligo-Miocene geologic setting and 12 out of 23 barangays belong to an unknown geologic setting. The specific barangays and its specific areas within the geologic setting could be further discerned in Figure 6.

D. Soils

The municipality has recorded four types of soil namely, Coron clay loam, Busuanga Loam, Mountain soils and hydrosol. The soils of Coron, particularly those located in plains, valleys, plateaus, are made up of salty clay loam. Some portion of the coastal plains on the South are concentrated with hydrosol while some valleys have rich Busuanga Loam. The soils in the mountains and hillsides have poor fertility and rocky in nature. This soil type is suitable for the growth of grass and ironwood. Meanwhile, the lowland areas have been found to be suitable for rice, root crops and tree crops. Soils in the plain which is made up of alluvial deposits generally lacks internal drainage, while soil of the uplands are residual soils formed from underlying bedrock with excessive external drainage (Table 5).

Table 5. Types of Soil of the Municipality of Coron, Palawan. Soil Type Land Area Coverage (hectares) Coron clay loam 30,824.16 Busuanga Loam 7,500.00 Mountain soils (undifferentiated) 24,353.04 Hydrosol 6,570.00 Total 69,247.2 Source: FLUP, 2014

12

Figure 4. Elevation map of Coron, Palawan (Source: FLUP, 2014)

13

Figure 5. Slope Map of Coron, Palawan (Source: FLUP, 2014)

14

Figure 6. Geologic Map of Coron, Palawan. (Source: FLUP, 2014)

E. Land Resources

Land Classification

According to the FLUP of Coron in 2014, the municipality possesses four conventional land classifications such as Alienable and Disposable, Forestlands, Unclassified Public Forest (UPF) and Bodies of Water. As seen in the Land

15

Classification Map of Coron, nine (9) of its twenty-three (23) barangays were noted to have areas classified as forestland. On the other hand, there are still land classifications that do not have data as indicated in Figure 7.

Existing General Land Use As indicated in Table 6, the predominant land use in the municipality is forest and grasslands which occupies 46.46% and 36.34% of the total municipal land area, respectively. Areas utilized for agricultural uses accounts for almost 1,145.32 hectares (1.69%) of the total land area of Coron. Built-up areas or lands which underwent processing and are being used as base for dwelling units and infrastructure utilities/facilities, have an aggregate total of almost 498.48 hectares. These are areas where concentrations of population are engaged in economic, political, cultural and social activities. Table 6. Existing General Land Use. General Land Use Categories Area (in has.) % to Total Land Area Built-up Areas 498.48 0.74 Agricultural Areas 1145.32 1.69 Grasslands / Shrubs 31402.93 46.46 Mangrove Forest 2943.77 4.35 Forestlands 24565.50 36.34 CADT Areas 7040.99 10.42 Total 67596.99 100.00 Source: MPDO,2014

Urban Land Use

The Poblacion area is the central district of the municipality where the Municipal Hall, Rural Health Unit and concentration of commercial establishments are located. These six poblacion barangays have an aggregate land area of 6,165.07 hectares. This is equivalent to 9.12% of Coron’s total land area. The land uses in these barangays are still of mixed use, although commercial and tourism establishments prevail. Meanwhile, 81.87% of the municipality’s total urban land use is allotted for residential use such as subdivisions, apartments and/or other housing facilities. Institutions such as schools, hospitals, and churches constitute 5.72% or 28.50 hectares of the total land area of the municipality. Also, commercial establishments generally located along the main road occupy a total land area of 37.87 hectares. Lastly, open spaces in the municipality comprise 3.02% or 15.05 hectares of its total land area (Table 7).

Table 7. Urban Land Use in Coron, Palawan. Urban Land Use Categories Area (in has.) % to Total Land Area Residential 408.11 81.87 Commercial 37.87 7.60 Institutional 28.50 5.72 Open Spaces 15.05 3.02 Roads 8.95 1.80 TOTAL 498.48 100.00 Source: MPDO. 2014

16

Tenurial Land Area Seventeen out of twenty-three barangays is under CADC/CADT tenurial instruments. For CADC/CADT purposes a total of 18,169.921 hectares are allocated. On the other hand, 2,206.222 hectares are allotted to CBFMA which are concentrated in Barangays Guadalupe, Barangay VI, San Nicolas and Tagumpay. In Decabobo and Barangay V, 17.870 hectares are allotted to FLAg. Lastly, 1,741.99 hectares among four (4) barangays are allotted to FLGA. The specific barangays and the specific area for tenurial status could be discerned in Table 8. The Busuanga Pasture Reserve (BPR), located within the uplands and grassland areas of Busuanga Island covering portions of both municipalities of Busuanga and Coron, is another parcel of land with a specific tenurial status. The 40,000 ha of land, known then as the Yulo King Ranch (YKR) and later as BPR, was declared as a pasture reserve in 1975 by virtue of Proclamation No. 1387, where it was withdrawn from sale, settlement, or any other form of disposition, exploration, or exploitation except through lease (PCSD Resolution No. 99-145). It was later sequestered by the Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG) in April 1986, and was later placed under the management of the Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI) of the Department of Agriculture (DA) (Madrid, 2014). In 2010, President Macapagal-Arroyo issued Proclamation No. 2057 placing the management and administration of BPR under the Philippine Forest Corporation (PHILFOREST) (Office of the President of the Philippines, 2013). PHILFOREST issued the Economic Productivity out of Idle Lands (EPIL) Tenurial Instruments, awarding titles of the 20,726 ha of the BPR to corporations and individuals to develop the area. Amidst the identified use of land and proclamations administering the operations in the area, BPR was gradually encroached by illegal occupants. According to the CBMS Survey 2011-2013, Barangays in the Municipality of Coron covered by the BPR such as: Decalachao, San Nicolas, Guadalupe, Bintuan, and San Jose have recorded a total of 115 families as informal settlers or 18 % of the identified total informal settlers in the municipality. In 2013, Proclamation No. 2057 was repealed by President Aquino thru Proclamation No. 663 and transferred the administration of the BPR from PHILFOREST to the Forest Management Bureau (FMB) of the DENR (Calica, 2013). In 2014-2015, the DENR spearheaded the drafting of the Master Plan for the Busuanga Pasture Reserve in response to various issues and overlapping tenurial status created by the previous administration handling the BPR, but was later extended as a Master Plan for the Busuanga Island Chain. BPR occupies 21,141 ha of the Municipality of Coron and covers portions of barangays Bintuan, Decalachao, Guadalupe, San Jose and San Nicolas (PCFS, 2014).

17

Ecological Footprint

The fishing ground of Coron has the highest ecological reserve of 326,917 GHa for the year 2015. In 2020, this productive space will still have the highest reserve whose ecological reserve is 326,383 GHa. The municipality has a large coastal/marine area covered which could be the reason for its high reserve for fishing ground. On the other hand, the cropland requirement for food in the municipality showed the highest ecological overshoot of 13,105.76 GHa for the year 2015. For 2020, the ecological overshoot of the said productive space will increase and will remain as the highest overshoot. This could be due to the increasing population of the municipality which exceeds the long term carrying capacity of the ascertained productive space (Table 9.

18

Table 8. Covered Barangays with Tenurial Land Area.

CADC/CADT CBFMA FLAg FLGA Total Barangay Perimeter Perimeter Perimeter Perimeter Perimeter Hectares Hectares Hectares Hectares Hectares (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) Banuang Daan 56,259.635 3,147.454 56,259.635 3,147.454

Borac 27,038.300 471.970 8,262.65 132.54 35,300.952 604.510

Buenavista (CR) 34,481.169 1,284.756 34,481.169 1,284.756

Bulalacao 48,750.323 1,450.564 39,756.77 679.25 88,507.093 2,129.814

Cabugao 87,700.694 3,923.417 87,700.694 3,923.417

Decabobo 54,362.817 1,335.008 1,150.989 7.540 55,513.806 1,342.548

Guadalupe 11,976.933 539.824 11,976.933 539.824

Lajala 33,533.74 851.43 33,533.737 851.430

Malawig 24,361.005 850.339 24,361.005 850.339

Marcilla 36,273.231 1,738.842 36,273.231 1,738.842

Barangay V (CR) 2,610.092 10.330 4,185.30 78.77 6,795.392 89.100

Barangay VI (CR) 15,403.973 851.935 15,403.973 851.935

San Jose (CR) 7,766.100 40.870 7,766.100 40.870

San Nicolas (CR) 8,547.332 319.629 13,434.550 491.384 21,981.882 811.013

Tagumpay (CR) 7,927.326 323.079 7,927.326 323.079

Tara 40,846.272 849.692 40,846.272 849.692

Turda 40,746.480 2,757.380 40,746.480 2,757.380

Total 467,133.358 18,169.921 48,742.782 2,206.222 3,761.081 17.870 85,738.46 1,741.99 605,375.680 22,136.003 Source: FLUP,2014

19

Figure 7. Land Classification Map of Coron, Palawan. (Source: FLUP, 2014)

20

Table 9. Ecological footprint of the Municipality of Coron1.

Requirement Overshoot/Reserve Fraction of land area Year/ Ecological footprint 2013 2015 2020 2013 2015 2020 2013 2015 2020 variable (gha) Cropland requirement for 17,782 18,831 21,731 (15,053.85) (16,102.65) (19,003.19) 0.23 0.24 0.29 food Required forest for water 468 496 572 25,543 25,515 25,439 0.39 0.39 0.39 Required forest for timber 4,212 4,460 5,147 21,799 21,551 20,864 0.33 0.33 0.32 and fuelwood Required fishing ground 3,276 3,469 4,003 327,110 326,917 326,383 Required built-up area 2,808 2,973 3,431 (2,233) (2,398) (2,856) 0.03 0.04 0.04 Required grazing area 936 991 1,144 36,750 36,695 36,542 0.56 0.56 0.56 Carbon dioxide uptake of 14,974 15,858 18,300 13,728 12,845 10,402 0.21 0.20 0.16 forests Source: Philippine biocapacity of all land use types from Ewing et al. 2010, The Ecological Footprint Atlas 2010, except for forest land for water, in South West resident, 2001

21

F. Climate

Coron experiences two pronounced seasons such as wet and dry. The rainy months are from June to November, the rest are relatively dry. The driest months are February and May. Its weather is characterized as sunny, dry and hot. The exceptions are the months of July and August, where you can expect rainfall to be at its heaviest because of the Habagat (southwest monsoon). December, January and February are the coolest months due to the Amihan (northeast monsoon). The minimum temperature in Coron ranges from 20°C to 22°C while the maximum temperature ranges from 32°C to 41°C. Meanwhile, the average high temperature of the municipality is recorded to be 41°C while the average low temperature is 25.3°C. The maximum humidity of Coron was recorded to be 78-84% which usually occurs during the months of June to November while the minimum humidity was 69% observable on the month of May.

G. Natural Hazards/Constraints

Erosion Soil erosion is a natural process wherein soil is removed from the land by water, wind or other media. Rate of erosion is dependent upon physical factors such as length and degree of slope, rainfall intensity, type and density of vegetation and the inherent erodibility of the soil. As reflected on the soil texture data of Coron in FLUP 2014, out of the total 60,973.623 hectares covering the perimeter of 2,302,769.201 meters of the total land area of the 22 barangays, 7,134.076 hectares with a perimeter of 434,862.582 meters are free from erosion while other areas are experiencing different intensity of erosion. Approximately 23,530.884 hectares are slightly eroded while 24,537.654 hectares are moderately eroded. The remaining 102.533 hectares is unclassified. Only Barangay Tara was recorded as having not experience any soil erosion in their area. One can deduce that the degree of soil erosion is affected by various factors particularly topography, soil, climate, vegetation cover, and land management practices. Since erosion can cause soil deterioration and low water quality, it is a concern that requires attention so as to prevent it to reduce land productivity and pollution in water bodies.

Flooding Coron is susceptible to flooding due to its island and coastal composition. As shown in figure 8, the barangays that are affected by river and coastal flooding are the portions of Barangays Poblacion 6, Decalachao, Borac, Guadalupe, and Bintuan.

Storm Surge A storm surge is a coastal flood or tsunami-like phenomenon of rising water commonly associated with low pressure weather systems (such as tropical cyclones and strong extratropical cyclones). The severity of which is affected by the shallowness and orientation of the water body relative to storm path, and the timing

22

of tides. Most casualties during tropical cyclones occur as the result of storm surges. Barangays Bulalacao, Lajala, Malawig, Tara and Turda are susceptible to typhoon/storm/wave surges as indicated in Table 10.

Landslide Highly susceptible areas to mass movements/landslide are concentrated along roads, cut slopes, and stream embankments. They are mostly characterized by steep slopes, fractured and loosely consolidated rock materials, and thick soil cover. The barangays in the municipality of Coron that are susceptible to landslides are the Banuang Daan, Cabugao, Poblacion VI, V, and IV.

H. Man-made Hazards

There are two man-made hazards that affect the municipality namely, domestic fires and siltation. Domestic fires are generally triggered by the climate or other human factors in the municipality. It usually occurs in all of its 23 barangays. On the other hand, siltation triggered by the various human activities in Coron which is commonly observed in barangays Bintuan, Tagumpay and Poblacion II, respectively.

I. Biological Hazards

The most common biological hazards that are observed in the municipality are disease outbreaks like diarrhea and dengue which occurs among its barangays. Also,. Coconut infestation has been observed in barangays Bulalacao and Malawig

J. Societal Hazards

Although not severe, risks posed byarmed conflict, stampede and act of terrorism triggered by politics are societal hazards that affect all the barangays of the municipality.

K. Technological Hazards

Poisoning is a common technological hazard in the municipality and can be observed from all barangays.

23

Figure 8. Geohazard Map of Coron, Palawan. (Source: FLUP, 2014)

24

Table 10. Existing Hazards/Constraints in the Municipality of Coron. NATURAL HAZARDS TRIGGERING VULNERABLE BARANGAY PHENOMENA Flood (river and Coastal Hydrologic(Typhoons) Portion of Barangays Poblacion Flooding) 6, Decalachao, Borac, Guadalupe, Bintuan Typhoon/Storm/wave surges Meteorological –(cyclones) Bulalacao, Lajala, Malawig, Hydrological – (Typhoons) Tara and Turda Earthquakes- (tsunami) Volcanic- (Tsunami) Pestilence (Rats, golden Kuhol, Biological San Nicolas, Guadalupe, San and Black Bug) Jose, Decalachao, Bintuan, Turda, Borac Land Slide Hydrologic(Typhoons) Banuang Daan, Cabugao, Poblacion VI, V, IV, Tagumpay, Borac, Bintuan, Guadalupe, Marcilla MAN MADE HAZARDS

Domestic Fire Climatologically/Human All 23 barangays factor Siltation Mining Bintuan, Tagumpay, Poblacion II BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS Outbreak of Disease Biological- All 23 barangays (Diarrhea & Dengue outbreak) Forest Fire Climatologically Bintuan, Decalachao, Poblacion (extreme temperature, wild VI fire, drought) Coconut infestation Biological Bulalacao, Malawig

SOCIETAL HAZARDS Armed Conflict, Stampede, Act Political All 23 barangays of Terrorism TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS Poisoning Biological All 23 barangays Source: DRRMP, 2015

25

L. Biological Features

Terrestrial Flora (Coron Framework, 2006) The dominant families identified in Coron in terms of biomass and areas covered are Dipterocarpacea family in mid-slopes, the molave type of forest in the foothills, and the brushlands and grasslands in undulating and level areas. Mainland Coron is widely vegetated with dipterocarps and Katmon (Dillenia philippinensis), Mankono (Xanthostemon spp.), Lanete (Wrigthia pubiscens), Kamagong (Diospyrus philippinensis), Akle (Albizzia akle), Narra (Pterocarpus indicus), Molave (Vitex parviflora), (Artocarpus blancoi), Palasan (Calamus merrillii) and Limuran (Calamus ornatus. Also, 25% of Coron island’s rolling and steep hills are covered by tree species such as Taluto (Pterocymbium tinctorium), Ipil (Instia bijuga), Amugis (Koordersiodendron pinnatum), and Dungon (Heritiera sylvatica). Moreover, old growth forests are encountered in parts of barangays Borac and San Nicolas. Grasslands are widely observed in barangays San Jose, Decalachao, Guadalupe, Bintuan and San Nicolas. Lastly, dipterocarps, ipil and other important forest tree species are found in San Nicolas, Borac and Bintuan.

Terrestrial Fauna There are about 361 species from 26 orders and 91 families of wildlife observed in the municipality of Coron. Moreover, a total of 125 terrestrial species were observed with the following breakdown: 84 species of birds from 33 families representing 38.5% of Palawan bird species; 22 mammals from 11 families or 37.9 of recorded Palawan mammals, 15 reptiles from seven families or 23.4% of Palawan reptiles; and four amphibians from three families or 19% of Palawan amphibians (Table 11). Table 11. Fauna Species Found in Coron Municipality. Northern Palawan Recorded Number in Types of wildlife Percent encountered Records Survey Conducted Birds 218 84 38.5 Mammals 58 22 37.9 Reptiles 64 15 23.4 Amphibians 21 4 19.0 Total 361 125 34.6 Source: FLUP, 2014

The municipality of Coron is also known for its rare species such as egret, stork, tern, Philippine Cockatoo, Chest-winged cuckoo, black-nest swiftlet, blue- winged pitta, flycatchers, Palawan tree shrew, Lesser bamboo Bat, Bearded Pig, Pond turtles, Griffin’s Skink, White-striped Snake, Philippine Discoglossid frog and Palawan toad. However, the municipality is also a sanctuary for endangered species of Palawan Peacock Pheasant (Polyplectron emphanum), Blue-naped Parrot (Tanygnathus lucionensis salvadorii), Palawan flycatcher (Ficedula platenae), Asiatic pangolin (Manis javanica), Calamian Deer (Cervus porcinus calamianensis) and

26

Philippine crocodile (Crocodylus mindorensis). Meanwhile, insectivores and carnivores appeared to dominate among the fauna species indicating that more prey species are found in the area which support the predators. Pollinator species were least abundant because of their highly specialized diet. Pollen and seed eaters are few due to their seasonal food resource.

M. Coastal Resources (Coron Framework 2006)

Coral Reef Coron serves as a home for coral reefs covering a total of 8,269.45 hectares and dispersed within the whole locality. Bulalacao has the highest number of corals, with a total of 2,861.68 hectares, or 34.61% of the total corals existing in the whole municipality while Poblacion I, II, III and IV lacks the presence of coral reefs. As of 2006, a total of 342 species distributed among 47 families of reef and reef-associated fish were recorded to be present in Coron. These were comprised of rabbitfish (Siganidae), eagle ray (Myliobatidae), snapper (Lutjanidae), bream (Lethrinidae), soldierfish (Holocentridae), sweetlips (Haemulidae), anchovy (Engraulidae), pufferfish (Tetraodontidae), filefish (Monacanthidae), wrasse (Labridae), cardinal fish (Apogonidae), several species of parrotfishes, jacks (Carangidae) and damselfish (Pomacentridae). Furthermore, the most dominant species among the 47 fish families are Pomacentridae (53 species), Labridae (49 species), Chaetodontidae (27 species), Scaridae (24 species) and Acanthuridae and Serranidae with 18 species each. The most prevailing fish families in terms of the frequency of occurrence in the stations surveyed are: parrotfishes (Scaridae), damselfishes (Pomacentridae), wrasses (Labridae), butterfly fishes (Chaetodontidae) and snappers (Lutjanidae). However, the most common and often recorded species found in Coron were the spiny chromis (Acanthochromis polyacanthus), the staghorn damselfish (Amblyglyphidodon curacao), the Pacific longnose parrotfish (Hipposcarus longiceps), the barhead spinefoot (Siganus virgatus), and the small-toothed whiptail (Pentapodus caninus), and vermiculated angelfish (Chaetodontoplus mesoleucus).

Seagrass Communities About nine (9) species of sea grass are found in Coron, these are; Enhalus acoroides (most abundant); Thalassia hemprichii, Halophila ovalis, Syringodium isoetifolium Halodule pinifolia, Cymodocea rotundata, C. serrulata, Holodule unniervis and Halophila sp. (minor or decipiens). The municipality of Coron has comparably high dense seagrass than of those spared. Bulalacao, have the highest number of dense seagrass present. On the other hand, highest number of sparse sea grass present is found in Brgy. Bintuan, covering a total of 133.83 hectares.

Mangrove Forests There were 18 true and 20 associate mangrove species that were recognized to exist in Coron. These species belong to 14 families and 27 genera of vascular plants.

27

The most widely distributed species in Coron include: Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Xylocarpus granatum, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Rhizophora stylosa, Bruguiera cylindricam Lumnitzera littorea, Ceriops tagal, Ceriops decandra, and Heritiera littorea. The most abundant species are Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Xylocarpus granatum, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Rhizophora stylosa. Coron has a total mangrove area of 2,690.80 hectares in which 25.55 % of it was in Brgy. Bintuan. Table 12. Land and Sea Cover Classification of Coron, Palawan. Corals Dense sea grass Sparse sea Mangroves grass Barangay Name Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha % Banwang Daan 102.19 1.24 21.3 0.63 - - - - Brgy. Pob. I - - 1.51 0.05 - - 5.95 0.22 Brgy. Pob II ------Brgy. Pob. III - - 0.51 0.02 - - - - Brgy. Pob. IV ------Brgy. Pob. V 34.45 0.42 44.66 1.33 - - 49.00 1.82 Brgy. Pob. VI 4.83 0.06 19.05 0.57 - - 104.95 3.90 Bintuan 511.95 6.19 357.55 10.65 133.83 71.38 687.51 25.55 Borac 945.17 11.43 222.17 6.62 0.51 0.27 45.32 1.68 Buenavista 58.28 0.7 235.25 7.01 1.59 0.85 79.80 2.97 Bulalacao 2,861.68 34.61 469.43 13.98 4.04 2.16 165.81 6.16 Cabugao 1,137.46 13.75 197.36 5.88 2.81 1.5 30.60 1.14 Decabobo 270.48 3.27 175.1 5.21 8.49 4.53 99.35 3.69 Decalachao/YKR 90.84 1.1 63.97 1.91 - - 324.39 12.06 Guadalupe 105.92 1.28 231.26 6.89 - - 180.13 6.69 Lajala 361.99 4.38 165.04 4.92 0.73 0.39 142.23 5.29 Malawig 181.7 2.2 335.2 9.98 3.59 1.91 0.54 0.02 Marcilla 379.63 4.59 61.08 1.82 3.93 2.1 221.18 8.22 San Jose 176.74 2.14 98.24 2.93 9.24 4.93 133.36 4.96 San Nicolas 4.27 0.05 54.45 1.62 4.5 2.4 79.08 2.94 Tagumpay 384.34 4.65 80.81 2.41 8.76 4.67 105.39 3.92 Turda 657.54 7.95 523.77 15.6 5.47 2.92 210.68 7.83 Tara n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 19.65 0.73 Grand Total 8,269.45 100 3,357.71 100 187.5 100 2,690.80 100 Source: Coron Framework, 2006

Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles Dugongs, although seldom sighted in Coron, have been reported to be observed in the near shore waters of Bulalacao, Decabobo, Malawig, Marcilla, San Jose, Tara and Turda. Sea turtles were mostly situated among inland barangays where one species such as, leatherback turtles were often spotted. In addition, turtle nests were reportedly found all over the municipal’s small island, particularly in the northeastern part (Malpagalen, Deboyoyan, Dimampalic, Camanga, Lagat and Tinul). Similarly, common sightings of dolphins in most island barangays (Cabilauan Island) were reported. On the other hand, whales were mostly found in deep, offshore waters between Tara, Malawig and Turda.

28

Marine Protected Areas (MPA’s) There are ten established Marine Protected Area in the municipality of Coron. The application for MPA in each community is initiated by different private entities like ECOFISH, Malampaya Foundation, FAO, etc. However, the nearest political unit or community is envisioned to manage the known MPA’s in Coron, namely: Lajala, Balisungan, Minugbay-Malbato-Tagpi, Bulalacao, Siete Picados, Sangat-Decalve, Marcilla, Bintuan, Decabobo, and San Jose. Aside from the barangay level management and administration, the municipal government and various foundations involved in some operations in the identified areas put efforts in serving the purpose of MPA.

N. Water Resources

Surface water is utilized by locals of Coron for everyday living and varied purposes. Surface water resources include rivers, lakes and springs. Among these are the Tulbuan River, the Maquinit Hot Spring located in barangay Tagumpay, Lake Abuyok with an estimated area of 420 square kilometers, Lake Kayangan, Lake Tangenge, and Barracuda Lake. Coron has an estimated marine water area of 360,310 hectares or 3,603.1 square kilometers within the entire municipality, stretching from Barangay Bintuan to Barangay San Jose. This total water area includes 2,139 hectares of mangrove area and coral reefs that both function as habitat for marine life. Out of the six coral reef sites surveyed by the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development Staff (PCSDS), 16.67 % of it still exist in excellent condition, while the remaining percentage needed intense rehabilitation, according to the State of Environment Report in 2004.

2.3 POPULATION AND SOCIAL PROFILE

A. Population Size

According to the 2010 census of the National Statistics Office (NSO), the municipality of Coron has a total population of 42,941. This phenomenal population growth can be attributed to the influx of migrants, particularly fishing families who settled in the coastal barangays of the town. Migrant traders from neighboring also contributed to population increase. These migrant traders speculate on the thriving tourism industry in Coron which is anticipated to give opportunities in business and trade. The increase in population counts for the period 2000 to 2010 translated to an annual population growth rate of 5.355 %. In 2020, Coron is projected to have a total population of 72,348. Table 13 shows the list of population of Coron and its barangays in 2010 including its projected population in 2020-2025.

29

Table 13. Projected Municipal Population of Coron Palawan per Barangay: 2015 – 2025.

Barangay Base Population Year 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2025 2010 1. Barangay I 4073 5,295 5,579 5,877 6,192 6,524 6,873 8,921 2. Barangay II 876 1,115 1,174 1,237 1,304 1,373 1,447 1,878 3. Barangay III 632 836 881 928 977.7 1030.05 1,085 1,409 4. Barangay IV 693 892 940 990 1042.88 1098.72 1,158 1,503 5. Barangay V 2875 3,734 3,934 4,145 4,367 4,601 4,847 6,292 6. Barangay VI 2070 2,675 2,819 2,970 3,129 3,296 3,473 4,508 7. Tagumpay 6046 7,859 8,280 8,723 9,190 9,682 10,201 13,241 8. Banuang 818 1,059 1,116 1,175 1,238 1,305 1,375 1,784 Daan 9.. Bintuan 2357 3,066 3,230 3,403 3,585 3,777 3,979 5,165 10. Borac 2,430 3,177 3,347 3,526 3,715 3,914 4,124 5,353 11. Buenavista 940 1,226 1,292 1,361 1,434 1,511 1,592 2,066 12. Bulalacao 2818 3,679 3,876 4,083 4,302 4,532 4,775 6,198 13. Cabugao 1831 2,374 2,502 2,636 2,803 2,953 3,111 4,038 14. Decabobo 1125 1,449 1,527 1,609 1,695 1,785 1,881 2,442 15. Decalachao 1243 1,616 1,703 1,794 1,890 1,991 2,098 2,723 16. Guadalupe 2253 2,898 3,054 3,217 3,389 3,571 3,762 4,883 17. Lajala 1266 1,616 1,703 1,794 1,890 1,991 2,098 2,723 18. Malawig 556 725 763 804 847.34 892.71 941 1,221 19. Marcilla 1179 1,505 1,585 1,670 1,760 1,854 1,953 2,535 20. San Jose 1148 1,505 1,585 1,670 1,760 1,854 1,953 2,535 21. San Nicolas 1969 2,564 2,701 2,846 2,998 3,159 3,328 4,320 22. Tara 1429 1,839 1,938 2,042 2,151 2,266 2,387 3,099 23. Turda 2314 3,010 3,171 3,341 3,520 3,708 3,907 5,071 Total 42941 55,738 58,722 61,867 65,179.92 68,668.48 72,348 93,908 *computed by Practicum Team

B. Population Density Coron has a total land area of 693.698 km² and has a computed population density of 61.90 people per square kilometer in 2010.The result reveals that the proportion between various barangays’ land area and population barangays are generally different. Among its barangays, Poblacion II has the highest population density in 2010 with 10186.05 people per square kilometer while Bintuan was the barangay with the smallest population density of 11.90 people per square kilometer. Results on specific population density per barangay classification could be discerned further in the Table 14 presented below. Table 14. 2010 Population Density in Each Barangay of Coron, Palawan. Barangay 2010 Population Area (km²) Population Density Barangay I 4073 2.076 1961.95 Barangay II 876 0.086 10186.05 Barangay III 632 0.142 4450.70 Barangay IV 693 1.161 596.90 Barangay V 2875 5.310 541.43

30

Barangay 2010 Population Area (km²) Population Density Barangay VI 2070 27.227 76.03 Tagumpay 6046 25.863 233.77 Banuang Daan 818 31.652 25.84 Bintuan 2357 198.051 11.90 Borac 2,430 43.807 55.47 Buenavista 940 13.010 72.25 Bulalacao 2818 15.544 181.30 Cabugao 1831 39.420 46.45 Decabobo 1125 14.348 78.41 Decalachao 1243 77.843 15.97 Guadalupe 2253 38.542 58.46 Lajala 1266 8.662 146.16 Malawig 556 33.602 16.55 Marcilla 1179 12.978 90.85 San Jose 1148 53.477 21.47 San Nicolas 1969 14.348 137.23 Tara 1429 8.659 165.03 Turda 2314 27.890 82.97 Source: CBMS Survey 2011-2013

C. Household Distribution

Table 15 shows that there are 9,775 households in the 23 barangays. Of these, 4,000 or 40.92% are in the rural barangays. Likewise, the lowest number of household is at Barangay Banuang Daan with only 147 or 1.50% of the total households of the Municipality. The average household size of the whole municipality of Coron is 4.77. However, island barangays have a higher average household size at 4.92, followed by the urban barangays at 4.78, and the rural barangays at 4.68.

Table 15. Number of Households and Average Household Size per Barangay. Barangay Number of Percentage (%) Average Household Household Size A. Urban 1. Barangay I 880 9.00 5.35 2. Barangay II 161 1.65 4.45 3. Barangay III 186 1.90 3.96 4. Barangay IV 177 1.81 4.25 5. Barangay V 780 7.98 4.34 6. Barangay VI 474 4.85 4.56 7. Tagumpay 1,342 13.73 4.97 Sub total 4,000 40.92 4.78 B. Rural 1. Bintuan 546 5.59 4.42 2. Borac 488 4.99 4.77 3. Buenavista 200 2.05 4.57 4. Decabobo 241 2.47 4.88 5. Decalachao 210 2.15 5.31 6. Guadalupe 518 5.30 4.97 7. Malawig 149 1.52 5.05 8. Marcilla 287 2.94 4.55 9. San Jose 232 2.37 4.81 10. San Nicolas 500 5.12 4.43 11. Turda 608 6.22 4.43 Sub total 3,979 40.71 4.68

31

Barangay Number of Percentage (%) Average Household Household Size C. Island Barangays 1. Banuang Daan 147 1.50 5.46 2. Bulalacao 596 6.10 4.86 3. Cabugao 444 4.54 5.21 4. Lajala 301 3.08 4.47 5. Tara 308 3.15 4.83 Sub total 1,796 18.37 4.92 Grand Total 9,775 100.00 4.77 Source: CBMS Survey 2011-2013

D. Age-Sex Distribution According to Philippine Statistical Authority (2010), the male population in the municipality is dominant over the female population. There are 22,076 males and 20,602 females in the municipality in year 2010. The computed sex ratio shows that there are 107 males for every 100 females in Coron. Table 23 shows that the highest population is from age group 5-9 years old. On the other hand, ages 60-64 years old has the lowest number of population (Table 16). Table 16. Population of Coron by Age and Sex Group. Age Group Both Sexes Male Female 0-4 5,463 2,831 2,632 5-9 5,740 3,031 2,709 10-14 5,644 2,895 2,749 15-19 4,631 2,363 2,268 20-24 3,789 1,878 1,911 25-29 3,306 1,697 1,609 30-34 3,002 1,562 1,440 35-39 2,561 1,374 1,187 40-44 2,201 1,182 1,019 45-49 1,771 942 829 50-54 1,501 765 736 55-59 1,051 548 503 60-64 720 366 354 65 and over 1,298 642 656 Total 42,678 22,076 20,602 Source: PSA, 2010

Figure 9 illustrates the distribution of the population according to sex and age group in the Municipality of Coron. The pyramid has a wide base and assumes a triangular shape (expansive type) which indicates high fertility in an increasing rateThe pyramid shows that the municipality’s population is still young with the population below 15 years old comprising most of the total population. Moreover, the category 60 and above has the least. High fertility rate may increase the population of the municipality in a span of 10-15 years given that the young population is expected to be the reproductive population eventually.

32

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION BY AGE GROUP AND GENDER CY 2007 vs. CY 2010 65 and over 60 - 64 55 - 59 50 - 54 Female 45 - 49 2010 40 - 44 35 - 39 Male 30 - 34 2010 25 - 29 Female 20 - 24 15 - 19 2007 10 - 14

5 - 9 AGE GROUP AGE 0- 4 10000 5000 0 5000 10000 Male Female POPULATION

Figure 9. Population Pyramid of the Municipality of Coron, Palawan (2007 V.S 2010).

E. Dominant Language and Dialect A mixture of different dialects and languages are understood and spoken by the population. Due to influx of migrants, various languages were introduced in the municipality of Coron. Aside from Tagalog, the native dialect such as Cuyunon, Tagbanua, and Kagayanen were commonly used as means of daily communication. Aside from Tagalog-based Filipino language, English is also once in a while spoken and/or understood by the people of the communities while others can speak Chinese and other foreign languages. F. Religion Residents of Coron belong to different religions and have various religious beliefs. The results of the 2000 and 2007 census show that the dominant religion is Roman Catholic, followed by Iglesia ni Cristo, Protestant, and Baptist respectively.

G. Indigenous People Indigenous People of the Calamian Tagbanua community own 22,400 hectares of the Coron Island which encompassing ancestral land and fishing grounds. The IPs’ culture remains nomadic with fishing and bird’s nest (balinsasayaw) collection as their primary source of livelihood. Two barangays are present in the island; these are Banuang Daan with 4,100 hectares and Cabugao with 5,262 hectares. Two barangays in the municipality have approved CADT in 2012. These are areas within Coron Island such as Banuang Daan and Cabugao Furthermore, IPs in barangays of Buenavista, Malawig, Tara, and Turda have CADT application but lack documents. Political structure is lead by elected leaders which represent the community in all decision making especially when it involves the right to ancestral domain and customary rights. Christians though have great influence on who will be elected as their local leaders. Right to suffrage is also practiced by IP’s. They have a justice

33

system called Panglaw where council of elders collectively decide guilt and impose penalties. The LGU has been active regarding IP issues and taxation on tourism related activities since 2010. The IP’s did not approve the constituents of the IPRA law due to their lack of knowledge about it therefore, the NCIP Regional Director began coordinating with the LGU and the tribal elders. In 2014, the NCIP audits tourism revenues of Coron Island. IP representatives too are invited to sit in the Coron ECAN Board and LGU to represent their communities.

H. Health Health Personnel and Facilities, Public and Private In 2013, the Coron District Hospital (CDH) had a total of 1, 195 admissions (excluding newborn), 1, 114 total discharged alive and 89 total in – patient deaths, 27 total patients. Table 17 shows the list of hospital/center and their corresponding location. These health centers/hospitals are located in town proper except for barangay health centers which are located in all barangays.

Table 17. List of Hospital/ Health Center, 2013.

NAME OF CLASSIFICATION LOCATION HOSPITAL/CENTER (PRIVATE OR PUBLIC)

Rural Health Unit (RHU) Public Barangay II, Coron, Palawan FMC Wellness Center Private Barangay I, Coron, Palawan Island Doctors Clinic Private Barangay I, Coron, Palawan Coron District Hospital (CDH) Public Barangay V, Coron, Palawan Coron Diagnostic Center Private Barangay V, Coron, Palawan Decalachao, Coron, Palawan Turda, Coron, Palawan Birthing Centers (RHU) Public Bintuan, Coron, Palawan San Nicolas, Coron, Palawan Barangay Health Centers Public All barangays Source: CBMS Survey 2011-2013

Table 18 shows the number of health personnel in the Rural Health Unit of the municipality. In Coron, there are a total of 105 barangay health workers which monitor and supervise the barangay level well-being of the populace; the actual medical facility (RHU) has 1 doctor, 7 nurses, 1 dentist, and 17 midwives. This personnel count can be identified as relatively not proportionate to the total population. Amidst all of these, the health unit caters services on child delivery, EENT Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, Orthopedics, Gynecology, and education on sexually transmitted disease.

34

Table 18. Rural Health Unit by Number of Personnel, 2013. Rural Health Unit Personnel’s Number of Personnel/s Doctor 1 Nurses 7 Dentist 1 RSI 1 Midwives 17 Laboratory Aide 2 Driver 2 Utility Worker 2 Medical Technician 1 Barangay Health Workers 105 Total 139 Source: MHO

Leading Causes of Morbidity The leading cause of morbidity is Urinary Tract Infection in 2015 which affected 3,536 of the total population. This was followed by Hypertension which affected 806 of the total population. The third leading cause of morbidity is Bronchitis which affected 515 of the total population. Table 19 shows other causes of morbidity in the municipality.

Table 19. Ten Leading Causes of Morbidity. PERCENT DISEASES MALE FEMALE TOTAL ACCOMPLISHMENT 1. UTI 1,613 1,923 3,536 70.42% 2. Hypertension 374 432 806 16.05% 3. Bronchitis 262 253 515 10.26% 4. UTI 160 264 424 8.44% 5. AGE 163 115 278 5.54% 6. Gastritis 51 95 146 2.91% 7. Dermatitis 60 78 138 2.75% 8. Diarrhea 70 65 135 2.69% 9. Pneumonia 58 59 117 2.33% 10. MSS 46 43 89 1.77% Source: MHO, 2015

Ten Leading Causes of Mortality

The top cause of death in the municipality is Pneumonia with 19 deaths recorded. This was followed by Sepsis recording a total of 11 deaths (Table 20).

Table 20. Ten Leading Causes of Mortality. PERCENT CAUSE OF DEATH MALE FEMALE TOTAL ACCOMPLISHMENT 1. Pneumonia 9 10 19 0.38% 2. Sepsis 4 7 11 0.22% 3. PTB 6 5 11 0.22% 4. MI 6 4 10 0.20% 5. CVA 6 3 9 0.18% 6. Alcohol Intoxication 4 3 7 0.14% 7. Hypertension 3 3 6 0.12% 8. Cancer 3 2 5 0.10%

35

PERCENT CAUSE OF DEATH MALE FEMALE TOTAL ACCOMPLISHMENT 9. BPN 2 1 3 0.06% 10. Diabetes Mellitus 1 2 3 0.06% Source: MHO, 2015

Other Statistical Data

Statistical values utilized to measure the growth and decline of the population are the Crude Birth Rate (CBR) and Crude Death Rate (CDR). Aside from the total fertility rate, crude birth rate or CBR is used to validate the number of children born per 1,000 populations in a given period. Based on the 2011 Annual Report of the Municipal Health Office of Coron, it is shown that out of the 46,578 total population of the Municipality, the Crude Birth Rate is 1,142 or 26.71%; while the Crude Death Rate per 1,000 populations was 118 or 2.76%. On the other hand, the rate of maternal deaths and infant deaths was 1 or 0.02% and 6 or 5.25% respectively. This just shows that there is a high birth rate and that their population is increasing and the low death rate suggests that their population continuously increase. Family Planning Family planning services offered by the RHU includes family planning counseling. The most commonly used method is pills with 1,109 (29%) followed by injectable DMPA with 987 (26%), and NFP – LAM with 875 (23%). Table 21 enumerates the family planning program beneficiariesin 2013.

Table 21. Family Planning Program Beneficiaries, 2013. NUMBER OF BENEFICIARIES METHOD New Current TOTAL Female Sterilizer/BTL 15 570 585 Male Sterilizer/Vasectomy 0 4 4 Pills 128 981 1,109 IUD 5 16 21 Injectable DMPA 107 880 987 NFP – CM 5 98 103 NFP – SOM 3 96 99 NFP – LAM 256 619 875 Condom 5 25 30 TOTAL 524 3289 3,813 Source: MHO

I. Education Educational Attainment and Literacy Rate According to the PSA (2010), literacy rate is 94.87%. These accounts to 29,581 of the population ages 10 years old and above are able to read or write. On the other hand, 1,614 or 5.13% remains illiterate. There are more literate males than literate females as presented in Table 22.

