ESP: The language of mobile telecommunications in English and German. With special reference to the Austrian situation.
Diplomarbeit
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Magisters der Philosophie
an der Geisteswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz
vorgelegt von Markus Untergrabner
am Institut für Anglistik Begutachter: Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Peter Bierbaumer
Graz, 2009 Table of Contents
0 Introduction 3 1 Target Group 5 2 The Varieties of English 6 3 English, the World’s Lingua Franca 7 3.1 Who and Where are English Speakers? 7 3.2 Definition(s): ‘Lingua Franca’ 8 3.3 The Rise of English 9 4 The Emergence of ESP 10 5 Definition: What is ESP? 12 6 Mobile Telecommunications 13 6.1 The Early Stages of Mobile Telecommunications 13 7 The Mobile Phone or Cellular Phone 15 7.1 Cell Tower and Cell 16 8 Mobile Phones and the Health Issue 17 8.1 Mobile Safety – Pros 17 8.1 Mobile Safety – Cons 18 9 Facts and Figures 18 10 Linguistic Analysis 21 10.1 Semantics 21 10.1.1 The Prototype Theory 22 10.1.2 Lexical Relations 23 10.1.2.1 Homophones/Homonyms 23 10.1.2.2 Homographs 24 10.1.2.3 Polysemy 24 10.1.2.4 Synonyms 25 10.1.2.5 Antonyms 25 10.1.2.6 Retronyms 26 10.2 Word-formation Processes 26 10.2.1 Compounding 27 10.2.2 Derivation 27 10.2.3 Conversion 28 10.2.4 Back-formation/Back-derivation 28 10.2.5 Clipping 28 10.2.6 Blending 29 10.2.7 Acronyms vs. Abbreviations 29 10.2.8 Eponyms and Coinage 30 10.2.9 Borrowing 30 11 Anglicisms in Promotion Material 32 11.1 A1 33 11.2 T-Mobile 34 11.3 Hutchinson 3G Austria GmbH (3) 35 11.4 Orange 36 12 Phone Tariffs and Contracts in Austria 37 13 The Use of Foreign Words in Austrian Legal Texts 40 13.1 The Outcome 41 14 Words for the mobile phone in selected European languages 42 15 Where does the word Handy come from? 49 16 The Interviews 51 16.1 The Findings 51 17 Operating a Mobile 56 18 Conclusion 57 19 Glossary 59 20 Bibliography 78 21 Webliography 80
APPENDIX A
Excerpt taken from the “Handbuch der Rechtssetzungstechnik“, Teil 1: Legistische Richtlinien 1990: „I. Rechtssprache“. 82
APPENDIX B
Questionnaire 88
APPENDIX C
List of Phrases and Expressions from the Field of Mobile Telecommunications 90 List of Abbreviations
EFL English as a Foreign Language ELT English Language Teaching ESL English as a Second Language ESP English for Specific Purposes GE General English GPRS General Packet Radio Service GSM Global System for Mobile communications HWL Hutchinson Whampoa Limited IDS Institut für Deutsche Sprache L1 First Language L2 Second Language LAN Local Area Network MMS Multimedia Message PTA Post und Telekom Austria AG PTT Push-To-Talk SIM Subscriber Identity Module SMS Short Message Service 0 Introduction
The aim of this thesis is to introduce the reader to the language of mobile telecommunications in English and German and at the same time provide useful material concerning the language of mobile telecommunications for people who are considering a career in this field.
At the very beginning of this thesis I will discuss the varieties of English and the position of the English language as the world’s lingua franca. I will also have a brief look at the historical developments that contributed to the rise of the English language. I also found it quite important to briefly have a look at which kinds of English speakers there are and what their respective relationship to the English language is.
As the language of mobile telecommunications belongs to the field ‘English for Specific Purposes’ a short introduction to ESP will be given. I will also try to explain and define ESP in this part of my thesis. I used the word try on purpose in the preceding sentence as it is very difficult to provide a real definition of ESP. However, by explaining what ESP is and also what it is not the reader will get a clear picture of this historically rather new approach in language teaching.
In the next part I will give an overview of the historical development of telecommunications in general and how modern mobile phones work using cell towers. I will also briefly discuss the health issue. There are many scientists who claim that the use of mobile phones may be harmful to our health but there are also some who believe that mobile phone use does not affect the human body at all. Some interesting facts and figures on Austria’s major mobile network operators will round off this part of my paper.
The two linguistic fields semantics and word-formation processes are of special importance for the language of mobile telecommunications. As will be seen in the course of this paper, a large number of Anglicisms and pseudo-Anglicisms, respectively, can be found in the language of mobile telecommunications. Semantics is very important when discussing these aforementioned Anglicisms and pseudo-Anglicisms. Many (seemingly) English words and expressions that are used in German do not have exactly the same meaning for English native speakers. Sometimes such words and expressions have a totally different meaning and
- 3 - some do not even exist in English. There are linguists, including the supervisor of this thesis, who claim that every Anglicism is actually a pseudo-Anglicism. I will also have a look at arguments supporting this idea.
As already mentioned I will provide an overview of the various word-formation processes there are because a large number of neologisms can be found in the language of mobile telecommunications. The advertising language of Austria’s major mobile network operators is especially susceptible to newly created words and expressions.