36

Table 22. Literacy of Household Population 10 Years Old and Over by Age Group and Sex 2010. Household Population 10 Literate Illiterate Age Group Years Old and Over and City/ Both Both Both Municipality Male Female Male Female Male Female Sexes Sexes Sexes Total 31,475 16,214 15,261 29,861 15,327 14,534 1,614 887 727 10-14 5,644 2,895 2,749 5,317 2,678 2,639 327 217 110 15-19 4,631 2,363 2,268 4,442 2,260 2,182 189 103 86 20-24 3,789 1,878 1,911 3,667 1,832 1,836 122 46 75 25-29 3,306 1,697 1,609 3,214 1,644 1,570 92 53 39 30-34 3,002 1,562 1,440 2,877 1,487 1,390 125 75 50 35-39 2,561 1,374 1,187 2,437 1,293 1,144 124 81 43 40-44 2,201 1,182 1,019 2,070 1,104 966 131 78 53 45-49 1,771 942 829 1,651 882 769 120 60 60 50-54 1,501 765 736 1,405 723 682 96 42 54 55-59 1,051 548 503 970 528 442 81 20 61 60-64 720 366 354 637 322 315 83 44 39 65 and over 1,298 642 656 1,174 575 599 124 67 57 Source: PSA, 2010

School-Age Population and Participation Rate School-going population is shown in Table 23. Of the 8,397 six (6) to twelve (12) year- old residents who were supposed to be in primary school, only 6,092 or 72.55% are attending school. Records also show that only 2,345 or 49.98% of the 4,692 thirteen (13) to sixteen (16) year olds are attending secondary school. Remaining 2,347 or 50.02% did not pursue high school yet for reasons like lack of financial support.

37

Table 23. School-going Population in Coron, Palawan. Total Number of 6-12 years old Number of 6-12 years old Total Number of 13-16 years old Number of 13-16 years old Attending Not Attending Barangay Attending High Not Attending High Male Female Total Elementary Elementary Male Female Total School School School School Banuang Daan 79 62 141 125 16 39 40 79 22 57 Bintuan* 233 202 435 66 369 326 124 450 309 141 Borac 224 202 426 334 92 111 115 226 96 130 Buenavista 93 90 183 157 26 45 50 95 14 81 Bulalacao 340 307 647 522 125 137 136 273 101 172 Cabugao 254 211 465 302 163 122 92 214 67 147 Decabobo* 117 113 230 35 195 74 57 131 41 90 Decalachao 120 106 226 191 35 56 65 121 55 66 Guadalupe 255 228 483 383 100 116 129 245 112 133 Lajala 138 126 264 214 50 60 64 124 57 67 Malawig 74 64 138 95 43 37 36 73 10 63 Marcilla 85 87 172 135 37 47 49 96 47 49 Poblacion I 369 368 737 620 117 200 204 404 265 139 Poblacion II 49 55 104 78 26 35 27 62 43 19 Poblacion III 55 53 108 86 22 36 40 76 43 33 Poblacion IV 55 52 107 91 16 28 32 60 40 20 Poblacion V 280 245 525 426 99 157 155 312 210 102 Poblacion VI 171 162 333 277 56 111 96 207 122 85 San Jose 109 102 211 164 47 52 54 106 35 71 San Nicolas 222 179 401 286 115 119 121 240 115 125 Tagumpay 703 543 1,246 945 301 322 339 661 383 278 Tara 172 150 322 173 149 57 88 145 16 129 Turda 256 237 493 387 106 153 139 292 142 150 Total 4,453 3,944 8,397 6,092 2,305 2,440 2,252 4,692 2,345 2,347 Source: FLUP, 2014

38

Number and Location of Schools, by Level, Public and Private

As of 2013, the municipality of Coron has recorded a total of 86 schools. Of which, 40 are daycare centers, 35 are elementary schools located in different barangays (31 public and 4 private) 10 secondary schools (7 public and 3 private) located in both urban and rural barangays. Unfortunately, there are no secondary schools in the island barangays which implies hard access to secondary education to those far off (Table 24 & 25).

Table 24. Inventory of Schools in Coron, Palawan. SCHOOL LEVEL Public Private Total Pre School 40 - 40 Elementary 31 4 35 Secondary 7 3 10 College 1 - 1 TOTAL 99 7 86 Source: MPDO, 2014

Table 25. List of Schools in Coron, Palawan and their Location per Barangay. Name of School Location (Sitio/ Barangay) ELEMENTARY Public Banuang Daan ES Banuang Daan Balisungan ES Tagumpay Bayang ES Turda Bayo Bayo PS Tagumpay Benekan PS San Nicolas Bintuan ES Bintuan Borac ES Borac Buenavista ES Buenavista Bulalacao ES Bulalacao Buyot PS Malawig Cabugao ES Cabugao Canipo ES Bulalacao Claudio Sandoval ES Barangay 1 CLaudio Sandoval ES South Annex Barangay 1 Decabobo ES Decabobo Decalachao ES Decalachao Diandanao PS Guadalupe Guadalupe ES Guadalupe Lajala ES Lajala Malawig ES Malawig Malbato ES Bintuan Maricaban PS San Jose Marcilla ES Marcilla San Jose ES San Jose San Nicolas ES San Nicolas Sta. Monica ES Guadalupe

39

Name of School Location (Sitio/ Barangay) Tagum ES Tagumpay Tagumpay ES Tagumpay Tara ES Tara Tulbuan ES Decalachao Turda ES Turda Private CCFT Coron Christ of the Refuge Learning Center (CRLC) Brgy. 5 Mabentangen ES Mabentangen St. Augustine's Academy Coron SECONDARY Public Borac NHS (Coron SOF-Borac Annex) Borac Coron School of Fisheries Brgy. 1 Decalachao Decalachao Turda Turda Tagumpay Tagumpay San Nicholas San Nicholas Guadalupe Guadalupe Private

CCFT Coron So. Pali, Poblacion 6 Christ of the Refuge Learning Center (CRLC) Brgy. 5 Saint Augustine's Academy Brgy. 1 TERTIARY Palawan State University Dipulao, Brgy. 6 Source: CBMS Survey 2011-2013

Tertiary Education

It is preferred by the people of Coron, Busuanga, Linapacan and Culion to send their children to Puerto Princesa, Batangas or Manila, just to obtain a most desired college education. However, due to financial constraints, it is estimated that only 20% of the high school graduates were able to pursue higher education, while 80% were forced to stop schooling.It is in 1994 when a satellite campus of PSU was established. It is located in Poblacion 6 offering 7 undergraduate degrees including Bachelor of Science in Elementary and Secondary Education, Hospitality Management, Tourism, Business Administration in Marketing and Financial Management and Criminology. The table below shows the trend of the enrollees in the university. In the academic year 2015-2016 PSU-Coron had a total of 1,353 enrollees, making them the second biggest satellite in the Norther Palawan region. The trend shows an increasing number of college-goers since the year 2011. The degree programs with the highest enrollees are BS Elementary Education and BS Hospitality Management (Table 26). BS Entrepreneurship got the lowest number of enrollees and because of this, the degree was replaced by BS Business Administration. BS Criminology on the other hand, was only offered in 2012. This representation may show that all their degrees would cater to the

40

labor force that the municipality needs and bring forth service to neighboring municipalities.

Table 26. Total Enrollees of PSU from 2011-2015. Degree 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd Sem Sem Sem Sem Sem Sem Sem Sem Sem Sem BEED 142 145 194 194 211 208 318 276 278 232 BSED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 115 97 BSE 60 55 31 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 BSHM 319 277 246 246 220 194 184 160 173 150 BS Tourism 113 94 114 114 138 116 120 114 115 95 BSBA 83 75 104 104 123 109 141 137 221 204 Marketing BSBA 81 69 135 135 163 148 241 240 285 284 Financial BS 0 0 110 110 174 150 237 217 302 291 Criminology TOTAL 798 715 934 934 1029 925 1241 1144 1489 1353 Source: PSU, 2016

41

J. Housing

In the Community Based Monitoring System of 2011-2013, a total of 9,775 households were recorded. Of which, 136 households or 1.39% of the total households are made up of very light materials (makeshift housing). Of the 136 households, 40 or 29.41% come from Brgy. Tagumpay while 26 households or 19.12% come from Barangay Buenavista (Table 27). Aside from makeshift housing, another problem of the community are backlog houses or those that are unfinished or customer order that have been received but either incomplete or in the process of completion.

Table 27. Total Household and Makeshift Housing in Coron, Palawan. Total affected HH living in makeshift Total population of Barangay housing Households makeshift housing No. % No. % Banuang Daan 147 2 1.47 14 2.23 Bintuan 546 3 2.21 16 2.55 Borac 488 2 1.47 5 0.80 Buenavista 200 26 19.12 114 18.15 Bulalacao 596 15 11.03 48 7.64 Cabugao 444 - - - - Decabobo 241 - - - - Decalachao 210 - - - - Guadalupe 518 3 2.21 8 1.27 Lajala 301 7 5.15 31 4.94 Malawig 149 1 0.74 2 0.32 Marcilla 287 2 1.47 11 1.75 Barangay I (Poblacion) 880 18 13.24 90 14.33 Barangay II (Poblacion) 161 1 0.74 3 0.48 Barangay III (Poblacion) 186 - - - - Barangay IV (Poblacion) 177 1 0.74 4 0.64 Barangay V (Poblacion) 780 1 0.74 6 0.96 Barangay VI (Poblacion) 474 8 5.88 35 5.57 San Jose 232 - - - - San Nicolas 500 1 0.74 7 1.11 Tagumpay 1,342 40 29.41 215 34.24 Tara 308 5 3.68 19 3.03 Turda 608

Total 9,775 136 100.00 628 100.00 Source: CBMS Survey 2011-2013

Informal settlers recorded are 500 households (CBMS 2011-2013). The total population of the informal settlers was 2,465. Only barangays of Cabugao and Malawig have no recorded informal settlers. Although no exact count, CENRO also mentioned the existence of migrants from Mindoro and neighboring coastal regions who dwell in the mangrove and restricted areas.

42

Table 28. Recorded Informal Settlers in Coron, Palawan. Barangay Total Total HH who are Total population of Households Informal settlers informal settlers No. % No. % Banuang Daan 147 1 0.20 6 0.24 Bintuan 546 21 4.20 109 4.42 Borac 488 7 1.40 36 1.46 Buenavista 200 2 0.40 4 0.16 Bulalacao 596 21 4.20 111 4.50 Cabugao 444 - - - - Decabobo 241 4 0.80 14 0.57 Decalachao 210 14 2.80 66 2.68 Guadalupe 518 59 11.80 310 12.58 Lajala 301 11 2.20 58 2.35 Malawig 149 - - - - Marcilla 287 2 0.40 11 0.45 Barangay I (Poblacion) 880 142 28.40 692 28.07 Barangay II (Poblacion) 161 6 1.20 23 0.93 Barangay III (Poblacion) 186 1 0.20 8 0.32 Barangay IV (Poblacion) 177 5 1.00 14 0.57 Barangay V (Poblacion) 780 55 11.00 218 8.84 Barangay VI (Poblacion) 474 10 2.00 48 1.95 San Jose 232 9 1.80 43 1.74 San Nicolas 500 12 2.40 42 1.70 Tagumpay 1,342 241 48.20 1296 52.58 Tara 308 5 1.00 24 0.97 Turda 608 12 2.40 46 1.87 Total 9,775 500 100.00 2465 100.00 Source: CBMS Survey 2011-2013

Subdivisions Based from the windshield survey and validation from the Municipal Social Welfare and Development Office, there are 2 existing subdivisions in Coron, namely: Fern Vale located in Poblacion 6 and Enriquez Subdivision located in Poblacion

K. Employment and Income The developing industries of Coron enable it to provide more jobs for its citizens. CBMS 2011-2013 survey recorded a total of 15, 346 residents who are members of the labor force. Of this number, 9,358 or 60.98% are employed. The remaining 39.02% who are unemployed or may possibly be self-employed, business owners, farmers or housewives.

43

Table 29. Labor Force Population and Employment Rates. Number Househol of Number d with Number Employe Total of Unemploy of d Househol Individu ed Unemploy Employme Barangay Househol ds of als in the Members ed nt Rate ds 2011 Labor of the Individual Members Force Labor s (Labor Force Force) Banuang Daan 147 146 275 1 1 53.09 Bintuan 546 528 838 59 71 63.01 Borac 488 478 919 1 1 52.01 Buenavista 200 193 363 14 16 53.17 Bulalacao 596 568 795 2 3 71.45 Cabugao 444 440 711 0 0 61.88 Decabobo 241 227 412 4 4 55.10 Decalachao 210 203 269 14 20 75.46 Guadalupe 518 506 797 4 5 63.49 Lajala* 301 288 400 3 5 72.00 Malawig 149 148 189 1 1 78.31 Marcilla* 287 191 277 4 4 68.95 Barangay I 880 835 1,321 3 4 63.21 (Poblacion) Barangay II 161 155 294 4 4 52.72 (Poblacion) Barangay III 186 179 360 15 21 49.72 (Poblacion) Barangay IV 177 161 285 2 2 56.49 (Poblacion) Barangay V 780 750 1,265 40 52 59.29 (Poblacion) Barangay VI 474 448 759 39 60 59.03 (Poblacion)* San Jose 232 223 410 34 44 54.39 San Nicolas 500 489 803 9 12 60.90 Tagumpay 1,342 1,317 2,274 48 57 57.92 Tara 308 300 516 41 57 58.14 Turda 608 585 814 0 0 71.87 Total 9,775 9,358 15,346 342 444 60.98 Source: FLUP, 2014

Households below the poverty threshold

Of the 9,775 total households in the Municipality of Coron in 2011, four thousand three hundred and nine (4,309) or 44.08% of the total were considered the households below the poverty threshold level. The three most affected barangays to be below the poverty threshold were Barangay Tagumpay which has 95.45% households below the poverty threshold; Barangay Buenavista which has 88% households below the poverty threshold; and Barangay Malawig which has 87.25% of its households below the poverty threshold. Other specific barangays considered to be below the poverty threshold level could be discerned in Table 30.

44

Table 30. Households with income below poverty level. Barangay Total Number of Households Below % Households of Poverty threshold level 2011 Banuang Daan 147 122 82.99 Bintuan 546 304 55.68 Borac 488 272 55.74 Buenavista 200 176 88.00 Bulalacao 596 449 75.34 Cabugao 444 365 82.21 Decabobo 241 140 58.09 Decalachao 210 106 50.48 Guadalupe 518 165 31.85 Lajala 301 191 63.46 Malawig 149 130 87.25 Marcilla 287 137 47.74 Barangay I (Poblacion) 880 106 12.05 Barangay II (Poblacion) 161 27 16.77 Barangay III (Poblacion) 186 19 10.22 Barangay IV (Poblacion) 177 34 19.21 Barangay V (Poblacion) 780 154 19.74 Barangay VI (Poblacion) 474 98 20.68 San Jose 232 124 53.45 San Nicolas 500 168 33.60 Tagumpay 1,342 363 27.05 Tara 308 294 95.45 Turda 608 365 60.03 Total 9,775 4,309 44.08 Source: CBMS Survey 2011-2013

Households below the food threshold

Of the 9,775 households of Coron, 2,951 or 30.19% of the total are households with income below the food threshold. These concerns of the household or the families on the amount of income they can buy a basket of foods. Barangay Tara is noted to have a higher number of households, 287 or 93.16% of the 308 which has income below the food threshold level. It is followed by Barangay Buenavista which has a total of 165 or 82.50% of the total households of the barangay. The other barangays with households with income below the food threshold could be observed further on Table 31.

Table 31. Households with income below the food threshold. Total Number of Household Below Food Barangay Households Threshold Level (P10,054.00 per % of 2011 capita) Banuang Daan 147 107 72.79 Bintuan 546 199 36.45 Borac 488 154 31.56 Buenavista 200 165 82.50 Bulalacao 596 383 64.26

45

Total Number of Household Below Food Barangay Households Threshold Level (P10,054.00 per % of 2011 capita) Cabugao 444 283 63.74 Decabobo 241 110 45.64 Decalachao 210 82 39.05 Guadalupe 518 82 15.83 Lajala 301 134 44.52 Malawig 149 123 82.55 Marcilla 287 108 37.63 Barangay I (Poblacion) 880 49 5.57 Barangay II (Poblacion) 161 19 11.80 Barangay III (Poblacion) 186 12 6.45 Barangay IV (Poblacion) 177 22 12.43 Barangay V (Poblacion) 780 78 10.00 Barangay VI (Poblacion) 474 53 11.18 San Jose 232 112 48.28 San Nicolas 500 82 16.40 Tagumpay 1,342 127 9.46 Tara 308 287 93.18 Turda 608 180 29.61 Total 9,775 2,951 30.19

Source: CBMS Survey 2011-2013

L. Recreation and Sports Facilities Aside from recreation purposes, Coron also sees sports facilities as a community builder. There are basketball courts in each barangay which measures for about 510 square meters each. The other major sports facility in the municipality included the Coron Sports Complex located at Poblacion I particularly within the Coron School of Fisheries Campus. The complex included an oval track, soccer/football/baseball diamond, basketball court, volleyball court, tennis court and grandstand with bleachers. Aside from this, there are also cockpits in some communities.

Table 32. Existing Sports and Recreation Facilities by Barangay Facilities Location Area (sq.m.) Physical Condition Ownership Gymnasium Poblacion 2 864 Good Public Basketball Court Balisungan, Tagumpay 510 Good Public Villa Enriquez, Brgy. Pob. 1 510 Good Public

PNP Compound Brgy. Pob.1 510 Good Public

Purok 1, Brgy. Tagumpay 510 Good Public

Brgy. Pob. 2 510 Good Public

Brgy. Pob. 5 510 Good Public

So. Mangahan, Tagumpay 510 Good Public

Brgy. Borac 510 Good Public

2-Unit Brgy. Turda 510 Good Public

Brgy. Malawig 510 Good Public

Brgy. Buenavista 510 Good Public

Brgy. Banuang Daan 510 Good Public

Brgy. Cabugao 510 Good Public

Brgy. San Jose 510 Good Public

46

Facilities Location Area (sq.m.) Physical Condition Ownership Brgy. Decabobo 510 Good Public

Brgy. San Nicolas 510 Good Public

Brgy. Bintuan 510 Good Public

So. Malbato, Brgy. Bintuan 510 Good Public

Brgy. Decalachao 510 Good Public

YKR 510 Good Public

Brgy. Guadalupe 510 Good Public

So. Sta. Monica, Guadalupe 510 Good Public

Brgy. Marcilla 510 Good Public

Brgy. Lajala 510 Good Public

So. Leleon, Brgy. Lajala 510 Good Public

So. Canipo, Brgy. Bulalacao 510 Good Public

Brgy. Tara 510 Fair Public

Tennis Court Municipal Plaza, Pob. 2 Good Public

Volleyball Court Municipal Plaza, Brgy. 1 Good Public

Brgy. Borac Good Public

Playfield/Athletic Coron School of Fisheries 10,000 Good Public Field (with oval Barangay 1 track, basketball court, volleyball court, soccer/ Brgy. San Nicolas football field, softball/ baseball diamond) Source: Ecological Profile, 2014

M. Protective Services Personnel and Facilities

In CBMS 2011-2013, there are 22 police officers in the municipality with a police-resident ratio of 1:1875. With a national standard of 1:1500, the municipality still lacked 6 officers to reach that standard. Fortunately, in 2016, PNP Coron has achieved the national standard for policemen to resident ratio. On the other hand, the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) Coron has 3 serviceable fire trucks, one fire pumps, 8 fire hoses, 2 nozzles, and 1 suction hose. Also, Central Bakery and Airport Fire Protection are existing providers of fire protection services. Barangay councilors and volunteers work hand in hand in reinforcing safety measures throughout the municipality.

Table 33. Personnel and Equipment of Protective Services in Coron. Number Personnel Facilities/Equipment Type of Location of to Pop'n. Condition Services Vehicle Others Personnel Ratio Detention Cell Operation Room Police Head- Brgy. 1 24 1:500 1 Patrol Investigation Serviceable quarters Room WCPD Room Admin Room 1 MC

Jeep

3 fire Fire Station 4 1:10,315 1 fire pump Serviceable trucks 47

8 fire hoses

2 nozzles

1 suction hose

2 Fire helmets

1 pair boots

1 gloves set

1 fire jacket

Source: PNP Coron and Ecological Profile, 2014

Incidences of Crimes According to the data given by PNP Coron, there were a total of 534 Index crimes committed, 229 cleared, and 106 solved in the last three years. On the other hand, 718 non index crimes were recorded, 419 of those were cleared and 172 solved. It appears that through the years, there is a decrease in recorded crime incidences. Having a strengthened PNP with more personnel, better strategy and better operating procedures, they were able to make significant decrease in any form of crime.

48

Table 34. Crime incidences from 2013-2015. INDEX CRIMES NON-INDEX CRIMES

Year Against Persons Against Property Total Total

Index

-

Total Total Solved

Special Laws

Total Total Cleared

Crime Crime Volume

Other Non

Murder Homicide Physical Injury Rape Total Robbery Theft Car napping Cattle Rustling Total Index Crimes Cleared Solved Non Index Cleared Solved 2013 4 0 178 4 186 10 118 19 1 148 334 140 30 128 388 516 275 49 850 415 79 2014 7 0 40 2 49 11 40 2 0 53 102 39 36 37 85 122 87 78 224 126 114 2015 3 0 32 12 47 6 40 3 2 51 98 50 40 46 34 80 57 45 178 107 85 Source: PNP Coron

49

N. Other Delivered Social Services

Women Welfare Program The municipality gives assistance to women in difficult circumstances like those who are victims of human trafficking, abused women and their children, and solo parents. MSWD services also include counseling, case management, case conference and temporary shelter. The department also has programs on women empowerment, livelihood assistance and capacity building. Person with Disability Program The municipality provides PWD identification cards, issues purchase booklet for medicine and groceries to assist their daily lives, provide medical assistance to those in need and issues assistive devices to most of them. there is also an office for the persons with disability to address whatever problems they may have. Community and Family Welfare Program To address the need for family and community building, the municipality offers Family Development Sessions, Parent Effectiveness Service (PES), conducts responsible parenthood seminars, gives pre-marital counseling for those in need and Cash for work program. They also provide Emergency Shelter Assistance happen there be a need.

Children and Youth Welfare Program Aside from the daycare program for toddlers, their care for the children and youth is also evident through their Assistance to Children in need of Special Protection like the abandoned and neglected children. They also assist children in conflict with the law which includes case management, case conference, counseling and referrals.

2.4 LOCAL ECONOMY

Coron’s economy revolves on both primary and tertiary sector. The primary sector includes the fishing, farming, forestry, and all agriculture-related activities, while the tertiary is brought about by the strong tourism potential of the municipality. On the other hand, the secondary sector which is mainly composed of manufacturing undertakings are improved and boosted as increasing demands from both primary and secondary sector arise. The table presented below provides a general overview of the apparent economic activities existing in Coron.

Table 35. Distribution of Employment among Different Economic Tiers. Economic Tier Data Employment Representation Primary: Agricultural and livestock, fisheries, and forestry 42.33%

Secondary: Manufacturing, mining, construction, electricity, gas and 14.67%

50

Economic Tier Data Employment Representation water Tertiary: Trade, transportation and communication, finance, real 42.79% estate, business services, community and personal services Unspecified .21% Source: CBMS, 2011-2013

A. Primary Sector

Agricultural Crops

In the latest survey conducted by the Municipal Agriculture Office in 2013, Coron has a total agricultural area of 1,946 hectares devoted mainly for rice, vegetables, corn and other crops. This area represents 28% of the municipality’s total land area which reflects a 25.54% increase from the recorded 1,550 hectares in 2006. Out of this total land area, rice land occupies the largest portion with 1,106 hectares. The rice production is concentrated in barangays of Borac, San Nicolas, Turda, and Bintuan while in Poblacion VI, Decalachao, Turda, Guadalupe, Decabobo including the earlier mentioned barangays are the area for the other type of crops. The summary of the crop production in Coron was presented in Table 36.

Table 36. Major Crops Cultivated in Coron: Total Area Covered, Total Production, and Yield per Hectare. 2006 2013 Major Crop Area planted Total Yield Area Total Yield (Ha) production per planted production per (MT) Ha (Ha) (MT) Ha Rice 944 2,403.48 3 1,106 3,517.08 3.18 Vegetables 36 1,075.00 50 50 1,230.35 73 (assorted) Corn 45 11.25 0.25 75 18.75 0.25 Cassava 75 125.00 5 150 150.00 5 Cashew 450 540 1.36 565 769.67 1.36 Source: Municipal Agriculture Office, 2016

Generally, the crops produced are either served as source of food for the people of Coron or as source of income for those who were producing them. The produced agricultural products are marketed locally. Outside markets are Manila, Mindoro, Southern Palawan and Batangas which deals through the local traders.

51

Table 37. Cost of Production and Net Income per Hectare of Major Crops Cultivated in Coron. 2006 2013 Crop Cost of Net Income Cost of Net Income production (PHP/ ha) production (PHP/ ha) (PHP/ ha) (PHP/ ha) Rice 18,500.00 13,000.00 27,000.00 20,700.00 Vegetable 25,000.00 12,000.00 50,000.00 30,000.00 Corn 10,000.00 15,000.00 25,000.00 35,000.00 Cassava 10,000.00 12,000.00 25,000.00 35,000.00 Source: Municipal Agriculture Office, 2016

As shown in Table 37, the cost of production for cultivating crops such as rice, vegetable, corn, and cassava per hectare have evidently increased from 2006 to 2013. Unlike the baseline year, the net income in 2013 is more significant. The net return for rice and varieties of vegetablestherefore is positive.

Livestock and Poultry

Livestock and poultry production in the municipality of Coron are dominated by backyard type of farming, nonetheless all barangays are producing livestock and poultry as alternative source of income. Aggregated area devoted for livestock and poultry production is estimated at 2,852.66 hectares, inclusive of existing pasture leases and permits with a total area of 2,702.66 hectares. In the inventory of animals in 2013, it revealed the following numbers; for livestock, swine has the highest population with 4, 640 heads followed by goats with 1,430 heads and cattle with 2,868 heads. For poultry, chicken population was accounted at 6,672 and ducks being raised has numbered 605. These mentioned figures of animal population are comparably higher to the inventory in 2006. In both years, barangays of Borac, San Nicolas, Guadalupe and Bulalacao have the most number of livestock and poultry as seen in Table 38.

52

Table 38. Livestock and Poultry Population in Coron.

Livestock Population (2006) Poultry Population Livestock Population (2013) Poultry Population (2006) (2013) Barangay Cattle Carabao Goat Swine Duck Chicken Cattle Carabao Goat Swine Duck Chicken Banuang Daan 4 - 5 27 - 165 10 - 5 58 - 198

Bintuan 54 82 134 365 18 324 100 94 150 470 26 432 Borac 100 98 167 356 100 399 125 177 245 493 133 578 Buenavista 18 23 43 110 10 178 25 43 56 145 15 248 Bulalacao 10 2 19 130 3 100 20 5 26 234 5 231 Cabugao 15 1 5 25 - 98 23 2 5 45 - 134 Decabobo 75 45 25 100 18 120 80 55 25 134 27 248 Decalachao 534 123 123 231` 46 347 945 174 136 367 56 543 Guadalupe 87 100 115 256 48 268 115 130 150 355 67 498 Lajala 45 1 7 43 - 187 67 2 10 78 - 209 Malawig 15 8 18 35 - 122 28 15 21 58 - 134 Marcilla 25 6 47 42 - 187 35 10 55 78 - 265 Poblacion 1 - - - 43 - 143 - - - 56 - 187 Poblacion 2 - - - 15 - 34 - - - 23 - 50 Poblacion 3 - - - 14 - 25 - - - 15 - 50 Poblacion 4 - - - 37 - 98 - - - 34 - 132 Poblacion 5 - - - 137 - 99 - - - 145 - 154 Poblacion 6 10 13 33 254 15 267 32 2-5 43 300 20 389 San Jose 54 20 49 132 48 128 75 40 75 178 54 234 San Nicolas 434 112 145 358 65 387 975 155 234 543 95 554

Tagumpay 15 18 32 268 15 298 30 24 45 432 23 487 Tara 20 10 18 41 - 134 56 15 35 76 168 Turda 67 65 98 276 54 298 127 75 114 323 84 549 TOTAL 1582 727 1083 3064 440 4406 2868 1041 1430 4640 605 6672 Source: Ecological Profile, 2014

53

In Table 39, the total number of farmers for each barangay was presented. The areas where crop production and animal raising were concentrated were also the larger account of the municipality’s total number of farmers. Specifically, they were situated in Borac, Bintuan, San Nicolas, Guadalupe, and Decalachao. On the other hand, they were least observed in the Poblacion areas were center of commerce and trade exist.

Table 39. Total Number of Farmers per Barangay. Barangay Number of Farmers Banuang Daan 75 Bintuan 384 Borac 595 Buenavista 173 Bulalacao 197 Cabugao 39 Decabobo 48 Decalachao 213 Guadalupe 268 Lajala 2 Malawig 16 Marcilla 17 Poblacion 1 133 Poblacion 2 4 Poblacion 3 14 Poblacion 4 6 Poblacion 5 84 Poblacion 6 94 San Jose 60 San Nicolas 339 Tagumpay 136 Tara 46 Turda 93 TOTAL 3036 Source: Ecological Profile, 2014

There are at least twelve registered farmers’ associations in Coron as shown in the table 40. This has doubled since 2006, when only six associations were registered. These organizations are currently doing various activities and operations for the betterment of the municipality’s agricultural sector, specifically the farming and fishing industry.

54

Table 40. List of Farmers Associations. Name of Organizations Barangay Number of Address Members

Borac Vegetables Growers Association Borac 40 Borac Farmers Association (BFA) Borac 48 Barangay Turda Farmers/ Fisher folk Association Turda 24 (BTFA) Barangay Decalachao Farmers Association (BDFA) Decalachao 66 Diandanao Farmers Association (DFA) Guadalupe 20 Sitio Benecan Farmers Association (SBFA) San Nicolas 19 Samahan ng Magsasaka sa Sitio Minanga (SMSM) Turda 20 Samahan ng Magsasaka ng Buenadeca (SMBD) Buenavista 24 Samahan ng Magsasaka sa Sitio Balisungan (SMSB) Tagumpay 36 Katabidan Y ang Magsasaka Eg Mangingisda ang Borac 35 Barangay Borac (KMMBB)

SJDBD Guadalupe 25 Barangay San Jose Farmers Association San Jose 30 Source: Ecological Profile, 2014

Support Facilities in Agriculture Agricultural processing involves the use of different simple machines for actual preparation of both inputs and outputs. In the municipality of Coron, most providers of these services are privately owned and managed. Table 41 shows the existing facilities that aids agricultural activities in the municipality.

Table 41. Existing Agricultural Support Facilities, 2007 Post-Harvest Facilities & Support Number Type/Capacity Remarks Services Rice Mills 29 80-150 cavans Private 8 blocks per production Cold Storage/Ice plant 2 Private cycle Public & Multi-Purpose Drying Pavement (Solar) 21 448 Square meters Private Mechanical Dryer 3 80-100 Private Portable Threshers 32 80-100 Bags Private 6 60-1000 cavans Private 7 120-1500 cavans Private Warehouses 2 30-200 cavans Private 1 50 cavans Private Source: Ecological Profile, 2014

55

Fisheries

Fishing is the most dominant primary industry in Coron. It strengthens the characteristic attached to the province of Palawan as one of the major fish supplier in the country. Coron’s fishing industry delivers both live fish and fresh fish to the communities and its traders. With its neighboring municipalities such as Busuanga and Culion which make up the Calamian Island, Coron has been distinguished as one of the main suppliers of fresh fishes nationwide. In addition, Barangay Guadalupe serves as the pool for the production of live fishes. The trade movement of fish is a conventional operation in the fishing industry of the municipality. Fish catch is done by fisher folk and sold to barangay buyers, who have been practically their business partners throughout the years. Barangay buyers then sell the fish to fish dealers or export the catch directly to and other traders. Table 42 illustrates the fishing gears used in daily fishing activities of various fishermen in different barangays. Table 42. Inventory of Fishing Gears and Fish Caught in Coron. Fishing Gears Caught Fishes Barangay Bottom Set Gill Net Alumahan, Danggit, Lapulapu Banuang Daan Simple Hook and Line Mangagat, Kanuping, Apahap Bintuan Crab Pot (Bobo) Maya-maya, Sagisi, Lipti, Tanigi Buenavista Squid Jiggers Tuna, Tambacol, Bisugo, Bulalacao Fish Corral (Baklad) Dalagambukid, Galunggong, Cabugao Multiple hand line Matambaka, Talakitok, Tursillo, Decabobo Drift Gill Net Samaral, Banak, Labahita, Balo, Lajala Spear gun Sapsap, Salay-salay, Parrot fish Marcilla Bottom set long line Suran San Jose Bag Net Alimasag, alimango, lobster, San Nicolas Bag Net Pitik, Hipon, Sugpo, Shells Tagumpay Bag Net Pusit, Pugita, Balatan Turda Source: Ecological Profile, 2014

There are associations within the municipality which facilitates the cooperative and sustainable fishing practices. As of 2014, there are exactly ten registered fishing associations. The name of associations, their barangay address and total number of members were shown in Table 43.

Table 43. List of Fisher folk’ Associations. Barangay Number of Name of Associations Address members

Samahan ng Bagong Silang sa Barangay Buenavista (SBSBB) Buenavista 25 Samahan ng Magtatambalang sa Marupo (SAMMARU) Tagumpay 40 Samahan ng Magtatambalang sa Sitio Bayang (SAMASIBAY) Turda 29 San Jose Fisher Folk Association (SJFA) San Jose 15

56

Barangay Number of Name of Associations Address members

Decabobo Seaweed Growers Association (DSGA) Decabobo 53 Macilla Seaweed Growers Association (MSGA) Marcilla 53 Samahan ng Magsasaka at Mangingisdang Katutubong Turda 25 Tagbanua Brgy. Turda Barangay San Nicolas Fisher Folk Association (BSNFA) San Nicolas 26 Barangay Bulalacao Fisher Folk Association (BBFA) Bulalacao 25 MDA-island Fisher Folk Association Bintuan 30 Source: Ecological Profile, 2014

Aquaculture

Seaweeds are also one of the products of the municipality. Areas for this purpose are located in the coastal portions of barangays Bintuan, Borac, Buenavista, Cabugao, Decabobo, Lajala, Marcilla, San Jose, San Nicolas, Tagumpay and Turda. In 2007, total seaweeds produced in Coron reached 225 metric tons valued at 11.25 million pesos.

Table 44. Production level in aquaculture and existing fishing grounds of Coron. Fishing Grounds Barangay Production Volume Value Marine Bintuan 15 750,000.00 (seaweeds) Borac 4 200,000.00 Buenavista 10 500,000.00 Cabugao 7 350,000.00 Decabobo 75 3,750,000.00 Lajala 6 300,000.00 Marcilla 43 2,150,000.00 San Jose 5 250,000.00 San Nicolas 10 500,000.00 Tagumpay 45 2,250,000.00 Turda 5 250,000.00 Source: Ecological Profile, 2014

B. Secondary Sector

Manufacturing

Majority of the production related to manufacturing is on handicrafts. The following are locally made products made by the residents of Coron:

1. Sawali, or the dried bamboo stalks, which are woven mats that are used as substitutes to plywood filling house walls. A 10ft x 4ftroll of sawali sells for about PhP80.00 and a sawali-maker sells an average of 20 rolls in a week; 2. Tsinelas (slippers) made out of the pandan plant, created in Barangay Decabobo;

57

3. Banayan, which are woven products, such as baskets, bilao (circular trays) and placemats, created out of buho and rattan. Banayan is the product of women livelihood in Coron; and 4. Banig (mats), woven by the Tagbanuas. Another secondary economic activity that has contributed to the local economy is the engagement of residents in construction of tourism facilities. With investors’ construction of accommodation establishments, as well as diving facilities, tour operator offices, tourism workspaces, and the like, CBMS 2011-2013 results reflect that at least 13% of Coron’s population is engaged in the construction industry, electricity, water, and gas services.

C. Tertiary Sector

Tourism Coron has become one of the most popular tourism destinations not only in the country but in the whole world. From its agricultural state, it has evolved into a premier destination as its tourism prospered in 2008. As of the first quarter of 2016, the number of tourist has exceeded the target and prospect influx of people for the whole year. The last year’s tourist population was estimated to be 60,000. As of first quarter this year, the total tourists numbered 120,000. The following 26 tourist attractions, facilities, and activities presented in Table 45 have together caused influxes of visits, creations of tour packages, and word-of-mouth recommendations that created the hype for Coron’s tourism.

Table 45. List of Tourism Attractions in Coron, Palawan. Name of Attraction / Facility / Activity Type Atuwayan Beach Sports and Recreational Banana Island Resort Sports and Recreational Facilities Banol Beach Sports and Recreational Facilities Barracuda Lake Nature Beach 91 Sports and Recreational Bintuan Marine Park Nature Bird Watching Sports and Recreational CYC Sports and Recreational Everly Souvenir Shop Shopping Japanese Shipwrecks Sports and Recreational Kayaking at Uruyukan Channel Sports and Recreational Kayangan Lake Nature Majika Souvenir Shop Shopping Malcapuya Island Resort Sports and Recreational Facilities Mangrove Nature Maquinit Hotspring Health and Wellness Market of Dried Fish, Native Delicacies, Fish, Fruits and Open Air Market Etc. Mt. Darala Sports and Recreational Mt. Tapyas Sports and Recreational

58

Name of Attraction / Facility / Activity Type Siete Pecados Marine Park Nature Skeleton Wreck Sports and Recreational Facilities Smith Point Spot and Recreational Twin Lagoon Sports and Recreational Twin Peaks Nature Souvenir Shop Shopping Vivian Beach Sports and Recreational Source: Ecological Profile, 2014

In order to strengthen the tourism capability of the municipality, various organizations were established. In Table 46, nine groups from the tourism private sector have established their presence in the municipality, representing several tourism sectors: tours, transport, diving, and developmental tourism.

Table 46. List of Tourism Associations. Groups Year Established Number of Members Coron Association of Tourism Establishments 2013 234 members Association of Coron Tour 2014 90 members Operators Calamianes Tour Boats 2001 148 members Association Coron Licensed Tour Guide 55 members Association Abuh Tourist Van Transport 2011 30 members Services Coron Service Transport Operators and Drivers 2011 35 members Association (COSTODA) (1) Coron Conservation (CCCNI) (local) and (2) Society for Sustainable 2011 20 members (combined) Tourism Development Inc. (international counterpart) Coron Dive Operators 2008 13 members Source: CBMS Survey, 2011-2013

Trade, Commerce, Finance and Industry As reflected in Master list of Business Establishments in Coron 2016, there are 1,963 registered commercial/business establishments in operation. Of the various industries and businesses, the vast majorities are composed of tourism support services, general good commodities, dry and wet goods, and food-related structures and facilities. Sari-sari stores, public market stalls, backyard industries, banking and finance, lending institutions, automotive, communications, and other livelihood activities comprised the underground economy. In the first quarter of 2016, the registered economic establishments in the municipality have earned Php 1,895,199,342.70 (Municipal Treasury Office)

59

One of the vital services needed in support of the economic development of the municipality is credit and finance. Financial support was extended to farmers, fishermen and business enterprises and income generating projects of the people especially those related to agriculture, fishery and tourism services. Services of this kind are mostly provided by rural banks, money lending institutions and other financial intermediaries in the municipality. Several money remittance industries and courier services in Coron are 2Go, National Postal Office, Cebuana Lhuiller, Smart Padala, Globe G-Cash, Palawan Express Padala, Penafrancia, Western Union, and LBC Padala. In addition, there are existing banks within the municipality such as Agribank, Landbank, Bank of the Philippine Island (BPI), Metrobank, and Philippine National Bank (PNB).

Table 47. Business Establishments in Coron, 2016. Classification of Establishments Frequency Percent Share (%) Agriculture and Fishery- Related 68 3.5 % Automotive 32 1.6 % Communications 28 1.4 % Construction-Related 47 2.4 % Courier and Money Transfer 32 1.6 % Dry and Wet Goods 267 13.6 % Food-Related 183 9.3 % General Goods and Commodities 628 32.0 % Others 114 5.8 % Tourism Support 564 28.7 % Total 1963 100% Source: Municipal Treasury, 2016

60

2.5 INFRASTRUCTURE, PUBLIC FACILITIES AND UTILITIES

Social infrastructures and basic social services are critical factors to consider in planning for the desired settlement pattern and hierarchy that would complement the overall physical and spatial development of the town. Being considered as a first class municipality of Palawan, Coron’s infrastructure is managing to cope with its continuous development, particularly as an international tourist destination.

A. Cemetery

The municipal cemetery, whose total land area covers 1.670 hectares, is located in Sitio Dinagpan, Poblacion V. In 2008, the occupancy rate was estimated at 85 percent of the total holding capacity which is 5,484 burials. In this regard, additional land is necessary, thus, a new cemetery located at Poblacion 1 with a total of 5.084 hectares with an estimated capacity of 16,669 burials is provided. However, the occupied plots are at about 70 percent already and the available burial plots are only 2,500.

B. Communication Facilities

The mainland barangays can subscribe to CATV, the cable television provider in the municipality for the access to Manila based-broadcasts. Almost all the island barangays have subscriber of postpaid television broadcast via satellite through Cignal, Dream and GSAT. The Provincial Radio Communication System which is used only for transmitting provincial announcements is located within the municipal compound in Poblacion 2. Two radio stations are present, the Radyo Kasimanua which focuses their broadcast on health, religion and government related announcements unlike the Radio Natin DZRH. Both the Globe Telecom Incorporated and Smart Communications have cell sites in the municipality. They cater 8,000 Globe users and 12,000 Smart users. The main transmitter of both telecommunications is located at Mt. Dalara, Poblacion 6 (Table 48).

Table 48. Communication facilities in Coron (2014) Services Barangay Location Broadcasting Service Cable TV Poblacion 1 Radio Natin DZRH Poblacion 1 Radio Kasimanua Station Poblacion 4 Bandera Radio Station (During Election Campaign) Poblacion 3 Telecommunication Service Poblacion 4, Poblacion 6, Guadalupe, San Jose, Globe cell site (5) Turda Smart cell site (4) Poblacion 4, Poblacion 6, Guadalupe, San Jose

61

C. Irrigation System

Aside from fishing sector, the municipality has large agricultural lands. Coron has two irrigation systems located respectively at Barangay Borac and San Nicolas which caters a combined service area of 338 hectares.

D. Public Market

The dry and wet market is relocated at Poblacion 3 near the reclamation area after super typhoon Yolanda in 2013 wrecked the original area for trade and commerce. The provincial government of Palawan is planning to construct a permanent market at Poblacion 6 which will be near and along the national highway.

E. Transportation

Land Transportation

In the municipality, the primary public transportation is tricycle within its 18 mainland barangays. Fare starts at Php 10.00 per person. The five (5) remaining barangays are islands and can be reached through motor boats. There are also public vans routing from the mainland barangays going to Francisco Reyes Airport located at Barangay Decalachao, Coron and vice-versa. Table 49 shows the means of transportation of each barangay towards the center Poblacion.

Table 49. Distances of Other Barangays in Coron, Palawan from Poblacion 2 and the Means of Transportations. Barangays Distance Transportation System Banuang Daan 10 kms Motor boat Bintuan 25 kms (adjacent) Bus, Jeepney Borac 18 kms (adjacent) Jeepney, Motor boat, Private vehicles Buenavista 55 kms Motor boat, Private vehicles Bulalacao 60 n.m. Motor boat Cabugao 12 kms Motor boat Decabobo 40 kms (adjacent) Jeepney, Motor boat, Private vehicles Decalachao 35 kms (adjacent) Jeepney, Motor boat, Private vehicles, Tricycle Guadalupe 9 kms Jeepney, Motor boat, Private vehicles, Tricycle Lajala 2.5 n.m. Motor boat Malawig 60 n.m. Motor boat Marcilla 19.6 kms Jeepney, Motor boat, Private vehicles Poblacion 1 within town Motorcycle, Tricycle, Walking distance Poblacion 2 within town Motorcycle, Tricycle, Walking distance Poblacion 3 within town Motorcycle, Tricycle, Walking distance Poblacion 4 within town Motorcycle, Tricycle, Walking distance Poblacion 5 within town Motorcycle, Tricycle, Walking distance Poblacion 6 3 kms Motorcycle, Private vehicles, Tricycle San Jose 45 kms Motorcycle, Private vehicles, Tricycle San Nicolas 14 kms Motorcycle, Private vehicles, Tricycle Tagumpay 1.5 kms Motorcycle, Private vehicles, Tricycle Tara 55 n.m. Motor boat Turda 40 n.m. Jeepney, Motor boat, Private vehicles

62

Source: CBMS Survey, 2011

Air and Marine Transportation

With the booming tourism industry of Coron, air and sea travel become more accessible and convenient for the tourists. The Cebu Pacific Airlines, Philippine Airlines, and Skyjet Airlines have everyday flights from Manila (Ninoy Aquino International Airport, Paranaque) to Coron (Francisco Reyes Airport, Decalachao). Moreover, Air Juan Airlines has a scheduled flight twice a week. There is also a private airstrip located in Sitio Banga, Poblacion 6 with runway dimension of about 850 by 28 meters. The sea port is located at Barangay Tagumpay which accommodates big vessel such as 2 Go Travel. On the other hand, transportation from Poblacion to Island Barangays includes boats whether motor-operated or not.

Inventory of Roads Coron has a total of 233.415 kilometers road networks which are classified into national and local roads (provincial, city/municipality and barangay). Table 50 shows the municipality’s summarized road networks, while Table 52 shows the specific and detailed inventory of these roads.

Table 50. Summarized Inventory of Roads

Road Surface (Meters) Administrative Length Width Classification (Kilometres) (Meters) Concrete Gravel Earthfill

National 33.689 6.7 27.646 6.043 - Provincial 122.6 6.1 24.745 81.655 16.2 City/Municipality 7.68 4 7.68 - - Barangay 69.446 4 5.01 66.126 - TOTAL 233.415 - 60.071 152.134 16.2 Source: Consolidated data from MEO, DPWH-PAL1DEO, Actual survey, 2013

More than half of the total road network measuring 152.134 kilometer is made up of gravel, while 16.2 kilometer is still dirt road. Only the remaining 65.081 kilometer is made up of concrete. This is quite problematic especially during rainy season where most gravel and dirt are washed out making the roads unsafe for traveling. Also, concrete municipal roads do not have safety road signs, drainage and culverts, and sidewalks.

Inventory of Bridges

The municipality has a total of 16 bridges in which 9 are made up of concrete and is therefore considered as permanent bridge. All the bridges are along the national highway of Coron-Busuanga Road Section (Table 51).

63

Table 51. Inventory of Bridges along National Highway Bridge Length (meters) Balolo Bridge 19.36 Batacalan Bridge 39.4 Binalabag Bridge I 18.80 Binalabag Bridge II 16.33 Bintuan Bridge 36.8 Dialod Bridge 19.6 Dimangyan Bridge 13.60 Dipulao Bridge 26.1 Dipuyai Bridge 38.35 Labangan Bridge I 50.65 Labangan Bridge II 22.8 Malbato Bridge II 23.80 Malbato Bridge I 15.99 Nagbaril Bridge I 16.60 Nagbaril bridge II 16.60 Sinabitan Bridge 30.6 TOTAL 405.38 Source: MPDO, 2014

64

Table 52. Specific Inventory of Roads in Coron, Palawan. Administrative Length Length of Road Surface (Kilometers) Road Route Width (Meters) Classification (Kilometers) Concrete Gravel Earthfill 1.Coron –Busuanga Nat’l. Road 33.689 6.7 27.646 6.043 - National Road Sub-total 33.689 14.43% 27.646 6.043 - 1.Coron Provincial Road 0.86 6.1 0.86 -

2.Guadalupe – San Nicolas Road 6.67 6.1 0.165 6.505 - 3.San Nicolas – Borac Road 13.32 6.1 0.97 12.35 - 4.San Nicolas –Decabobo Section Road 9.47 6.1 0.4 9.07 - 5.YKR Busuanga Airport Road 12.75 6.1 12.5 0.25 - 6.Borac – Turda Road 8.41 6.1 - 8.41 - 7.Borac – Marcilla Road 11.76 6.1 - 11.76 - 8.Decabobo – Buenavista Road 10.56 6.1 - 10.56

Provincial Road 9.Tagumpay –Borac Section Road 3.78 6.1 - 3.78 - 10.Tagumpay- Balisungan Marcilla Road 12.15 6.1 - 12.15 - 11.Hospital –Mabentangen Road 3.48 6.1 - 3.48 - 12.Jct. Mabentangan- Balisungan Road 1.05 6.1 0.4 0.65 - 13.YKR Airport-Decalachao Road. 7.6 6.1 3.23 4.37 - 14.Balisungan – Pale Road 5.06 6.1 1.25 3.81 - 15.Buena Vista – Malawig 5.64 6.1 - - 5.64 16. Decalachao - San Jose 10.04 6.1 4.97 5.07 - Sub-total 122.6 52.53% 24.745 81.655 16.2 1. Malvar Street Extension 0.76 4 0.76 - - 2. Felicidad Road 0.53 4 0.53 - - 3. Nueva/Tapyas Road 0.86 4 0.86 - - Municipal Road 4. Roxas Street 0.4 4 0.4 - - 5. Burgos Street 0.25 4 0.25 - - 6. Don Pedro Street 0.72 4 0.72 - - 7. Real Street 0.3 4 0.3 - -

65

Administrative Length Length of Road Surface (Kilometers) Road Route Width (Meters) Classification (Kilometers) Concrete Gravel Earthfill 8. Coastal Road 0.49 4 0.49 - - 9. Rosario Street 0.17 4 0.17 - - 10. San Agustin Street 0.64 4 0.64 - - 11. Comesaria 0.48 4 0.48 - - 12. Barangay I, III &IV 2.08 4 2.08 - - Sub-total 7.68 3.29% 7.68 - - 1.Tagumpay 1.406 4 - 1.406 - 2.Barangay V 1.1 4 1.1 - - 3.Barangay VI 4.81 4 - 4.81 - 4.Guadalupe 3.3 4 0.4 2.9 - 5.San Nicolas 5.16 4 - 5.16 - 6.Decabobo 3.1 4 0.8 2.3 - 7.Borac 5.34 4 0.45 4.89 - 8.Malawig 0.4 4 - 0.4 - 9.Buena Vista 0.91 4 0.14 0.77 - Barangay Road 10.Marcilla 1.17 4 - 1.17 - 11.Decalachao 15.61 4 0.5 15.11 - 12.San Jose 1.69 4 0.5 1.19 - 13.Turda 3.21 4 - 3.21 - 14.Bintuan 20.1 4 - 20.1 - 15.Tara 1.02 4 - 1.02 - 16.Barangay IV 0.11 4 0.11 - - 17.Bulalacao .0.490 4 - .0.490 - 18.Barangay I 1.01 4 1.01 - - Sub-total 69.446 29.75% 5.01 64.436 - TOTAL ROAD NETWORK 233.415 100% 65.081 152.134 16.2

Source: Consolidated data from MEO, DPWH-PAL1DEO, Actual survey, 2013

66

F. Drinking Water Source

Water is an essential part of daily living and survival. It sustains life as well as economic and industrial activities. In 2008, access water from all levels of water supply systems was at 85.90%. The remaining 14% of households obtain water from sources which are not verified safe or potable. Across the municipality, there are three levels of water source used. Level I water supply system is comprised of the following: deep wells, pumped shallow wells, open dug wells and virgin springs. Among the total population, 35.27% obtain water for domestic consumption from these sources. On the other hand, Level II water supply systems come from 15 communal water systems. These sources are from developed springs and wells. Approximately 44% of the total households in the municipality get water from this. Lastly, Level 3 water supply system is the Mabentagen Dam located in Barangay 6. The annual precipitation of 130-135mm from June to September and 500mm during heavy rains which assures sufficient water supply for the households and commercial establishments it serves. Two water supply distributors Mactan Rock Inc. which serves Poblacion 1-6 (with a filtration system) and the CRWSA (Coron Rural Waterworks& Sanitation Association), highly depend on this dam. These water supply providers take care of the distribution of safe water to 1,685 households connected through a pipe system. This secures 20.73% of the total households’ water supply within the municipality. Within Coron, Mactan Rock Inc. and CRWSA supply privately owned business franchises of purified and distilled water such as Aqua Safe, Palawan Pure, Aqua Pure, and Aquabest.

G. Energy Supply System

Calamian Islands Power Corporation (CIPC) was the company to undertake and hold responsibility in the construction and operation of an 8 MW bunker- and 750 kW diesel-fired power plants in the municipalities of Coron and Busuanga. In August 2011, CIPC entered into a 15-year Power Sale Agreement with Busuanga Island Electric Cooperative (BISELCO) covering the total capacity of the project. BISELCO Distribution System voltage is 13.2 kV multi-grounded radial system which exits from the power plant at the high voltage side of the step-up transformer. It provides electricity to the fishing, farming, and tourism activitiesr. It gives light to residential consumers and small commercial stores, hotels, restaurants, and lodging houses. As development progresses, new barangays and sitios were energized causing the increase in demand for residential connections. Energy consumption rates increase during summer and December while energy consumption decreases during the rainy season. It is unfortunate that beginning 2007, BISELCO’s demand is considered suppressed due to the power plant capacity. This is made worse by frequent power plant downtime. The figure shows the Busuanga Island Grid and the location of existing plants. There are two power plants in Coron, one is at Barangay Guadalupe and the other is at

67

Poblacion 6, which caters the mainland barangays. The local government, international non-government agencies and foundations provide island barangays with solar panels.

Figure 10. Busuanga Island Grid Map.

H. Solid Waste Disposal

Four (4) 2.5 cubic meter load capacity of mini dump trucks are currently used by the Municipal Government of Coron in collection, transportation, and disposal of municipal garbage from barangay collection points to the municipal open dump site. The areas being served by the said vehicles are Barangay Poblacion 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and Barangay Tagumpay classified by the National Statistics Office (NSO) as urban area. Several covered plastic garbage bins are provided and distributed by the Municipal Government on strategic locations around the urban barangays prior to their collection to serve as temporary waste storage. Most often, these garbage bins are stolen and or destroyed by indifferent residents of the municipality during early morning hours causing wastes to scatter and spread on the streets and off-shore especially those located along the coastal areas. Aside from the four (4) drivers, sixteen (16) garbage collectors are assigned to the dump trucks. These garbage collectors are untrained as far as healthy and sanitary handling of wastes is concerned and is not provided with body any protective equipment. To complement the above manpower, a total of fifty-nine (59) laborers broken-down as follows: thirty-seven (37) street sweepers, seventeen (17) coastal cleaners and five (5) Mount Tapyas cleaners are employed by the Municipal Government to maintain cleanliness of the municipality. These laborers are supervised by one (1) Labor Foreman and one (1) Municipal Engineer.

68

Meanwhile, mixed ecological solid wastes are collected from urban barangays by four (4) dump trucks daily from Monday to Sunday. These wastes are temporarily kept in self-enclosing plastic bins provided by the Municipal Government located at strategic places prior to collection. Collected wastes are then transported to the Municipal Open Dump Site at So. Bocal-Bocal, Barangay Guadalupe, five (5) kilometers away from the town proper, where they are dumped for final disposal. At rural and island barangays, solid wastes are not collected by the Municipal Government of Coron. Likewise, the barangay governments do nothing about the collection of solid wastes in their barangays as evidenced by the absence of Barangay Material Recovery Facility (BMRF). Their wastes are usually disposed by some households in open-pit at their own backyards to naturally decomposed and other households throw and left their wastes unattended in public open spaces and in coastal areas.

2.6. LOCAL INSTITUTIONAL CAPABILITY

A. Local Government Structure

The municipality of Coron is spearheaded by the Mayor, Honorable Clara E. Reyes and the Municipal Vice-Mayor, Honorable Jim Gerald L. Pe. Together with their municipal councilors and other officials and employees, the functions and operations of the local government unit were administered, managed, and materialized. This arrangement follows the basis for the local administration’s structure, functions and civil powers provided by the Republic Act No. 7160 known as the Local Government Code of the Republic of the Philippines. The Code also serves as the basis upon which personnel administration and inter-government relations stipulated. The table below presents the local government structure of the Coron, Palawan.

Table 53. Directory of Municipal Officials in Coron, Palawan

Directory of Municipal Officials (2013-2016) Mayor Hon. Clara E. Reyes Vice Mayor Hon. Jim Gerald L. Pe Department Heads/ Unit Heads/ Office Local government unit/department/ Managers/ Officers Office of the Municipal Administrator, Office of the Municipal Planning and Development Dr. Samuel V. Madamba Coordinator, Disaster Risk Reduction Office Human Resource and Management Amanda N. Pinoon Business Permit and Licensing Services Wilma Leagogo Tourism Services Chippy Alarcon Community Affairs and Development Ma. Theresa J. Casaremo Social Welfare and Development Flora Nagamos Bantay Coron Services Cedric Caabay Office of the Municipal Budget Joseliza D. Galpo

69

Office of the Municipal Civil Registrar Angelina E. Pe Office of the General Service Officer Yolanda Caabay Office of the Municipal Accountant Narissa Privado Office of the Municipal Treasurer Ignacio D. Merdenilla Office of the Municipal Information Office Lyle Coruna Office of the Municipal Assessor Retnario Labrador Office of the Municipal Health Officer Dr. Alan D. Guintapan Office of the Municipal Agriculture Geronemo Gevela Office of the Municipal Engineer Engr. Ike D. Parangue Sangguniang Bayan Secretary Lourina A. Cruz

70

Figure 11. Organizational Structure of the Local Government Unit of Coron, Palawan.

71

Table 54. National Government Agencies in the Municipality of Coron. Department of Interior and Local Government Alfredo G. Balane, Jr. BFMDD Insp. Fernan Gil C. Cagampan Department of Education Nida Tejada Department of Justice Judge Lovelle Moana R. Hitosis Department of Finance Danilo Cortez Department of Agrarian Reform Gernemo Gevela Commission on Elections Clemen Dinoon Source: MPDO, 2016

At the Barangay level, local government is headed by the Barangay Captains, they administered and managed the barangays together with the Barangay Councilors. Moreover, the Barangay officials are tasked to execute governmental functions and provide governmental services to the individuals in the barangays. The Barangay Chairman in each barangay is as follows:

Table 55. List of Barangay Chairman in Coron, Palawan. Name of Barangay Name of Punong Barangay Barangay Banuang Daan Hon. Bienvenido A. Abella Barangay Bintuan Hon. Larry B. Pe Barangay Borac Hon. Rodolfo R. Correa Barangay Buenavista Hon. Fernando P. Aguido Barangay Bulalacao Hon. Sabino B. Flores Barangay Cabugao Hon. Renato A. Dacullos Barangay Decabobo Hon. Manuel H. dela Torre, Jr. Barangay Decalachao Hon. Merla D. Obispado Barangay Guadalupe Hon. Richard G. Badang Barangay Lajala Hon. Allan N. Mundia Barangay Malawig Hon. Nonacio C. Pulilan Barangay Marcilla Hon. Laudermer P. Pe Barangay Poblacion 1 Hon. Antonio C. Privado Barangay Poblacion 2 Hon. Oscar A. Amit, Jr. Barangay Poblacion 3 Hon. Marlon A. Hachero Barangay Poblacion 4 Hon. George S. Rios Barangay Poblacion 5 Hon. Lani SJ. Lungay Barangay Poblacion 6 Hon. Maria V. Cinco Barangay San Jose Hon. Edgar V. Villareal Barangay San Nicolas Hon. Joel T. Moreno Barangay Tara Hon. Abelardo B. Alvarez Barangay Tagumpay Hon. Ricardo G. Astor Barangay Turda Hon. Roderick M. Echague Source: MPDO, 2016

72

B. ECAN Board

Listed in Table 56 are the members of the ECAN Board who lead the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the ECAN Zones in the municipality. The ECAN Board refers to the multi-sectoral, coordinative and advisory body to the local government unit, purposely to assist in the development of plans and programs to implement ECAN at the municipal level. The Chairperson of the ECAN Board acts as the ECAN Zoning Plan Administrator. He/she may appoint a Deputy Plan Administrator who is qualified for the job and whose nature of work is related to ECAN Zoning.

The PCSDS representative to the ECAN Board, the Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Officer (MENRO), the Municipal Planning and Development Coordinator, and the other members of the ECAN Board constitutes the ECAN Zoning Plan Advisory Body. They assist the Plan Administrator and Deputy Plan Administrator in the implementation of the ECAN Zoning Plan. Moreover, representatives from other government and non-government organizations who have been related to environmental conservation and development are being considered.

Table 56. ECAN Board members in Coron, Palawan. Municipal Government Departments/ Operating Departments Mayor Vice Mayor Chairperson, SB Comm. On Env’t. President, ABC MENRO-Designate/ Municipal Assessor PCSDS Calamianes District Manager MPDC DENR-CENRO Municipal Engineer Municipal Police Station OIC Station Commander, Coron Coastguard Chief Station 2nd MSOU Coron, Philippine Maritime Group Bantay Coron Executive Director DepEd Coron District Supervisor Director, Coron PSU Coast Guard, Head Chairman, Kawil Amianan CATE Chairman Municipal Information Officer PCSDS DMO-Calamianes Staffs Municipal Information Office Staff Source: PCSD, 2015

73

C. Development Legislation Sangguniang Bayan (SB) members are tasked to formulate and approve arrangements and schemes for the municipality’s peace and order and development concerns in the form of ordinances and resolutions. Laws are needed to be enacted, passed and approved to legitimize municipal government plans, actions, and projects intended for the growth or development and for the welfare of its constituency. As indicated in Table 57, for CY 2012 and 2013, 158 ordinances were enacted. The sectors that received the largest share of legislations were on education, culture and arts (25%); Health (20%); and Administrative (15%). On the other hand, there has been no ordinance that was enacted for the Environment sector on the same period. Ordinances in 2013 are distinguished to be involved the cumulative allotment of P7,425,858 funding for disaster response efforts in addressing the consequence of Typhoon Yolanda that hit the municipality in November 2013. Furthermore, 70% of the 52 ordinances that were approved in the year of 2013 were associated to the provision of wages, honoraria and allowances to government employees while in 2012, major ordinances were permitted for the improvement of the town. Specifically, new zoning regulation was approved the Municipal Tourism Master Plan was implemented, and the endorsement of the Power Generation Project to the Provincial Government. However, 30 % of the total ordinances passed in 2012 were related to financial or medical support to citizens and local government personnel as well. However, there is only about 25% of the total in the year 2012 that involved the allocation of salaries, and any other related concerns.

Table 57. Number & Percentage Share of Ordinances. Legislation by Sector No. of Ordinances Total 2012 % 2013 % % Administrative 16 15% 8 15% 15% Economic Development 9 8% 1 2% 6% Environmental Management 0 0% 0 0% 0% Social Development 8 8% 5 10% 8% Educational, Culture and 19 18% 21 40% 25% Arts Health 28 26% 3 6% 20% Protective Services 9 8% 9 17% 11% Infrastructure Development 9 8% 2 4% 7% Finance Management 8 6% 3 2% 7% TOTAL 106 52 Source: Ecological Profile, 2014

D. Local Fiscal Management

Local Finance Committee (LFC) is assigned to direct the local fiscal management in Coron. The committee consists of the Municipal Budget Officer, Municipal Treasurer, Municipal Accountant, and the Municipal Planning and Development Coordinator. The LFC was created to define, at the start of the budget

74

project cycle, the projected collectible for the coming year. However, the committee suggests tax arrangements, revenue measures or borrowings to be able to support the budget in times of inadequate projected collectibles in relation to the estimated expenditures. The Office of the Local Chief Executive, with the assistance of the Municipal Budget Office, is the department expected to prepare the budget for each fiscal year. With that, it is essential for each of the municipal government department head to pass budgetary requirements of the respective departments that are based on the following: local development plans, policy and program guidelines, budgetary ceilings recommended by the LFC and the general requirements according to the Local Government Code. In addition, they are also tasked to submit budgetary requirements of the respective departments that are based on the following: policy and program guidelines, local development plans, budgetary ceilings prescribed by the Local Finance Committee, and the general requirements prescribed by the Local Government Code. Moreover, it is after the issuance of the Statement of Income and Expenditures, the budget proposals, the estimates of income and the prescribed budgetary ceilings, that the budget preparation activities are then be managed.

E. Status of Financial Health Annual budget of the municipality of Coron has increased in every year since 2003. The total budget of the municipality from the year of 2003 to 2013 reached Php 928,518,535.19. However, as the income increases, the municipal expenditure also increases. The annual budget is being spent without any excess or deficit (Table 58).

Table 58. Comparative Income & Expenditure by Year (2004-2013). Fiscal Year Income Expenses 2013 123,880,104.00 123,880,104.00 2012 113,017,079.00 113,017,079.00 2011 123,059,200.56 123,059,200.56 2010 99,298,541.00 99,298,541.00 2009 108,856,784.74 108,856,784.74 2008 98,045,835.55 98,045,835.55 2007 68,417,053.00 68,417,053.00 2006 74,554,952.61 74,554,952.61 2005 62,100,113.95 62,100,113.95 2004 57,289,248.78 57,289,248.78 TOTAL 928,518,535.19 928,518,535.19 Source: Ecological Profile, 2014

Revenues by Source

The total municipal income of Coron for the year 2013 was identified to be Php 123,880,104.00; it was also the indicated total amount of expenditure in the same year. Information regarding the specific amount gathered per source of revenue in 2013 was not made available. Local expenditure is composed of the personal services, generally salaries and wages, maintenance and operating expenses, capital outlay, and equipment necessary for the effectiveness of the municipal government. As indicated

75

from Table 73, there is an increase of Php 23- Million in terms of the municipality’s income and expenditure, on the other hand, in 2012, it was lessened by Php 10- Million and increased again in 2013 (Table 59).

Table 59. Revenue by Source by Year (2010-2013). Income Sources 2012 2011 2010 Tax Revenue Real Property Tax 1,800,000.00 1,300,000.00 972,299.94 Business Taxes and 3,500,000.00 2,900,000.00 3,807,493.38 Licenses Other Taxes 2,000,000.00 600,000.00 2,593,632.49 Non-Tax Revenue Regulatory Fees 3,000,000.00 2,000,000.00 1,005,097.24 Services/User Charges 3,000,000.00 1,500,000.00 7,099,836.28 Receipts from Economic 4,000,000.00 4,000,000.00 3,259,067.28 Enterprises Other Receipts 3,000,000.00 2,700,000.00 2,500,000.00 Internal Revenue 92,717,079.00 97,596,926.00 97,596,926.00 Allotment TOTAL 113,017,079.00 112,596,926.00 116,334,352.61 Source: Ecological Profile, 2014

76

CHAPTER 3: THE ECAN ZONING STRATEGY

The main strategy of the SEP Law is the ECAN zoning. It serves as a graded system of protection and development control over the Province of Palawan. It is quite parallel to the Biosphere Reserve Zonation of UNESCO which seeks to protect environmentally critical habitats, zoning scheme being typified by concentric circles (See Figure 25).

Figure 12. Configuration of biosphere reserve zones. (Source: PCSD, 2016)

In general, the core area is strictly protected for conservation purposes. The buffer zone, which is only for non-extractive uses, surrounds the core area. On the other hand, sustainable development activities are being organized with the local communities in the transition area (Batisse 1992). A network of such reserves is usually formulated inside a conservation unit called a corridor, an ecoregion, or a protected landscape and seascape. In 1994, the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD) adopted the Guidelines in Implementing the ECAN (PCSD Resolution no 94-44). Based on the guidelines, utilizing whatever available secondary data and existing maps (topography/elevation, vegetative cover), a preliminary ECAN map was produced and approved by the PCSD. An ECAN zoning map is produced from biophysical and socio-economic criteria that include elevation of the land, its slope, forest cover, watershed properties, habitat of threatened species, land classification, and the existing land uses. Through the PCSD Staff, a series of orientation workshops were conducted at the municipal level to prepare the LGUS, specifically the planning

77

offices, on their role relative to the ECAN. Also, during the workshops, Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Monitoring methodologies were also discussed. Multi-sectoral ECAN Boards were organized in each municipality after every orientation workshop. The Board serves as a recommendatory regulating body relative to all environment related issues. This is necessary to ensure proper resource utilization within ECAN protected zones. Each ECAN Board is provided with the preliminary ECAN map, as a basis for their evaluation of any project or activity. Community dialogues and consultations were undertaken to gain acceptance on ECAN activities as well as to gather secondary information to further develop the zoning guidelines for a specific area. These were translated into working maps, though preliminary, to be utilized in enforcing the provision of the ECAN guidelines. Finally, the zoning maps shall be subjected to an actual survey/delineation which is marked on the ground.

3.1. THE ECAN ZONES AS A MANAGEMENT UNIT

The use of ECAN zones map, as a basis for locating fitting areas for plans, programs, and projects that will be introduced in Palawan, implies the designation of the ECAN zones as a management unit. It is likely that a locality will be better guided in development planning and decision making in adopting the ECAN map and implement their development objectives based on it. Ecanization is defined as “the process of delineating and marking the boundaries of the different zones in both land and sea, the identification of prescribed activities and resource use for each zone, together with the enforcement of regulatory measures to prevent practices that are destructive of the environment” (PCSD Resolution 94-44). With this, the Palawan Province has come up with the following ECAN Map (Figure 26).

78

Figure 13. Terrestrial ECAN zones map of Palawan Province (Kalayaan Municipality, also in Palawan, is not shown). (Source: PCSD, 2016)

3.2. COMPONENTS OF THE ECAN ZONES

The ECAN zoning strategy has three (3) components: The Terrestrial component, the Coastal/Marine component, and the Tribal ancestral zones (SEP Law, Sections 8-11). The terrestrial component: This component covers the mountains, low hills, and lowland areas of the whole province. It has a core zone, a buffer zone (subdivided into restricted use area, controlled use area, and traditional use area) and a multiple or manipulative use zone. The zoning of this component is guided by the criteria in the SEP Law and in PCSD Resolution 05-250 (The Revised Guidelines in Implementing the ECAN).2

2 The texts of these laws can be accessed online. SEP Law: http://pcsd.gov.ph/sep_law/ra7611.htm

79

Coastal/Marine component: This component covers the whole coastline up to the open sea. A simplified zoning scheme is used in the management of this component due to its geographical characteristics, critical nature, and patterns of resource use. It is divided into two zones: coastal/marine core zone and multiple use zones. The latter is further subdivided into transition/buffer zone and sustainable/general use zone. The zoning of this component is guided by the criteria in the SEP Law and PCSD Resolution 05-250. Tribal ancestral zone: The last component is a special zone in the land and sea that is allotted for indigenous cultural communities. This special zone will fulfil the material and cultural needs of the indigenous peoples (IPs). It shall be delineated according to the criteria for terrestrial and coastal/marine components. Hence, the tribal ancestral zone may transcend all ECAN zones and will give greater cultural considerations. The identification and delineation of this component is guided by Joint NCIP- PCSD Memorandum Circular No. 2005-01 (“Harmonization of the Implementation of the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) and the Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan Act”), as amended.3

3.3. CRITERIA AND PARAMETERS IN THE DELINEATON OF THE ECAN ZONES

The following two tables (Tables 60 and 61) are a summary of criteria and parameters used in delineation of terrestrial and coastal/marine ECAN zones. A parameter is a distinct geographic, biological, or physical feature of the area. Examples are elevation, slope, and land cover. A criterion is a specific range of quantitative values or qualitative descriptions of the area. Thus, for the parameter of elevation, the criteria can be “above 1,000 meters”, “below 300 meters”, etc.

PCSD Resolution 05-250 (The Revised Guidelines in Implementing the ECAN): http://pcsd.gov.ph/resolutions/resolutions/sep/res05-250.htm

3Joint NCIP-PCSD Memorandum Circular No. 2005-01 is available from: http://pcsd.gov.ph/resolutions/resolutions/ancestral/ joint%20ncip-pcsd%20memo%20circular%20no.%202005-01.htm PCSD Resolution No. 08-375 (“A Resolution Amending Section V, 4.2 (B) of the Joint NCIP-PCSD Memorandum Circular No. 2005-01”) is available from: http://pcsd.gov.ph/resolutions/resolutions/ancestral/res08-375.htm

80

Table 60. Parameters and criteria in the delineation of terrestrial ECAN zones (from SEP Law and PCSD Resolution 05-250). ECAN Zone Description Elevation Land Cover Slope Habitat Others Core Zone Area of > 1,000 m Virgin forest or > 50% Critically Other areas maximum primary growth threatened/endangered which may be protection forest (>26.57 degrees) habitats and habitats of identified and rare endangered species designated by the or habitat of local Council endemic species of flora and fauna Buffer zone - Generally 500 to 1,000 m Poor, stunted and 36-50 % Areas designated as In areas where Restricted use surrounds the sparse stands of (19.80-26.57 biodiversity hotspots the criteria of Core zone and semi-deciduous degrees) and highly threatened elevation, slope, provides a forest which has by human activities or critical protective barrier; a low based on scientific watershed do not regeneration studies apply, a 200- Critical capacity meter belt in the watersheds which mainland and were identified, 100-meter belt in classified or the islands declared as such surrounding the by the Core zone government Buffer zone - Encircles and 300 to 500 m 19-35% (10.20- Areas within the Controlled use provides the outer 19.80 degrees) criteria of the barrier to the Restricted use Core zone and zone where there Restricted use is a community zone Buffer zone- Edges of intact Open, brushland > 18% slope All other areas Traditional use forests where or grassland (> 10.20 degrees) with elevation traditional land areas that are still AND below 300 below 300 meters use is already classified as meters’ elevation

81

stabilized is being timberland or stabilized public land with elevation below 300 meters Multiple Use Areas where the Built-up or < 18% slope Areas classified Zone landscape has settlement areas (< 10.20 degrees) as Alienable and been modified for located in AND below 300 Disposable lands different forms of lowlands (less meters’ elevation land use such as than 18% slope) intensive timber extraction, grazing and pastures, agriculture and infrastructures development Source: PCSD, 2016

Table 61. Parameters and criteria in delineating coastal/marine ECAN zones. ECAN zone General description Criteria Coastal/Marine This area shall be designated free 1. Coral reefs with good to excellent coral cover condition or 50%-100% coral cover core zone from any human activity. This 2. Coralline sites containing at least 50% of coral genera found in the management includes sanctuaries for rare and unit of live coral cover ranging from 25-50% endangered species, selected coral 3. Seagrass beds serving as link habitat of the coral core zones and/or providing reefs, seagrass and mangrove habitat to rare, threatened and endangered species ecosystem reserves. 4. Seagrass beds with at least 50% cover of more than one species of seagrass 5. Seagrass beds with sightings or feeding tracks of Dugong dugon 6. Coastal/marine habitat of endangered species declared by IUCN or CITES, DA or DENR or the PCSD 7. Primary growth mangrove areas and all areas with standing mangrove forest cover

82

except areas allocated for MSA, CBMFMA, ISF and FLA 8. Fish sanctuaries, spawning areas, nursery areas, breeding/feeding grounds, etc., identified/declared by PCSD, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) or under local government zoning ordinance Coastal/Marine The multiple use zones are other coastal/marine areas outside of the core areas where compatible resource uses may multiple use be carried out. The multiple use zone shall further be subdivided into two major sub-zones (described below): the buffer zone zone and the sustainable (general) use zone. Coastal/Marine multiple use 1. Uninhabited islands or undeveloped portions thereof not subject to private rights shall be zone - Transition/Buffer zone classified as transition zone except when identified/declared as ancestral coastal/marine waters 2. Uninhabited islands or islets with an area of less than 500 hectares 3. Degraded small islands with an area of less than 500 hectares 4. Released areas for fishpond development which were utilized and abandoned including those not utilized for 5 years from the date of the release 5. Degraded habitats of endangered marine species 6. Denuded mangrove forest 7. Areas identified as contributing to important ecological processes such as spawning, nursery areas, breeding/feeding grounds that otherwise could have been classified as coastal-marine core zone but during the approval of these guidelines, these areas are occupied or have been released by virtue of existing laws or due to inappropriate management of local coastal marine areas. These areas shall be maintained for their existing use or a phase-out strategy shall be implemented in these areas reverting them to their natural state or for their appropriate uses. No further development, growth or expansion shall be allowed in these areas to encourage habitat enhancement or maintenance of the resource to increase production level or ecosystem maintenance

83

Coastal/Marine multiple use It is the development area of the coastal/marine zone where different compatible and zone - Sustainable/ sustainable development activities may be carried out. The zone shall cover all General use zone coastal/marine areas not classified/delineated as core zone, buffer zone and ancestral coastal/marine waters. The LGU, if it so desires, may further classify/divide this zone into the following sub-zones: Communal Fishing Ground, Tourism Development Area, Visitor Use Area, Sustainable Development Area and etc.

84

3.4. ALLOWABLE ACTIVITIES IN THE ECAN ZONES

The allowable uses of ECAN zones (summarized in Table 62) are identified according to the level of impact of activities and the appropriateness and suitability of the activity to the zone. The core zone and restricted use area, or the “protection zones”, are limited to non-consumptive and soft-impact activities, with the indigenous peoples given special consideration. The principle behind limiting a specific activity in a zone follows the SEP philosophy of sustainable development that maintains life- support systems, restores exploited areas, and supports developmental growth.

Table 62. Activities allowed in the ECAN zones (from PCSD Resolution 05-2504 and PCSD Resolution 06-270). Component ECAN zone Allowable activities within the management zone Terrestrial Core Zone None, expect for: (i) traditional uses of tribal communities for minimal and soft impact gathering of forest species for ceremonial and religious purposes, and (ii) soft impact activities defined in PCSD resolutions 06-270 and 04- 233. Buffer Zone- Limited and non-consumptive activities which Restricted Use include: -gathering of wild honey; -almaciga tapping; -soft-impact recreational activities (hiking, sight- seeing, bird watching); -research; -sustainable activities of indigenous peoples; -ecosystem restoration or rehabilitation; and -ecotourism activities as per PCSD Resolution 06-270. Buffer Zone- Strictly controlled mining; Controlled Use strictly controlled logging which is not for profit (i.e., communal forest, CBFM, etc.); almaciga tapping; tourism development; research; grazing; gathering of honey, rattan, and other minor forest products. Buffer Zone- Upland stabilization program; Traditional Use Catchment management; Hillside farming; Industrial tree plantation; Reforestation; Integrated social forestry; Community-based forest management.

4 Title I--Chapter II and Title II--Chapter II, of PCSD Resolution 05-250.

85

Component ECAN zone Allowable activities within the management zone Multiple Use Timber extraction with community-based forest Zone management; Grazing and pastures; Agriculture; Infrastructure and industrial development; Recreation; Education; Research; And other sustainable activities. Coastal/Marine Coastal/Marine None, except for: core zone -navigation purposes of the local fishing communities where there are no alternative routes; -emergency situations such as navigational routes to save life and property; -researches previously authorized by PCSD; and -ecotourism activities as per PCSD Resolution 06-270.

Coastal/Marine Habitat restoration, rehabilitation and enhancement multiple use activities; zone – -soft-impact activities (swimming/snorkeling; non- Transition/Buffer motored boating (row boats, kayaks, canoes, wind zone surfing, etc.); -guided scuba diving; -fishing using highly-selected gears (i.e., hook & line and gill net) with specification to be determined by studies; -pre-approved visit or educational activities; -installation of environmental information boards); and -resource enhancement activities. Coastal/Marine All sustainable human activities, with certain multiple use development endeavors subject to the EIA system and zone – to other policies regulating development projects. Sustainable/ General use zone

Tribal Tribal ancestral Activities based on the material and cultural needs of ancestral lands zone the indigenous peoples.