After analysing Anglicisms in promotion material and the names of phone tariffs and contracts in Austria I will have a detailed look on the status of not only Anglicisms but foreign words in general in Austrian legal texts. As some countries do have a very strict and clear-cut language policy and others do not, my aim was to find out if there are any laws which regulate the use of words from foreign languages in Austrian legal texts.
I also generated a list of the term mobile phone in all major languages of those member states of the Council of Europe which are geographically actually within Europe. This will be followed by an attempt to explain where the word Handy comes from.
In the next part I will present the results of the survey I did as part of my research. My aim was to find out in how far people are actually aware of English expressions in the field of mobile telecommunications and what attitude they have towards these Anglicisms. A number of authentic and useful phrases and expressions from the field of mobile telecommunications will round off this paper.
- 4 - 1 Target Group
As we will see later, learners of ESP are people who know why they are studying a language. Unlike General English learners, ESP learners are not studying for exam purposes. Strevens (1988: 39) differentiates between two kinds of ESP learners. He argues that on the one hand there are those learners
“[…] who already know the subject in their own language or who are already employed in their occupation but use only their own language, and on the other hand those whose learning of English is part of, or parallel with, their academic studies or part of their occupational training.”
Generally speaking my thesis focuses more on operational English as nowadays almost everyone is at least to some extent familiar with the field/the language of mobile telecommunications. Even if there are people who are not particularly interested in that field, it is very likely that they are at least users of mobile phones and thus have been in mobile phone stores, have chosen a certain contract/phone tariff and probably skimmed through promotion material. Besides a general introduction to the language of mobile telecommunications the main benefit for the reader of my thesis will be an extensive collection of authentic material used by sales people and operating instructors that I created in the course of my work on this thesis. For every phrase or expression an appropriate and authentic English translation is given.
As already mentioned in the introduction I am also going to provide an overview of the history of telecommunications in general as well as an overview of how cell towers and cells work. This part can be seen as instructional ESP because for most people the things I am going to explain will be rather new. Additionally I will try to make students of ESP aware that especially in the language of mobile telecommunications there is a rather high risk of using so-called false friends when they use Anglicisms.
My target group then are people who already have a rather good command of English, e.g. English students, who plan to go to an English-speaking country and work in the field of mobile telecommunications, e.g. as a sales person, operating instructor or in a service department, as well as people who are simply interested in the language of mobile telecommunications.
- 5 - 2 The Varieties of English
As we will see later in this paper, the study of language variation is essential for ESP. The fact that there are different varieties of English is one of the key things that make ESP at all possible. Barnickel (1982: 13-14) mentions the importance of the study of language variation for linguists. Among other important points, Barnickel argues that the study of language variation “hilft, die Situationsbedingtheit sprachlicher Äußerungen, kommunikative Faktoren von Sprachhandlungen, Charakteristika bestimmter Textsorten aufzuzeigen. […]”
Barnickel (1982: 18) subdivides the English language into various variety classes. The following figure shows this division according to various factors:
The common core of English variety classes varieties within each class region national standards: American, British English, English in Scotland, Ireland, Canada, Australia dialects: in USA: New England, Midland, Southern; in England: Northern, Midland, South- western, London education and social standing educated/uneducated English, substandard English subject matter e.g. language of cooking recipes, language of technical and scientific description, legal English medium written/spoken English attitude (to the hearer, subject-matter/purpose of formal/informal English communication) sub-group slang: ‘vivid lexical usage that often occurs in casual discourse, usually indicating membership of a particular social group’ interference (traces left by someone’s native Creole English: ‘principal or sole language of its language) speaker’ Pidgin English: ‘second language, used to replace a native language for restricted public (especially commercial) purposes’
Figure 1 (cf. Barnickel 1982: 18)
Even though there are six variety classes in the above figure, there are only four major types of language variation because the variety classes ‘subject matter’, ‘medium’ and ‘attitude’ can be summed up to only one. The four types of language variation then are ‘regional varieties’, ‘social varieties’, ‘functional varieties’ and ‘contact varieties’. - 6 - 3 English, the World’s Lingua Franca
3.1 Who and Where are English Speakers?
Before discussing English as the world’s lingua franca it makes sense to ask the following question: Where are English speakers and who are they? According to Graddol (1997: 10) there are three different kinds of English speakers. Each of these three groups has a different relationship with the English language. Graddol argues that the native speakers of English belong to the group L1. For L1 speakers, English is their first language. Most of these L1 speakers live “in countries in which the dominant culture is based around English.” Such countries would be the United States of America, Canada, Australia or the United Kingdom.
The second group of English speakers are the so-called L2 speakers. For an L2 speaker, English is not the first language but functions – as the name already suggests – as a second language. This means that the L2 speaker uses the language in different situations additionally to his or her first language. Many African countries such as Nigeria or Namibia could here serve as an example.
The third and last group of English speakers are EFL speakers. EFL is an abbreviation for ‘English as a Foreign Language’ and this already perfectly describes what their relationship with the English language is like. They’re not native speakers of the language nor are they L2 speakers but they are people who – for whatever reason – at some point in their lives started studying English. Graddol (1997: 10) points out that a language shift is possible from EFL speakers to L2 speakers and L2 speakers to L1 speakers, respectively.