Source: PCSD, 2016

The PCSD Resolution 06-270 further expands the allowable activities in the core zone and restricted use buffer zone by including ecotourism projects. The rationale behind this are enumerated in the resolution, to wit: (i) ecotourism can be a tool for environmentally managing ecologically sensitive areas; (ii) ecotourism is believed to be compatible with environmental protection considering that its activities

86

are generally non-consumptive and therefore do not pose environmental hazard; (iii) ecotourism is a growing industry in Palawan which can generate alternative sources of livelihood; and (iv) in order to promote and develop ecotourism industry in the province, ecotourism activities may be permitted in ecologically sensitive areas subject to strict monitoring and regulation. It should be noted that certain “sustainable development” activities to be allowed in the buffer zone and multiple use zone may be subjected to the EIA System and to other laws and rules which regulate development projects. As part of the EIA System and the SEP Clearance System, necessary environmental precautions (such as periodic multipartite monitoring) are imposed on these activities.

3.5. DELINEATION OF THE ECAN ZONES USING GIS

The mapping of ECAN zones in Palawan has been the responsibility of the GIS Unit of the ECAN Monitoring and Evaluation Division (EMED) of PCSDS. Aside from the GIS staff, technical project consultants have been hired to make mapping studies, to develop methods for ECAN zoning implementation, and to train the PCSD Staff (Ofren 1999; Cabrido 2003; Vinluan 2004). The latest mapping guidelines on ECAN zoning were instituted in 2005 through PCSD Resolution 05- 250. Several versions of the ECAN map were produced through the years, each version using updated and ground-validated ECAN parameters. GIS and remote sensing technologies were now routinely used in the mapping of ECAN zones. Various spatial and non-spatial datasets are needed to perform the task (Table 63). Spatial datasets include thematic layers derived from thematic mapping and used as input layers in producing ECAN maps. Thematic mapping is the process of preparing the required map layers for ECAN overlay analysis and presenting them using a standard mapping system. The most dynamic of these layers is the land cover - land use (LC-LU). Mapping land and coastal habitat types had direct contribution to the configuration of ECAN zones. They formed the major resource base of PCSDS geographic information.

Table 63. Spatial and non-spatial data sources related to ECAN mapping. Data Source Type Description Data acquired, produced, or written ECAN zones Spatial In various editions 1993, 1998-2001, (preliminary, revised, updated, 2004, 2005-06 refined) Satellite images Spatial Landsat TM, Landsat ETM+, c. 1998, 2002-2006 Spot 5, and IKONOS color images Land and coastal Spatial Based on commercial satellite c. 1998, 2003-2006 cover images; produced by JAFTA, PTFPP and SEMP-NP Relevant thematic Spatial Elevation, slope, habitat of 1950 onwards layers and thematic endangered species, land

87

Data Source Type Description Data acquired, produced, or written maps classification, land use Literature Non-spatial Reports, books and articles by 1983-2006 staff and consultants of PIADP, SPIADP, PCSDS, PTFPP, and SEMP-NP The spatial data are geo-referenced information in the map projection UTM Zone 50, Datum, Clarke Spheroid 1866. They are available in hardcopy and in digital format in the PCSDS database.

88

CHAPTER 4: MAJOR STEPS IN THE ECAN ZONING PLAN PREPARATION

4.1. THE ECAN ZONES MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS

The formulation of the ECAN Plan necessitates an expert appraisal of all the available information. It includes participatory planning (consultations with all concerned stakeholders), GIS analyses (thematic mapping), and the selection of relevant sustainable development indicators (ecological footprints, land cover/land use, land use suitability assessments etc.). The details on the planning process are given in the document “General Strategy for Horizontal Integration of SEP ECAN Zoning Plan with CLUP” prepared by the PCSD Staff. The document contains a suite of methods for executing each step in the ECAN Zoning Plan (EZP) preparation, including its integration to local land use plans. The adaptive approach (i.e. adjusting methods and procedures based on lessons learned and what worked well) is followed in the planning process. The ECAN Zoning Plan is designed to be flexible and practical in its proposed guidelines and programs on identified ECAN zones use and strategies. It is envisioned to be a repertoire of comprehensive strategies that will be responsive to the current situation of the municipality. Planning for ECAN zoning is divided into three major parts: (i) primary and secondary data collection, preparation and processing; (ii) municipal integrated threats analysis and participatory strategic planning, and (iii) ECAN Zoning Plan writing. These successive steps (details are provided in the next section) are the central activities in the ECAN planning process framework. Primary data include field data acquired through a variety of sources, such as key informant interviews (KII), ecosystem baseline and monitoring surveys, field studies, and GIS overlay analyses. Secondary data include previously published or unpublished researches about the area, thematic maps, and public reports. During the stage of ECAN Zoning Plan Development, the following thematic data, maps, and plans, at the minimum, can be consulted in formulating the ECAN zones management strategies and land use options.

Table 64. Data requirements for ECAN zones management planning. Thematic maps Description Source of data ECAN zones graded system of protection PCSDS and LGU-Coron and development control Soils land use suitability and DA-Bureau of Soils and capability; land management Water Management unit Geohazards vulnerability and exposure of DENR-MGB, NAMRIA, land to physical processes PCSDS Ecological footprint Ecosystem goods production; PCSDS carrying capacity SAFDZ (optional) Sustainable Agriculture and DA, MAO Fisheries Development Zones

89

Thematic maps Description Source of data Socioeconomic information Socioeconomic data from MPDO, NSO Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS) Latest CLUP Comprehensive Land and MPDO Water Use Plan Latest FLUP Forest Land Use Plan LGU-Coron, DENR Source: PCSD, 2016

4.2. GUIDE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A DETAILED ECAN ZONING PLAN The following are the recommended steps in developing a detailed municipal EZP. It is partly based on “Appendix 4: Development of a Detailed Management Plan” of the Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan towards Sustainable Development (1987). The performance of the steps may require a combination of ad hoc, Delphi process (round table discussions), GIS analysis, and the use of decision- support systems. A major step of EZP is the conduct of an integrated threats analysis which will be the basis for the drafting of beneficial, timely, responsive, and adaptable courses of action to be implemented in the municipality. 1. Build a sustainable development planning database (ECAN Data Infrastructure Development). The objective of this undertaking is to produce a database of sustainable development indicators of the area. With the ECAN map as a provincial/municipal road map, the said database will be used to come up with local sustainable development plans through the synthesis of all the available information (ecological, physical and socio-economic infrastructures and other attributes). This activity will ensure continuous flow of up-to-date quality information in ECAN management planning. The following is a checklist of primary and secondary data needs to be collected in hardcopy or softcopy if available. 1. Geographic Location and Area  Municipal and barangay areas 2. Physical Environment  Topography  Geology  Soils  Climate  Geological hazards  Land resources  Land and sea cover

3. Biological Environment  Forest resources (Flora report)  Wildlife resources and biodiversity (Fauna report)

90

 Coastal and Marine resources (coral reefs, reef fish, marine mammals and sea turtles, seagrass, invertebrates, mangroves) 4. Socioeconomic Profile  Population – population and demographic characteristics  Social condition – dependency ratios, health and nutrition, educational status (literacy rate), housing and basic utilities  Economic condition – poverty incidence and employment  Protective services 5. Local Economy  Labor force and Employment  Economic Profile and Livelihood Sources  Income and Expenditures  Tourism (existing, emerging and potential tourism sites) 6. Infrastructure, Public Facilities and Utilities  Road network  Road transportation  Air transportation  Sea transportation  Irrigation  Water Supply  Electric Power Supply  Communication Facilities  Facilities  Drainage and Flood Control System  Sewage Disposal  Solid Waste Disposal System 7. Local Institutional Capability  Local Government Structure

2. Determine the exact boundaries of ECAN zones and administrative boundaries. With the assistance of the GIS unit, the planning team and the PCSDS District Management Office (DMO) will determine the extent of ECAN zones of three components (terrestrial, coastal/marine, and TAZ).

3. Identify “Special Management Areas” (SMAs). Prior to actual planning, the site managers/planners should identify first the “special management areas” in the area of operation. These areas are still subject to ECAN zonation but their management may entail “special treatment” owing to specific management plans and management authorities intended for the areas. These special areas may include the following: 1. Habitats of rare and endangered species

91

Selected areas in Palawan were already designated as habitats of endangered species by virtue of local resolutions. Other areas may already be identified by research studies. 2. Legitimate areas for tribal ancestral zones Selected areas in Palawan were declared as ancestral zones for indigenous peoples by virtue of any of the following instruments. - Tribal Ancestral Zone (TAZ) through PCSD Administrative Orders (see figure below) - Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) and Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claim (CADC) - Certificate of Ancestral Land Title (CALT) and Certificate of Ancestral Land Claim (CALC)

Source: PCSD, 2016 Figure 14. Palawan Tribal Ancestral Zones (TAZ) proclaimed by PCSD.

3. Areas of cultural, historical, geological and anthropological interest Areas of historical and anthropological significance include the Tabon Cave Reservation in Lipuun Point, Quezon; the Tau’t Bato Reservation in Singnapan Valley, Barangay Ransang, Rizal; the Ile Caves in El Nido; the walled fortresses in Balabac, Cuyo, Linapacan, Taytay, Agutaya, etc.; and other similar sites. 4. Tourism development areas 5. NIPAS areas These refer to protected areas declared under the National Integrated Protected Area System. The following table is a list of large-scale protected areas in Palawan.

92

Table 65. NIPAS areas of Palawan Province. Protected Area Municipality Location Calauit Game Preserve and Busuanga Calauit Island Wildlife Sanctuary (CGPWS)/ Coron Island Protected Coron Coron Island Landscape El Nido-Taytay Managed El Nido-Taytay Portions of El Nido and Resource Protected Area Taytay Municipalities Malampaya Sound Protected Taytay Taytay Landscape and Seascape Tubbataha Reefs Natural Cagayancillo Sulu Sea Park Puerto Princesa Subterranean Puerto Princesa City Northwestern Puerto Princesa River National Park City (PPSRNP) Palawan Flora, Fauna and Puerto Princesa City Barangay Irawan Watershed Reserve (PFFWR)/ Irawan Watershed Reserve Rasa Island Wildlife Reserve Narra Rasa Island Mount Mantalingahan Quezon, Rizal, Española, Mantalingahan Mountain Protected Landscape Brooke’s Point, Bataraza Range (MMPL) Ursula Island Bird Sanctuary Bataraza Ursula Island, Sulu Sea Source: PCSD, 2016

6. Other management units Terrestrial Zone a. Watershed reserves of forest reserves b. Municipal parks (terrestrial) c. Community Based Forestry Management Area (CBFMA) d. Communal Forest areas e. ISF and other forest-related tenurial instruments Coastal/ Marine zone a. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), marine parks, fish sanctuaries, or marine ecosystem reserves – may cover different benthic habitats, such as coral reefs, seagrass and mangroves b. Communal fishing grounds c. Municipal waters – covering the 15 kilometer limit from the shoreline d. Community Based Mangrove Forest Management Area (CBMFMA) e. Sanctuaries of rare and endangered species – e.g. turtle nesting sites

Planning for these Special Management Areas cannot be monopolized by one agency or one group of stakeholders. A consultative and participative planning process is advised for SMAs in order for the plan to gain total acceptance by the affected communities and management authorities.

93

4. Develop thematic and integrated planning modules and indicators. Method: GIS mapping overlays, spatial and non-spatial modelling Input: GIS layers and files, baseline data on environment and socio- economics Output: thematic maps and indicators An integrated development planning analysis necessitates a consolidation of essential planning elements. Hence, there is a need to look at the actual condition of the area prior to laying out the land use plans and designating activities. To do this, the planners need to produce several thematic and cross-cutting determinants of physical geography, ecology and socio-economics. The logical next step after defining the planning area is a systematic collation of scientific information about a site, area or community needs to be undertaken. A framework for a possible combinatory analysis of all collected information – the multi-criteria evaluation – is described in Step 6 below. This step then is mainly the multi-processing/analyses part of ECAN Plan development to come up with “integrated thematic planning modules”. It primary includes studies on land use suitability, capability, and sustainability mapping using GIS overlay analyses. It will also develop land use profiles and biophysical/baseline/thematic maps in order to ascertain the economic development potentials of the land. The intensity of data collection and data processing will depend on the situation of a municipality or site. Some areas already have “advanced” materials and data and will only require the validation of the integrity of the information. Table 66 below shows the broad classification of thematic planning modules and indicators and the respective examples for each. Each thematic planning module has its own data processing design and data needs focus, but collectively their interconnection is expected to reveal broad patterns of resource use and consumption.

Table 66. Thematic planning modules for use in ECAN planning Sustainable Source or Development Planning Sample Description Reference Determinant/Indicator 1. Biophysical Precipitation Map Map showing the PCSDS, PAGASA determinants amount of rainfall in mm I selected areas in Palawan Geological Map showing that DENR-MGB Prospectivity of the total area that is Palawan Island considered prospective for metallic mineral resources ECAN Resource Map showing the Survey; community Map distribution of mapping natural resources in Palawan Land Management Broad classification BSWM

94

Unit (LMU) of soils, slope and landforms, and land capability 2. Socio-cultural Population Density Map showing the NSO determinants Map and Population population density Growth Rate Map and growth rate per municipality of Palawan ECAN Threats Map showing various Map; Climate natural and Change Hotspots anthropogenic threats to the integrity of ecosystems 3. Economic ECAN Livelihoods Map showing the Survey; community determinants Map population’s mapping; secondary existing and literature potential sources of income Infrastructure Map Map showing the Survey; community of Palawan location of roads, mapping; secondary ports, airports, literature schools, markets, hospitals, and the like 4. Governance and CBFM Areas Map showing the survey institutional determinants areas allotted for community forest management Ancestral domains Maps showing the IPRA law habitation and domain of indigenous peoples ECAN zones map A graded system of SEP Law sustainable development over Palawan Ecological footprint The area (global Wackemagel and hectares) of Rees 1996 productive ecosystems outside a city that is required to support life in the city (Odum and Barrett 2005) Source: PCSD, 2016

The biophysical determinants are the site’s biological and physical resource maps. Socio-cultural determinants pertain to socio-economic and demographic information of the municipality or site. Economic determinants pertain to existing and potential sustainable economic industries.

95

The governance and institutional determinants refers to the political and institutional situation of the municipality or site. The integrated determinants are the interfacing or overlap of any of the above determinants. They are usually produced from a combinatory processing or overlays of the above. Land management units and ecological footprint are two examples of integrated land use determinants.

The next table is a list of thematic planning modules in terms of major development sectors. The GIS, data sources, and spatial objectives are also indicated.

Table 67. A sector-based list of spatial data needs for sustainable development planning (adapted from Loterte-Avillanosa, unpublished). A B C D E F G

Development Sector Minimum General Needs and Thematic Data Issue Spatial Data Spatial Security Layers Sources Addressed Objectives Demands

Agriculture and Fisheries Essential NGA, LMU, Suitability to Crops Agricultur food, arable soil fertility agricultural Food security suitability al area land map production

Water Clean water River Hydrology, (surface, Access to water Sustainable Hydrology Network, LMU, groundwater supply water supply Coastlines topography , rain)

Sanitation Drainage, Least risk Elevation, Topography, wastes Topography terrain and Health issues Slope LMU disposal variations

Energy Satellite Fuel, power Suitability/Prox Image (land Energy supply, Vegetation Vegetation imity to wood cover), sufficiency power grid for fuel PALECO

Shelter/ Built-up housing, Land Infrastructure Area, Road roads, Settlement, cover/land Proximity to Network, Provision of schools, development use, Markets or Developm basic services health projects infrastructure rural center ent centers, survey Projects technology

Environment and Natural Clean air, Climate, Rainfall, PCSDS, Suitability/ Ecological

96

A B C D E F G

Development Sector Minimum General Needs and Thematic Data Issue Spatial Data Spatial Security Layers Sources Addressed Objectives Demands Resources healthy Geology, Soils, DENR- Proximity to viability/ ecosystems, Geohazard, Geohazard MGB, LMU natural environmenta stable Forest cover , Protected benefits; flow l integrity uplands Areas, of ecological Land goods and use/cover services

Health Clothing, Proximity to Service Health Infrastructure Mortality and remedies, markets or distribution stations survey morbidity relief goods rural center

School Education supplies, and Social books, Availability of Welfare Service School Infrastructure Social skills, incentive raw Distribution facilities survey articulation trainings, materials values formation

Income and Crop Land cover, Define domain livelihoods Vegetation cultivation, LMU, boundaries and Vegetation , Road Employment handicrafts, vegetation, secure land Network subsistence interview titles

Cultural heritage and Folklores, Ancestral Proximity to Culture, tourism customs, Domains, CADC/T, the fiscal and aesthetics and Heritage sites patrimony, cultural ECAN government income folk arts zoning centers source

Financial assistance, Fiscal Proximity to Eco- credits, Basic Basic socio-political governance; revenue Administrative geographical layers and legal responsive- shares layers services ness

Recognition of tenurial Proximity to Legal rights, Political Basic socio-political Basic security of boundaries geographical and Justice layers tenure, /taxation layers government territorial services provisions

97

A B C D E F G

Development Sector Minimum General Needs and Thematic Data Issue Spatial Data Spatial Security Layers Sources Addressed Objectives Demands

Participatio n: consensus Community building, NSO, Social organization mobility, Population Palawan mobilization; cohesion, Demography Census CBMS, empower- resource CBFM ment stewardship, women empowerme nt Source: PCSD, 2016

5. Take stock of local environmental governance initiatives. This step takes into account the considerations in the preparation of the ECAN Zoning Plan, as enumerated in Section 25 of PCSD Resolution 05-250. The data can be collected from local planners through a questionnaire.

6. Develop an ECAN-based land use spatial optimization algorithm using Multi- Criteria Analysis. (Optional) Algorithm: ECAN Planning for Land Use Sustainability (ECAN-PLUS) Method: Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Input: Thematic and integrated planning modules Output: Best land use options for each ECAN zone

This is an optional step as this may be too complicated and technical depending on availability of resources. The main objective of the ECAN-based MCA method is to develop a spatial multi-objective decision support system15 for land and water use management in Palawan. Given that decision makers currently face conflicting interests arising from existing and potential activities in each ECAN zone, the MCA will allow for an objective assessment of various land use options or activities and the determination of the most suitable option or activity for each zone.

7. Perform integrated threats analysis An integrated threats analysis is a comprehensive investigation and analysis of various existing and projected problems confronting a locality. It is thus one way of analyzing the complex problems and issues within the area. It is also one priority-

5 J. Looijen, N. Pelesikoti, and M. Staljanssens. 1995. ICOMIS: a spatial multi-objective decision support system for coastal resource management. ITC Journal 1995-3.

98

setting mechanism that can aid planners and decision makers in: (1) identifying the type of project intervention to be introduced and (2) allocating resources to invest in a priority area. Chapter 5 provides the theoretical framework, methods, and the results of municipal threats analysis.

8. Formulate ECAN zones and resources plan. Method: Multi-stakeholder participatory planning workshop Inputs: Results of municipal integrated threats analysis; latest CLUP and FLUP Outputs: ECAN Management Plan with zonal and suprazonal (cross-cutting) actions This final stage of planning is concerned with determining the sustainable development actions in the ECAN zones and resources therein. The planning framework will be guided by the tripartite features of SEP (ecological viability, social acceptability, and integrated approach) and the ECAN guidelines, as well as the strategies/actions in the CLUP and the findings of the integrated threats analysis. The workshop facilitator has to reiterate that the core philosophy or principle of the planning activity is “sustainable development” and the primary strategy is ECAN Zoning. Note that some steps are optional due to the additional level of analysis that may be required to satisfy them. 8.1 Agree on a set of sustainable development core themes (or systems of interest) and prepare log frame for each. The core themes can be the ECAN Zonation, ecosystems, resources, or sectors present in the municipality. It can also be the ongoing threat (problems and issues) identified in the integrated threats analysis. As an alternative, the planners may decide to focus on the ECAN zones as the systems of interest and disaggregate the resources found in each zone. The following is a sample log frame for the forestry sector, from the Philippine Council for Sustainable Development (Phil-CSD)6.

Table 68. Sample log frame for the forestry sector (Phil-CSD 2013). Goal or Desired State Rehabilitated forestlands and watersheds under sustainable management Poverty alleviation Purpose Forestlands under secure tenure; Improved policy environment and enforcement-implementation capacity; PPPP Output or Results Watershed management approach implemented on the ground; Attainment of forestry-watershed plan objectives; Expansion of community-based tenure; Establishment of payments for environmental services; Marketing of community-based agro-forestry products Implemented Policies, Plans, Capacity building and organization of community based management; Projects or Programs (PPPP) A joint LGU-DENR MOA on community management;

6 Assessment of the Philippine Agenda 21, the Prospects for a Green Economy, and the Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development (Phil-CSD 2013).

99

Provision of a community-based management (tenure) agreement to identified communities; Implementation of a forestry-watershed plan. Establishment of MIS; Identify sources of funding; Valuation of forest Preliminary Activities use and non-use benefits; Delineation of forest boundary and production and protection forests and watershed management area; Formulation of a forestry-watershed plan Source: PCSD, 2016 The themes can be further classified into three clusters (Table 69): Environment, Socioeconomic, and Governance. The following is a sample set of core themes for Palawan at the provincial level.

Table 69. Sample core themes for sustainable development planning. Cluster Core theme/ecosystem/resource/sector Fisheries (including CRM, pearl farms, LRFF) Forest Environment (including Catchment Management and Development) Mining and Mineral Resources Development Environment Water Resources Agriculture, Land, and Soil (Lowland Resources Development) Wildlife and Biodiversity Cave and Cave Resources Boundary Delineation of Core Zones on the Ground Ecosystem Rehabilitation Ecotourism Development and Visitor Management Power and Sustainable Energy (including offshore/oil and gas, renewable energy) Urbanization (Sustainable City and Urban Centers) Sustainable Industries (including ICT, green jobs creation) Socioeconomic Ancestral Domains Basic Services Delivery (Food, Health, Education, Housing, Work/Employment) Infrastructure (Water, Transport, Communication) Solid Waste Management Population and Migration Sustainable Livelihood Development Climate Change Adaptation Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Institutional Arrangements for SD and GE Partnerships/Linkages/Participation (how to maximize) Governance Law Enforcement Sustainable Financing Institutionalization of ECAN Zoning and Management Guidelines Policy Reforms Mechanisms: (cross-cutting across all four clusters)

Environmental Education / IEC / Institutional Capacity Building

Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation

R & D

100

Source: PCSD, 2016

8.2 Identify applicable (i) SEP criterion (optional) and corresponding (ii) objectives and (iii) strategies for each core theme. This step makes sure that the actions for each core theme are compliant to the SEP as the overarching planning framework. The minimum sustainability criteria for projects in Palawan, as defined in the SEP Law, are ecological viability, social acceptability, and integrated approach. Additional criteria can be introduced to enhance the SEP criteria and make it compliant to a desirable goal (e.g., fulfilment of the requirements for a smooth transition toward a green economy). The following is a list of criteria and corresponding indicators that can be used in the ECAN planning process. The first three are required while the next three are recommended for inclusion.

Table 70. Possible sustainability criteria for projects in Palawan. Criteria (how to make sure the core theme actions are compliant to principles of SEP and Green Economy) 1. Ecological viability (intact physical and biological cycles, enhanced/restored natural capital and environmental stock and quality; sustainable resource stock) 2. Social acceptability (participatory; commitment, equity in access/distribution/benefits) 3. Integrated approach (holism; coordination and sharing; political will) 4. Rights-based development (poverty alleviation; protection’ fulfilment, and respect for socioeconomic and cultural rights) 5. Geo-environmental risk-adaptive (reduced carbon emissions; enhanced carbon stock; decreased vulnerability to climate change impacts and natural disaster risks; efficiency in production and resource use) 6. Good governance (increased knowledge and capacity for environmental stewardship; transparency and accountability) 7. Resource use efficiency (sustainable level of production of consumption; waste recycling) Source: PCSD, 2016

8.3 Identify (i) courses of action, (ii) coverage (municipality, barangay, sitio or any applicable management unit), and (iii) indicators for each criterion/objective/strategy. The courses of action per criteria are policy covers, plans, programs and projects (PPPP). They may be existing actions, partially implemented, or proposed. Indicators, on the other hand, are objectively verifiable and measurable. Below is a sample of the arsenal of PPP for the establishment of a green economy in the sector of forest and biodiversity. The selected principles are given as the heading of columns 2 to 4.

Table 71. Possible courses of action in the forest and biodiversity sector (Phil-CSD 2013). Resource/Sector or Stock Restoration, Equity and Poverty Production Efficiency Ecosystem Sustainability Alleviation Forest Environment, Delineation of forest Full recognition and Valuation of forest land Biodiversity protection (no-go) provision of ancestral use based on alternative areas (headwater, rich domain rights (PI economic products and

101

Resource/Sector or Stock Restoration, Equity and Poverty Production Efficiency Ecosystem Sustainability Alleviation biodiversity, others) ecosystem/watershed (PI); Institution of services; (PI) community-based or Institution of common property Institution of forest sustainable yield management system; resource and damage harvesting (Annual (Ex, PI) charges; (PI) Allowable Cut); (Ex) Establishment of Collection of fees for Implement National community-managed environmental services; Biodiversity Strategic ecosystem; (PI) (PI) Action Plan (Ex); the National Action Plan Setting of environment Promotion of for the Sustainable and resource use and ecotourism; (Ex, PI) Use and Protection of damage charges to Peat lands (PI) revert back to the Payments for carbon sector, the local forest sequestration Implement the area, and community (application of REDD+); National Wetlands (not to the General (PI) Action Plan (Pr) Fund) for Wildlife collection environmental Institute sustainable quota (Ex) maintenance and wildlife resource livelihood; (PI) schemes for the wild life Imposition of damage industry (Ex) charge; Percentage of Forest and biodiversity excess profit (rent) for protection and forest maintenance and conservation rehabilitation; (PI) supported by the international Setting of moratorium community and on resource use to multilateral agencies. rehabilitate and restore (PI) degraded ecosystem, and recover threatened species; (PI) Source: PCSD, 2016 8.4 Identify applicable ECAN zone for each course of action. This is applicable for zonal actions only, which are actions that fall on one or several specific ECAN zones in the terrestrial, coastal/marine, or tribal ancestral component. The assignment of ECAN zones will be based on allowable and prohibited uses per ECAN zone as specified in the ECAN policies and guidelines.

8.5 Identify the (i) implementation schedule, (ii) budgetary requirement, and (iii) agencies responsible / funding source for each course of action.

The results of the municipal integrated threats analysis can be interfaced or integrated with this step. The peculiarities of intervention per coverage/site may be discussed further in the plan. The following is a matrix summarizing the steps taken to come up with a detailed local ECAN zones management plan. Budgetary requirement, schedule of implementation, funding source, and agencies responsible per course of action may be added as columns of this matrix.

102

Table 72. Possible courses of action in the municipality Sector (Socio- Action Result ECAN Geographic Time- Lead and Budget Funding Institutional, Zone Coverage table Support (Php)* Source Economic, Organization Environment)

Core theme/Problems and issues/ Ecosystem/ Resource

Action 1

Action 2

Action 3

Core theme/ Problems and issues/ Ecosystem/ Resource

Action 1

Action 2

Action 3

*These fields are optional and require further time to conduct participatory workshop

ECAN Zone Driver/Pressure Intervention Geographic Lead/ Time- Budget Funding (Core, Covergae Support frame Source Buffer, Organization Multiple Zone)

Driver/ Action 1 Pressure 1

Action 2

Driver/ Action 1 Pressure 2

Action 2

103

CHAPTER 5: INTEGRATED THREAT ANALYSIS

An integrated threats analysis is a comprehensive investigation and analysis of various existing and projected problems confronting a locality. It is one way of analyzing the complexity of problems and issues within the area. It is also a priority- setting mechanism that can aid planners and decision makers in: (1) identifying the type of project intervention to be introduced and (2) allocating resources to invest in a priority area. This is because threats analysis may reveal subtle patterns and causations of issues and problems. The results of the analysis can also influence the course of project actions and can directly offer optimal solutions to the identified problems.

OBJECTIVES OF THREATS ANALYSIS

The general objective for the threats analysis is to recommend new potential high impact and cost effective actions for the local area of interest. The proposed actions are expected to contribute to sustainable development of the target localities, both the barangay and the municipal levels. We recommend these programs for the concerned stakeholders to pursue in the municipality in the next five years.

The specific objectives of the analysis are to:

 Identify the threats/problems in the target locality  Analyze threats relationships (problems/opportunities)  Prepare a generic list of projects to address the threats/problems  Serve as basis of ECAN guidelines, programs, projects in this plan

FRAMEWORK OF INTEGRATED THREATS ANALYSIS

Analysis of identified threats will be aided by the DPSIR Framework. According to this framework, there is a chain of causal links starting with ‘driving forces’ (economic sectors, human activities) through ‘pressures’ (emissions, waste) to ‘states’ (physical, chemical and biological) and ‘impacts’ on ecosystems, human health and functions, eventually leading to political ‘responses’ (prioritization, target setting, indicators). Figure 15 presents the assessment framework used in the analysis (Kristensen, 2004) .

104

Figure 15. DPSIR Framework for Threat Analysis (researchgate.edu)

The Components of the DPSIR Framework is briefly defined in the following:

Driving Forces- They are the needs or issues that triggers the creation of problem.

Pressures - They are the threats and problems that pose adverse impact in environment and its entities.

State- This ‘state of the environment’ is the combination of the physical, chemical and biological conditions being affected by pressures.

Impacts- These are the changes in the physical, chemical or biological state of the environment that determine the quality of ecosystems and the welfare of human beings.

Responses- These are the identified initiatives and present actions taken to resolve issues and challenges.

The KII and FGD were operated through the use of field questionnaires provided by the PCSD. This set of questionnaires includes queries on causal linkages of threats, opportunities in the municipality, and the LGU initiatives towards given set of problems which were all input for the DPSIR matrix. Both questionnaires were found in Annex C. All identified components of the framework were processed and analysed by the planning team. These were all subjected into validation among key stakeholders and deliberative bodies of ECAN zoning strategies. Furthermore, proposed actions for the ascertained major threats were created using the action planning matrix. (See Annex B-2, Matrix 1 & 2) To ensure the active participation of stakeholders in the entire planning process, the planning team had identified target informants from various sectors. For the identification of threats and proposal of actions, the team aimed to interview various stakeholders which are summarized in the Table 73.

105

Table 73. Identified Stakeholders Consulted in the Key Informant Interview and Focused Group Discussion for Integrated Threats Analysis 1. Municipal Mayor 2. Municipal Planning and Development Council 3. Municipal Administrator (DRRM Officer) 4. Municipal Information Officer (ECAN Board Secretary) 5. Municipal Social Welfare and Development Officer 6. Municipal Solid Waste Management Officer 7. Municipal Health Office 8. Sangguniang Bayan (Tourism, Agriculture, and Environment Committee) 9. IP Leader 10. PCSD-Coron Staff 11. DILG Officer 12. DAR Officer 13. NCIP Representative 14. PSU Director 15. DENR Officer (Forester) 16. DENR Officer (Land Management) 17. Youth Representative 18. Agriculture Sector Representative 19. Bureau of Fire Protection Officer 20. Philippine National Police Officer 21. NGO Representative (Malampaya Foundation) 22. PO Representative (Kawil Amianan) 23. Business and Industry Representative (CATE) 24. Church (Jesus’ Young Followers’ Senior Pastor)

5.1. IDENTIFIED THREATS IN ECAN ZONES

A. Core Zone

Coron terrestrial core zones are threatened by various anthropogenic activities. According to CBMS 2011-2013, 5.12% of Coron’s total households are informal settlers whose majorities are organized pisante. Some of these informal settlers are presently living in core zones since these places are potential sources of raw materials which aide them in terms of livelihood. Also, these informal settlers cause unsustainable consumption of forest and forestlands leading to habitat loss of forest wildlife. Aside from this, their stay generates bulk of domestic wastes which pose damage the environment. Consequently, to survive, the informal settlers utilize whatever is available in their environment and perform different consumptive activities for sustenance including charcoal making and agricultural practices. As a result, forest degradation prevails. On the other hand, timber and fauna species are poached. These forest items are paid with high value in the black market. The continuity of this activity contributes to loss of forest wildlife leading to disruption in the balance of the ecosystem. In response to the prevailing issues mentioned above, the Local Government Unit sees to it that it takes action in solving the following

106

undertakings by first, formulating resettlement plans in areas where social services are available and livelihood activities are present. Second, IEC’s on ECAN Zoning strategies are done for the public. Tree planting activities are also done to rehabilitate degraded forest ecosystem. Alternative livelihood is also given to those who tend to poach forest species. Forestry laws and regulations are implemented by government agencies (DENR). Bantay Gubat and Bantay Coron personnel are monitoring forest operations. Lastly, establishment of checkpoints and filing of cases against caught violators are done to prevent further damage to the core zones.

Commonly observed by key informnats, coastal core zones are also not spared from degradation caused by anthropogenic activities. These are as poor waste management and unsustainable fishing practices such as the use of dynamites, cyanides and multiple fishing nets are still done. In 2006, the average catches per fisherman per day already declined by 50% (PCSD, 2016). These activities may also be the reason why only 0.1% of the total coral cover of Coron is in excellent condition and only 3% is in good condition. In addition, among the 6 coral reef sites surveyed by PCSDS in 2004, most are in need of intense rehabilitation. Informal settlers in the coastal areas generate domestic wastes causing water pollution. Also, mangrove deforestation is observed due to charcoal making and raw materials for their housing facilities. Assessment in FLUP 2014 observation of 2139 ha of mangrove area and coral reefs recorded a 551.98 ha decrease in mangrove cover in the municipality compared to Coron Framework 2006 record of 2690.98 hato To prevent further degredation, the LGU in partnership with PNP, Coastguard, PNP-Maritime, DENR and PCSD jointly enforced laws and regulations for coastal area, conducted IEC’s for the fishermen and boatmen. In addition, Bantay Dagat from local community monitors activities that may further damage coastal core zones. Further, resettlement plans have been formulated and is ready for implementation subject to availability of funds. Table 74 summarizes the result of KII and FGD for core areas of the municipality.

Table 74. Threat Analysis in Core Zone using DPSIR Matrix TERRESTRIAL CORE ZONE DRIVER PRESSURE STATE IMPACT RESPONSE Economic Influx/increasing 5.12 % of -Unsustainable -Formulation of Motives number of Coron’s total consumption of resettlement plans informal settlers households forest and -Registration and are informal forestland monitoring of settlers whose -Habitat loss of migrants per barangay majority are small and large -IEC on ECAN organized forest animal zoning strategy pisante species -Soil erosion -Generation of large volume of domestic wastes -The support provided by trees in maintaining sufficient water

107

level on watersheds is diminishing.

Economic -Increasing Forest fires -Fast decline of -Tree planting activity Motives demand for raw are existing in forest vegetation -Aids from materials as a barangays which could Cooperative (source source of surrounded by possibly results to of livelihood instead income forests such as decrease in water of using forest -Kaingin Bintuan (Sitio supply resources “GRANT shifting Malbato), - Improper FOR WORK” & cultivation YKR area, utilization of forest CASH) San Jose, San products. -Laws and Regulation Nicolas, regarding forests are Borac, . implemented (DENR) Guadalupe, -Barangay Level Banuang Monitoring Daan, San -Enforcement of Nicolas and Bantay Gubat Decalachao - Filing of criminal cases towards abusive charcoal makers Economic Timber Fast decline of -Forest -Reporting at motives Poaching forest cover Degradation barangay level for endorsement to higher authority -Implementation of Laws and Regulation by DENR Economic Poaching of Threatening -Loss or extinction -Establishment of Motives Fauna Species of forest of wildlife checkpoints and wildlife -Disruption in the Monitoring of Bantay balance of Gubat ecosystem -Filing of criminal cases against illegal traders COASTALCORE ZONE Economic Illegal Fishing - The average - Depletion of fish -Implementation of Motives Activities: catches per stock Administrative orders -Cyanide fisherman per -Decline of coral from PCSD regarding -Dynamite day declined reef and sea grass fishery related -Small Fishing by 50%. cover activities Nets - Only 0.1% -Assault on coastal -Confiscation of has excellent and marine illegal fishing- coral cover ecosystems paraphernalia and 3% with -Loss of home for -Establishment of good coral aquatic organisms MPA cover like fishes -File cases against -Among the 6 violators; coral reef sites -Employment of

108

surveyed by BFARMC per PCSDS, most barangay are in need of -Documentation by intense the LGU rehabilitation

-Typhoon Increasing -551.98 ha - Absence of -Distribution of - demand for raw decreased in natural barrier for mangrove propagules Economic materials area covered storm surges for Mangrove Motives resulting to by mangroves -Absence of rehabilitation abusive cutting -Six out of 22 breeding grounds -Enforcement of laws of Mangroves endemic for some aquatic and regulation species of animals regarding mangroves mangroves are -Report the found already cases of destroyed endangered mangroves among the authority In- Increasing Solid and -Negative aesthetic Formulation of Migration demand for liquid waste appeal resettlement plans housing and pollution of -Degrades coastal accompanied with sanitation coastal waters habitats (coral livelihood assistance facilities reefs, seagrass, etc) -Depletion of fish stock Economic Poaching of Continuous -Disruption on the Filing of criminal Motives threatened threatening balance of marine cases on the identified marine species and ecosystem poacher. (shells, corals, endangerment -Lessening of etc) of marine aesthetic appeal species Tourism Influx of tourists Solid and -Degrades coastal Coastal clean-ups liquid waste habitats (coral pollution of reefs, seagrass, etc) coastal waters -Disruption on the balance of marine ecosystem -Negative aesthetic appeal B. Buffer Zone

1. Restricted Use and Transition Zone Restricted use zone comprises 14% or 10,403.43 hectares of Coron. It is part of the buffer zone, generally surrounding the terrestrial core zone and allows limited and non-consumptive activities. Based on Coron Flora report in 2006, Coron has a forest area of about 46,115 hectares which has decreased to 24,565.50 hectares according toEP, 2014. Timber poaching, shifting cultivation and the presence of migrants from neighbouring provinces contributed to the fast decline of forest cover. Since people in Coron have unstable source of income being heavily dependent on fishing and lacks space in low-lying areas for agriculture, many resorted to Kaingin shifting cultivation. Aside from forest cover loss, it also affects the soil quality as it

109

leads to erosion and sedimentation leaving soil in poor condition. Efforts are being done by the LGU in preventing kaingin practices. There are also Bantay Gupat from the DENR who monitors kaingin activities. Yet, these efforts are not effective enough to reverse the situation bacsue of limited personnel involve in monitoring and implemention of ordinances and policies. Likewise, timber poaching is prevalent due to high demand for raw materials thereby increasing the number of wood based industries and furniture makers. Current initiatives of the LGU and other agancies are tree planting, establishment of check points, barangay level monitoring, monitoring of Bantay Gubat. Though these initiatives are being done, the same inefficiencies stated above in the part of government are experienced. Moreover, the increasing population of informal settlers from neighbouring provinces affects the forests and water level of watersheds. According to the CBMS in 2011-2013, 5.12 % of Coron’s total households are informal settlers whose majority are organized pisante. The increase in population increases their capacity to acquire more lands for settlement which further results to large production of domestic wastes and practice of unsustainable consumption of forest and forest lands. Therefore, the initiatives being done by the LGU are monitoring of Bantay Gubat and recording the influx of migrants. However, intentions are not met due to miscommunication between officials and residents and reports of inconsistent monitoring of the Bantay Gubat. Coastal transition zone are established surrounding the core zones where important species and processes necessary for sustaining adjacent core zones are to be maintained. It serves as the transition between the strictly protected core zone and the general use zone. In the transition zone, the fishing activities of the community are limited due to the emergence of private resorts. The livelihood of the community is affected which results to low economic productivity of fisher folks. It was reported that the average catch per fisherman per day declined by as much as 50% (Coron Framework, 2006). To address this, the LGU push for the implementation of the zoning strategy. However, the problem is not resolved due to lack of IEC regarding the ECAN zones and no meetings were arranged between private resort owners and the community.

Table 75. Threat Analysis in Restricted Use and Transition Zone using DPSIR Matrix RESTRICTED USE ZONE DRIVER PRESSURE STATE IMPACT RESPONSE Economic Kaingin -Increased rate of - Forest degradation - Monitoring of Bantay Motives shifting land use - Increasing capacity Gubat cultivation conversion to acquire more lands - Relocation plan - Poor Soil quality for agricultural -Threatened water purposes supply - Soil erosion and high - Cleared upland rate of sedimentation and forestland in the watersheds areas

110

RESTRICTED USE ZONE DRIVER PRESSURE STATE IMPACT RESPONSE Economic Timber Coron’s forest -Forest degradation -Tree planting activity motives Poaching area of about - Increase in number headed by DENR 46,115 hectares of wood based -Check points set by dwindled to industries and DENR 24,565.50 furniture makers -Barangay level hectares monitoring -Monitoring of Bantay Gubat -Implementation DENR laws and regulations -Need for Presence of 5.12 % of Coron’s -Continuous increase - Monitoring of Bantay Space migrants total households of population in the Gubat -Economic from are informal restricted-use zone - Record influx of Motives neighbouring settlers whose -Increasing capacity to migrants provinces majority are acquire more lands for organized pisante development -Unsustainable consumption of forest and forestland -Generation of large volume of domestic wastes -The support provided by trees in maintaining sufficient water level on watersheds is diminishing TRANSITION-ZONE Ownership Less fishing Fish production Low economic Implementation of by private activities of statistics of Coron productivity of fisher zoning strategy resorts the shows that folks. community the average catch per fisherman per day declined by as much as 50%

2. Controlled Use Zone

Controlled use zone is an area where logging, mining and gathering of forest products are permitted with regulation. Comparing the data provided by the Coron Floral Report (2006) and Ecological Profile (2014), a decrease of 21, 549.50 hectares among the forestlands in Coron in just a span of eight years occurred. Timber poaching is also present in this zone contributing to deforestation in the municiplaity. Also, increasing number of wood based industries and furniture makers is observed in areas where illegal logging operations are reported. These are in the barangays of San Jose, Decalachao, Borac and San Nicolas. As a source of livelihood, locals have been poaching fauna species resulting to depletion of endemic and endangered forest

111

wildlife. Like in other other zones, the same forestry programs are implemented by the LGU and DENR to abate threats to forests and its reources. However, those responses remain ineffective since there is no strict monitoring and evaluation thereafter. In addition, there is no assigned body to accept complaints on violations. The influx or increase of tourists also increase solid wastes generation in tourist areas within forest areas (e.g. Mt. Tapyas). While the LGU has assigned garbage collectors, the problem is still prevalent as the waste disposal and management system remains insufficient. With this, forest landscapes, such as the Mt. Tapyas is becoming untidy, thus resulting to an undesirable aesthetic appeal. Lastly, due to another induced human activity intended to earn income, the irresponsible use of fire during honey collection initiated grass fires. Since 2006, grass fire is experienced in foretalnds of barangays Bintuan (Sitio Malbato), YKR area, San Jose, San Nicolas, Borac, Guadalupe, Banuang Daan, San Nicolas and Decalachao. Expansion of kaingin farming also contributes to occurrence of grass fire in the municilapity. Soil erosion and surface run-off are obsereved as grass fire clears the land and burn the vegetation. During the soil erosion, the top soil that is being removed carries with it the nutrients making the soil less fertile. However, current responses by the LGU in addressing these issues are not enough as the number of the present personnel is not enough to implement those.

Table 76. Threat Analysis in Controlled Use Zone using DPSIR Matrix DRIVERS PRESSURE STATE IMPACT RESPONSE -Economic Timber -Extensive -Watersheds and - Barangay level Motives Poaching deforestation forest degradation monitoring -Need for -Logging - Less ecosystem -Formation of the raw operations in San services provided Bantay Gubat materials Jose, Decalachao, by trees -Implementation of -Forestry Borac and San -Increase in number DENR Laws and and related Nicolas of wood based Regulations in banning activities -21, 549.50 industries and illegal logging of trees hectares of forest furniture makers using the DENR cover loss from the guidelines year of 2006 to -Reforestation 2014 programs

Economic Poaching of Continuous Disruption of forest -Monitoring of Bantay Motives endemic and threatening of ecosystem and its Gubat endangered endemic and functioning -Implementation of the fauna species endangered forest ordinances and wildlife regulations regarding wildlife Influx of Insufficient Solid waste among -Negative aesthetic -Assigning garbage Tourists proper waste forest landscapes appeal collector to areas disposal and particularly in Mt. -Degradation of where tourists arrive management Tapyas forest landscapes -Implementation of system DENR Laws and Regulations

112

DRIVERS PRESSURE STATE IMPACT RESPONSE Emerging Lack of Forest fires are -Surface run-off -Reforestation activity Industries regulations existing in and soil erosion -Barangay Level (like honey and standard barangays - Soil quality Monitoring bee operation and surrounded by degradation -Formation of Bantay collection) procedure for forests such as -Spreading of fire Gubat the emerging Bintuan (Sitio among its nearby -Imprisonment of economy of Malbato), YKR barangay violators honey bee area, San Jose, San -Fast decline of -Implementation of collection Nicolas, Borac, forest vegetation Legislated DENR Guadalupe, which could Laws and Regulations Banuang Daan, San possibly results to Nicolas and decrease in water Decalachao supply - Improper utilization of forest products.

3. Traditional Use Zone According to the Ecological Profile of Coron in 2014, areas utilized for agricultural purposes accounted for almost 1,145.32 hectares or 1.69% of Municipality’s total land area. In addition to this limited land allocation for agricultural purposes, this sector is further threatened by the limited water source. The irrigation systems provided by NIA deliver insufficient water supply. This increases the dependency of farmers to rainwater. Thus, planting crops is usually commenced during the onset of rainy season. However, crops planted during this period are vulnerable to damage casued by flooding which further results to low agricultural production or yield (FLUP, 2014). Therefore, the availability of food locally grown will be a challenge. Tourism and its related services will still be the main driver of local economy. Given this chain of issues on agriculture, the LGU aimed to address one of the baseline problems by improving of water distribution systems. Clearly, the challenge still persists on tapping the potential water sources which will deliver sufficient water for all agricultural lands. Unsustainable honey collection and kaingin farming is also present on this zone affecting forest ecosystems services. In response, LGU mandates the enforcement of Bantay Gubat (one of the core group that made up Bantay Coron.

Table 77. Threat Analysis in Traditional Use Zone using DPSIR Matrix TRADITIONAL USE ZONE DRIVER PRESSURE STATE IMPACT RESPONSE Limited Insufficient Low rice yield -Food insecurity -Even Water water supply among -Dominance of third distribution of Source from NIA barangays with sector as a main industry operating irrigation large rice fields irrigation system system -Improving water system

113

TRADITIONAL USE ZONE DRIVER PRESSURE STATE IMPACT RESPONSE (creating pipelines) Economic Unsustainable Forest fires are - Cleared forest cover - Enforcement Motives honey existing in due to fires of Bantay collection (use barangays - Trees which survived Gubat of chemicals surrounded by from the forest fires that trigger fire forests such as weakened due to when Bintuan (Sitio exposure to heat subjected to Malbato), YKR - Trees became highly intense heat) area, San Jose, susceptible to pest and San Nicolas, disease infestation Borac, -Surface run-off and soil Guadalupe, erosion Banuang Daan, -Spreading of fire San Nicolas and among its nearby Decalachao barangay

C. Multiple Use Zone

The pressing issues in the terrestrial and coastal multiple use zones of Coron, as identified by the informants, can be subdivided into five (5) categories of drivers namely, delivery of basic social services, infrastructure, economic motives, discipline and crimes. In terms of the delivery of basic social services, there are several issues identified in health, education, sanitation, and water and power distribution in the municipality. According to Coron’s Ecological Profile in 2014, 12% of its total children population is below normal nutritional status and 9% have very low nutritional status. Eight of the known top 10 causes of mortality and morbidity are all communicable diseases. Malnutrition and prevalence of communicable diseases in the municipality are two of the identified pressing issues in terms of health in the multiple use zones of Coron. These conditions prompts for a greater need for health and medical services in the municipality. At present, theres is a public hospital in the municipality. However, it has insufficient health facilities and personnel. As indicated in the staffing pattern of the Coron District Hospital (CDH), their actual personnel include two contractual medical specialists, one chief of hospital, one permanent physician, nine permanent and five contractual nurses. These identified health problems are being addressed by the municipality through monthly feeding programs, livelihood programs, and renovation of the municipal hospital. However, the said interventions lack appropriate budget allocation. Apart from larger allocation, there is a need for more information education communication about health and nutrition. Meanwhile, There is a relatively low population of secondary education students compared to elementary enrollees on SY 2005-2009 due to the absence of secondary schools and insufficient classrooms exist among the barangays in Coron (CBMS, 2011-2013). In connection to this, some barangays have already identified secondary school sites, however, there is still a need for budget for the construction of these schools .

114

On the other hand, The population pyramid of Coron showsa relatively young population which can result to the continuous increase of its population. Such incidences contribute to the increase in the generation of wastes which further intensify the improper waste disposal in the municipality. The local government unit continuously performs information education communication programs about waste management and scheduled garbage collection among its constituents still it lacks in addressing the roots of the said issue. Because of continuous kaingin practices and timber poaching in the municipal watersheds, insufficient water supply is being experienced. To address these problems, the local government unit utilizes other source of water such as deep wells, groundwater, spring, and falls. The rich fishing ground contributes to economy of the municipality. However, prevalence of unsustainable fishing practices and wildlife poaching threatens the productive capacity of marine ecosystems. The local government unit monitors illegal activties through the existing regular patrols of Philippine Maritime, BFAR and Bantay Dagat. Lastly, as indicated in the Gender and Development Plan of Coron in 2016, there are cases of physical, emotional and sexual abuse, use of illegal drugs and public scandals by drunk teens due to the insufficient parental skills and relationship problems between husband and wife. The municipality implements a curfew for minors and conducts street patrolling at the barangay level in order to minimize such incidences. To be able to cater the victims of abuse, the gender and development plan allocate funds for case counseling, seminars, forum and the operationalization of women and crisis center.

Table 78. Threat Analysis in Multiple Use Zone using DPSIR Matrix TERRESTRIAL MULTIPLE-USE ZONE DRIVER PRESSURE STATE IMPACT RESPONSE Inability to Malnutrition Delayed behavioral Low school -Monthly feeding program avail and cognitive performance sponsored by Cord Aid nutritious development -Livelihood programs for food among children families with malnourished children (e.g. Tamayo Foundation, CARITAS, PAU, Samdana, Red Cross) -Provides budget from Gender and Development Plan (16.8%) Non- Ineffectivene -Absence of proper -High morbidity -Encouragement of BHW’s Prioritization ss in the medical wastes and mortality and nurses’ active of Basic delivery and treatment rate functioning and operations. Social extension of - Inadequacy of -Need to travel -Health centers present in Services health, medical facilities to neighbouring Brgy. Halls nutrition and and equipment in municipality for -Establishment of private sanitation the barangay(s). hospitalization clinics for Women (lying services - Inadequate inn, ob- gyne) medical personnel, -Provision of health card

115

health specialists, such as Busuanga Coron workers for easy Linapacan District Health and speedy Insurance Program (BCCL- delivery of basic DHIP) health, nutrition -Giving farmers free health and sanitation services (family planning services. seminars, medical missions, etc.) Increasing Prevalent Eight among -High demand -Free TB DOTS Treatment population cases of known top 10 for health -Free anti-rabies vaccine communicab causes of mortality services -Free generic medicines le diseases and morbidity are -Low economic -Conduct of medical (e.g. communicable productivity missions tuberculosis, diseases. rabies, etc.) Non- -Absence of -Relatively low -Decrease in -Proposed secondary school Prioritization Secondary population of high school site in various barangays of Basic School secondary graduates -Encourage more sponsors Social -Insufficient education students -Decrease in of scholarship Services classrooms compared to efficiency of -Scholarship programs from -Limited elementary learning private entities (e.g. number of enrolees on SY -Students are HIKARI, CARITAS, etc.) senior high 2005-2009 susceptible to school -Unmet teacher to diseases and compliant student ratio fatigue by - Insufficient -Travel hours of traveling to source of students to school school funds for education Increasing Noise -Overlapping Disturbance -Implementation of land use number of pollution functions of among residents plans settlements settlements -Alignment of -Problematic Infrastructures with National arrangement of Building Code settlements Settlements Improper - Solid and liquid -Degrades -Application for barangay above wastes waste pollution of coastal habitats level cases. coastal area disposal coastal waters (coral reefs, -Documentation of cases by (households, -40% of the total seagrass, etc) the LGU piggery and households have no -Depletion of poultry) toilet facilities fish stock Lack of Improper Disposal of Disease and Rehabilitation/renovation of sanitary disposal of medical wastes in sickness may the Coron District Hospital facilities medical garbage bins as become more ill (CDH) by the Provincial wastes of other wastes due to problems Government Coron brought about District by the Hospital unsanitary (CDH) ambience of the hospital Non- Narrow Traffic congestion -Road accidents -Road widening prioritization roads -Noise pollution -Construction of roads of Projects (Urban within pier barangays)

116

Insufficient Water -Extractive -Water-borne -Tapping alternative water water supply shortage and consumption of diseases sources such as deep well, poor water water (Hotels use -Increased jetmatic, and truck water quality water pumps to morbidity and delivery generate water) mortality rate -Utilization of watersheds -Unrecognized and water pumps. utilization of alternative sources of water Insufficient Power -Dissatisfaction -Use of generator and solar power shortage Rotational among panels supply distribution of households and power supply tourists among the -Low community productivity -Expensive supplies during power interruption Natural Natural fire Decrease in forest -Biodiversity -Responses by Bureau of phenomenon incidences cover and loss Fire Protection (BFP) (e.g. El grasslands -Soil erosion -Information dissemination Niño) -Flooding regarding responses on these -Landslide cases Economic Timber -Decreased forest -Biodiversity -Monitoring of forest areas motives and poaching cover loss by Bantay Gubat need for raw -Increased in idle -Soil erosion -Reforestation activity materials lands -Flooding -Landslide -Watershed deforestation Behavior and Use of -Increased -Increased -Imprisonment of accused Discipline illegal drugs population of out- juvenile -Monitoring of streets by and vices of- school youth delinquency barangay patrols -Extensive -Increased in -Implementation of curfew population of drug crime (10pm) for minors users in the incidences (e.g. community abuse, etc.)

-Weak watch Public -Occurrence of -Increase in -Implementation of Curfew of peace and scandals by crime crime for minors (10pm) order drunk teens -Numerous drug incidences (e.g. -Monitoring of streets by -Parental users street fighting, barangay patrols guidance -Involvement of robbery, etc) -Social- youth on night -Increases media troubles juvenile influenced delinquency crimes -Drugs Physical, -Increasing number -Increased -Conduct medico legal -Vices emotional of broken family number of examination to victims of -Behaviour and sexual -Increasing abused women Violence Against Women and abuse incidences of and children and Children (VAWC) and Discipline Physical Injury other related cases from 2004-2008 -Gender and development

117

programs (e.g. provide livelihood assistance to VAWC victims, Women’s forum/convention, operationalization of women and crisis center) -Case conference/counseling (at least 3 sessions) -Imprisonment of abusers COASTAL MULTIPLE-USE ZONE -Economic - - Damaged water -Siltation - Implementation of Motives Unsustainabl bodies and coral -Fish kill ordinances, resolutions and -Non- e fishing reefs -Coral reef national laws (e.g. R.A. permanent practices - Decreased quality decline 10654- Fisheries Code, status of - Wildlife resources, -Assault on PCSD Res. No. 92- 3- LGU Poaching inhabitants, coastal and Incentives for people enforcers mangroves, marine instrumental in the -Bias in species, sea grass, ecosystems apprehension of fishery and enforcement fish stock (mangroves) environmental laws) of actions -Low fish - Arrest people with productivity violations and give them penalties - Minimize illegal fishing through the regular patrols of Government Agencies like BFAR, Bantay Dagat/Coastal Patrols (composed of brgy. and kagawad)

Housing Improper Poor water quality - Decrease in - Coastal Clean- ups waste marine - Enforcement of Bantay disposal biodiversity Dagat - Identification of proposed relocation site - Shoreline demarcation (e.g. settlements should be 40 meters away from coastal shores) - Implementation of ordinances regarding waste management (e.g. Plastic Ban Ordinance) - Relocation plan of other informal settlers to Brgy. Guadalupe

D. Tribal Ancestral Zone

The tribal ancestral zones (TAZ) are areas traditionally occupied by indigenous communities. This areas encompass both land and water areas and shall follow the same graded system of zonation with high consideration to cultural and

118

material needs of IPs (Sec. RA 7611). A MOA was forged between NCIP and PCSD giving mandate to the PCSD to designate and declare TAZ. This memorandum/ resolution, though agreed by both parties, is not being implemented. In effect, issuances of CADT/CADC is not necessarily followed by TAZ declaration. According to the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP), Coron has four indigenous people’s (IP’s) communities namely the Agutaynen, Cuyunen, Cagayanen and Tagbanua which accounts for 22,202 of the municipality’s total population (NSO,2010). Because of this, conflict over land ownership between LGU and IPs exists. The LGU of Coron tries to manage this issue diplomatically and peacefully. Land related issues also exist among and bewtween IPs because of selling of rights over the ancestral domain claims and non-transparency on accounting of generated money (from tourist). The LGU has limited power over IPs especially when it comes to their political jurisdiction, thus tribal elders decide the kind of punishment to be imposed such as pangaw (kagat sa langgam) and burdon (palo), and paying of fines or five-year imprisonment. Also, the LGU serves as advisory body in terms of revenue management and transparency of records for their community. In addition, due to growth of tourism activities, a 50 increase in entrance fees was implemented by IP’s which resulted to dissatisfaction of some tourists. The LGU continued to exert efforts to have a one fee collecting system.

Table 79. Threat Analysis in Tribal/Ancestral Zone using DPSIR Matrix TRIBAL/ANCESTRAL ZONE DRIVERS PRESSURE STATE IMPACTS RESPONSE Governance Understanding Existence of -Misunderstanding -Peace talks between of IPRA Law dispute on land between LGU and IPs and LGU ownership between IPs -Proposed LGU and IP -Limited actions of demarcation of lands LGU can be performed towards IP Lack of Lack of waste Prevalence of -Air pollution -Conduct waste engineering disposal improper waste -Coastal segregation seminars design for management disposal practices pollution/Ground with social sanitary system such as burning and water preparation landfill dumping in contamination -Implement different barangays municipal ordinances such as Plastic ban and Anti- littering Eight out of the -Mortality and -Employed health Poor Presence of Top 10 causes of morbidity among personnel per Environment communicabl Morbidity is IPs barangay (BHW) al State e diseases & communicable -Low economic -Presence of respiratory diseases & productivity Barangay Health infections respiratory Centers infections Tourism Significant 200% increase in -Dissatisfaction of -Communication Activities increase in entrance fees tourists with IPs to engage in

119

entrance fees among tourist a one fee collecting destinations owned system by IP’s -Talk among IPs -Request for valid reason for increasing fees Economic Selling of Presence of -Transformation of -Undergo sanctions Motives rights over migrants utilizing forests into (pangaw-kagat sa the ancestral area with ancestral intensive langgam and domain claims agriculture lands burdon-palo) claims developed by -Paying of fines migrant lowlanders. -Imprisonment of 5 years Power and Non- Internal relations Corruption -Adviser in Authority transparency conflict regarding managing revenues among on income distribution -Request of Indigenous accounting transparency of People of generated social services and money facilities delivered and served to community

5.2 CURRENT INTIATIVES IN ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE

The table presented below gives a summary of some of the efforts by Coron LGU with its ECAN Board and institutional partners, in environmental management and governance.

Table 80. Current initiatives in environmental governance of the local government unit of Coron, Palawan. Commercial Fishing NIPAS Monitoring and Stakeholders’ Vessels AREAS Evaluation Participation  Arresting  Maintenance of  Check compliance  Present of violators NIPAS (no of LGU ordinance people’s  Regular patrols intrusion of  Inspection by ECAN organizations of Government foreign activities) Board; monitoring  Cooperative Agencies like  Establishments of ECAN zones activities like BFAR, Bantay Marine Protected  Relocation program mangrove Coron, Phil Areas- for easier for informal settlers reforestation, Maritime, and monitoring  Multi-sectoral tree planting, Phil Coast  Incorporating building plans coastal clean- Guard; NIPAS in the  Site Reconnaissance ups, etc. plans during  Conduct of

implementation of several meetings programs about family  Enforcement of planning with Bantay Coron: pamphlets given Gubat and Dagat to participants  Presence of  Social technical working preparations group in any plans  Permit issuance on

120

any development projects

Interagency Coastal Livelihood Projects Access Rights to Participation Protection  Rolling Store Natural Resources  PCSD and DENR  Shoreline  Provision of Fishing  Barangay Level agreement demarcation (e.g. Paraphernalia Monitoring  Representatives to settlements  Provision of  Bantay Coron provincial level should be 40 seedlings  DENR Laws and trainings meters away  Support to family Regulations  Coordination and from coastal enterprise (sari-sari  Fee system communication shores) store and hog with other  BFARMC per raising) foundations, barangay  Livelihood Trainings higher authorities  Coastal clean- (bag-making) and/or agencies ups  Support in seaweed  Provision of funds  Plastic farming (PhilHealth Ordinance  Empowerment of Application Fund,  Information PO’s Gender and dissemination Development Plan  Coastal patrols Fund, etc.)  Bantay Dagat  Coordination among departments, agencies, NGO’s and LGU for different operations Migration and Funds for ECAN Regulatory Measures Resource Rents settlement Zones  Monitoring/  Business permits  Relocation of  Mainstream with Maintenance of (central office coastal CLUP development projects directives) communities  Consideration of  ECAN board  Imposition of  Alignment of PCSD in regulations/ environmental Infrastructures with clearances Environment al fees National Building  Budget for some Compliance Code activities certificate  Registration and  Boats and Fisher folk Monitoring of Registration Migrants Management of Development Allowable Activities Waste Disposal Fees Activities in Small (CLUP and ECAN)  Implement and  Budgeting of Islands  Alignment with standardize collected fees for  Provide structure National Building construction of municipal projects or technology for Code facilities such as  Relaying of money water supply  Enforcement of SEP public toilets, to the natural  Proposed water Law/ Ordinance design relative government system: CR based for locals and (bureau of treasury;  Support to  Shoreline set-back; IP’s IRA) seaweed CLUP based  Proposal of  Thrust fund for the farming; crab residential, sanitary landfill implementation of fattening; Rice commercial and  Coastal clean up ordinances and Veggies industrial zones  IEC on proper

121

.  Livelihood  Harmonization of waste projects for zoning strategies. management island barangays

5.3 OPPORTUNITIES

The presence of various national and local policies such as the implementation of the Anti-Littering Ordinance, National Building Code, IPRA law, and NIPAS law strengthen and contribute in the over-all development of Coron. These policies must be mainstreamed through continuous information dissemination strategies. In addition, Coron is supported by various private and socio-civic organizations that provide financial support for scholarship programs, livelihood trainings and seminars, and sustainable development anchored projects. Some of these organizations include the Malampaya Foundation, HIKARI, CARITAS, CATE, ILO, FAO, USAID, Cord Aid, PAU, Samdana, etc. Coastal resources are considered the most important asset of the municipality. Fishing industry in Coron is known as the largest supplier of groupers and varieties of sea food. It can support the demand and livelihood of the locals but assistance on its financial and technological operations needs improvement. The municipality can also accommodate o small-scale mining activities since Coron’s mountainous land formations are rich in Manganese deposit. Due to the area’s breath-taking sceneries and extraordinary nature experiences that the municipality has to offer, eco-tourism becomes the prevailing and dominant industry in Coron. Seas, mountains, lakes, hot springs, mangrove areas, and endangered floras and faunas are considered as Coron’s treasures. Locals of Coron are given with different trainings, seminars, livelihood, and other tourism-related activities which are sponsored by organizations like Malampaya Foundation, USAID, EcoFish Project, BFAR, NHA, etc. There are continuous capacity building activities being hold to enrich the capability of the associations existing in the municipality. These events are sponsored by different government and non-government organizations or agencies like the Calamianaes Association of Traders and Enterprises (CATE) and Coron for Sustainable Development Initiatives. Also, tour guides and boat men in Coron are required to secure licenses in order to acknowledge them as tax payers and for the creation of a database of their lists. Above all, the community is very much committed and participative in protecting and conserving the natural resources existing in Coron. Coron has five banks where residents can manage financial operations. These banks are the following: Bank of the Philippine Islands (BPI), Landbank, Philippine National Bank (PNB), Agribank, and Metrobank. There also institutions offering loans and money transfer located and concentrated in the Poblacion area such as Cebuana Lhuiller, Western Union, M Lhuiller, Palawan Express, etc. When it comes to accessibility to local markets, tricycles are readily available. It makes the public market accessible among all the residents. Cooperatives and financial institutions are

122

also present in Coron. These financial institutions are prioritizing loan offering packages to marginalized people such as farmers, IPs, fisher folks and local traders. The use of solar panels both off grid and on grid was introduced in some part of the municipality. These equipment and technologies are merely provided by different foundations helping host barangays. For agricultural and domestic support, irrigation system and water system (of different level) are completely operating. Since water supply becomes problematic, water scheduling was raised to be done. Tapping of potential water sources are also an effective approach for harnessing water supply. Conservation and technology opportunities are used all over Coron to produce better products and efficient services for its residents. These opportunities include organic farming and food production used as an environmental friendly strategy in taking care of Marine Protected Areas. There are machines for composting and trucks to aide in waste management. Storage warehouses are also present for agricultural products that were made by the local farmers. For the proper management of funds, Landbank lends capital for small farmers and trainings and seminars are provided for the farmers to know how to manage their funds properly. Partnerships are also made between NFA for farmers trainings. For the agricultural and fisheries sector, Crab culture, Tilapia Hatchery, Rice planting and seaweed farming technologies are utilized. Department of Agriculture provides farmers with training, equipment including bangka and fishing gears. However, the limited financial support seems to be present and technology transfer becomes problematic at times. Social services in Coron include free health services for beneficiary farmers like family planning seminars, medical missions and the like. Transportation system includes road systems, tricycles, jeepneys and various sized boats. School buildings are present for educational facilities and in times of disasters, as evacuation centers for the victims. The government also generates jobs especially in the tourism sector and tapping of resident potentials by giving residents opportunities like skills from TESDA and livelihood seminars. Some factors that hinder the full potential of Coron in providing social services are lack of medical facilities and inadequate infrastructures. Since the municipality is a well-known tourist destination, wastes are demandingly increasing and produced. The municipality of Coron, specifically urban barangays have regular collection of garbage serviced by 16 garbage collectors which are distributed to four garbage trucks and segregate their solid waste. To date, the garbage is being discarded in their open dump site located at Barangay Guadalupe and the proposed sanitary landfill will be established at Barangay San Nicolas. The funds are already available; however, the engineering plan is still on process. Island barangays built compost pit and segregate their garbage to collect waste by-products and is used for fertilizer. Included among those assets are the different infrastructural facilities for varying purposes. Primary schools are present and distributed in the twenty-three barangays. However, classrooms were not sufficient to cater all the school-going population. Secondary and tertiary schools are also present but remain inadequate for

123

the increasing population of students. There are also health facilities present in the municipality: health centers in all barangays, rural health unit found in the municipal hall compound, private clinics for women, dental clinics and the Coron District Hospital. Despite all these medical-related services, publicly-owned infrastructure still needs major improvement in terms of equipment and services. Also, the presence of sea and air ports became a big opportunity for Coron’s fast development. It provides a big platform for bulk of tourists and trading systems. In addition, the existence of business establishments such as hotels, resorts, restaurants, and many more are also big contributor in their progressing local economy. Other supporting structures present in Coron are: their water supply, electric supplier and distributor, agricultural facilities, and even road which need big improvement.

124

CHAPTER 6: THE ECAN ZONES MANAGEMENT PLAN

6.1. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE ECAN ZONES MANAGEMENT PLAN

Palawan Province’s economic potential hinges on several high-profit resource- based industries such as tourism and fisheries. The increasing number of environmentally critical projects puts pressure on the natural resources and this implies that regulation and planning for sustainability must be institutionalized.

Through the SEP Law, the ECAN zoning is made the principal strategy on local area land and water use planning. The strategy can be applied strategically over and above other existing planning frameworks due to the adaptive and strategic nature of the ECAN strategy itself.

The formulation of the ECAN Zones Management Plan is important in optimizing the uses of Palawan lands and waters, as well as the maximization of benefits derived from resources therein and the minimization of negative impacts from introduced activities. At the municipal level, the Plan can serve as a sustainable development master plan or road map. It can delineate the options and strategies on land and water use and can determine the most suitable industries in certain resource areas. To this end, the Plan contains strategies for the proper allocation of assets, investments, and capital (social, natural, and economic capital).

6.2. THE ECAN ZONES OF CORON MUNICIPALITY

CURRENT STATUS OF ECAN ZONING

The municipality of Coron has recently updated its zonation through an ECAN Mapping Workshop. Its participants consist of representatives from the barangays of the municipality. The result of the mapping activity is shown in the map below (Figure 31).

125

Figure 16. Proposed municipal ECAN zone map of Coron, Palawan. (Source: PCSD)

MUNICIPAL BREAKDOWN OF THE ECAN ZONES

The ECAN of the municipality contains opportunities for both conservation and development. About 37% of the land area of Municipality is categorized as a protected area (Core and Restricted use zone) and the rest of the 63% can be allotted for development activities. The following table shows the land area and fraction of each ECAN zone of Coron.

126

Table 81. Proposed ECAN Zones of Coron.

ECAN zone Area (ha.) Percentage (%) Core zone 3992 6 Restricted use area 9807 15 Controlled use area 14926 23 Traditional use area 1123 2 Tribal/Ancestral zone 6171 10 Multiple use zone 28716 44 TOTAL 64735 100.00

6.3. RIDGE-TO-REEF ECAN MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK AND LAND/WATER USE STRATEGIES7

The ECAN zones management approach will be holistic and will follow the ridge-to-reef approach (Table 68). The ridge-to-reef framework is a strategic approach to the ECAN management and allows for cross-cutting strategies to be applied across the ECAN zones on the ground. This means that the management options and strategies are configured in such a way that the sphere of influence of the upland includes the lowland down to the sea.

7 This section partly based on ECAN Zones Management Plan for El Nido Municipality (PCSDS 2006)

127

Table 82. Ridge-to-reef management framework of ECAN zones. COMPONENT ECAN UPLAND BUFFER ZONE (UPLAND AND LOWLAND LOWLAND AND COASTAL AREAS ZONE AREAS MANAGEMENT URBAN Terrestrial Core zone Biodiversity conservation Restricted use Biodiversity Watershed area conservation Management Controlled use Biodiversity Watershed Upland forest Upland area conservation Management management stabilization Traditional Biodiversity Watershed Upland forest Upland use area conservation Management management stabilization Multiple use Biodiversity Watershed Upland forest Upland Lowland and urban zone conservation Management management stabilization area management Coastal/ Coastal core Biodiversity Watershed Upland forest Upland Lowland and urban Integrated coastal Marine zone conservation Management management stabilization area management zone management Coastal Biodiversity Watershed Upland forest Upland Lowland and urban Integrated coastal transition conservation Management management stabilization area management zone management zone Coastal Biodiversity Watershed Upland forest Upland Lowland and urban Integrated coastal sustainable conservation Management management stabilization area management zone management use zone Tribal ancestral lands Tribal ancestral zone Cultural Mapping Source: PCSD, 2016

128

The Core Zone will mainly use the strategy of biodiversity conservation due to its limited activities. The strategy, however, is still flexible and not limiting because biodiversity conservation still allows strategic activities and options that could be introduced in the Core Zones (e.g., regulated ecotourism).

The buffer zone management strategies will range from biodiversity conservation in areas that are pristine (as with Core zones), watershed management (in Restricted use areas), upland forest management (in Controlled use areas), and upland stabilization (in Traditional use areas). In addition to all these strategies, the Multiple use zone will focus on lowland and urban area management.

The coastal zone will be managed through integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) in appropriate areas. Since the strategies in the upland will impact the lowland and coastal areas, the whole gamut of strategies in the upland areas will be a factor in managing the areas below it.

Note that some commercial activities (or projects) will require the SEP Clearance.

The following specific strategies are recommended to address general threats to sustainable development in ECAN zones. These strategies can be implemented across selected or all the ECAN zones.

129

Table 83. Recommended strategies to address general threats to sustainable development of ECAN zones. THREAT TO SUSTAINABLE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTION TARGET ECAN REMARKS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ZONES Inability to provide for basic needs Livelihood support All ECAN zones Threat to food security Conservation and All ECAN zones sustainable use Biodiversity loss Protection and Protection and preservation of resources in Core zones (land preservation areas highly restricted to human activities and water), but other ECAN zones can also allocate areas for protection and preservation Restoration Restoration in areas to be “upgraded” or Buffer zones (land Restoration depends on the ecological reverted back to Core zones and water) but may features of the area being restored. be expanded to include the Core In Core zones, limited restoration zone and Multiple activity only. use zones Rehabilitation Rehabilitation in areas or ecosystems Buffer zone and which are degraded, denuded, or polluted Multiple use zone and require intervention such as (land and water) reforestation, replanting, or adoption of pollution control measures Natural processes Climate change All ECAN zones, adaptation especially geohazard areas Disaster risk reduction and management Land-based stresses/pressures Conservation and All ECAN zones, sustainable use but will depend on existing guidelines Law enforcement Unsound waste management Solid waste management All ECAN zones practices Strong market demand for Law enforcement; Quota system to regulate volume of All ECAN zones resources Permitting system resource harvesting. Lack of livelihood opportunities Livelihood support Reclamation or conversion to other uses in All ECAN zones Multiple use zone (land and water), or in

130

THREAT TO SUSTAINABLE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTION TARGET ECAN REMARKS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ZONES Reclamation or areas with less productive ecosystems and Multiple use zone conversion to other uses where existing land uses are irreversible (land and water) such that restoration will be costly, and are therefore best suited for conversion into other uses. Lack of industry support Industry support All ECAN zones

Market creation Uncertainty in coastal/land tenure Conflict resolution Areas for conflict resolution are those All ECAN zones Land use situations that may require (property rights) which current or proposed uses under conflict resolution are as follows: approved CLUPs are in conflict with  Built-up areas within core zones or ECAN zoning. Resolution may involve restricted use zones any or a combination of the following: a)  A&D lands within core zones consultation and negotiation, b)  Settlements within strict protections adjudication in court, and c) establishment zones of NIPAS protected areas or of management guidelines for allowable within ECAN Core zones and prohibited uses.  Communal forest within core zone  Agriculture and urban development in unclassified public forest land  Infrastructures (roads, power plants) within core zones  Fishpond in mangrove areas  Urban development within Network of Protected Areas for Agriculture and Agro-industrial Development (NPAAD) Low level of sustainable IEC All ECAN zones development awareness Political issues Capacity building All ECAN zones Source: PCSD, 2016

131

Strategies can be cross-cutting and/or suprazonal. This means they can be applied across more than one ECAN zone. Examples of these strategies include climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction, livelihood support, law enforcement, industry support, conflict resolution, IEC and capacity building.

6.4.ECAN ZONES MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES

OBJECTIVES OF THE ECAN ZONES MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES

Each of the ECAN zones can be thought of as responding to basic needs and sustainable development objectives of the ECAN zoning strategy explicitly defined by the SEP Law (see last column of Table 70 below). With these objectives and in view of the nature and criteria for delineation of each ECAN Zone, the applicable zonal goals and management framework of the ECAN zones may be defined as in Table 84.

Table 84. ECAN zones management goals and framework applicable to Coron Municipality. ECAN Zone Zonal goal Zonal management Objectives of ECAN framework zones management (SEP Law, Section 7) Core zone Ecological Integrity  Biodiversity 1. forest conservation conservation and protection,

For coastal/marine 2. protection of component: watersheds,  ICZM Buffer zone: Water sufficiency Watershed 3. preservation of management biological diversity, Restricted use area Buffer zone: Food security  Upland forest 4. protection of management indigenous peoples  Controlled use areas  Upland and preservation of  Traditional use areas stabilization their culture,

Multiple use zone  Food Security  Lowland and 5. maintenance of  Sustainable urban area maximum sustainable (land and water) Industries and management yield, Services

For coastal/marine

component: 6. protection of rare and endangered species  ICZM and their habitat, and

7. provision of areas for environmental research, education, and training, and

8. provision of areas for tourism and recreation. Source: PCSD, 2016

132

The ECAN as a whole aim to satisfy the above zonal goals for a particular area. It is evident from this how the ECAN is conceptualized as a holistic strategy to achieve human welfare. Since ECAN is a ridge-to-reef strategy.

The figure below illustrates the positive reinforcing outcomes of SEP-ECAN to achieving societal well-being and holism. The balance of ecological stability and economic development is the main driver of water sufficiency and food security, which in turn are driven by increased knowledge capacity and good governance. Thus, the expected lasting benefit of SEP, through the management of ECAN Zones, is the continuous build-up of necessary ecological, economic, and social infrastructures to realize a self-sustaining green economy.

Figure 17. The positive reinforcing outcomes of SEP-ECAN. (Source: PCSD, 2016)

ECAN ZONES STRATEGIES AND USE PRESCRIPTIONS

The zones use prescription defines the allowable uses and prohibited activities in the respective ECAN zones. It is guided by the management and use prescriptions defined in the SEP Law and the Revised ECAN guidelines. Strategies and allowable activities and sample strategies within the ECAN zones are summarized in the table below. Details of these activities are provided in the succeeding sections.

133

Table 85. Activities allowed in the ECAN zones (based on PCSD Resolution 05-2508 and PCSD Resolution o6-270) vis-à-vis general and specific strategies in each zone. ECAN zone General strategies Specific strategies Allowable activities within the management zone Terrestrial component Core zone Biodiversity  Protection and None, except for: conservation preservation  Declaration of forest  Traditional uses of tribal reserve communities for minimal and  Conservation and soft impact gathering of forest sustainable use species for ceremonial and  Livelihood support religious purposes, and  Ecotourism and activities as per PCSD Resolution 06-270. Buffer zone –  Biodiversity  Protection and Limited and non-consumptive Restricted use conservation preservation activities which include:  Watershed  Declaration as management watershed reserve  Gathering of wild honey;  Restoration  Almaciga tapping;  Rehabilitation  Soft-impact recreational  Conservation and activities (hiking, sight-seeing, sustainable use bird watching);  Livelihood support  Research;  Enforcement  Sustainable activities of  Monitoring indigenous peoples;  Research  Ecosystem restoration or  Capability building rehabilitation; and  Ecotourism activities as per PCSD Resolution 06-270. Buffer zone –  Biodiversity  Protection and  Strictly controlled mining; Controlled use conservation preservation  Strictly controlled logging which  Watershed  Restoration/ is not for profit (i.e., communal management Reforestation forest, CBFM, etc.);  Upland forest  Rehabilitation  Almaciga tapping; management  Conservation and  Tourism development; sustainable use  Research;  Livelihood support  Grazing;  Enforcement  Gathering of honey, rattan, and  Monitoring other minor forest products. Buffer zone –  Biodiversity  Protection and  Upland stabilization program; Traditional use conservation preservation  Catchment management;  Watershed  Restoration  Hillside farming; management  Rehabilitation  Industrial tree plantation;  Upland forest  Conservation and  Reforestation; management sustainable use  Integrated social forestry;  Upland  Livelihood support  Community-based forest stabilization  Upland development management.  Agroforestry  Reclassification and land titling

Multiple use zone  Biodiversity  Protection and  Timber extraction with conservation preservation community-based forest  Watershed  Restoration management; management  Rehabilitation  Grazing and pastures;

8 Title I, Chapter II, and Title II, Chapter II, of PCSD Resolution 05-250.

134

ECAN zone General strategies Specific strategies Allowable activities within the management zone  Upland forest  Reclamation or  Agriculture; management conversion to other  Infrastructure and industrial  Upland uses development; stabilization  Conservation  Recreation;  Lowland and  Sustainable  Education; urban area development activities  Research; and management  Agricultural  Other sustainable activities. production Coastal/Marine component Coastal/Marine ICZM  Protection and None, except for: core zone preservation  Conservation and  Navigation purposes of local sustainable use fishing communities where there  Livelihood support are no alternative routes;  Capability building  Emergency situations such as navigational routes to save life and property;  Researches previously authorized by PCSD; and  Ecotourism activities as per PCSD Resolution 06-270. Coastal/Marine ICZM  Protection and  Habitat restoration, rehabilitation multiple use zone preservation and enhancement of activities; –Transition/Buffer  Declaration of  Soft impact activities zone mangrove reserve (swimming/snorkeling; non-  Ecosystem restoration motored boating (row boats, and rehabilitation kayaks, canoes, wind surfing,  Conservation etc.);  Livelihood support  Guided scuba diving;  Regulation  Fishing using highly-selected  Management planning gears (i.e., hook & line and gill  Sustainable use net) with specification to be determined by studies;  Pre-approved visit or educational activities;  Installation of environmental information boards); and  Resource enhancement activities. Coastal/Marine ICZM  Protection and All sustainable human activities, multiple use zone preservation with certain development – Sustainable/  Restoration endeavors subject to the EIA General use zone  Rehabilitation system and to other policies  Reclamation or regulating development projects. conversion to other uses  Conservation  Livelihood support  Sustainable use Tribal ancestral lands Management Management strategies Activities based on the material strategies that may that may be identified and cultural needs of the be identified through consultative indigenous peoples. through consultative processes and cultural processes and mapping cultural mapping Tribal ancestral waters

135

ECAN zone General strategies Specific strategies Allowable activities within the management zone Management Management strategies  Cultural activities performed by strategies that may that may be identified indigenous peoples (IPs) be identified through consultative according to their religious rites through consultative processes and cultural and heritage processes and mapping  IP activities related to their cultural mapping subsistence and tradition Source: PCSD, 2016

STRATEGIES AND LAND USE OPTIONS IN THE TERRESTRIAL CORE ZONE

Since the Core zone showcases ecologically outstanding areas of Coron, its management will focus on Biodiversity Conservation, which includes conservation of both natural diversity and cultural diversity of the area. There are no intensive activities to be undertaken in Core Zones. Only minimal and soft impact uses like activities of tribal communities and highly regulated nature tourism may be allowed.