Crystal (1995: 107) similarly differentiates between three different ‘circles’ when it comes to English speakers: the inner circle, the outer circle and the expanding circle. Even though the concept is basically the same as with L1, L2 and EFL speakers, Crystal’s circles should be understood in a more geographical sense: The inner circle refers to the “traditional base of English”, meaning countries such as the USA, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The outer or extended circle “involves the earlier phases of the spread of English in non-native settings […]”. Singapore, India and Malawi are just a few examples for countries belonging to the outer or extended circle. The expanding circle
- 7 - represents countries such as China, Poland or Greece. These countries have never been colonised by countries of the inner circle but still “recognize the importance of English as an international language […]”. Crystal points out that this distinction between the inner, the outer and the expanding circle is not always clear-cut. Some countries are somewhere in between two different circles.
3.2 Definition(s): ‘Lingua Franca’
According to Jenkins (2007: 1-2) a lingua franca is defined as follows:
“In essence, a lingua franca is a contact language used among people who do not share a first language, and is commonly understood to mean a second (or subsequent) language of its speakers.”
Homberger (2000: 316) has two definitions for the term lingua franca. The first (1) is a more historical one, making clear where the term comes from and what it originally meant. The second (2) definition is a more general one and is pretty much in accord with Jenkins’ definition:
“(1) Lingua franca, bis ins 19. Jh. hinein Verkehrssprache für Handel und Seefahrt im östlichen Mittelmeerraum, die ein Gemisch aus romanischem und z.T. arabischem Wortgut darstellt.
(2) Im übertragenen Sinne Verkehrssprachen für einen größeren, überregionalen Bereich, wie z.B. Englisch; aber auch eigens dazu geschaffene Sprachen wie Esperanto.“
One of the most widely used and most influential lingua francas was definitely Latin. It served as a lingua franca for a very long time and was very prestigious. Nowadays the English language seems to be highly prestigious as well. The language seems to be especially dominant in the fields of popular culture and advertisement. However, that English is a very prestigious language in many countries/cultures is not the only fact that English shares with Latin. Phillipson (2003: 40) points out three more features that both languages share. First of all, Phillipson argues that there exists a large amount of written texts in many different genres in English as well as in Latin. Secondly he notes that “both languages access key domains of knowledge and influence” and thirdly, English and Latin made it possible to communicate on an international level.
- 8 - The preceding lines clearly show the parallels between Latin, a once great and important lingua franca, and English. However, there are a few more things which need to be mentioned when speaking about English as a lingua franca. According to Viereck et al. (2002: 242–243), 72.2 % of all books translated into German in 1998 were originally written in English. Furthermore they note that worldwide in the fields of chemistry and physics, 83.2 % and 95.6 % respectively, of the publications are originally written in English. These numbers again clearly show the dominance of the English language in the world of science. Additionally, English has been used officially for over 40 years in aviation and also ‘Seaspeak’ and ‘Emergencyspeak’ were made official by the international community in 1984.
3.3 The Rise of English
According to Crystal (1995: 106), there are seven general reasons why English is given a special status in a non-English-speaking country: historical reasons (e.g. British imperialism), internal political reasons (e.g. English is a neutral means of communication for several different ethnic groups), external economic reasons (e.g. the dominant position of the USA in the world’s economy), practical reasons (e.g. academic conferences), intellectual reasons (e.g. most academic information in the world is expressed in English), entertainment reasons (e.g. popular music is mainly in English) and finally “some wrong reasons” (e.g. that English is a more logical language and much simpler in grammatical structure).
Graddol (1997: 6) mentions three specific factors that made English the world’s primary means of communication. The fact that English is globally used goes back to the colonial history of the United Kingdom. By founding new settlements, the English language was spread around the world. This was the first and probably most important factor on the way to a world language. Another factor is the linguistic make-up of the English language. Like all languages, English has always been changing and developing. The contact with other languages has shaped the English language enormously. Celtic and Latin were the first to influence the language of the Angles and the Saxons followed by Scandinavian a bit later and Norman French after the events of 1066. Bähr (2001: 27) notes that Scandinavian is not only the source for many new words in English but also for many place names in England. The colonial expansion of the United Kingdom led to an influx of vocabulary from many other
- 9 - languages. It is argued that this hybridity of the English language helped securing its global status.
A third very important factor, that finally made English the unrivalled lingua franca of the world, was the rise of the United States. The U.S. became a superpower and started influencing the world not only in its economic development but also in technological and cultural terms. The U.S. simply spread the use of English worldwide. Graddol furthermore argues that “the U.S. was destined to be the most powerful of the industrialised countries because of its own natural and human resources” (cf. Graddol 1997: 8).
Haarmann (2001: 110) notes that it is estimated that there are between 1 and 1.5 billion English speakers world-wide. These numbers include all English speakers even those with rather little knowledge of the language. Seen from that perspective, English would then not only be the most widespread language in a geographical sense but also the language with most speakers.
4 The Emergence of ESP
The history of ESP (English for Specific Purposes) is a rather short one. It came up in the late 1960ies only but has undergone many stages of development during the last few decades. The very first question when talking about the history of ESP is how and, probably even more important, why ESP actually came into existence.