All allowable developmental activities in the Core Zone are subject to the EIA System, the SEP Clearance System, and other laws and rules regulating development projects. Any other proposed activity not allowed in the Core zone must require conflict resolution with the PCSD and other concerned stakeholders.

The land use options and activities in terrestrial Core zones are as follows:

1. Ceremonial, religious, and livelihood support activities of tribal communities The livelihood support activities for IPs include soft impact gathering of forest species and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) like almaciga resin, honey, and rattan. This may require the application of SEP Clearance. Indigenous knowledge systems and practices and indigenous rituals also allowed for IPs. 2. Ecotourism As per PCSD Resolution 06-270, the allowed ecotourism activities in both land and sea are:

 Regulated botanical tours  Bird watching  Picture taking  Trekking  Mountaineering  Caving  Dolphin and whale watching  Swimming  Scuba diving  Canoeing  Kayaking  Board walking

136

 Tree climbing

All these activities are subject to strict restriction embodied in a code of conduct to be formulated by the PCSD with the assistance of the Department of Tourism (DOT). The SEP Clearance will also be required prior to the conduct of some of the abovementioned activities.

3. Research While the ECAN guidelines do not explicitly include research-related activities in Core zones, such may be allowed provided the research is non-destructive and the research proponent will secure the SEP Clearance from the PCSD. 4. Other possible activities The building of telecommunication facilities (cell sites and towers) is subject to application for the SEP Clearance.

STRATEGIES AND LAND USE OPTIONS IN THE TERRESTRIAL BUFFER ZONES

Certain developmental activities in the three terrestrial Buffer zones may be subjected to the EIA System, the SEP Clearance System, and other rules and regulations governing development projects.

RESTRICTED USE AREA

Since the Restricted Use Area delineates the critical watersheds of Coron, the management scheme for this ECAN zone will be a watershed or catchment management. As with the Core Zone, the biodiversity conservation activities may be undertaken in this particular buffer zone and only soft impact activities to be undertaken in the Restricted Use Areas.

The major activities here are watershed support and ecological restoration. The enrichment of ecosystems through forest planting and regeneration in this zone and in other downstream zones can serve as future sources of ecological goods and services. This is a form of “restorative development” based on expanding resources and improving existing assets. Restoration is a process of development that adds value to natural ecosystems or built assets, returning them to their previous condition, and transforming them into a healthier and more functional condition (Cunninghum, 2002)

The possible activities in Restricted use buffer zone area are the following:

1. Harvesting of NTFPs NTFPs include wild honey and almaciga tapping. 2. Soft-impact recreational activities This includes hiking, sight-seeing, bird watching, and the like. As with Core zones, the enumerated ecotourism activities cited in PCSD Resolution 06-270 also apply to Restricted use areas.

137

3. Research The research in this zone is subject to the guidelines of the PCSD. 4. Sustainable activities of IPs The activities include almaciga resin tapping. In addition, traditional indigenous activities like rituals and the practice of indigenous knowledge systems are allowed in Restricted use area, just like in the Core zone. 5. Ecosystem restoration and rehabilitation Restoration will be the major watershed support activity in this ECAN zone. Following the framework of the PaITREES (Palawan Trees for Restoration of Ecology, Economy, and Society) Programs of PCSD, restoration is defined as the “return of an ecosystem to a closed approximation of its condition prior to disturbance” (U.S. National Research Council, 1992). The specific kind of restoration called for is ‘ecological restoration’, defined as “the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed and is intended to repair ecosystems with respect to their health, integrity, and self-sustainability.” In a broader context, its goal is “to recover resilient ecosystems that are not only self-sustaining with respect to structure, species composition and functionality but also integrated into larger landscapes and congenial to ‘low impact’ human activities” (Society for Ecological Restoration (SER) International Science and Policy Working Group 2004, in TEEB 2009). 6. Other watershed support activities These proposed activities may require conflict resolution with the PCSD and other concerned stakeholders. It may also require an ECC and SEP Clearance. 7. Other possible activities Similar to the Core zone, the construction of telecommunication facilities (cell sites and towers) is subject to application for the SEP Clearance, evaluation by PCSD Staff, and deliberation by the PCSD.

CONTROLLED USE AREA

The Controlled Use Area is a critical buffer zone enveloping the “protected” ECAN core and restricted use zones. Ideally, it still contains a sizeable volume of forest along a relatively steep gradient. Upland forest management will be the prescribed strategy in this zone.

The activities here necessitate a rational and sustainable use of land. The forest cover will be maintained; any harvested or utilized forest resources will be replaced.

The activities in this particular buffer zone, subject to existing permit regulations are: 1. Strictly controlled mining

138

Following existing national, provincial, and local guidelines and issuances on mining, strictly controlled mining may be allowed. This may include metallic and non-metallic mining activities. 2. Strictly controlled logging which is not for profit Subject to existing forest management guidelines, this logging activity may fall under forest management schemes like communal forest and CBFM. 3. Almaciga tapping 4. Tourism development 5. Research 6. Grazing 7. Gathering of NTFPs (honey, rattan, and other minor forest products)

TRADITIONAL USE AREA

The Traditional Use Area management strategy will be Upland Stabilization in addition to the strategies for the upstream ECAN zones. As the outer buffer or barrier, it will be devoted to land and livelihoods stabilization. The activities here center on forest livelihood projects and agricultural food production. The following activities or tenurial instruments may be allowed.

1. Upland Stabilization Program (USP) 2. Catchment management 3. Hillside farming 4. Industrial Tree Plantation (ITP) 5. Reforestation 6. Integrated Social Forestry (ISF) 7. CBFM

STRATEGIES AND LAND USE OPTIONS IN THE TERRESTRIAL MULTIPLE USE ZONE The Multiple Use Zone management strategy will focus on Lowland and Urban Area Management. Where applicable, this outermost ECAN zone will also employ the strategies of the other ECAN zones. Certain developmental activities in the terrestrial Multiple use zone may be subjected to the EIA System. Management and control shall be strictly integrated with the support programs of the SEP and shall be in accord with the LGU and community-indorsed CLWUP.

The activities in this zone will focus on urban and lowland development.

1. Timber extraction with CBFM 2. Grazing and pastures 3. Agriculture 4. Infrastructure and industrial development 5. Recreation

139

6. Education 7. Research 8. Other sustainable activities

STRATEGIES AND WATER USE OPTIONS IN THE COASTAL/MARINE ECAN ZONES

Due to the critical nature of coastal zones, the SEP Law recognized the distinct management framework in these areas. The law prescribes “a simplified scheme of management zonation [. . .] due to its geographical characteristics, critical nature, and patterns of resource use” (Sec. 10, SEP Law). Hence, the two management philosophies in this component shall be:

i. Equity in access to resources, and ii. Management responsibility by the local community.

The PCSD guidelines recognize the jurisdiction of the LGU over their coastal areas. As such, PCSD Resolution 05-250 Sec. 14) specifies that the LGU “shall exercise general supervision and control over the management of their coastal/marine areas subject to prior clearance from PCSD in accordance with their existing laws, rules, regulations and agreements”.

The guidelines also provide that, in cases of areas whose management is awarded to entities by virtue of agreements/contract, they shall be properly marked with buoys provided by the grantees/awardees with the assistance of PCSDS. In addition, billboards or signage regarding the management of the area shall be posted by the grantees/awardees for public information.

Activities in Coastal/Marine Areas

The activities that may be allowed in the coastal zone are the ones enumerated in Table 68 above. These activities may be subjected to the EIA System and the SEP Clearance System.

The development activities may be further supplemented by other programs, project, and activities identified in any local Coastal Resource Management Plan, Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan, or Marine Protected Areas Management Plan, subject to review of the PCSD pursuant to the ECAN Zoning guidelines.

Other activities that may be allowed In Coastal multiple use zone shall be governed or determined by the following:

i. Resource distribution patterns, and ii. Appropriate uses and management strategies and/or restrictions for each sub- zone subject to the review of the PCSD pursuant to the ECAN guidelines.

140

Other strategies and land/water use options in the coastal/marine zone may be determined through participative and consultative processes such as Community Based ECAN Zones Management Planning the PCSD Staff have piloted in selected CRM Learning Centers throughout Palawan.

STRATEGIES AND LAND/WATER USE OPTIONS IN THE TRIBAL ANCESTRAL ZONES

Selected areas in Palawan were declared as ancestral zones/domains for indigenous peoples by virtue of any of the following instruments. Although the TAZ is a component of the ECAN, its declaration and management will have to follow the integrated/harmonized guidelines of the NCIP and PCSD.

The activities in these areas are primarily those based on the material and cultural needs of the indigenous peoples. The management strategies in TAZ may be identified through consultative processes and cultural mapping. The Ancestral Domains Sustainable Development and Protection Plan (ADSDPP) to be formulated must be able to take into account these activities and management strategies.

6.5.SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREAS

Special Management Areas (SMAs) are areas that have a special use by virtue of tenurial instruments through legal frameworks. They may have a separate planning and regulatory guidelines, management, and administration arrangements that must be harmonized with the ECAN. SMAs are still subject to ECAN zoning but their management may entail “special treatment” owing to specific management plans and management authorities intended for them.

SMAs may include any of the following:

1. Habitats of rare and endangered species (Habitat SMAs) Habitat SMAs are selected areas in Palawan that are designated as habitats of endangered species by virtue of local resolutions. Management and activities in Habitat SMAs will follow the guidelines on critical habitat specifies in PCSD Resolution 13-4819. p.95 2. Areas of cultural, historical, geological, and anthropological interest (including significant caves) These sites may be identified and declared as SMA by the LGU. Special management scheme for the sustainable development of these areas may be drafted. Fuerza de Santa Isabel can be considered as one of the site for cultural and historical interest.

9 “Confirming the Action of the Executive Committee Adopting the Guidelines on the Establishment and Management of Critical Habitat as May Be Made Applicable in the Province of Palawan, as an Amendment to Section 50 of PCSD Administrative Order No. 12, Series of 2011.”

141

If the SMA is a cave, the management of such area will have to follow the guidelines specified in PCSD Administrative Order No. 08 “Implementing PCSD Resolution No. 03-217, Adopting and Revising the DENR Rules and Regulations of the National Caves and Cave Resources Management and Protection Act as Applicable in the Province of Palawan”. 3. Tourism development areas (TDAs) Areas declared or identified as TDAs by the local government will follow the PCSD guidelines on ecotourism. TDAs will be guided by the strategies prescribed in National Tourism Master Plan. The major and existing tourist destinations in the municipality as identified in the Tourism Structure Plan of Busuanga and Coron, Northern Palawan: Comprehensive Development through Tourism (2015) are the following: Coron Island Area (Kayangan Lake, several lagoons, limestone cliffs, Siete Pecados, Maquinit Hot Springs, CYC Beach and Uson Island ) and Bintuan– Concepcion Area (Sangat Island, Sea Dive, Dive Link, Coral Bay, World War 2 sunken Japanese warships). 4. NIPAS areas These areas will have to be managed under the NIPAS Law and in consonance with the SEP Law. 5. Other management units in the terrestrial zone Other SMAs that exist or may be identified in Coron are as follows: i. Watershed reserves or forest reserves ii. Municipal parks (terrestrial) iii. Community Based Forestry Management Area (CBFMA) iv. Communal Forest Areas v. Other forest-related tenurial instruments

6. Other management units in the coastal/marine zone I. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), marine parks, fish sanctuaries, or marine ecosystem reserves – may cover different benthic habitats, such as coral reefs, seagrass and mangroves. II. Communal fishing grounds III. Municipal waters IV. Community Based Mangrove Forest Management Area (CBMFMA) V. Sanctuaries of rare and endangered species

Planning for these SMAs cannot be monopolized by one agency or one group of stakeholder. A consultative and participative planning process is advised for SMAs in order for the SMA Plans to gain acceptance by the affected communities and management authorities. Harmonization and integration of SMA Plans with the ECAN Plan shall be pursued as much as possible.

142

6.6. ECAN MANAGEMENT PROGRAM (2017-2022)

The proposed ECAN Management Program (ECAN-MP) for the next five years (2017-2022) shall be implemented by the Municipality of Coron in cooperation with and with the support of PCSD Staff and stakeholders including other concerned government and non- agencies, local community organizations, and private sector organizations operating in the area. The support of national and international funding organizations (grant and lending institutions) shall also be sought to fund selected activities of the program components. The program is designed to directly respond to the major needs and problems identified in the municipal threats analysis. The threats identified were given priority in the Action Planning Activity and these identified threats were compiled in a matrix. The projects, its involved organizations, and the length of completion of each were also shown in Table 90 (Annex G). During the ECAN Resource Management Planning Workshop in Coron, the identified threats during KII, FGD, and literature reviews were validated. All the presented problem using DPSIR matrices were corrected and transformed into more realistic pressing issues. This was further processed in zonal strategies (see Table 89 in Annex G). Stakeholders agreed that three identified threats were needed to be prioritized for effective management in the core zones. These issues include: Illegal cutting of naturally grown trees, poaching of fauna species and forest fires induced by climate and kaingeros. As responses to these problems, the participants during the workshop came up with the following action plans: (1) delineation of production forests, (2) implemention of community based monitoring system for forest operations, and filing of complaints against violators on forest-related laws and regulation. There is also a need to strengthen DENR interventions for a pro-active system of response. The increase in intelligence networks against violators which means deputizing wildlife enforcement officers and boosting of initiative from the community and collective action should also be imposed to each community. In addition, continuous Information Education Communication campaigns on ordinances should still be done to keep residents aware of how to take care of their environment. Collaboration is also vital in achieving the success of these proposed actions. DENR, PCSD, PNP, and LGU, together with lead organizations should be the lead implementers of these proposals. All these plans hopefully, will be worked on starting the second quarter of 2016. Poaching of threatened species like shells and aquarium fishes, illegal cutting of mangroves, and intrusion of commercial fishing vessels are the prevailing problems of Coron when it comes to coastal core zones. Particpants proposed to continue and increase the regular patrolling of Government Agencies like BFAR, Bantay Coron, PNP-Maritime and Philippine Coast Guard for tight monitoring of its coastal resources. Also, the establishment of entry/exit point of fishing vessels, employment of more BFAR personnel, provision of incentives for deputized fish wardens and other agencies to help solve and eradicate these issues were deemed necessary by the representatives from different sectors. Mangrove reforestation, Community Based Monitoring System, Creation of alliance with other organizations within the barangay are other strategies suggested by the authorities to further improve the state of these core zones. All of these

143

should be implemented as soon as possible this 2016. Solving these issues would not be easy but with initiative and community based actions, all of these can be eradicated. Among the stated problems, kaingin and timber poaching are the identified pressing problems need to address within the restricted and transition zones. Kaingin is rampantly identified in all barangays except urban barangays. The proposed measures to prevent the effects of such are creation of additional livelihood for ascertained kaingeros such as piggery projects, strict implementation of PD 705 (Forestry Code) and rehabilitation program for the forests. These actions can be mobilized through the function and support of DA, LGU, DENR and BLGU. Meanwhile, timber poaching is persistent in the areas of Bintuan, Decalachao, San Nicolas, Decabobo, Buenavista, Borac and Turda. To mitigate the persistence of these incidents, the following measures hereby recommended are the implementation of PD 705 (Forestry Code) and provision of alternative livelihood (those who do illegal timber poaching) in coordination with DENR, BLGU, LGU and DA. The grass fire caused by the irresponsible use of fire in honey collection was included among those highlighted threat existing in the controlled-use zone, particularly in all barangays except Poblacion 1, 2, and 3. To address the said problem, the key stakeholders raised their agreed proposed actions anchored in the strong enforcement of monitoring and implementation bodies concerning the issue and information, education, and communication campaigns on fire prevention including ways in responding grass fire and the adverse effects of such practice. Another threat which was given priority for the proposal of interventions is timber poaching observed in barangays Bintuan, Guadalupe, Borac, Turda, Buenavista, Marcilla, Decalachao, and San Jose. Like the prior problem, it was recommended that it will be addressed by strengthening the enforcement DENR laws and regulations regarding the concern, performing effective human resource management (pertaining to forest rangers’ duties and providing them just incentives and compensation), providing alternative livelihood for those who do timber poaching, and encouraging forest rehabilitation. In addition, poaching of endemic and endangered fauna species in barangays Decalachao, San Jose, Bintuan, Guadalupe, Borac, Turda, Marcilla, and Buenavista also needs urgent action. Strict enforcement of laws and regulation grounded on this matter as well as effective IEC campaigns are the foreseen keys towards mitigating this problem For the traditional use zone, the problem of insufficient water supply in agricultural lands is the primary concern, therefore, stakeholders suggested that along with the current intervention of the municipality, tree planting in the identified watershed areas of and protecting, managing and developing existing watershed in the barangays Bintuan, Turda and San Nicolas are better instead of harnessing other potential source of water. In this regard, collaboration among the community, LGU, BLGU, DENR, PCSD is highly needed to somehow make water supply not a problem anymore in the town of Coron. On the other hand, the improperly disposed and used chemical containers in collecting honey, when subjected to intense heat, results to grass/forest fires. Indeed, it is another alarming issue for this certain kind of zone specifically in Barangay Bintuan and San Nicolas. With that, proposed actions such as reinforcement of the implementation and monitoring of forests by the forest rangers, additional forest rangers and making their daily duties broader, conduct of Information, Education, and Communication (IEC)

144

campaigns on proper disposal of used chemical containers in times of honey bee collection are highly recommended to address the problem of grass fire. However, to have a body to respond quickly in times of grass fire, creation of Barangay Volunteer Fire Brigade will certainly be the solution. In addition to that, in order to prevent grass fire, establishment of fire breakers can be done, or at least 4-meter length of grass can be cut off so that fire will not spread anymore, also, honey collection must be regulated through wildlife collector’s permit, and lastly to penalized violators, persecution is possible through filing the case of Arson. To make the suggested actions effective, coordination and participation among DENR, PCSD, LGU, BLGU, BFP, RBO, CSO is necessary. The identified major threats in the multiple use zones were the improper wastes disposal, use of illegal drugs and vices, change in land use of mangrove areas, insufficient hospital facilities, personnel and medicine, and the existing narrow roads in the locale. These issues were target to be addressed starting on the second quarter of 2016 up to 2022. In connection to this, it will be addressed through the strict implementation of laws and policies regarding health, nutrition, waste management, traffic and drugs. Among the contributors of improper wastes disposal are the incompliant households, piggery, poultry and hospital in the community. The participants proposed for the termination and avoidance of extensions of contract of those incompliant piggery and poultry. Other responses to solve the increasing problem in wastes are the community clean-up drive, relocation of informal settlers, and additional truck and personnel for garbage collection. Also, the municipality already identified a suitable Sanitary Landfill Site and has organized its funds in order to cater the increasing wastes generated. On the other hand, the Philippine National Police (PNP) in Coron is very active and dedicated in doing their duty to minimize the drug incidences in the municipality. However, there is still a need to strengthen the implementation of Barangay Anti-Drugs Campaign and Barangay Peace Keeping Actions. Meanwhile, some individuals in the municipality converted the mangrove areas along the coastal shoreline for settlement purposes which led to the change of its land use. In order to further address the issue, the municipality will strictly monitor such conversion at the barangay level. There would also be a monitoring of the influx of migrants and encroachment settlements in the mangrove areas. Other participants said that the mangrove areas are also being entitled which led to the response of reviewing such titles. The fourth prioritized issue was the insufficient hospitals, personnel and medicines which will be addressed through the proper budget allocation that would help in the upgrade of health facilities and increase in personnel. Lastly, the narrow roads in the municipality which affects the flow of traffic was the fifth prioritized problem. Since, there is still a need for additional funds; the immediate response of the local government unit to address such problem is to impose fines on traffic and to conduct information education communication about the traffic rules and regulations in Coron. The prioritized Tribal Ancestral Zone problems can be summed up to health and land ownership. The pressing factors are improper waste disposal and presence of communicable diseases and such, making tribal communities vulnerable. The local government of Coron is continuously providing waste segregation seminars, implementing municipal ordinances and employing health personnel to address these

145

issues. In this regard, conducting IEC on waste segregation, providing trash bins and septic tanks, adding additional health personnel, and providing adequate medicine and health facilities are of necessary actions, but cultural differences should be taken into account, thus respecting their traditions regarding health care is of great importance. This will all be possible with the help of the National Commission on Indigenous People (NCIP). On the other hand, land ownership is highly sensitive and controversial topic, peace talks have been made and demarcations of lands have already been proposed. In addition to solve this problem, some of the proposed actions are harmonizing the LGU Code and IPRA Law, in-depth studying of the contents of IPRA Law and presenting proper documents of land ownership. In connection with this, increasing of island destination entrance fee is addressed by the LGU through the one fee system. As of the time, this is still an on-going discussion between the two parties thus dialogue with the presence of the council of elders, tribal associations and the LGU to come up with a mutually beneficial agreement in order for Coron to grow and reach its maximum potential together with the help of the National Commission on Indigenous People (NCIP). For easy visualization of the strategies to respond the major threats given, seven strategies were created to achieve three outcomes and one goal. These are shown in figure 18 and tables 86-87.

146

Coron: Inclusive growth in a resilient island municipality

Capacities of indigenous Forest and aquatic Access to basic services and local communities ecosystem protected improved and made for sustainable island and restored equitable development enhanced

Information, Education, Environmental law Socio-Economic Services and Communication enforcement and Technology Campaign

Ecosystem Peace and order Institutional Capacity Rehabilitation and maintained and Building Protection improved

Human Resource Development and Management

Figure 18. Coron ECAN Management Plan Logical Framweork

Outcome 1: Forest and aquatic ecosystem protected and restored

1. Environmental law enforcement

Objective: To strengthen implementation of environmental laws.

1.1.Establishment and operationalization of exit and entry points in strategic areas in both land and water (mobilizing local communities as quick response team).

147

1.2.Increase enforcement activities of multi-agency task force in environmentally critical areas (BFAR, Bantay Coron, Bantay Gubat, PNP-Maritime and Philippine Coast Guard) to include upgrading of equipment) 1.3.Filing of legal complaints for identified timber poachers (mangrove) and unsustainable collection of honey. 1.4.Regulate collection and trade economically important species such as threatened aquarium species and wildlife derivative like of honey [proponent to secure Wildlife Collectors Permit (WFP)]. 1.5.Strengthen patrol system to ensure compliance to environmental laws and ordinances such as RA 7611 (Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan Act), PD 705 (Revised Forestry Code of the Philippines), RA 9147 (Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act), Resolution No. 674 Series of 2000 Piggery and Poultry Application Requirements, RA 9003-Ecological Solid Waste Management Act, Ordinance No. 28- C Series of 2015 Anti- Littering Ordinance), and Strict implementation of the Anti-Littering Ordinance.

2. Ecosystem Rehabilitation and Protection

Objective: To improve the ecological status of environment and natural resources through rehabilitative and restorative means

2.1.Delineation of areas for protection, production (areas for traditional agriculture) and rehabilitation. 2.2.Formulation of rehabilitation program (upland forest and mangrove forest) 2.3.Formulate watershed management plan for existing and proposed watershed areas. 2.4.Conduct of forums to encourage private individuals to engage in tree plantation outside timberlands

Outcome 2: Access to basic services improved and made equitable

3. Socio-Economic Services and Technology Objective: To provide basic services and improve environmental health.

3.1.Proper management of domestic, commercial and industrial wastes (Inclusion and imposition of proper design of septic tanks in building permits, construction of public toilets in tourism areas, and construction of sewerage system, construction of Sanitary Landfill and Material Recovery Facility, construction of medical wastes facility in the hospital) 3.2.Upgrading of medical facilities and addition of health personnel. 3.3.Review and assess the viability of livelihood projects. Applicability must consider violators of environmental laws as target beneficiaries and current institutional arrangements. Piloting of identified livelihood programs. Livelihood projects with high potential for success are as follows: - seaweed farming, - crab culture (fattening): alimango and alimasag - ecotourism service - handicraft making (using buho, yantok and rattan),

148

- vinegar making, - cashew nut processing, - rattan and bamboo furniture making, - indigenous honey preparations into homegrown delicacies - multiple cropping, - cut flower production, - dried fish processing, - fish culture: kikiro/samaral; bangus; tilapia, lapulapu, danggit - goat raising - vegetable farming: eggplants (talong); squash (kalabasa); pechay; bitter gourd (ampalaya); cabbage (repolyo); tomato (kamatis); potato (patatas) - fruit farming: papaya; citrus; mango; banana; jackfruit - shellfish culture: oysters, mussels, sea urchins 3.4.Resettlement of coastal communities (resettlement plans must consider accessibility and availability of social services on relocation sites)

4. Peace and order maintained and improved Objective: to provide peaceful and safe environment.

4.1.Strict implementation of RA 9165 (The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act) and RA 7624 (Integrating drug prevention and control in intermediate and secondary curricula) 4.2.Provision of rehabilitation program (construction and operationalization of rehabilitation camps) 4.3.Strict implementation of Ordinances about Traffic Rules and Regulations in the municipality of Coron

Outcome 3: Capacities of indigenous and local communities for sustainable island development enhanced

5. Information, Education, and Communication Campaign Objective: to increase knowledge and awareness of communities in environmental laws

5.1.Conduct of IEC and social mobilization activities to gain stakeholders’ support to ECAN zoning and environmental laws (RA 9147, RA 9072, RA 9175, PD 705, RA 10654, RA 8371, RA 9003) - Formulation of Communication Plan involving other partner agencies with emphasis on climate change, effects of kaingin, forest and biodiversity management, marine protected areas management, IPRA Law, and sustainable honey collection - Conduct of information campaign at the barangay level (use of multimedia materials on understanding of the ECAN zoning and how to implement it; the duties of the implementers and the approach in implementation)

149

6. Institutional Capacity Building Objective: To streamline institutional goals and objectives and encourage partnerships.

6.2.Integration and harmonization of ECAN Zones and ECAN Zones Management Plan in the updating of CLWUP and passage of zoning ordinance incorporating ECAN Zones and zoning strategies and guidelines. 6.3.Mainstreaming of Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plan and Customary Laws in the ECAN Plans and its Guidelines, and in the CLUP and Zoning Ordinance. 6.4.Encourage Public-Private Partnership in implementing projects identified in the workshop such as health facilities and waste collection and construction of Sanitary Landfill.

7. Human Resource Development and Management Objective: To increase capacities of enforcers and trainers and encourage community participation. 7.1. Capacitation of Municipal ECAN Board and functional committees including deputation of members of Enforcement Task Force (Conduct of training on the following subjects which are needed to impart knowledge and develop the skills)  Trainor’s training on environmentally friendly alternative livelihood training to be conducted by experts for selected representatives from local community organizations and NGOs identified to spearhead sustainable livelihood projects; trainers from NGOs and academe will be invited; the budget will be sourced from the LGU and other donor institutions  Paralegal and WEO Trainings to be administered jointly by the PCSDS, ELAC, and MAO for ECAN Board members, BFARMC, and selected Barangay officials; funds will be sourced from LGU and other donor institutions 7.2. Hiring of additional enforcement officers such as fish wardens and forest rangers and provision of just compensation 7.3. Create Community Quick Response Team per barangay to respond during climate-induced disasters (grass fires, landslides, storm surges) 7.4. Develop an incentive scheme for enforcers

-IPs should show proper documents of their claim

150

Table 86. Action Plan in each of the ECAN Zone and implementing organizations Implementing Terrestrial Coastal

Organizations

- - -

(LO= Lead Component/Strategy Organization

Core

Buffer Buffer Buffer

Buffer Buffer Buffer

Multiple Multiple

SO= Support Use Zone

Restricted

Core Zone

Controlled

Traditional

General Use

Organization) Use Sustainable

Outcome 1: Forest and aquatic ecosystem protected and restored

1. Environmental law enforcement

1.1.Establishment and operationalization of exit and entry points in strategic areas in LO: DENR both land and water. SO: PNP, PCSD, √ √ √ BFAR, LGU, Community 1.2.Increase enforcement activities of multi-agency task force in environmentally LO: LGU critical areas. SO: DENR, PNP, √ √ √ √ √ √ PCSD, BFAR, 1.3.Filing of legal complaints for identified timber poachers (mangrove) and LO: DENR, PCSD unsustainable collection of honey. SO: PNP, PCSD, BFAR, LGU 1.4. Regulation of collection and trade economically important species such as LO: PCSD threatened aquarium species and wildlife derivative like of honey [proponent to SO: PNP, PCSD, secure Wildlife Collectors Permit (WFP)] BFAR, LGU 1.5. Strengthen patrol system to increase compliance to environmental laws and LO: BFAR, DENR, LGU ordinances SO: PNP, PCSD,

BFAR, LGU, Community 2. Ecosystem Rehabilitation and Protection 2.1.Delineation of areas for protection, production (areas for traditional agriculture) LO: BFAR, DENR, LGU, and rehabilitation PCSD, DA SO: Community, √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Barangay, NGO 2.2.Formulation of forest rehabilitation program LO: Community, √ √ √ √ √

151

Implementing Terrestrial Coastal

Organizations

- - -

(LO= Lead Component/Strategy Organization

Core

Buffer Buffer Buffer

Buffer Buffer Buffer

Multiple Multiple

SO= Support Use Zone

Restricted

Core Zone

Controlled

Traditional

General Use

Organization) Use Sustainable DENR, LGU SO: PCSD, BFAR, 2.3.Formulate watershed management plan for existing and proposed watershed areas. LO: LGU, PCSD SO: DENR, √ Community, Barangay, NGO 2.4.Conduct of forums to encourage private individuals to engage in tree plantation LO: LGU, PCSD SO: DENR, outside timberland √ √ Community, Barangay, Private Outcome 2: Access to basic services improved and made equitable 3. Socio-Economic Services and Technology 3.1. Proper management of domestic, commercial and industrial wastes LO: LGU SO: Private Companies, √ √ √ √ Community 3.2. Upgrading of medical facilities and addition of health personnel LO: LGU √ SO: DOH 3.3. Review and assess the viability of livelihood projects LO: LGU SO: DTI, Private Communities 3.4. Resettlement of coastal communities LO: LGU √ SO: HUDC 4. Peace and order maintained and improved

4.1.Strict implementation of RA 9165 (The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act) and LO: LGU RA 7624 (Integrating drug prevention and control in intermediate and secondary SO: PNP-PDEA √ curricula)

152

Implementing Terrestrial Coastal

Organizations

- - -

(LO= Lead Component/Strategy Organization

Core

Buffer Buffer Buffer

Buffer Buffer Buffer

Multiple Multiple

SO= Support Use Zone

Restricted

Core Zone

Controlled

Traditional

General Use

Organization) Use Sustainable LO: LGU 4.2.Provision of rehabilitation program √ SO: DSWD, TESDA LO: LGU 4.3.Strict implementation of Ordinances about Traffic Rules and Regulations √ SO: Community Outcome 3: Capacities of indigenous and local communities for sustainable island development enhanced 5. Information, Education, and Communication Campaign LO: LGU, ECAN Board, 5.1. Conduct of IEC and social mobilization activities √ √ √ √ √ √ √ PCSDS, DENR, BFAR 6. Institutional Capacity Building 6.1.Integration and harmonization of ECAN Zones and ECAN Zones Management LO: LGU Plan in the updating of CLWUP and passage of zoning ordinance incorporating SO: PCSDS & ECAN ECAN Zones and zoning strategies and guidelines. Board 6.2.Mainstreaming of Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plan LO: LGU and Customary Laws in the ECAN Plans and its Guidelines, and in the CLUP and SO: PCSDS & ECAN Zoning Ordinance. Board 6.3.Encourage Public-Private Partnership in implementing projects identified in the LO: LGU and ECAN workshop such as health facilities and waste collection and construction of Board √ Sanitary Landfill. SO: PCSDS 7. Human Resource Development and Management 7.1. Capacitation of Municipal ECAN Board and functional committees LO: ECAN Board, LGU, NGO, Private

Individuals/ Companies SO: PCSDS

153

Implementing Terrestrial Coastal

Organizations

- - -

(LO= Lead Component/Strategy Organization

Core

Buffer Buffer Buffer

Buffer Buffer Buffer

Multiple Multiple

SO= Support Use Zone

Restricted

Core Zone

Controlled

Traditional

General Use

Organization) Use Sustainable 7.2.Hiring of additional enforcement officers such as fish wardens and forest rangers LO: LGU, BFAR, DENR

and provision of just compensation LO: DENR. PCSDS 7.3. Create Community Quick Response Team per barangay SO: LGU, Community LO: LGU 7.4.Develop an incentive scheme for enforcers SO: DENR, BFAR

Non-Zonal

Supra-Zonal

Table 87. Indicative budget for Plan implementation Component/Strategy Time Frame Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Total

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Outcome 1: Forest and aquatic ecosystem protected and 3,060 3,060 2,510 1,310 1,310 1,310 12,560 restored 1. Environmental law enforcement 1,810 1,810 1,310 1,310 1,310 1,310 8,860 1.1. Establishment and operationalization of exit and entry points in strategic areas in both land and water. 1,080 1,080 1,080 1,080 1,080 1,080 6,480 1.2. Increase enforcement activities of multi-agency task force in environmentally critical areas. 120 120 120 120 120 120 720 1.3. Filing of legal complaints for identified timber poachers (mangrove) and unsustainable collection of honey 2 2 2 2 2 2 12

154

Component/Strategy Time Frame Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Total

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 1.4. Regulation of collection and trade economically important species such as threatened aquarium species and wildlife 108 108 108 108 108 108 648 derivative like of honey [proponent to secure Wildlife Collectors Permit (WFP)] 1.5. Strengthen patrol system to increase compliance to 500 500 1,000 environmental laws and ordinances 2. Ecosystem Rehabilitation and Protection 1,250 1,250 1,200 - - - 3,700 2.1.Delineation of areas for protection, production (areas for 600 600 600 1,800 traditional agriculture) and rehabilitation 2.2.Formulation of forest rehabilitation program -

2.3.Formulate watershed management plan for existing and 600 600 600 1,800 proposed watershed areas. 2.4.Conduct of forums to encourage private individuals to 50 50 100 engage in tree plantation outside timberland Outcome 2: Access to basic services improved and made 4,946 301,796 301,446 1,096 1,096 96 610,476 equitable 2. Socio-Economic Services and Technology 1,150 301,300 301,350 1,000 1,000 - 605,800 3.1. Proper management of domestic, commercial and industrial 300,000 300,000 600,000 wastes 3.2. Upgrading of medical facilities and addition of health - personnel 3.3. Review and assess the viability of livelihood projects 150 300 350 800

3.4. Resettlement of coastal communities 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 5,000

4. Peace and order maintained and improved 3,796 496 96 96 96 96 4,676

155

Component/Strategy Time Frame Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Total

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 4.1. Strict implementation of RA 9165 (The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act) and RA 7624 (Integrating drug 100 400 500 prevention and control in intermediate and secondary curricula-meetings and production of IEC materials) 4.2. Provision of rehabilitation program 3,600 3,600

4.3. Strict implementation of Ordinances about Traffic Rules and Regulations in the municipality of Coron 96 96 96 96 96 96 576 Outcome 3: Capacities of indigenous and local communities for sustainable island development enhanced 8,506 8,176 8,076 7,976 7,976 7,776 48,486 5. Information, Education, and Communication Campaign 200 200 200 200 200 - 1,000 5.1. Conduct of IEC and social mobilization activities 200 200 200 200 200 1,000

6. Institutional Capacity Building 280 - - - - - 280 6.1. Integration and harmonization of ECAN Zones and ECAN Zones Management Plan in the updating of CLWUP and 30 30 passage of zoning ordinance incorporating ECAN Zones and zoning strategies and guidelines. 6.2. Mainstreaming of Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plan and Customary Laws in the 50 50 ECAN Plans and its Guidelines, and in the CLUP and Zoning Ordinance. 6.3. Encourage Public-Private Partnership in implementing projects identified in the workshop such as health facilities 200 200 and waste collection and construction of Sanitary Landfill.

7. Human Resource Development and Management 8,026 7,976 7,876 7,776 7,776 7,776 47,206 7.1. Capacitation of Municipal ECAN Board and functional 200 200 100 500 committees

156

Component/Strategy Time Frame Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Total

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 7.2. Hiring of additional enforcement officers such as fish wardens and forest rangers and provision of just compensation 4,320 4,320 4,320 4,320 4,320 4,320 25,920 7.3. Create Community Quick Response Team per barangay 3,456 3,456 3,456 3,456 3,456 3,456 20,736 7.4. Develop an incentive scheme for enforcers 50 50

GRAND TOTAL 16,512 313,032 312,032 10,382 10,382 9,182 671,522

157

CHAPTER 7: ADMINISTRATION OF THE ECAN ZONING PLAN

7.1. ADMINISTRATOR AND IMPLEMENTER OF THE ECAN ZONING PLAN

This ECAN Zoning Plan is a stand-alone document prepared by the ECAN Board pursuant to the SEP Law and its guidelines. Its implementation is the joint responsibility of the LGU and PCSDS through the ECAN Board of the Municipality (PCSD Resolution 2005-250, Section 31). The ECAN Board is also the lead organization in charge of administering the ECAN Zoning Plan. The Chairperson of the ECAN Board shall act as the ECAN Zoning Plan Administrator. He/She may appoint a Deputy Plan Administrator who is qualified for the job and whose nature of work is related to ECAN Zoning. The PCSDS representative to the ECAN Board, the Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Officer (MENRO), the Municipal Planning and Development Coordinator, and the other members of the ECAN Board shall constitute the ECAN Zoning Plan Advisory Body. They shall assist the Plan Administrator and Deputy Plan Administrator in the implementation of the EZP. The latest revised ECAN guidelines (PCSD Resolution 05-250) have addressed most of the institutional aspects of the issue. An important function devolved to LGUs in the Local Government Code (LGC) is the enactment of municipal or city zoning ordinance based in the formulated CLUP. The zoning ordinance and the CLUP are the primary bases for the future use of land resources (LGC, Section 20 (c)). The implementation of the ECAN Zoning Plan may include the following functions, some of which are detailed in the ECAN Management Programs in Chapter 5: 1. Policy formulation 2. Legislation 3. Setting up of permitting system 4. Monitoring 5. Other related activities

The implementation and institutionalization of the ECAN is led by the ECAN Board with support from the PCSD, PCSDS, and other public and private agencies. The following figure (Figure 33) shows the process of ECAN Zoning institutionalization that is centered on an ECAN-based CLWUP. In institutionalizing the ECAN in the Municipality of Coron, the important factors to consider are the experience and expertise of land use planners, the political support of LGU, the continuity of the development programs, and a common grasp of the roles of both ECAN and CLUP in advancing the common good, maintaining the ecological balance, and promoting sustainable development.

158

Source: PCSD, 2016 Figure 19. Institutionalization of the ECAN (Note: The boxed portion in red is the critical part of EZP Administration.)

7.2. IMMEDIATE ACTIVITIES

After formulation and approval of the Plan by the ECAN Board, the following activities are to be undertaken by the ECAN Board, with the assistance of the PCSDS.

ADOPTION OF THE ECAN ZONING PLAN

This activity requires the following sequential steps:  ECAN Board’s endorsement of the Plan to the Sangguniang Bayan  Public hearing in the Municipality of Coron  Adoption of the Plan by the Sangguniang Bayan and endorsement to the Sangguniang Panlalawigan  Approval of the Plan by the PCSD

INTEGRATION OF THE ECAN ZONING PLAN WITH THE MUNICIPAL CLWUP

The ECAN Zoning Plan, as prepared by the ECAN Board in behalf of the LGU, shall serve as the general physical plan of the municipality. Thus, it shall be the basis of other planning activities, such as land use planning, tourism master planning and resource management planning as a whole (PCSD Resolution 05-250, Section 30). The recommended process in the integration/harmonization of the Plan with the Municipal CLWUP is called INTEGRATE (incorporating the SEP and ECAN

159

into Local Land Use Plans). The INTEGRATE process has six complementary steps (indicated in the figure below), not necessarily sequential in application, with four integration stages: physical integration, strategic integration, plan integration, and institutional integration. These steps are outlined in Annex F.

ADOPTION OF THE ECAN MAP FOR COASTAL/MARINE COMPONENT

This activity may involve the following the steps:  Compilation of results of Coastal Resource Assessments (CRA) and Participatory CRA (PCRA) studies by the PCSDS and other institutions including ECO-FISH  Compilation of existing functional and proposed MPA maps as candidates for coastal/marine ECAN Core Zones and Multiple use zones  Consultation of major stakeholders (LGU, OMA, MFARMC, BFARMCs)  As needed, further conduct of Coastal Resource Assessments (CRA) and PCRA in proposed/priority sites  Public consultation on areas affected by Coastal/Marine ECAN Maps (priority on barangays with coastal Core zones)  Presentation of the Coastal/Marine ECAN Map to the ECAN Board who will deliberate and endorse the map to the Sangguniang Bayan  Adoption of the Coastal/Marine ECAN Map by the Sangguniang Bayan (with public hearing) and endorsement to the Sangguniang Panlalawigan  Approval of the Map by the PCSD

7.3. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF FUNDS

Implementation of the components and activities of ECAN zoning will not be possible without the active participation of other concerned agencies such as PCSDS, DENR, DA, NCIP, PNP, and others. Civil society and the private sector are also expected to contribute to the implementation of ECAN Zoning in as much as the deterioration of the environment will directly affect their socioeconomic welfare and business profits, respectively. Tourism, fisheries, agriculture, and forestry are directly threatened by ecosystem and habitat degradation thereby affecting households and businesses dependent on natural resources as their source of employment and income. The funds will not solely come from the LGU. Other cooperating organizations such as government agencies (DA, DENR, PCSDS, NCIP etc.), NGOs, and the private sector (resort owners, business establishments, etc.) will also be tapped to contribute their share in the implementation of ECAN zoning. Other potential sources of funds may include the following:  Share of the Province in the Malampaya funds  Special lending windows for environment of the Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP), Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP), and other private banks

160

 Shell Philippines Exploration (SPEX) grant for sustainable development projects  Malampaya Foundation grant for sustainable development projects  On-going and pipeline foreign-assisted projects of DENR, DA, and other government agencies  Bilateral and multi-lateral donor institutions such as JICA, the World Bank, ADB, AusAID, USAID, UNDP, GEF (Table 65 lists the multilateral and bilateral funding agencies which can be tapped for environment and sustainable development programs and projects.)  Foreign embassies and international foundations and NGOs  Local foundations and NGOs  Philanthropic organizations (local and international)

Table 88. List of potential foreign funding organizations Bilateral Multilateral Australian Agency for International Asian Development Bank (ADB) Development (AusAID) Canadian International Development European Union (EU) Agency (CIDA) Danish International Development Global Environment Facility (GEF) Agency (DANIDA) Development Fund for International International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (DFID) Development (IBRD-World Bank) German Society for International International Financing Corporation Cooperation, Ltd. (GIZ) (IFC) Japan International Cooperation Agency International Fund for Agricultural (JICA) Development (IFAD) New Zealand Agency for International United Nations Development Programme Development (NZAID) (UNDP) Swedish International Development United Nations Food and Agriculture Agency (SIDA) Organization (UNFAO) United States Agency for International United Nations Environment Programme Development (USAID) (UNEP) Netherlands Embassy British Embassy

Activities involving large sums of expenditures such as ecosystem rehabilitation, sustainable livelihood projects, ground marking of ECAN zones, and law enforcement may be submitted for foreign funding through NEDA administered Official Development Assistance (ODA) portfolio or through the Global Environment Facility (GEF) fund. To avail foreign funding support through Official Development Assistance (ODA), the proponent LGU should identify the Country Program Priorities of the donor agencies and match them with the needs of the locality. The next step is to prepare project proposal for funding assistance in consultation and with the

161

collaboration of partner agencies such as DENR, DA, and others. The proposal is then submitted to NEDA for consideration under its ODA program. Being one of its kind of undertaking that will employ the management of ECAN zones on the ground using a combination of various actions will possibly draw the interest and support of international funding agencies because of the potential local and global replication of such techniques. The successful implementation of ECAN strategies that will be developed can be applied in other areas in the country and abroad in sustainably managing communities and protected areas. One of the possible international donor institutions that can be approached for this undertaking is the UNDP which administers, together with the World Bank, the GEF fund in the form of grant. Likewise, the European Union which had supported a lot of projects on Protected Areas in Palawan may possibly consider funding selected activities of the Rehabilitation Component for Coron, Management of the coastal/marine component of ECAN zones may be supported by resort owners considering the impacts of their activities in these areas.

7.4. MONITORING AND EVALUATION

Monitoring and evaluation of plans, programs, and projects prescribed in this Plan shall be undertaken annually after its adoption by the Sangguniang Bayan. The ECAN Board, assisted by the PCSDS, shall perform a self-assessment to gauge the efficiency and transparency of the administration and management of the ECAN resources and implementation of the ECAN Zoning Plan. The constituted Monitoring Team shall recommend the proper management effectiveness assessment tool to the ECAN Board. It may develop and customize performance evaluation criteria and indicators for the purpose. The Monitoring Team may use existing evaluation tools developed in other management areas, particularly those used in similar settings in Palawan. Since the province of Palawan belongs to the network of biosphere reserves inscribed by UNESCO, the assessment tools developed for island biosphere reserves can be used in assessing the management effectiveness of the ECAN Zoning Plan of Coron. The monitoring protocol shall include test of sustainability of programs and projects under the ECAN Zoning Plan which shall cover determination of whether targets have been completed and assessment of the following aspects of implemented projects:  Economic Viability  Ecological Viability  Technological Viability  Technological Viability  Socio-cultural Viability  Political Viability  Institutional Viability Ideally, the tool should also determine the impact of the SEP and ECAN to the stakeholders of Coron.

162

REFERENCES

Brooks,T., Diesmos, A., Posa, M. Hope for Threatened Tropical Biodiversity: Lessons from the Philippines. 2008., BioScience, Oxford Journals Retrieved from http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/58/3/231 on . 8, 2016.

Cabrido, C. A., Jr. (n.d.). Ecological Zoning as a Policy Tool for Sustainable Development at the Local Level. Retrieved from last February 2, 2016.

Calica, A. (2013). Noy moves to protect Palawan pasture land. Retrieved from http://www.philstar.com/nation/2013/10/23/1248206/noy-moves-protect- palawan-pasture-land.

Cimbracruz, F.K, Corpuz, J.D, Ferrer, G.A.K, Palis, C.S., Vega, M. (2015). ECAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLANNING OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF TAYTAY, PALAWAN (Practicum Output). UPLB.

Dacumos, F. S., III, Milan, M. I., Buno, G. C., Diones, K. D., Peteza, M. C., & Velasco, M. A. (2015). ECAN Resource Management Plan of the Municipality of Roxas, Palawan, 3-26.

Department of Environmental and Natural Resources. (2014). Forest Land Use Plan. Coron, Palawan.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources. 2001. National Ecotourism Strategy Preliminary Draft. Retrieved from last March 02, 2016.

Food and Agriculture Organization. (n.d). Agro-Ecological Zoning Guidelines. Retrieved from last February 2, 2016.

Heinsberg, Richard. (2016). How Is Climate Change Affecting the Philippines? Retrieved from http://ecowatch.com/2016/01/22/climate-change-affecting-the- philippines/ on March 1 2016.

Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board. 1996. Model zoning ordinance: Fourth revised edition. , Philippines.

163

Kristensen, P. (2004). The DPSIR Framework. National Environmental Research Institute Denmark Department of Policy Analysis: European Topic Centre on Water European Environment Agency. Nairobi, Kenya.

Kho, J., Caleda, M., & La Viña, A. (2010). Legal Framework for Protected Areas: Philippines (1st ed., pp. 6-10). Retrieved from http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/philippines.pdf on March 8, 2016

Lee, A. (n.d.). What is a Biodiversity Hotspot?. PeruNature.com [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.perunature.com/biodiversity-hotspot.html

Municipal Administration Staff (2015). Disaster and Risk Reduction Management Plan. Coron, Palawan

Municipal Planning and Development Council (2014). Coastal Water Use Plan Draft. Coron, Palawan.

Municipal Planning and Development Council (2011). Community Based Management 2011- 2013. Coron, Palawan.

Municipal Planning and Development Council (2010). Comprehensive Land Use Plan of Coron, Palawan 2010-2020. Coron, Palawan.

Municipal Planning and Development Council (2014). Ecological Profile. Coron, Palawan.

Municipal Social Welfare and Development Office. (2016). Gender and Development Plan. Coron, Palawan

Municipal Solid Waste Management Office (2015). Solid Waste Management Plan. Coron, Palawan.

Municipal Treasury Staff (2016). Master List of Registered Business Establishments. Coron, Palawan

Municipality of Coron, Palawan (2014). Retrieved from last February 28, 2016.

National Economic Development Authority. 2011. Philippine Development Plan 2011- 2016. Retrieved from

164

Office of the President of the Philippines. (2013). President Aquino moves to preserve Busuanga Pasture Reserve. Retrieved from http://president.gov.ph/news/president- aquino-moves-to-preserve busuanga-pasture-reserve/.

Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines, Executive Order No. 578 GOVPH. Retrieved from http://www.gov.ph/2006/11/08/executive-order-no- 578/ on March 8, 2016.

Palawan Council for Sustainable Development Staff (2006). Coron Framework. Coron, Palawan

Palawan Council for Sustainable Development Staff (2006). Coron Flora and Fauna Report. Coron, Palawan

Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (2015). State of Environment Report: Palawan Philippines 2015 Updates. Retrieved from http://www.pkp.pcsd.gov.ph/SOE/red%202014%20State%20of%20Environm ent%20Report%20Updates,%20Palawan%20(Draft).pdf on March 8, 2016.

Palawan Council for Sustainable Development. (n.d). Retrieved from on February 2, 2016.

PCFS. (2014). National Fact Finding and Solidarity Mission conducted to expose land grabbing case of the Yulo King Ranch. Retrieved from http://www.foodsov.org/content/national- fact-finding-and-solidarity- mission conducted-expose-land-grabbing-case-yulo-king

PCSDS. (n.d.) Retrieved from last March 02,2016.

PCSD Resolution No. 99-145. Retrieved from http://pcsd.gov.ph/resolutions/resolutions/miscellaneous/res99-145.htm

Philippines-Country Environmental Analysis (CEA). (2009) (1st ed.). Retrieved from http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB /2009/11/18/000333037_20091118233248/Rendered/PDF/516830ESW0WHI T1EA0 final0LS029Oct09.pdf last March 05, 2016.

Philippine Statistics Authority, National Statistics Office (2010).2010 Census of Population and Housing.Retrieved April 3, 2015, from http://web0.psa.gov.ph/sites/defaultfiles/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/MIMAR OPA.pdf

165

Proclamation No. 663, s. 1960. Retrieved from http://www.gov.ph/1960/04/08/proclamation-no-663-s-1960/

Republic Act No.7611. (n.d.). Retrieved from last March 8, 2016.

Republic Act No.8371. (n.d). Retrieved from /RA08371.pdf> last March 08, 2016.

The Coron Initiative: Sustainable Tourism Development and Stewardship for Coron & Calamianes Island. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://thecoroninitiative.wordpress.com on March 8, 2016.

UNESCO (1968). FAQ-Biosphere Reserves?. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/mab/doc/faq/brs.pdf on March 8, 2016

Water Environment Partnership in Asia (n.d.). State of water: Philippines. Wepa- db.net. Retrieved, from http://www.wepa- db.net/policies/state/philippines/overview.htm on March 8, 2016.

Water Pollution a rising threat in Coron. (2014, May). Rappler newsletter. Retrieved from http://www.rappler.com/science-nature/environment/58257-water- pollution-coron on March 8, 2016.

166

ANNEXES

Annex A: Summary Documentation of ECAN Planning Workshop

Annex B: Workshop Design for ECANizing Coron

Annex C: Questionnaires for Key Informant Interview

Annex D: Attendance Sheets

Annex E: Incorporating SEP ECAN into CLWUP

167

Annex A: Summary Documentation of the ECAN Planning Workshop in Coron

The one day ECAN Planning workshop was facilitated by the PCSD staff and the Coron Practicum Team (BS Human Ecology Students of University of the Philippines Los Banos) last April 26, 2016 at the Conference Room of Municipal Hall, Poblacion 2, Coron, Palawan. Members of the ECAN Board, purposively selected community leaders of some barangays, and non-government organizations within the municipality have actively participated in the event. The ECAN Planning Workshop was done in preparation of the ECAN Resource Management Plan of Coron. The day became the venue for the UPLB interns in presenting and verifying their formulated Municipal Ecological Profile. Also, it serves as the validation setting of the identified threats, opportunities, and initiatives after Key Informant Interviews (KII), Focused Group Discussion (FGD), and site observation.

In order to make the participants clear in their understanding of SEP Framework and ECAN strategy, Ms Merlinda Hilario provides its brief overview. She emphasized the concept of sustainable development and roles of ECAN Board in materializing the SEP philosophies. Afterwards, a short lecture on ECAN 101 was presented by Mr. Mark dela Cruz. Right after his presentation, interns from UPLB presented the municipal profile which they drafted after gathering updated plans, documents, and other data bases from various offices within the municipality and other relevant institutions. The municipal profile was divided into five parts; the geophysical characteristics (which was presented by Ms. Rochelle Anne Tabion), the social profile (which was presented by Ms. Arlyn Napeñas and Ms. Hanna Larissa Liuag), the local economy (which was presented by Mr. Mark Anthony Abrenica), the infrastructure sector (which was presented by Ms. Geronima Abigail Ilagan), and the local institutional capability (which was presented by Ms. Roselaine Camille Tamina). Before the presentation began, the participants were reminded that all information presented came from the documents made available by the offices and they were open for comments so that it will be all included in the final draft of the ERMP.

Threats analysis was presented after the Municipal Ecological Profile. The presentation of threat analysis utilized DPSIR Framework as its main tool. The designation of the members of the team in reporting the threats were arranged according to zones such as: Napeñas for Core zone, Abrenica, Liuag, and Tamina for Buffer zone, Ilagan for Tribal zone, and Tabion for the Multiple-Use zone. The participants were reminded that these threats were identified through key informant interviews and focused group discussion and will be open for validation during the break-out session. The activity which followed the interns’ presentations of their study findings was the break-out session. Ms. Cristina Rodriguez reminded the participants that they would be divided into three clusters (core and tribal zones, buffer zones, and multiple-use zones). Each cluster was guided by a facilitator from PCSD and two intern students from UPLB who documented the entire break-out session for their respective groups. The breakout sessions were held to validate and

168

prioritize threats as presented by the UPLB interns. After the priority threats were determined, the participants identified the possible solutions for the threat, the covered ECAN Zone and geographic coverage in the municipality, the target year for accomplishing the action, and the lead and support organization that would support the municipality in solving the threat. The findings were arranged in a matrix and each cluster picked one who would report the highlights of findings within their group. The UPLB interns in each cluster quickly created power point presentations for the reporting.

After the break-out session, the participants went back in their seats (non- clustered arrangements). One representative from each cluster was asked to report the priority threats in front of the other participants. Then, Mr. Mark Ace dela Cruz discussed the formulation of E-CWLUP and E-ZO. The workshop ended with the closing remarks, insights, and challenges made by the Municipal Engineer, Mr. Ike Parangue and Municipal Assessor, Mr. Reynario Labrador.

169

Annex B: Workshop Design for ECANizing Coron Participatory ECAN Zones Management Planning I. Rationale

The ECAN Resource Management Plan (ERMP) is a stand-alone document prepared by the municipal ECAN Board with the assistance of Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD) Staff pursuant to the Republic Act No. 7611 (SEP Law) and its guidelines. Its primary objective is to guide the long-term sustainable management of the municipal-adopted ECAN Zones. It uses the ridge-to-reef general strategy of ECAN and applies it strategically over and above other existing planning frameworks. It shall serve as the general physical plan of every municipality or city. Thus, it shall be the basis of other planning activities, such as land use planning, tourism master planning, and resource management planning as a whole. The implementation of the ERMP is to be the joint responsibility of the local government unit (LGU) and PCSD Staff through the ECAN Board which is created to act in its city or municipal jurisdiction in the same way the PCSD governs SEP concerns at the provincial level. The formulation, implementation, and institutionalization of the ERMP, as well as its integration into the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP), requires the strong support of the LGU and all concerned stakeholders. Its integration into the CLUP must be a participatory process. The CLUP needs to be compliant not only to the policies prescribed by the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) and the rules and regulations under the Local Government Code of 1991 (LGC or Republic Act No. 7160) but to the SEP and its policies as well. The LGC mandates the LGU to co-manage with the state the environment and natural resources within the LGU’s administrative boundary. One important function devolved by the state to LGUs is the enactment of municipal or city zoning ordinance based on the formulated CLUP. The zoning ordinance and the CLUP are the primary bases for the future use of land resources. The formulation of the ERMP is a major step toward harmonizing and aligning the provisions of the SEP into the CLUP. As highlighted, the implementation of ERMP is a joint responsibility of local government unit (LGU) and PCSD Staff through the ECAN Board. The composition of the ECAN Board is practically the LGU with some representatives from other sectors. Its operationalization in the whole province had been signaled since 1994 with the issuance of PCSD Res. 94-144, the Guidelines of the ECAN implementation and later on, in 2005 amended via PCSD Res. No. 05-250. Since then, operations had been relatively distinct in each of the municipalities/city. While mandate and functions had been cited in the guideline and more explicitly in the 2005 issuance of AO 10, various municipalities operate differently in terms of compositions, functions, and intensity. With the demands brought about by recent developments, the current PCSD leadership intends to strengthen and empower the ECAN Boards. This is well emphasized in the amendment of the SEP Clearance System (PCSD AO 6) where functions of the ECAN Board is highlighted such that it is given more authority in endorsing/approving projects and more independent in its decision-making processes. Consequently, the PCSD AO 10 that instituted the ECAN Board is likewise amended accordingly.

170

II. Objectives and Expected Output

In the 1-day workshop for ECAN Resource Management Plan, stakeholders, particularly those from local government units, civil society organizations, indigenous peoples’ organizations, business, and the academe, will: 1. Validate the adopted Municipal ECAN Map in light of new information at the municipality; 2. Formulate the ECAN Resource Management Plan (ERMP) in light of new development at the municipality; and 3. Discuss steps in formulating Ecanized Comprehensive Land and Water Use Plan (E-CLWUP) and Ecanized Zoning Ordinance (E-ZO). 4. III. Program/ Flow of activities (Program, Objectives and Methods)

Specific Objectives of the workshop: 1. Validate the existing drivers and pressures in each ECAN zone 2. Validate/recommend/propose actions to address specific driver/pressure 3. Set priorities to be proposed for inclusion in the municipal agenda through its Annual Investment Plan (AIP) and Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) 4. Validate conformity of ECAN zones with current use

171

Time Session Title Objectives and Topics Method Resource Person / Facilitator Morning Registration of ECAN Board Secretariat/ Interns 8:00 – 8:30 Participants To formally open the 1-day workshop with a prayer Prayer and 8:30 – 8:40 Opening Rites and the Philippine national anthem Philippine National PCSD Staff Anthem To welcome the participants and give the speakers’ Hon. Clara C. Espiritu-Reyes 8:40 – 9:00 Opening Message thoughts on the significance of the ECAN Resource Talk Management Plan to the Municipality Municipal Mayor . To explain workshop objectives, process and program Introduction to the . To introduce the Consultation organizers Talk with slides Christina D. Rodriguez 9:00 – 9:10 Workshop and (PCSD) presentation Overall Facilitator Participants . To introduce the participants and sectors represented To understand and appreciate the SEP framework and the ECAN strategy and their importance to SEP: Why It Matters spatial land use planning, including: to Us (with emphasis Nelson P. Devanadera . Overview situation of sustainable development on ECAN strategy, Talk with slides Executive Director 9:10 – 9:20 and biodiversity and ecosystem values in the ECAN Board, and presentation Palawan Council for Sustainable municipality; ECAN Management Development Staff . Importance of ECAN Board and ERMP in Planning) relation to critical ecological, economic, socio- cultural and institutional challenges in Palawan ECAN 101: The To understand and appreciate the SEP ECAN as a Palawan Strategy standard of local sustainable development. Topics include: . ECAN zones components Cc Talk with slides Cherry Lyn Jalover From ECAN Map to . ECAN zones criteria 9:20 – 9:50 presentation and Planning Staff ECAN Resource . ECAN zones allowable and prohibited uses handouts PCSD Management Plan: . ECAN zones strategies A Physical . ECAN Resource Management Plan (ERMP) and Framework for its integration into municipal CLWUP Municipal . Ecanization for SD

172

Time Session Title Objectives and Topics Method Resource Person / Facilitator Sustainable Development Open Forum Participants will: . Understand and appreciate the situational analysis of Municipality based on KII, studies, and plans, specifically on: Presentation of Municipal - Highlights of Ecological Profile 9:50 – 11:30 UPLB Interns Stocktaking Results of - Priority Drivers/Pressures and why these each ECAN Zone were identified as priorities (What and Why) - Recommended, Actions, Responsible Entities and Time Frame (How, Who, When) The participants will validate inputs and recommendations for municipal level priorities and actions; including current or proposed Sector 1 (Core): policies, programs and projects that can be Facilitator 1 integrated in these actions. Documentor 1

The adopted ECAN map will also be validated. Sector 2 (Buffer): Action Planning Priority areas for updating will be indentified. Meta Cards, Manila 11:30 – 12:00 Facilitator 2 Workshop paper, Markers Documentor 2 Three groups will be formed:

Core zone (terrestrial, coastal, & tribal) Sector 3 (Multiple): Buffer zone (terrestrial, coastal, & tribal) Facilitator 3 Multiple use zone (terrestrial and coastal) Documentor 3

A rapporteur will be assigned to present the findings of each group. (see Annex A) 12:00 – 1:00 Lunch break

173

Time Session Title Objectives and Topics Method Resource Person / Facilitator The participants will validate inputs and recommendations for municipal level priorities and actions; including current or proposed policies, programs and projects that can be Sector 1 (Core): integrated in these actions. Facilitator 1 11:30 – 2:30 Documentor 1 (1st Group) The adopted ECAN map will also be validated.

Continuation of Priority areas for updating will be indentified. Sector 2 (Buffer): 2:30 – 3:00 Meta Cards, Manila Action Planning Facilitator 2 (2nd Group) paper, Markers Workshop Three groups will be formed: Documentor 2

Core zone (terrestrial, coastal, & tribal) 3:00 – 3:30 Buffer zone (terrestrial, coastal, & tribal) Sector 3 (Multiple): (3nd Group) Multiple use zone (terrestrial and coastal) Facilitator 3 Documentor 3 A rapporteur will be assigned to present the findings of each group. (see Annex A for detailed mechanics) Presentation of The participants will be able to present highlights of 3:00 – 4:30 Results and Open results in each zone. (30 mins each group) Assigned Rapporteur per Zone Forum The participants will discuss next steps in Ryan T. Fuentes formulating the Ecanized Comprehensive Land and 4:30 – 5:00 E-CLUP and E-ZO Planning Staff, PCSD Water Use Plan (E-CLWUP) and Ecanized Zoning

Ordinance (E-ZO) 5:00 – 5:15 Closing Messages Members of ECAN Board

174

Annex B-2: Palawan Council for Sustainable Development ECAN Zones Sustainable Action Planning Workshop Breakout Group Discussion Guide

OBJECTIVES For each Breakout Group (BG), the group participants will: 1. Validate the existing drivers and pressures of each zone 2. Validate/recommend/propose actions to address specific driver/pressure 3. Identify which actions are short-term, medium-term, and long-term. Set priorities to be proposed for inclusion in the Municipality agenda through its Annual Investment Plan (AIP) and Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP)

PARTICIPANTS and BREAKOUT GROUPS Members of ECAN Board, representatives from indigenous peoples and non-governmental organizations, local government official, academe, business sector, mass media, and others. Breakout Groups: A Core Zone B Buffer Zone C Multiple Use Zone Each breakout group will have:  Facilitator  Documenter  Resource Person(s)

Round Table Discussion mechanics (Three rounds) 1. First round: First Group for each zone will have 2 hours to discuss and fill-out the matrices Core Zone (Group 1) Buffer Zone group (Group 2) Multiple Use Zone group (Group 3) 2. Second Round (30 mins.) Core Zone (Group 1) Multiple Use Zone (Group 1) Buffer Zone group (Group 2) Core Zone (Group 2) Multiple Use Zone group (Group 3) Buffer Zone (Group 3) 3. Third round (30 mins.) Core Zone (Group 2) Multiple Use Zone (Group 2) Buffer Zone group (Group 3) Core Zone (Group 3) Multiple Use Zone group (Group 1)  Buffer Zone (Group 1) Time Activity / Key Questions Additional notes on process

(1.5 hrs) 1. Base on the list, what are the Digital editable matrices and Open priority drivers and pressures Discussions/ Metacards (Technology of in the ECAN Zone? Are there Participation for back-up) other critical drivers and Facilitator requests for a volunteer

175

pressures in the zone? rapporteur for plenary reporting, from among participants. The documenter should be able to put the priorities into excel Participants are asked to validate the identified format (see Matrix 1 below). pressures/threats based on KII and recent 2. Do you agree with the suggested studies. Sustainable Development Discussion: Actions to address these  Note to documenters: Identify and Note the drivers/pressures? If not, what Source of Information – report, agency, key actions should be done to person, organization –for the questions. address the priority issue/threat? These should help the team to verify or Try to limit to 3 strategic and follow-up the information later. doable actions for each priority threat.  Identify priority threats and validate given priority actions NOTE: Actions should be sustainable Criteria of SD Actions  Facilitator and Documenter use prepared list of actions and metacards if added A. High impact and cost- actions are necessary. Facilitator goes effective through each Priority drivers/pressures for B. SMART the zone and asks the Participants to give C. Ecologically viable their answers to the Questions 2 to 6 in sequence. D. Socially acceptable E. Holistic in approach  One participant will start and others will build on this or add a new key action and 3. What is the geographic target. coverage of the action? Or where is the action to be implemented? Note: The coverage is barangay; sitio; any special management areas or management unit (identify specific protected areas, mountain range, island, wetland, cave, river, watershed, etc.) 4. Who are the responsible and lead entities for these Actions? Note: An entity can be an organization, agency, institution, or a stakeholder group. 5. When is the appropriate time for the action to be implemented, within 2017- 2021? Identify Timeframe from start to finish. Note: The prioritized Actions (and corresponding results) are desired to be completed within 2017-2021 (the initial 6 years).

30 mins. ECAN Maps Validation  Each Cluster will be provided with ECAN (use Matrix 2) map. Whenever practical, 5-10 small adjoining barangays will share a map and Examine the ECAN Zones Map of correspondingly evaluate the same map. their barangays and verify their correctness in terms of:  Copies of Land Cover Map with 1. Areas mapped as core zones topographic overlay will be posted for

176

which are titled or privately reference of all participants. owned  Representative from PCSDS-GIS, Planning 2. Cores zones which are heavily Division and DMO will be available to settled (more than 20 houses assist the Barangay representatives in per cluster) evaluating the ECAN Zones Maps. 3. Core zones whose boundary  The participants will mark using contrast overlaps with the boundary of colored pens, their proposed correction on poblacion (barangay center) the map given to them. In making their based on approving zones corrections, they will also fill out a form 4. Areas mapped as multiple use which tabulates the code or number of the zones, CADCs or CADTs correction marking and the description of 5. Coastal areas mapped as the correction or suggestions. multiple use zone whose  The PCSD-GIS and Planning Division will boundary overlaps with collect the maps and tables and evaluate the declared marine sanctuary validity of the map comments based on 6. Primary forests which were approved guidelines. not mapped as core zones; and

7. Other mapping discrepancies.  Note for facilitator: To remind the Please note that the conflicts participants that the annotated ECAN maps between the ECAN zones and their and documentation matrix will be proposed land use is subject to references for the DCEPC and PCSDS once Multi-Agency they made their ground validation of the (PCSDS,DCEPC,DENR, NGO) ECAN zones. Note that prior to ECAN map evaluation and will not be reflected updating, any concerned group will have to in the updating/ finalization of the write a request letter to the PCSD. ECAN Zones map until properly verified, confirmed and approved. Summary of Breakout Facilitator summarizes the main agreements of Group Discussions the Breakout Discussion (which will be a guide for the group report in plenary). Facilitator announces the resumption of Plenary session for reporting procedure.

177

MATRIX 1

Core Zone

RESPON LEAD AND CURRENT DRIV PRESSU SE/ LOCATI SUPPPORT TIMEFRA INTERVEN ER RE ACTION ON ORGANIZAT ME TION (1a) (1b) S (3) IONS (5) (2a) (2b) (4) C1 C2

Buffer Zone

RESPON LEAD AND CURRENT DRIV PRESSU SE/ LOCATI SUPPPORT TIMEFRA INTERVEN ER RE ACTION ON ORGANIZAT ME TION (a) (b) S (e) IONS (g) (c) (d) (f) BR1 BR2 BC1 BC2 Multiple Zone

RESPON LEAD AND CURRENT DRIV PRESSU SE/ LOCATI SUPPPORT TIMEFRA INTERVEN ER RE ACTION ON ORGANIZAT ME TION (a) (a) S (e) IONS (g) (b) (d) (f) M1 M2

178

MATRIX 2

Issue Areas

Action Current Suggested Taken Dahilan kung bakit hindi Bilang Barangay ECAN ECAN (Accept/ sang-ayon Zone Zone Reject/For validation)

179

Annex B-3: Participants by Zone and Clustered Barangay (DPSIR and ECAN Map Validation)

Office (Suggested Grouping) Name ECAN Zone Core Zone 10 Municipal Planning PAMB IP Representative Community ENRO Municipal SWDO NCIP Representative Representatives from Barangays (yung may malaking core zone) Municipal FARMC / fishers representative Buffer 10 Municipal Agriculture Municipal ENRO NGO Representative PO Representative Representatives from Barangays (yung may malaking buffer zone) Youth representative Farmers representative Academe Multiple 10 Business Sector Tourism/Municipal Office Municipal Engineering Office PNP Women's group representative Representatives from Barangays(yung may malaking multiple zone) Municipal DepEd

180

Annex C: Questionnaires Used for Key Informant Interviews ECAN Resource Management Planning

Key Informant Interview Questionnaire (ECAN Needs + Projects) DPSIR Model Questionnaire No.: ______

The needs and priorities of the municipality often depend on the kinds of problems and issues that occur in it. Before we are able to introduce new projects, we must be able to identify first the threats and opportunities in our area. Since the problems and issues that confront us are often complex, we must also be able to analyze what are the causes and the impacts of our major problems. The analysis will help us prioritize our needs and also the resources we must apply to solve our problems. For the identified needs/problems/issues/opportunities, we will specify the solutions and actions that will address them. Analysis will be aided by DPSIR framework10. In this framework, there is a chain of causal links starting with ‘driving forces’ (economic sectors, human activities) through ‘pressures’ (emissions, waste) to ‘states’ (physical, chemical and biological) and ‘impacts’ on ecosystems, human health and functions, eventually leading to political ‘responses’ (prioritization, target setting, indicators). The components of the DPSIR framework are defined in the following:

Driving force = Needs/Issues Pressure = threats and problems State = Current state of environment and natural resources Impact = impact Response = present actions taken to resolve issues and challenges Gaps = in the actions taken Proposed actions = measures that need to be undertaken to address gaps

Target Respondents for Municipal KII – Mayor, Municipal Councilor (committee chair on agriculture, fisheries, environment and livelihood), MAO and staff, MPDC and staff, MENRO and staff, Tourism officer, NGO, PO representative, Business and Industry (2), Church, school (principal or head teacher), IP leader, Women, Children and Youth, Workers and Trade Unions (MFARMC), Scientific and Technological Communities, Farmers and Small Forest Landowners

Note: Bring ECAN Map during the interview (ECAN Map must show boundaries, roads, built-up areas, and other landmarks for reference)

Municipality: ______Barangay: ______Date & Time of KII:______Interviewer: ______

I. Personal details of respondent

1. Name (Pangalan): ______2. Address (Sitio, Barangay): ______3. Occupation (Trabaho): ______4. Position and Agency (Posisyon at Ahensya): ______5. Number of years in position (Bilang ng taon sa kasalukuyang posisyon): ______

10 Based on EEA 1998: Guidelines for Data Collection and Processing - EU State of the Environment

Report. Annex 3.

181

II. Sustainable Development Analysis of the Community/ Municipality using DPSIR in each of the ECAN Zone

Identify three (3) major

6. ECAN Core Zone (Terrestrial and Coastal Core Zones)

Drivers Pressure State Impact Response Gap Proposed Actions a. b. c.

7. ECAN Buffer- Restricted Use Zone (Transition in ECAN Coastal)

Drivers Pressure State Impact Response Gap Proposed Actions a. b. c.

8. ECAN Buffer- Controlled Use Zone (Transition in ECAN Coastal)

Drivers Pressure State Impact Response Gap Proposed Actions a.

b. c.

9. ECAN Buffer- Traditional Use Zone (Transition in ECAN Coastal)

Drivers Pressure State Impact Response Gap Proposed Actions a. b.

182

c.

10. ECAN Multiple Use Zone (General Use in ECAN Coastal)

Drivers Pressure State Impact Response Gap Proposed Actions a.

b.

c.

11. Tribal Ancestral Zone (Terrestrial and Coastal)

Drivers Pressure State Impact Response Gap Proposed Actions a. b. c.

183

IV. Opportunities

12. What do you think are the opportunities (or factors that have a positive effect on the community) that can assist in the sustainable development and livelihood of your municipality once these are developed or utilized? Categories of opportunities are as follows.

(Ano sa palagay nyo ang mga oportunidad (o mga bagay na may positibong epekto sa komunidad) na pwedeng makatulong sa pangmatagalang kaunlaran at kabuhayan ng inyong munisipyo sakaling ito ay ma-develop o magamit?)

13. Provide specific correspondence in each category.

12. Opportunities 13. Particulars Remarks a. Presence of natural resources that can be harnessed and developed for livelihood in a sustainable manner b. Human resources or local organizations that can manage and catalyze resource conservation and sustainable development c. National and local policies supportive of social, economic and environmental development in the barangay cluster d. Private and Civic Society Organization (CSO) support to the undertakings of local development projects e. Accessibility to local markets and financing institutions to support development projects f. Availability of conservation technology for adoption by local farmers and fishermen g. Potential supply of water and energy h. Access to social services i. Adequacy of support infrastructure and facilities j. Availability of sanitation and solid waste disposal facilities k. Others

184

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR STOCKTAKING OF MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL INITIATIVES (for ECAN Zones Management Planning)

Field instrument 2: Stocktaking

For Head/Staff of MENRO, MAO, MCDO. MEEDO, MTO, MSWD and MPDO Offices: PCSD Resolution No. 05-250, Section 25. Preparation of the ECAN Zoning Plan. After the approval of the ECAN Map, the LGU through its ECAN Board and with the assistance of the PCSDS, shall prepare an ECAN Zoning Plan taking into consideration the following:

Municipality: ______Barangay: ______Date & Time of KII:______Interviewer: ______

I. Personal details of respondent

6. Name (Pangalan): ______7. Address (Sitio, Barangay): ______8. Occupation (Trabaho): ______9. Position and Agency (Posisyon at Ahensya): ______10. Number of years in position (Bilang ng taon sa kasalukuyang posisyon): ______

What are the efforts of the municipality in addressing the following development issues?

1. Stakeholders' participation in the protection conservation, development, exploitation and restoration of natural resources in the area; ______2. Encroachment of commercial fishing vessels on municipal waters; ______3. Treatment of protected areas under the NIPAS; [include barangay/municipal declared PAs] ______

185

4. Inter-agency participation; ______5. Protection of coastal/marine areas and enforcement of fishery laws; ______6. Monitoring and evaluation schemes [to include coastal pollution monitoring and control to understand water pollution of the area and to institute measures complementary to the PCSDS environmental quality regulation]; ______7. Regulatory measures or permitting system; ______8. Application of resource rents or user charges; ______9. Management of funds from proceeds of license fees; ______10. Allowable activities for each zone; [CLUP land use zones and/or ECAN zones] ______11. Development activities in small islands; ______12. Waste disposal and sewage; [solid and liquid waste] ______13. Provision of alternative livelihood projects; ______

186

14. Protection of the access rights of the community to the natural resources; ______15. Migration and settlement within the coastal areas; and ______16. Appropriation of funds for the implementation of the plan and the management of the ECAN zones. ______17. Others identified to be necessary and relevant ______

187

Annex D: Attendance Sheets

188

189

190

191

192

Annex E: Computation for Ecological Footprint

A preliminary study of the ecological footprint of Palawan Province in terms of basic needs resource requirements is undertaken to determine the sufficiency or deficiency of resources at present and in the future. The objective of the study is to determine whether there will be enough food, water, and wood for the population of Palawan. Specifically, the study aims to:

1. Determine the current and future population consumptions for food, water, and wood supply based on land use types (cropland, fishing ground, grazing, and forest lands) in terms of global hectares. 2. Compare the population consumptions and the biocapacity based on land use types (cropland, fishing ground, grazing, and forest lands) in terms of global hectare to determine food and water sufficiency and wood supply. In land use planning, the results of ecological footprint study are important in allocating for certain areas of the land for specific land uses. It can also assist in making decisions about selecting and prioritizing land development options. The conceptual or consciousness-raising value of the EF analysis also has implications to policies that will be crafted to mitigate factors that can contribute to non-sustainable trends of economic activities and environmental deterioration. The calculation of EF has the following general procedures (Wackernagel and Rees 1996): 1. Estimate of the average person’s annual consumption of particular items from aggregate regional or national data by dividing total consumption by population size. For various categories, the national statistics provide both production and trade figures from which trade-corrected consumption can be computed, using the following formula. trade-corrected consumption = production + imports - exports 2. Estimate the land area appropriated per capita (aa) for the production of each major consumption item i. This is done by dividing the annual consumption of that item as calculated in #1 [c, in kg/capita] by its average annual productivity or yield [p, in kg/ha]. aaI = annual demand / annual yield = ci / pi 3. Compute the total ecological footprint of the average person, the per capita footrpint (ef), by summing all the ecosystem areas appropriated (aai) by all the goods and services (n) consumed by the person. 푛

푒푓 = ∑ 푎푎푖 푖=1 4. Obtain the ecological footprint (EFP) of the study population by multiplying the average per capita footprint by population size (N). EFP = N(ef) In cases where the total area used is available from statistics, the per capita footprint can be computed by dividing by population.