Hutchinson and Waters (1987: 6) state that ESP is “a phenomenon that grew out of a number of converging trends”. They argue that there are three main reasons for the emergence of ESP:
The decades following World War II were a time of economic, technological and scientific development throughout the world. Countries started working together as never seen before, especially in a technological and commercial sense. This, of course, led to an increase in international communication. As we have seen above English was already at that time an international language or lingua franca in the world but the aforementioned increase in international communication really made English the by far most important language on the planet. English became the internationally accepted language in the fields of technology and
- 10 - commerce so people suddenly knew why they were studying the language. It was no longer “for the pleasure or prestige of knowing the language but because English was the key to the international currencies of technology and commerce”. The main consequence of this change of the status of the English language in the world was that parts of English language teaching had to be changed fundamentally to suit the needs of the people studying the language. Hutchinson and Waters (1987: 6-7) argue that the needs of, for example, a businessman who wants to sell something and the needs of a mechanic who has to read an instruction manual are quite different. This obviously influences their language learning. They conclude that
“English had become accountable to the scrutiny of the wider world and the traditional leisurely and purpose-free stroll through the landscape of the English language seemed no longer appropriate in the harsher realities of the market place.”
The second reason for the emergence of ESP was a revolutionary change in linguistics. Hutchinson and Waters (1987: 7) note that the goal of linguists had always been a descriptive one. It described how language works and how it is used. More recent research, however, distanced itself from this traditional approach and started focussing on how language is really used in actual communication. One of the results of this new approach in linguistics was that linguists realised that spoken language and written language vary a lot. Hutchinson and Waters furthermore argue that this new insight and the fact that there were tailor-made courses for different groups of people learning English (e.g. businessmen, mechanics) went together very well. They put it that way:
“The idea was simple: if language varies from one situation of use to another, it should be possible to determine the features of specific situations and then make these features the basis of the learners’ course.” (1987: 8)
The third development that contributed to the emergence of ESP was a new way of thinking on the educational sector. The learners of a language were no longer seen as a homogeneous group of people. They were now seen as individuals, each of them having different needs. This means that language teachers started to use specific texts for a specific group of people as the basis of their course. This was quite a new and innovative approach to language learning and, as the previously mentioned points, essential for the emergence of ESP.
- 11 - 5 Definition: What is ESP?
It is extremely difficult to define what ESP actually is. ESP is an abbreviation for ‘English for Specific Purposes’ but what does this really mean and what is its position within the greater field of ELT (English Language Teaching)?
Hutchinson and Waters (1987: 17-18) compare language teaching to a tree. They use the following image: (next page)
Figure 2 (cf. Hutchinson and Waters 1987: 17)
Every tree needs roots, obviously, and Hutchinson and Waters suggest that the roots of this symbolic tree are LEARNING and COMMUNICATION. Whereas EFL and ESL (English as a Second Language) are synonyms more or less there is a big difference between GE (General English) and ESP. GE is what is basically taught at school and in adult
- 12 - education. Hutchinson and Waters note that GE is “usually studied for exam purposes”. This means that learners of GE do not really have a reason for studying the language. They study it to know it but they do not really need (to know) it. As English is nowadays commonly seen as the world’s lingua franca it is part of the curricula of most schools, notably of those in the industrialised countries. Learners of ESP, however, usually do have very specific reasons and motivations for studying the language. ESP focuses on the needs of the learners and exactly this is what makes ESP so unique. Hutchinson and Waters furthermore argue that their “analogy of a tree” helps defining ESP by showing what ESP is not:
§ “ESP is not a matter of teaching ‘specialised varieties’ of English. The fact that language is used for a specific purpose does not imply that it is a special form of the language, different in kind from other forms. […] § ESP is not just a matter of Science words and grammar for Scientists, Hotel words and grammar for Hotel staff and so on. When we look at a tree, we see leaves and branches, but there is much more to the tree than just these – much of it hidden from view inside and beneath the tree. The leaves do not just hang in the air: they are supported by a complex underlying structure. […] § ESP is not different in kind from any other form of language teaching, in that it should be based in the first instance on principles of effective and efficient learning. Though the content of learning may vary there is no reason to suppose that the process of learning should be any different for the ESP learner than for the General English learner. […]” (1987: 16)
As we have seen, it is quite difficult to define what exactly ESP is. Hutchinson and Waters (1987: 19) point out that it must not be seen as a product but rather as an approach to language teaching. The main point of this approach is that both, the method as well as the content are geared towards the reasons why the learners are studying the language.
6 Mobile Telecommunications
6.1 The Early Stages of Telecommunications
The history of telecommunications is a rather old one and is very much linked to mankind’s use of and knowledge about electricity. The first person who managed to transmit electricity was Stephen Gray. He was a scientist from England who, in 1729, transmitted electrical charges for almost 300 feet over wire made of brass and thread which he had
- 13 - moistened before. 17 years later two scientists, one from Germany and one from The Netherlands, independently invented the so-called Leyden jar. The Leyden jar was a device that allowed scientists to store static electricity. From now on the Leyden jar could be used for experiments, lectures and demonstrations. Another 7 years later the first person, an anonymous writer in The Scot’s Magazine, came up with the idea that electricity could maybe used to transmit messages over a longer distance. He suggested that for each letter one wire should be used. A static charge should then be send to the other end of the wire to attract a piece of paper. This idea worked out, however, an enormous amount of wires was required as every wire represented only one letter. Additionally, with this kind of telegraph it was possible to send signals only one or two miles. Alessandro Volta created the first real battery in 1800. This invention was a milestone and the battery improved at rapid pace. However, in order to transmit speech more electricity than just that from the batteries was required. Twenty years later a physicist from Denmark discovered electromagnetism. He found out that an electric current creates a magnetic field. Only one year later Michael Faraday reversed the Danish scientist’s experiment and discovered induction. This knowledge allowed Faraday to create the very first electric generator. This was a real breakthrough. From this point onwards it was possible to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. So the energy problem was solved but there was still a lack of understanding for how to use electromagnetism for communication over long distances (cf. http://www.privatline.com/mt_telephonehistory/ accessed on 17th December 2008).
Professor Joseph Henry, an American scientist, was the one who invented an early version of a telegraph. Henry showed that electromagnetism can be used to communicate. His early version of a telegraph was extremely simple and consisted only of “an electromagnet activated by a distant battery, and a pivoted iron bar that moves to ring a bell.” The first real telegraph, however, was invented by Samuel Morse in 1837. Henry assisted Morse in creating a so-called telegraph relay or repeater that allowed long distance operation. Johann Phillip Reis, a German physicist, tried to create the world’s first telephone that was able to transmit sounds, i.e. speech. His approach was totally wrong, however. The Reis telephone instrument basically worked like a telegraph as the electric current is alternately turned on and off. Speech, however, is “a fluctuating wave of continuous character; it is not a collection of off and on again pulses.” This is the reason why Reis’ invention only functioned when the sounds that were transmitted “were so soft that the contact connecting the transmitter to the circuit remained unbroken.” So this was still not yet a real telephone. Alexander Graham Bell, the
- 14 - Scottish-born inventor of the telephone, grew up in a family in which both music and the spoken word were very important. After his family first moved to Canada and later to Boston, Bell worked on a teaching aid for deaf people, the so-called phonoautograph. The phonoautograph was basically made out of an ear’s membrane. If someone spoke into the phonoautograph the membrane of the ear would vibrate and this vibration again would then move a lever. “A wavelike pattern of the speech” was then written on smoked glass by this lever. Working on this phonoautograph caused Bell to think about how a membrane could be used in telephony. He came up with the idea that a vibrating membrane could be used to “vary an electric current in intensity with the spoken word.” The principle of modern telecommunications, the theory of variable resistance, was discovered. It took a few more years for the telephone to evolve and become a practical device. As this paper is about the language of mobile telecommunications, the window to the historical development of telephony will now be closed. The following chapter will deal with more contemporary aspects of mobile telecommunications (cf. http://www.privatline.com/mt_telephonehistory/ accessed on 17th December 2008).
7 The Mobile Phone or Cellular Phone
According to the Advanced Learners English Dictionary, the terms mobile phone or just mobile are predominantly used in Great Britain whereas the terms cellular phone or just cellphone are usually used in North America. After looking at these four terms in more detail in the following lines only the terms mobile and mobile phone will be used on the following pages to refer to all four possible terms.
The terms mobile phone/mobile and cellular phone/cellphone are the most widespread terms in the English-speaking world for what is known as Handy in Austria and Germany. Switzerland is excluded here on purpose as the term Natel seems to be the most widely used term there. Thinking about the two English terms cellphone and mobile the question arises where these terms actually come from. It is quite obvious where the latter term comes from. A ‘mobile’ is a telephone without any wires attached to it. Furthermore, its use is not limited to a certain geographical area, e.g. a house, a district or a town. This means that users of mobiles can take their means of communication wherever they go, hence the term ‘mobile (phone)’. But what about the term cellphone? In this case the answer is not that obvious. Many people
- 15 - think that the words cell and cellular in cellphone and cellular phone refers to the tiny little chip or card which every mobile needs to work. This, however, is wrong because the words cell or cellular refer to a restricted geographical area that is covered by so-called cell towers.
7.1 Cell Tower and Cell
Before having a closer look at base transceiver stations (coll. cell towers or phone masts) and cells it is important to mention why hexagons are used to represent a cell on a map and not circles. According to Farley and van der Hoek, the reason for using a hexagon to represent a cell is the following: even though every cellular system does not cover every spot of a certain area a way had to be found to depict an area that is covered totally, at least in theory. The best way to do so is to use hexagons. Using circles would leave large gaps on the maps. These gaps, however, are actually covered. The little picture below, taken from Farley and van der Hoek, clearly contrasts the two ways of representing a covered area on a map.
Figure 3 (cf. http://www.privatline.com/mt_cellbasics/)
Farley and van der Hoek furthermore argue that usually a cell is divided into sectors. This allows them to transmit more calls and thus be more efficient. They also mention another important fact: an antenna always transmits inward to a cell. This means that the antenna/the cell tower is never in the middle of a cell but always at the edge of a number of cells. As already mentioned before the antenna/the cell tower does not cover the whole area of all the cells it borders but just parts of them. Figure 4 shows this idea. In the case of Figure 4, of each cell the third that borders the antenna/the cell tower is covered by that antenna/cell tower. A cell tower for cells with three sectors would then look like the one in Picture 1. For each
- 16 - sector or ‘face’ there are usually two antennas responsible for receiving, one for the voice transmit channel and one for the set up or control channel.
Figure 4 Picture 1 (cf. http://www.privatline.com/mt_cellbasics/) (cf. http://www.privatline.com/mt_cellbasics/)
8 Mobile Phones and the Health Issue
Ever since mobile phones came up people were asking the question whether they are harmful to their health or not. There are many contradictory studies and while some believe that mobiles can do no harm to our health others are convinced that they are highly dangerous when continually used over a long time. Both groups have arguments supporting their viewpoint.