193

Annex F: Incorporating the SEP and ECAN into Local Land Use Plans (INTEGRATE) The following guidelines are applicable for municipalities that have CLWUPs in various development stages. It can be followed even if the CLWUP is still in the initial phase of development, already in an advanced form or have substantive development strategies and general land use zones, or already finalized and approved. The SEP ECAN-CLWUP integration process is called INTEGRATE (Incorporating the SEP and ECAN Into Local Land Use Plans). The INTEGRATE process will ensure not only that the CLWUP document has incorporated the SEP ECAN strategy, but also that it is compliant to the minimum standards set by HLURB. It has five interdependent steps, indicated in the figure below. It will have six complementary stages, not necessarily sequential in application, with four integration stages: physical integration, strategic integration, plan integration, and institutional integration.

Figure 1. The SEP ECAN integration process into the CLUP. Source: PCSD

Step 1 (ECAN Zones Mapping or Amendment) is a requirement for all succeeding steps. Steps 2, 3, and 5 can be performed simultaneously. Planners can proceed to Steps 5 and 6 ahead of Step 4 (Formulation of ECAN Zoning Plan). The highest level of integration is the “institutional integration”, i.e., the approval of CLWUP that is compliant to ECAN and SEP. 1. ECAN Zones Mapping or Amendment The mapping of ECAN zones is described in Chapter 3 while a process of amendment of ECAN criteria or ECAN zones is outlined in PCSD Resolution No. 05- 250. Section 16 specifically provides for the amendment of ECAN criteria, to wit: Section 16. Modification of Criteria. Modification or amendment regarding an approved criteria or guidelines can be initiated by any concerned group: government, non-government or private in nature. Such move for modification or amendment shall

194

be submitted to the Council Staff for review and to the Council for approval. It should be supported by official documents, to include a. resolution by the concerned Sangguniang Bayan/Panglunsod b. map of 1:50,000 scale with technical descriptions, and c. rationale and objectives for the proposed modification.

2. Physical Integration Physical integration will be the screening part of the CLWUP. It involves a direct edge-by-edge comparison of the proposed CLWUP land use zones and the approved ECAN Zones Map. The objective of Physical Integration is for the ECAN- CLWUP planning group to seek a common agreement between the two zoning maps. Note that this step can be done simultaneously with Steps 3 to 5. Method: Overlay of ECAN zones with HLURB land use zones using GIS Inputs: ECAN zones map, HLURB general land use zones map and urban land use zones map Outputs: Zonal Conflicts Map for validation; Reconciled ECAN-CLWUP zones The following table can be used as a guide in the overlay of ECAN zones into CLWUP’s general land use zones. The fields marked by “X” are those that are considered acceptable to minimum ECAN standards. Table 1. Comparison table for SEP ECAN zones and HLURB general land use zones. Multiple Use Buffer Zone Zone

Detailed Zoning Classification (HLURB)

1. General Residential Zone (GRZ) An area within a city or municipality for x x x √ √ x x x dwelling/ housing purposes 2. Socialized Housing Zone (SHZ) Shall be used principally for socialized housing/ dwelling purposes for the x x x √ √ x x x underprivileged and homeless as defined in RA 7279 3. Low Density Residential Zone (R-1) An area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY principally for dwelling/ x x x √ √ x x x housing purposes with a density of 20 dwelling units and below per hectare 4. Medium Density Residential Zone (R-2) An area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY principally for dwelling/ x x x √ √ x x x housing purposes with a density of 21 to 65 dwelling units per hectare 5. High Density Residential Zone (R-3) A subdivision of an area principally for x x x √ √ x x x dwelling/ housing purposes with a density of 66 or more dwelling units per hectare

195

Multiple Use Buffer Zone Zone

Detailed Zoning Classification (HLURB)

6. General Commercial Zone (GCZ) An area within a city or municipality for x x x x √ x x x trading/ services/ business purposes 7. Low Density Commercial Zone (C-1) An area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY principally for trade, x x x x √ x x x services and business activities ordinarily referred to as the Central Business District 8. Medium Density Commercial Zone (C- 2) An area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY with quasitrade business x x x x √ x x x activities and service industries performing complementary/ supplementary functions to principally commercial zone (CBD) 9. High Density Commercial Zone (C-3) An area within a city or municipality intended for regional shopping centers such as large malls and other commercial activities which are regional in scope or where market activities generate traffic and x x x x √ x x x require utilities and services that extend beyond local boundaries and requires metropolitan level development planning and implementation. E.g. high rise hotels, sports stadium or sports complexes are also allowable in this zone 10. Light Industrial Zone (I-1) A subdivision of an area principally for the following x x x x √ x x x types of industries: a. non-pollutive/ non-hazardous b. non-pollutive/ hazardous 11. Medium Industrial Zone I-2) A subdivision of an area principally for the following x x x √ x x x types of industries: a. pollutive/ non-hazardous x b. pollutive/ hazardous 12. Heavy Industrial Zone (I-3) A subdivision of an area principally for the following types of industries: x x x √ x x x a. Highly pollutive/ non-hazardous b. Highly pollutive/ hazardous c. Highly pollutive/ extremely hazardous x d. Pollutive/ extremely hazardous

196

Multiple Use Buffer Zone Zone

Detailed Zoning Classification (HLURB)

e. Non-pollutive/extremely hazardous

13. General Institutional Zone (GIZ) – An area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY principally for general x x x x √ x x x types of institutional establishments e.g. government offices, schools, hospital/ clinics, academic/research, convention centers 14. Special Institutional Zone (SIZ) An area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY principally for particular types of institutional establishments x x x x √ x x x e.g. welfare homes, orphanages, home for the aged, rehabilitation and training centers, military camps/ reservation/ bases/ training grounds, etc. 15. Agricultural Zone (AGZ) An area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY INTENDED for cultivation/ fishing and pastoral activities x x x √ √ x √ √ (e.g. fish, farming, cultivation of crops, goats/ cattle raising etc.) 16. Agro-Industrial Zone (AIZ) An area WITHIN A CITY OR MUNICIPALITY INTENDED primarily for x x x √ √ x x x integrated farm operations and related product processing activities such as plantation for bananas, pineapple, sugar, etc. 17. Forest Zone (FZ) An area WITHIN A CITY OR √ √ √ √ √ √ x x MUNICIPALITY INTENDED primarily for forest purposes 18. Parks and other Recreation Zone (PRZ) An area designed for diversion/ amusements x x x √ √ x √ x and for the maintenance of ecological balance of the community

197

Multiple Use Buffer Zone Zone

Detailed Zoning Classification (HLURB)

19. Water Zone (WZ) Are bodies of water WITHIN AND MUNICIPALITIES which include rivers, x x x √ √ x √ √ streams, lakes and seas except those included in other zone classification 20. Tourist Zone (TZ) Are sites within cities and municipalities endowed with natural or manmade physical * * √ √ √ * √ √ attributes and resources that are conducive to recreation, leisure and other wholesome activities

The CLWUP general land use zones boundaries that overlapped with other ECAN zones will form part of the “Zonal Conflict Map”. The planning group may then assess/evaluate the conflict map in two ways: i. Ground truthing – validation of the conflict area through ocular inspection ii. Social ground truthing – validation of the conflict area through consultation with key informants (those who are part of the mapping of CLWUP land use zones and/or those who are affected on the ground by the mapping of the same zones) One issue to consider here is that the description of each HLURB general land use zones may be applicable to several ECAN zones. Hence, there may be a need to separate or differentiate the general land use zones further according to the specific activities in the zones. 3. Strategic Integration

Method: Comparison and review of ECAN strategies and CLWUP strategies Inputs: Results from thematic mapping, ECAN zones management guidelines, EZP (if available), CLWUP strategies Outputs: Strategic Conflict Map/Matrix for validation and action; Integrated ECAN-CLWUP strategies

This part of the INTEGRATE process is a review of strategic elements in the ECAN and CLWUP. It will consider both the zonal elements (allowable uses and identified activities in each zone) and suprazonal elements (strategies and activities that are cross-cutting or that transcend geographic zones). This review process can be both quantitative and qualitative in nature and will be guided by the SEP Law and its policies and guidelines, the LGC, and the HLURB policies and guidelines. Any conflict that may be identified may be mapped or put in matrix form and will form an integral part of the Strategic Conflict Map. This map/matrix will then be brought to the local planners and administrators for their comments and a consensus will be sought in order to reconcile the strategies in the plans. The satisfactory application of Strategic Integration will lead to integrated

198

ECAN-CLWUP strategies. A sample Zonal Conflict Matrix is shown in the table below.

Table 2. Issues generated and recommended actions from topology overlays of the ECAN Map and Existing Forest Land Uses in Roxas (FLUP Roxas 2012, modified). Possible Location Status of Proposed How to Responsible Conflicting Claim Recommendation Resolve the Agency Forest Land To Resolve the Problem Uses Problem IPs/ICCs Tinitan With CALT Apply/comply Follow NCIP, Almaciga application requirements for existing PCSD, LGU, resin PCSD TA guidelines POs, IPs, tapping in application and ICCs Core zone NCIP CADT/CALC Jolo With CALT Apply/comply Follow NCIP, application requirements for existing PCSD, LGU, PCSD TA guidelines POs, IPs, application and ICCs NCIP CADT/CALC San Miguel With CALT Apply/comply Follow NCIP, application requirements for existing PCSD, LGU, PCSD TA guidelines POs, IPs, application and ICCs NCIP CADT/CALC N. Zabala With CALT Apply/comply Follow NCIP, application requirements for existing PCSD, LGU, PCSD TA guidelines POs, IPs, application and ICCs NCIP CADT/CALC Abaroan Proclaimed Apply/comply Follow NCIP, TAZ through requirements for existing PCSD, LGU, PCSD NCIP guidelines POs, IPs, Proclamation CADT/CALC ICCs No.13 Operational Bagongbayan Declare as Endorsement NCIP, watershed (133 ha.) special resolution, PCSD, LGU, with Taradungan management establishment, POs, IPs, Core zone (114 has.) area for the declaration ICCs Magara (745 protection of has.); Core zone by the Caramay LGU and DENR (745 has.); Salvacion (745 has.); Mendoza (687 has.); Sandoval (300 has.);

199

Tinitian (528 has.); Tumarbong (30 has.); Brgy. IV (61 has.); Minara (600 has.) Watershed in Co-management MOA Local Water ancestral of overlapping (obligation of Association, domain area by LGU, every party), LGU, (anticipated) DENR, and IPs identify or DENR, delineate NCIP, overlapping PCSD a area POs, NGOs, IPs, Barangays, and others to be identified during planning

4. Formulation and Approval of ECAN Zoning Plan ECAN planning for sustainable development requires an integrated approach involving social, economic, cultural, ecological, and governance variables. This means that developing an EZP requires an investigation into a variety of data, information, and plans. In Section 25 of PCSD Resolution 05-250, the considerations in the preparation of the ECAN Zoning Plan are the following:

Section 25. Preparation of the ECAN Zoning Plan. After the approval of the ECAN Map, the LGU through its ECAN Board and with the assistance of the PCSDS, shall prepare an ECAN Zoning Plan taking into consideration the following:  Stakeholder’s participation in the protection, conservation, development, exploitation, and restoration of natural resources in the area  Encroachment of commercial fishing vessels in municipal waters  Treatment of protected areas under the NIPAS  Inter-agency participation  Protection of coastal/marine areas and enforcement of fishery laws  Monitoring and evaluation schemes to include coastal pollution monitoring and control to understand water pollution of the area and to institute measures complementary to the PCSDS environmental quality regulation  Regulatory measures or permitting system  Application of resource rents or user charges  Management of funds from proceeds of license fees  Allowable activities for each zone  Development activities in small islands

200

 Waste disposal and sewage  Provision of alterative livelihood projects  Protection of the access rights of the community to the natural resources  Migration and settlement within the coastal areas  Appropriation of funds for the implementation of the plan and the management of ECAN zones  Others identified to be necessary and relevant

The ECAN Zoning Plan shall contain, among others, the following actions: i. Description of the Area ii. Goals/Objectives iii. Zoning Strategy (priorities, methodologies for marking zone boundaries) iv. Zone Management (activities, regulatory measures policy directions) v. Administration vi. Monitoring and Evaluation vii. Annexes (maps and references) The recommended steps in coming up with a detailed EZP are the following: 1. Building of a sustainable development planning database (ECAN Data Infrastructure Development) 2. Determination of the exact boundaries of ECAN zones and administrative boundaries 3. Identification of “Special Management Areas” (SMAs) 4. Development of thematic and integrated planning modules and indicators. 5. Stocktaking of local environmental governance initiatives 6. Development of an ECAN-based land use spatial optimization algorithm using Multi-Criteria Analysis (OPTIONAL) 7. Integrated threats analysis 8. Formulation of ECAN zones and resources plan See Chapter 4 for the details of each of the above steps. 5. Plan Integration: Development of ECAN-Based CLWUP Method: Planning workshops/sessions, consensus building, conflict resolution during meetings and roundtable discussions Inputs: Integral zonal and strategic elements of ECAN-CLWUP (outputs of Physical Integration and Strategic Integration); technical assistance to ECAN Board and to Municipal Planning and Development Office (MPDO) Outputs: Draft modules/sections of Municipal ECAN-based CLWUP After the Physical and Strategic Integration steps, planning for municipal ECAN-based Comprehensive Land and Water Use Plans can now proceed.

6. Institutional Integration: Approval of ECAN-Based CLWUP This stage of integration is concerned with social acceptability of the ECAN- CLWUP integrated plan. The District Management Office (DMO) and the ECAN Planning Team will work closely with LGU in the institutionalization of the ECAN- compliant CLWUP. This may require attendance as resource persons to Municipal ECAN Board meetings, municipal council legislative sessions, and public hearings. The final output is the approved ECAN-Based CLWUP with institutional support from executive and legislative institutions. The approval of the plan is four-fold: 1. Approval of the ECAN-based CLWUP by the ECAN Board and endorsement to the municipal council;

201

2. Approval of the CLWUP by the municipal council and endorsement to the provincial council; 3. Approval of the CLWUP by the provincial council (through the Provincial Land Use Committee) and endorsement to the HLURB; and 4. Approval of the CLWUP by the PCSD. The yardsticks of the success of this step are the incorporation of the essential elements of the ECAN Zoning Plan document into the CLWUP document and the institutional support for the municipal ECAN-based CLWUP.

202

Annex G: Result of Participatory Planning Workshop

Table 89. Strategy-Based Actions per ECAN Zones. Information, Education, and Communication Campaign Core (Coastal) -Conduct information dissemination regarding the time for mangrove to grow, its role against natural calamities and other purposes Core - Information dissemination on RA 9147 (Terrestrial) - Conduct Information Education Communication Campaign on Kaingin Tribal -Clear and in-depth study and IEC of the contents of IPRA Law -Conduct IEC on waste segregation -Dialogue between council of elders, NCIP, tribal associations with the LGU and try to come up with a win-win situation. Controlled - IEC on the adverse effects of irresponsible use of fire in collection of honey - IEC campaigns on the importance of identified endangered species in ecosystem and the consequences/penalties when caught poaching Traditional - IEC campaigns on proper disposal of containers of chemicals used in honey bee collection Multiple -Strengthen Information Education Communication (IEC) on waste management - Encourage concerned agencies to file cases against violators - IEC on health and nutrition - IEC on traffic rules and regulations for drivers Enforcement Core (Coastal) - Establish entry/exit point of fishing vessels for inspection purposes - Start Regular patrols of government agencies like BFAR, Bantay Coron, PNP-Maritime and Philippine Coast Guard - Document operators and secure BFARMC clearance (For threatened aquarium species - File complaints against caught mangrove cutters - Provision of GPS to vessels to know if they are entering core zones Core -File complaints against caught timber poachers (Terrestrial) - Monitor closely suspected collectors and find a way to catch them Tribal -IPs should show proper documents of their claim Controlled - Persecute of violators who caused fire due to irresponsible honey collection - Regulation of honey collection through wildlife collectors permit - Strengthen implementation and monitoring of the existing ordinances and regulations of DENR regarding forest -Implementation of the PD 705 (Revised Forestry Code of the Philippines) - Create entry and exit checkpoints for strict monitoring for traded animals -Strict implementation of RA 9147 (Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act) Traditional - Persecute of violators who caused fire due to unsustainable honey collection -Regulation of honey collection through wildlife collectors permit - Strengthen the implementation and monitoring of forests by the Bantay Gubat Restricted -Strict implementation of PD 705 (Forestry Code) provisions Multiple - Strict implementation of laws (e.g. Resolution No. 674 Series of 2000 Piggery and Poultry Application Requirements, RA 900-Ecological Solid Waste Management Act, Ordinance No. 28- C Series of 2015 Anti- Littering Ordinance) - Termination and avoiding extensions of contract of violators (piggery

203

and poultry) - Strict implementation of the Anti-Littering Ordinance -Strict implementation of waste segregation - Strict implementation of RA 9165 (The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act) and RA 7624 (Integrating drug prevention and control in intermediate and secondary curricula) - Strict implementation of Barangay Anti- Drugs Campaign and Barangay Peace Keeping actions - Rehabilitation of accused and imprisonment thereafter - Strict monitoring at the barangay level - Monitoring of the influx of migrants and encroachment of settlements in mangrove areas - Review scrupulous title of mangrove areas - Strengthen laws regarding mangrove protection - Strict implementation of Ordinances about Traffic Rules and Regulations in the municipality of Coron - Impose fines on violators of policies Institutional Capacity Building Core (Coastal) -Increase intelligence network -Create alliance with other organizations within the barangay Core - Strengthen the implementation of forestry laws (Terrestrial) - Strengthen DENR intervention Tribal -Harmonize the IPRA and the LGU Code -Mainstream plans of IPRA LAW -Respect tradition of IPs Multiple - Privatization of solid waste collection system - Budget allocation for the construction of Sanitary Landfill - Allocate funds for the improvement of health equipment Provision of Social Services and Technology Tribal -Provision of trash bins -Properly designed septic tanks -Provide adequate medicine and health facilities Controlled -Provision of livelihood for timber poachers in other zone - Provision of alternative livelihood for animal poachers in other zone Restricted -Creation of additional livelihood (piggery projects in other zones) Multiple - Implement and standardize construction of facilities such as public toilets - Construction of sewerage system - Implementation and construction of Sanitary Landfill and Material Recovery Facility (MRF) - Construction of medical wastes facility in the hospital - Relocation of settlements living near the coastal area -Ensure accessibility and availability of social services on relocation sites - Training on alternative livelihood e.g. soap making - Upgrade health facilities - Increase health personnel Ecosystem Rehabilitation and Protection Core (Coastal) -Mangrove Rehabilitation Core - Identify and delineate production forests (Terrestrial) - Identify agricultural areas allowed for Kaingin Controlled -Establishment of fire breakers to prevent grass fire (at least 4 meters) - Outsourcing of raw materials from other areas outside Coron. - Establishment of communal forest - Encourage private tree plantation (in A & D areas) Traditional -Establishment of fire breakers as a response to fire caused by

204

unsustainable collection of honey (at least 4 meters) - Tree planting and proper management of watershed. Restricted -Forest rehabilitation program Multiple - Community clean up drive Human Resource Management Core (Coastal) -Employ additional BFAR personnel to focus on core zones -Give incentives for deputized fish wardens and other agencies who caught poachers -Adapt Community Based Monitoring and Reporting System Core -Organize anti-illegal logging task force under EO 23. (Terrestrial) -Increase intelligence network against violators -Give seminars and strengthen deputized forest rangers -Deputize wildlife enforcement officers to facilitate immediate capture of identified illegal traders -Increase intelligence network against violators and turnover to PCSD for immediate file of complaints -Hire kaingeros to become forest rangers -Organize fire brigade per barangay Tribal -Additional health personnel Controlled -Designate bodies in each community for quick responses on forest fire. - Creation of Brgy. Volunteer Fire Brigade -Employment of additional personnel and regular patrols of the Bantay Gubat - Provide just incentives and compensation among the employees doing the entire enforcement on hunting of timber poacher - Regular patrols of the Bantay Gubat for proper monitoring of poachers - Strengthening of wildlife enforcement officers (including just compensation and incentives) Traditional - Designate bodies in each community for quick responses on forest fire - Creation of Brgy. Volunteer Fire Brigade as a response to fire caused by unsustainable collection of honey Multiple -Additional truck and personnel for garbage collection

205

Table 90. Action Plan Matrix for threats identified in ECAN Zones in Coron CORE ZONE-TERRESTRIAL LEAD AND TIMEFRAME DRIVER (a) PRESSURE (a) RESPONSE/ ACTIONS (d) LOCATION (e) SUPPPORT (g) ORGANIZATIONS (f)

-Reporting at barangay/ File complaints against law breakers for endorsement to higher authority

-implementation of laws and Illegal cutting of YKR, Kinse Dias, regulations by DENR DENR, Bantay Coron Need of raw materials naturally grown Bintuan, Santa 2017-2022 and volunteer group species -Strengthen DENR intervention Monica and organize anti-illegal logging task force under EO 23 -identify and delineate production forests -deputize and train forest rangers -Establishment of checkpoints

-Monitor closely suspected collectors and find a way to catch them San Jose, Poaching of Fauna Decabobo, Bintuan, DENR, Bantay Coron, Economic Motives 2017-2022 Species -Filing of criminal cases against Santa Monica, PCSD, volunteer group illegal traders Decalachao, YKR -Deputation of Wildlife Enforcement Officers (WEO) to facilitate immediate capture of identified illegal traders

206

-Increase intelligence network against violators and turn over to PCSD for immediate file of complaints

-Strengthen the implementation of forestry laws

-Monitoring: Hire Kaingeros to become forest rangers -For IPS: identify agriculture areas San Nicolas, Turda, within core zones Bintuan, Bulalacao, Agricultural Activities Kaingin Farming -IEC on the effects of Kaingin to Tara, Decabobo, DENR, PNP 2017-2022 the zone itself Buenavista, Borac, San Jose, Marcilla -Aids from Cooperative (source of livelihood instead of using forest resources “GRANT FOR WORK & CASH) -Enforcement of Bantay Gubat -Tree planting activities -Creation of fire brigade per barangay Mt. Tapyas, Lajala, -create a fire barricade to prevent San Jose, San Climate Change Forest Fire/ Grass Fire LGU, BFP, PNP 2017-2022 fires from spreading from one Nicolas, Borac, barangay to the other YKR -Tree planting to replace burnt trees

207

- Invest in partnerships for funding and action (agencies that may help in construction of housing facilities: multiple use zones)

-Formulation of resettlement plans Influx/increasing - Implementation of Community Economic Motives number of informal Based Monitoring System Not Identified Not Identified Not Identified settlers -Registration and monitoring of migrants per barangay - Strong implementation and information dissemination of zones design for settlements -IEC on ECAN zoning strategy

CORE ZONE-COASTAL LEAD AND TIMEFRAME DRIVER (a) PRESSURE (a) RESPONSE/ ACTIONS (d) LOCATION (e) SUPPPORT (g) ORGANIZATIONS (f) -Regular patrols of government agencies like BFAR, Bantay Bulalacao, Coron, PNP-Maritime and Calumbuyan, PNP-MPS, PNP- Poaching of threatened Economic Motives Philippine Coast Guard Delian, Marcilla, Maritime Coron, Coast 2017-2022 aquatic species -Establish entry/exit point of Turda, Decabobo, Guard, BFAR fishing vessels Buenavista, Tara -Documentation of operators

208

-Secure BFARMC clearance for all species taken out from Coron especially threatened aquarium species -Incentives for deputized fish wardens and other agencies who caught and turned in violators Filing of criminal cases on the identified poacher. -Hiring of additional BFAR personnel -Need for raw materials -Mangrove Reforestation

-Enforcement of laws and -Typhoon regulation regarding mangroves -Economic Motives -File complaints against violators -Community Based Monitoring

Increasing demand for System Pob VI, Bintuan, raw materials resulting Decalachao and DENR 2017-2022 to the abusive cutting -Report the found cases of Santa Monica of Mangroves destroyed mangroves among the authority

-Strong information dissemination regarding the time for mangrove to

grow, its role against natural calamities and other purposes

209

-Strengthen and apprehend laws regarding fishing in the core zones Intrusion of Turda, Bulalacao, BFAR, PNP-MPS, PNP- Economic Motives Commercial fishing -Provide high-tech gadgets Decabobo, Tara, 2017-2022 Maritime, Bantay Coron vessels -Increase intelligence network Delian -Create alliance with other organizations within the barangay

-Establish community based reporting system Increasing demand for In-Migration housing and sanitation -Formulation of resettlement plans Not Identified Not Identified Not Identified facilities accompanied with livelihood assistance - IEC on allowed activities for zones - Improve disposal of wastes -Coastal Clean-ups Tourism Influx of Tourists Not Identified Not Identified Not Identified - Implementation of mandatory trash bins on tourism boats BUFFER: RESTRICTED ZONE LEAD AND TIMEFRAME DRIVER (a) PRESSURE (a) RESPONSE/ ACTIONS (d) LOCATION (e) SUPPPORT (g) ORGANIZATIONS (f) Banuang Daan, - Creation of additional livelihood Bintuan, Borac, Kaingin shifting (piggery projects in other zones) Buenavista, DA, LGU, DENR and Economic Motives 2017-2022 cultivation Bulalacao, BLGU Cabugao, -Monitoring of Bantay Gubat Decabobo,

210

Decalachao, -Relocation plans Guadalupe,

- Strict implementation of PD 705 Lajala, Malawig, (Forestry Code) provisions Marcilla,

San Jose, San - Rehabilitation Program Nicolas, Tara and Turda - PD 705 and DENR Laws Bintuan, - Economic motives implementation Decalachao, - Need for raw San Nicolas, - Provision of livelihood materials Decabobo, DA, LGU, DENR and Timber Poaching -Tree planting activity headed by Buenavista, Borac 2017-2022 BLGU DENR and Turda -Checkpoint set by DENR -Monitoring by Bantay Gubat,

DENR and at Barangay level

- Strict monitoring per barangay - Need for Space and Bantay Gubat

- Strengthening of IEC regarding - Economic Motives Presence of migrants zoning strategies from neighboring -Record influx of migrants Not Identified Not Identified Not Identified provinces - Strict implementation of policies and regulations regarding zones and its allowable activities - Resettlement plans and

implementation

211

BUFFER: TRANSITION ZONE LEAD AND TIMEFRAME DRIVER (a) PRESSURE (a) RESPONSE/ ACTIONS (d) LOCATION (e) SUPPPORT (g) ORGANIZATIONS (f) -All governing and concerned body including PCSD shall review the Ownership by private Less fishing activities permit and clearances and other Not Identified Not Identified Not Identified resorts of the community documents of the resort and other establishments -Implementation of zoning BUFFER: CONTROLLED USE ZONE LEAD AND TIMEFRAME DRIVER (a) PRESSURE (a) RESPONSE/ ACTIONS (d) LOCATION (e) SUPPPORT (g) ORGANIZATIONS (f) -Proper implementation and monitoring of the existing ordinances and DENR Laws and regulations -Barangay level monitoring Lack of regulations -Reforestation programs and standard operation DENR LGU, BFP, Emerging Industries All barangays and procedure for the -Conduct of IEC about the adverse BLGU, RBO, CSO, 2017-2022 (Honey bee collection) except Pob. 1,2,3 emerging economy of effects of such practice PCSD honey bee collection -Designation of bodies in each community for quick responses on forest fire.

-Increase and distribute evenly forest rangers among the barangays

212

-Creation of Brgy. Volunteer Fire Brigade - Establishment of fire breakers (at least 4 meters long) -Imprisonment of violators - IEC campaign of fire prevention (including ways in responding grass fire) -Persecute of violators (Arson) -Regulation of honey collection through issuance of wildlife collectors permit

-Strengthen implementation and monitoring of the existing -Economic Motives ordinances and regulations of DENR in banning illegal logging of trees Brgy. Bintuan, -Monitoring within the Barangay -Need for raw materials Brgy. Guadalupe, Level and by Bantay Gubat Brgy. Borac, Brgy. -Additional personnel and regular Turda, Brgy. DENR, PCSD, LGU, -Forestry and related Timber Poaching 2017-2022 patrols of the Bantay Gubat (forest Buenavista, Brgy. Private sectors activities rangers) Marcilla, Brgy. Decalachao, Brgy. -Provide just incentives and San Jose compensation among the

employees doing the entire enforcement (Bantay Gubat). -Outsourcing of raw materials from

other areas outside Coron.

213

-Implementation of the PD 705 (Revised Forestry Code of the Philippines) - Provision of livelihood to

violators in other zone - Establishment of communal

forest in other zone -Encourage tree planting activities and private tree plantation (in A & D areas) -Designate watchers and monitoring bodies for the generated wastes by tourists. -Assigning garbage collector to Insufficient proper areas where tourists arrive Influx of tourists waste disposal and -Implementation of DENR Laws Not Identified Not Identified Not Identified management system and Regulations -Putting up specific location where all wastes can be directed. -IEC campaigns on proper waste disposal. BUFFER: TRADITIONAL USE ZONE LEAD AND TIMEFRAME DRIVER (a) PRESSURE (a) RESPONSE/ ACTIONS (d) LOCATION (e) SUPPPORT (g) ORGANIZATIONS (f) Insufficient water Brgy. Bintuan, Community, LGU, Limited Water Source supply from NIA -Tree planting in watershed areas Brgy. Turda & 2017-2022 BLGU, DENR, PCSD irrigation system Brgy. San Nicolas

214

-Operating irrigation system -Improvement of water system (by creating pipelines) -Proper management of watershed (protecting, managing and developing the identified watersheds)

-Strengthen the implementation and monitoring of forests by the Bantay Gubat

-Increase number forest rangers and their daily duties

Unsustainable -Information, Education, and collection of honey Communication (IEC) campaigns (use of chemical that on proper disposal of containers of Brgy. Bintuan and DENR, PCSD, LGU, Economic Motives 2017-2022 triggers fire when chemicals used in honey bee Brgy. San Nicolas BLGU, BFP, RBO, CSO subjected to intense collection. heat) -Creation of Barangay Volunteer Fire Brigade -Establishment of fire breakers (at least 4 meters) -Information, Education and Communication (IEC) campaign of fire prevention including ways in responding grass fire -Persecute of violators (Arson)

215

-Regulation of honey collection through issuance of wildlife collectors permit

-Strengthen the implementation -Need for raw material and monitoring on forest of Bantay Gubat

-Implementation of DENR laws regarding forests and PCSD -Economic Motives regulations (permitting system for Abusive cutting down chainsaws) of trees (affected and -Increase number of forest rangers Not Identified Not Identified Not Identified non-affected by and their daily duties typhoons) -Inventory and recording of damaged trees before doing actions.

-Establishment of a monitoring body whose members are not from the community to avoid bias.

MULTIPLE USE ZONE LEAD AND TIMEFRAME DRIVER (a) PRESSURE (a) RESPONSE/ ACTIONS (d) LOCATION (e) SUPPPORT (g) ORGANIZATIONS (f)

216

-Strict implementation of laws (e.g. Resolution No. R- 674 Series of 2000- Piggery and Poultry Application Requirements, RA -Economic Motives 9003- Ecological Solid Waste Management Act, Ordinance No. 28- C Series of 2015- Anti- Littering Ordinance)

-Termination and avoiding -Incompliance with extensions of contract of violators regulations (piggery and poultry) Improper waste disposal (domestic, -Shoreline demarcation (e.g. -Increasing Population industrial, tourism and settlements should be 40 meters Municipal wide MSWM, BLGU 2016- 2017 special wastes)- both away from coastal shores) coastal and terrestrial -Accrue fine to households without

septic tanks (Decabobo) -Strengthen Information Education Communication (IEC) on waste management -Community clean up drive

especially in coastal areas -Organize garbage collection system (trucks, personnel, schedule) -Privatization of solid waste

collection system

217

-Identify a proposed Sanitary

Landfill site -Construction of compost pit -Construction and Inventory of

sewerage system -Implementation of relocation of settlements living near the coastal area to Guadalupe -Ensure accessibility and availability of social services on relocation sites -Implement and standardize construction of facilities such as public toilets -On-going renovation of Coron

District Hospital (CDH) -Construction of medical wastes

facility in the hospital -Training on alternative livelihood e.g. soap making -Conduct IEC regarding drugs

Behaviour and Use of illegal drugs -Strict implementation of RA 9165 Urban Barangays PNP, BLGU 2016- 2017 Discipline and vices (The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act) and RA 7624 (Integrating drug prevention and control in intermediate and secondary curricula)

218

-Strict implementation of Barangay Anti- Drugs Campaign and Barangay Peace Keeping actions

-Imprisonment of violators -Monitoring of streets by barangay patrols -Implementation of curfew (10pm) for minors -Rehabilitation of accused and imprisonment thereafter -Implementation of laws, policies and ordinances regarding -Increasing population mangrove protection (e.g. National Building Code) -Strict monitoring at the barangay -Number of settlements level -Monitoring of the influx of Change in land use of Pob 1, 5, 6, migrants and encroachment of PCSD, DENR, BLGU 2016 mangrove areas Tagumpay, Bintuan settlements in mangrove areas -Review scrupulous title of

mangrove areas -Strengthen laws regarding

mangrove protection -Encourage concerned agencies to

file cases against violators Non-Prioritization of -Ineffectiveness in the -Proper budget allocation Municipal wide MHO, BLGU End of 2016

219

Basic Social Services delivery and extension -IEC on health and nutrition of health, nutrition and -Upgrade health centers and sanitation services facilities -Increase health personnel (BHW and nurses) -Maintain private clinics for women (lying inn, ob-gyne)

-Allocate funds for the improvement of health equipment

-Provide health cards such as Busuanga Coron Linapacan District Health Insurance Program (BCCL- DHIP)

-Free health services for beneficiary farmers (family planning seminars, medical missions, etc.)

-Strict implementation of Ordinances about Traffic Rules and Regulations in the municipality of Coron Non-prioritization of Narrow roads Urban barangays DPWH, DILG, MLGU After election Projects -IEC on traffic rules and regulations for drivers - Impose fines on violators of policies -Road widening

220

-Construction of roads within pier only (Bulalacao)

- Strengthen implementation of laws regarding health (RA 1891- An Act on Strengthening Health and Dental Services in Rural Areas and Providing funds, thereof)

- Proper budget allocation -Monthly feeding program sponsored by Cord Aid -Livelihood programs for families with malnourished children (e.g. Tamayo Foundation, CARITAS, PAU, Samdana, Red Cross) -Monthly feeding program sponsored by Cord Aid -Livelihood programs for families -Inability to avail Malnutrition with malnourished children (e.g. Not Identified Not Identified Not Identified nutritious food Tamayo Foundation, CARITAS, PAU, Samdana, Red Cross) -Provides budget from Gender and Development Plan (16.8%)

221

- Strengthen implementation of laws regarding health (RA 1891- An Act on Strengthening Health and Dental Services in Rural Areas and Providing funds, thereof) - Proper budget allocation

- Free TB- DOTS Treatment - Prevalent cases of communicable -Increasing population diseases (e.g. - Free anti- rabies vaccine Not Identified Not Identified Not Identified tuberculosis, rabies, - Free generic medicines etc.) - Conduct medical missions

- IEC on health and nutrition

- Absence of - Proposed Secondary school site Secondary School

-Non-prioritization of - Insufficient Not Identified Not Identified Not Identified Basic Social Services classrooms - Budget Allocation for additional classrooms and for the construction - Limited number of of Secondary School senior high school compliant - Increasing number of - Strict implementation of land use - Noise pollution Not Identified Not Identified Not Identified settlements plans

222

- No proper delineation - Alignment of Infrastructures with among land use National Building Code (Poblacion barangays)

-Tapping alternative water sources such as deep well, jetmatic, and truck water delivery -Utilization of watersheds and Insufficient water Water shortage and water pumps. Not Identified Not Identified Not Identified supply poor water quality - Improve water system (e.g. existing water pipelines) - Utilization of existing watersheds, spring water, ground water - Maximize and utilize natural hot spring for geothermal, wind power, Insufficient Power Power shortage hydro power, solar energy Not Identified Not Identified Not Identified Supply - Use of generator, solar panels - Rotational power supply 6- 10pm - Upgrading of communication using radio station for quick response on fire - Responses by Bureau of Fire Natural phenomenon Natural fire incidences Protection (BFP) Not Identified Not Identified Not Identified (e.g. El Niño) - Information dissemination regarding responses on these cases - Provide trainings and seminars for fire mitigation and protection

223

- Encourage volunteers as fire personnel - Strict implementation of ordinances (e.g. Executive Order 23- Moratorium of cutting and harvesting of timber and creation of the Anti- Illegal Logging Task Force) and penalties (e.g. Economic motives and - Timber poaching Presidential Decree No. 54) Not Identified Not Identified Not Identified need for raw materials - Registration and monitoring of migrants - Monitoring of forest areas by Bantay Gubat - Reforestation activity

- Additional financial support

- Provision of full coverage scholarships

Non-prioritization of Insufficient source of -Proposing of secondary school in Not Identified Not Identified Not Identified basic social services funds for education every . -Encourage scholarship sponsorship Scholarship programs from private entities (e.g. HIKARI, CARITAS, etc.)

-Weak watch of peace Public scandals by - Strict implementation of curfew and order drunk teens, increasing Not Identified Not Identified Not Identified juvenile delinquency -Parental guidance - Additional barangay patrols

224

-Social-media -Monitoring of streets by barangay influenced crimes patrols - Strict implementation of laws (RA 9262- Anti- violence against Women and Children Act of 2004; RA 7877- Anti- sexual harassment Act) - Gender and development programs (e.g. provide livelihood assistance to VAWC victims, Women’s forum/convention, operationalization of women and crisis center) Drugs, Vices, and Physical, emotional Behaviour and - Information Education Not Identified Not Identified Not Identified and sexual abuse Discipline Communication (IEC) on violence against women and children (VAWC)

- Conduct medico legal examination to victims of Violence Against Women and Children (VAWC) and other related cases

- Case conference/counselling (at least 3 sessions) - Imprisonment of abusers Fishery/Economic - Shoreline demarcation (e.g. motives/Non- - Unsustainable settlements should be 40 meters Not Identified Not Identified Not Identified permanent status of fishing practices away from coastal shores) LGU enforcers/ Bias in

225

enforcement of actions - Creation of a Coastal Task force - Wildlife Poaching in partnership with the Philippine Maritime and Coast Guards

- Coastal Clean- ups - Partnership between barangays and municipality on law enforcements - Proposed relocation site

identified - Alternative livelihood projects

- Strengthen and provide additional

personnel for Bantay Dagat

- Strict implementation of ordinances and penalties (e.g. R.A. 10654- Fisheries Code) - Conducted a relocation of other informal settlers to Brgy. Guadalupe TRIBAL ANCESTRAL ZONE -Harmonize the IPRA and the LGU Code -Clear and in-depth study and IEC Understanding of Governance of the contents of IPRA Law Barangays with IP’s NCIP 2017-2022 IPRA Law -IPs should show proper documents of their claim -Mainstream plans of IPRA LAW

226

-Peace talks of IPs and LGU -Proposed demarcation of lands

-Conduct IEC on waste segregation

Lack of engineering All barangays Lack of waste disposal -Provision of trash bins design for sanitary except urban NCIP 2017-2022 management system -Properly designed septic tanks landfill barangays -Implement municipal ordinances such as Plastic ban and Anti- littering

Presence of -Additional health personnel Barangay Bulalacao Poor Environmental communicable -Provide adequate medicine and and Barangay LGU/ NCIP 2017-2022 State diseases & respiratory health facilities Lajala infections -Respect tradition of IPs -Dialogue between council of elders, NCIP, tribal associations Barangays with Significant increase in with the LGU and try to come up Tourism Activities Tourist Destinations LGU/ NCIP 2017-2022 entrance fees with a win-win situation. managed by IP’s -Communication with IPs to have one fee system -Conduct social preparation activities for introduction of medical facilities and services Non-prioritized Basic Substandard health Not Identified Not Identified Not Identified Social Service facilities -Improve health stations in every barangay -Provide adequate medical facilities

227

-Provided funds for PhilHealth Application Fund, Gender and Development Plan Fund

-Undergo sanctions (pangaw-kagat Selling of rights over sa langgam and burdon-palo) Economic Motives the ancestral domain Not Identified Not Identified Not Identified claims -Paying of fines -Imprisonment of 5 years -Create a formal agreement between IPs and LGU regarding monetary system Non-transparency on Power and Authority -Have an adviser in managing accounting of Not Identified Not Identified Not Identified among IP’s revenues generated money -Request of transparency of social services and facilities delivered and served to community

228