8.1 Mobile Phone Safety – Pros
Tumours and cancer are very often associated with the use of mobile phones. Rumours float and of course people are worried. From a scientific point of view, however, there is no evidence that continual usage of mobiles is responsible for such illnesses. The same is also true for headaches, fatigue and loss of concentration. There simply is no evidence that these problems are a result of mobile phone use. Every mobile phone emits so-called magnetic fields. These magnetic fields are also often believed to be harmful to the human body. However, it is very unlikely that they actually are harmful as they are extremely small (cf. http://www.tech-faq.com/how-are-mobile-phones-dangerous-to-our-health.shtml accessed on 23rd January 2009) - 17 - 8.2 Mobile Phone Safety – Cons
As already mentioned above, a direct relationship between the regular use of mobiles and the occurrence of tumours and cancer has not yet been proven. However, according to some scientists, it could be possible that the risk of getting brain tumours and brain cancer more than doubles when mobile phones are regularly used. It is also true that the magnetic fields of mobiles are extremely small but generally speaking magnetic fields do affect living cells as studies have shown. Additionally, there are people who claim that they suffered from headaches, loss of concentration and fatigue after having had long phone calls. (cf. http://www.tech-faq.com/how-are-mobile-phones-dangerous-to-our-health.shtml accessed on 23rd January 2009)
9 Facts and Figures
In the following lines I am going to give some background information on the five major mobile network operators in Austria. The information on these companies was taken from the official website of the respective companies. While Orange and A1 provide a lot of information for the public Telering, T-Mobile and 3 are rather reticent.
A1
In 1993 the so-called ‘E-Netz’ started operating. In 1996 mobilkom austria became an independent joint –stock company and as a consequence was no longer part of the PTA (Post und Telekom Austria). One year later B.FREE, Austria’s first card phone was launched. In 1999, Vipnet, a subsidiary company of mobilkom austria, started operating in Croatia. Since 2000, Boris Nemsic is the company’s CEO.
The company is currently operating in eight European countries. In these eight countries mobilkom austria has about 18 million customers. The company is the market leader in Austria with over 4.5 million customers. No other single company has as many customers in Austria. The company is very much aware of the economic potential of the Eastern European and South-Eastern European markets and therefore tries to set foot in these markets.
- 18 - Social commitment and sponsoring in the educational and environmental sector are very important for mobilkom austria. The company sees its market leadership as a responsibility. Besides the social aspect of sponsoring which is mainly concerned with the poor and needy, mobilkom austria wants to help to improve the future of the society as a whole. Among others, mobilkom austria sponsors ‘Ärzte ohne Grenzen’, the ‘Österreichische Krebshilfe’ as well as the ‘Life Ball’.
T-Mobile
The mobile network operator max.mobil was founded in the mid-90ies of the 20th century and soon became a successful company. In their second year they already had over 200,000 customers and a total revenue of ATS 1.1 billion.
In 2002 max.mobil was bought by the T-Mobile International AG & Co KG Group and therefore max.mobil was renamed to T-Mobile Austria GmbH. A lot of effort was put into the renaming and rebranding campaign and only one month after this change 60 % of the Austrian population already knew T-Mobile Austria. Another four months later even 93 % of the people knew T-Mobile.
In July 2002 T-Mobile launched its MMS services and thus enabled their customers to send and receive picture messages and messages including sound in addition to normal text messages. T-Mobile was also the first mobile network operator to offer mobile internet access using wireless LAN.
Hutchinson 3G Austria GmbH
Hutchinson 3G Austria GmbH or simply 3 is to 100% a subsidiary company of HWL (Hutchinson Whampoa Limited) and has its headquarters in Vienna and offices in Graz and Salzburg. The company got its licence in 2000 and has invested 1.2 billion Euros since. In the years 2004 and 2005, 3 was among the three largest foreign investors in Austria. In 2008, 3 had about 460 employees and almost 600,000 customers. The network coverage is 98.5% of the Austrian population.
- 19 - Orange
Orange was originally founded in the United Kingdom in 1994. The company was very successful and in 2000 France Telekom bought Orange. Nowadays Orange operates in many different countries world-wide and offers services in mobile telecommunications, TV services as well as internet services.
Orange employs about 850 people in Austria and 180,000 people world-wide. There are around 90 Orange Shops in Austria and over two million people have used services offered by the Orange Austria Group. Orange has invested more than two billion Euros by December 2007 and Orange’s mobile phone network covers almost 99 % of the Austrian population. By the end of June 2008 Orange had 305 roaming partners in 135 different countries.
Orange positions itself as an international and open-minded company which opens borders and thus enables Austrians to establish new relationships and networks. As a member of the international Orange Family the Orange Austria Group takes advantage of its international know-how and innovations. This is why Orange believes that it is able to offer better and simpler products to reasonable prices to its customers.
The company has several values. Among other values there are the following: they keep everything simple and focus on the essential things, they say what they do and they do what they say, they take their time to listen and they consider themselves passionate, self-confident and future-oriented.
Social commitment is also very important for the company. Orange especially supports organisations that again support physically and psychologically ill children. The mobile phone costs of supported projects and organisations are paid for besides additional financial help. At the moment Orange supports the ‘Make A Wish-Foundation’, the ‘Rote Nasen Clowndoctors’, ‘die Möwe’ and the ‘Wiener Krebshilfe’.
Telering
Unfortunately there is not much information available about Telering. The company presents itself on the market as an independent mobile network operator. Fact is, however,
- 20 - that it is part of the T-Mobile Austria GmbH. Telering has brought many innovations to mobile telecommunication in Austria such as free calls within the same network. As we will see later in this paper Telering has a special status when it comes to phone tariffs and contract names. Currently, the company has more than one million customers.
10 Linguistic Analysis
10.1 Semantics
Akmajian et al. (1995: 213) state that basically there are two main conceptions of the term semantics. In the field of logic it is usually understood as “the study of linguistic reference or denotation and truth conditions in languages.” According to Homberger (2000: 98 – 99), denotation means the basic meaning of a linguistic sign that is totally independent from any subjective feelings. Let us take the word mobile phone as an example. Every single person has a different attitude towards mobile phones. While some think it is a very useful device, others consider them annoying. Many people also associated a mobile phone with business people, especially in the early 90ies of the 20th century. At that time, mobile phones definitely were some kind of status symbol as they were quite expensive. This has changed dramatically in the past few years as nowadays everyone owns a mobile. All this is part of the meaning of the term mobile phone, of course. However, the denotation of mobile phone, freed from any subjective feelings is something like this: A small device that was invented in the late 20th century and which makes mobile communication possible.
This means that the denotation of a word is basically what the dictionary tells us about this word. By mentioning truth conditions Akmajian et al. want to point out that in the field of logic semantics is also concerned with the question whether a sentence, for example, is logically true or not. Let us have a look at the following sentence: ‘The mobile phone ate an apple.’ This sentence is actually a proper English sentence in terms of grammatical rules. Semantically, however, it is obviously wrong. It simply is not possible that a mobile phone eats an apple. At least not in the world we live in. So denotation and truth conditions in languages are one way to understand semantics.
- 21 - In the field of linguistics, however, semantics is usually defined as the study of meaning in a wider sense. Semantics, in a more linguistic sense, not only refers to the above mentioned denotations and truth conditions but also to a meaning on a different level. Akmajian et al. (1995: 215) call this additional level the “speaker meaning”. The speaker meaning describes what the speaker actually means with his/her utterance. If there are two people sitting in a room with an open window and one of them says It’s very cold in here, isn’t it?, this utterance can not only be interpreted as a mere statement on the climatic conditions in this room but also as an indirect request towards the other person to close the window. It is important to mention, however, that the study of how a certain context can affect the meaning of an utterance is already part of a field called pragmatics.
In a way the second definition of the term semantics is more or less the same as the first but with a broader understanding of meaning. Only by distancing oneself from a purely denotative interpretation of utterances is it possible to understand irony, sarcasm and metaphors. Many English speakers often add the word literally to an utterance they are serious about but which might be interpreted as irony or sarcasm. Even though the following sentence does neither contain irony nor sarcasm it clearly shows that one utterance can have two (or more) different meanings. ‘I just arrived in England’ could mean that the person uttering this sentence recently, meaning yesterday or last week came to England. However, it could also mean that this person really just got off the airplane and is calling a friend saying that he/she arrived in England in this very moment. If the above mentioned literally is added only the second interpretation is possible.
10.1.1 The Prototype Theory
According to Yule (1996: 120), speakers of a language tend to think in so-called prototypes. A prototype is always the “best exemplar” of a certain category of words. But what do we mean by the “best exemplar”? The meaning of a word can be analysed by looking at its semantic features. A semantic feature of a word is a property this word has. A mobile phone for example is [+ electronic device], [+ means of communication], [+ has a keypad], [+ has a display], [+ wireless], [- heavy] and [- big]. The length of such a list of semantic properties depends on the word obviously.
- 22 - A “best exemplar” or prototype then is something that represents all semantic features of the respective category. The famous example of a robin being ‘more’ a bird than a penguin, clearly shows the main idea of the prototype theory. Both share many semantic features such as [+ has wings], [+ has a beak] or [– walks on four feet]. However, the penguin is less of a bird than a robin because a penguin does not have the semantic feature [+ can fly]. A robin can fly, of course, and thus is closer to the ‘ideal bird’ (cf. Yule 1996: 120).
10.1.2 Lexical Relations
According to Yule (1996: 118), the meaning of words is often given by showing their relationships with other words. There are many different kinds of relationships that words can have with each other. The definitions and explanations of the following lexical relations are taken from Fromkin and Rodman (1998: 163 – 168).
10.1.2.1 Homophones/Homonyms
Homophones are words that are pronounced the same way but have a different meaning. The spelling of such words is sometimes quite different. The two homophones flower and flour, for example, are spelled differently but have the very same pronunciation. Other homophones like bank (the riverside) and bank (the financial institution) not only have the same pronunciation but also the same spelling. However, both words are still two different words with different meanings. The same is true for bat (a nocturnal animal) and bat (a tool with which one can hit baseballs). The sameness of pronunciation of homophones often leads to ambiguity and often is a source for jokes. Fromkin and Rodman give two examples to show how easily homophones can be misunderstood. The first example they took from Lewis Carroll’s ‘Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland’.
- 23 - Example I “How is bread made?” “I know that!” Alice cried eagerly. “You take some flour – “ “Where do you pick the flower?” the White Queen asked. “In a garden, or in hedges?” “Well, it isn’t picked at all,” Alice explained; “it’s ground – “ “How many acres of ground?” said the White Queen.
Example II “I’ll meet you by the bank.”
Both examples clearly show how homophony leads to ambiguity. In the first example, the White Queen misinterprets the meanings of the homophones flour, flower, ground (the past tense of grind) and ground (meaning earth) and thus she is not able to follow Alice’s explanation of how to make bread. The second example can either refer to an appointment by the riverside or by a place where one can get money. In dictionaries, homophones are usually treated as separate words and therefore have separate entries.
10.1.2.2 Homographs
While homophones always share the same pronunciation, homographs always have the same spelling. Homographs may have the same pronunciation as well. In such a case, homographs are homophones at the same time. The earlier mentioned word bat, which can either refer to an animal or to a sports tool, is a good example for two words that are homographs AND homophones. Homographs which have a different pronunciation are usually referred to as heteronyms. Fromkin and Rodman mention dove (the bird) and dove (the past tense of dive) as well as lead (the metal) and lead (the verb) as examples for heteronyms.
10.1.2.3 Polysemy
Linguists are talking about polysemy whenever one word has two or more different meanings that are somehow related. The verb bear is given as an example for polysemy. It
- 24 - can mean ‘to tolerate’, ‘to carry’ or ‘to support’, for example. Another example is the word head. Head can have different meanings. It can be used to refer to the head of a human being or animal, the head-of-state as well as to the head-office of a company. The meanings of these words are quite different. However, the basic concept is always the same: the first is on top of the human body, the second is also ‘on top’ in a way as he/she is the most important/the highest in the hierarchy of a country and the head-office is the most important office and thus superior.
10.1.2.4 Synonyms
As we have seen earlier, there are words which are homographs and homophones at the same time. This means that they are the same in terms of orthography as well as pronunciation but have a different meaning. With synonyms it is more or less the other way around. Synonyms are words that are totally different when it comes to pronunciation and spelling but still have more or less the same meaning. Among others Fromkin and Rodman give the following examples: passive/indifferent, pedigree/lineage, annoy/tease and couch/sofa. Real synonyms are two or more words that have exactly the same meaning. This is quite an important point if one considers that there actually are no words that mean exactly the same. Even though the conceptual meaning of two words might be the same their stylistic meaning may vary, for example. It therefore makes sense to argue that real synonyms do actually not exist.
Fromkin and Rodman also point out that polysemy can be seen as some kind of partial synonymy. Two words may mean the same thing more or less but are used in different contexts. As examples they give the words deep and profound. Both basically mean the same thing and both may be used in combination with thought. When talking about the depth of water, however, only the word deep can be applied.
10.1.2.5 Antonyms
Words that do not have the same meaning but the opposite meaning are so-called antonyms. We differentiate between complementary pairs of antonyms and gradable pairs of
- 25 - antonyms. Complementary pairs are words like present/absent or alive/dead. In such a case, one word of a complementary pair implies that something is not the other word. The sentence ‘The teacher is present’ implies that he/she is not absent. The same is true for alive/dead. ‘My cat is dead’ implies that the poor thing is no longer alive. Gradable pairs of antonyms are quite different in this respect. The opposite of cold is hot, of course, but if something is not hot it is not necessarily cold. It could also be lukewarm, for example.
10.1.2.6 Retronyms
Fromkin and Rodman note that retronym is the linguistic term for an expression that, at some point in history, was redundant. The term retronym only applies to a combination of words and not to an individual word. When looking at the words whole milk, silent movie, day baseball and surface mail, one can clearly see their redundancy at an earlier point in history. The idea of skimmed milk for nutrition-conscious people did not exist a few decades ago and at the time when the pictures began to move it was not yet necessary to differentiate between a movie with volume and a silent movie. Baseball was also only played when there was enough daylight as floodlight did not exist and electronic mail is a rather recent invention too. The word home number (colloquial for landline) is a retronym from the field of mobile telecommunications. When there were no mobile phones in the past, it did not make sense to differentiate between mobile phone numbers and landlines.
10.2 Word-formation Processes
Yule (1996: 63 – 64) argues that generally speaking it is very easy to cope with new words in English. This means that people do not have problems understanding and accepting them as they enter their language. Yule furthermore notes that the reason for this phenomenon is partly the high degree of regularity in word-formation processes. But how do new words come into existence?
The most important word-formation processes will be explained in the following lines. After explaining the individual word-formation processes, examples from the field of mobile telecommunications will be given when possible.
- 26 - 10.2.1 Compounding
Compounding means that two whole words are combined to form a new word. Yule (1996: 65) states that this word-formation process occurs quite frequently in languages such as English and German. In languages like Spanish and French compounding is less common.
According to Bauer (1983: 202 -207), there are several possible combinations when it comes to compound nouns. Bauer notes that the combinations noun + noun is “the largest subgrouping of compounds.” The next combinations Bauer mentions are verb + noun (e.g. pickpocket), noun + verb (e.g. sunshine), verb + verb (e.g. make-believe), adjective + noun (e.g. deep structure), particle + noun (e.g. in-crowd), adverb + noun (e.g. now generation), verb + particle (e.g. drop-out) and phrase compounds (e.g. son-in-law).
Erickson and Gymnich (1998: 46) point out that the word order in English compounds is very important. There is a difference in meaning between fire wood and wood fire, for example.
Compounding is quite important when it comes to the language of mobile telecommunications. Words like flash message, phone software, video clip and headset are frequently used compounds.
10.2.2 Derivation
According to Yule (1996: 69), derivation is the word-formation process through which most new English words are produced. Derivation means that a new word is produced by adding affixes to already existing words. An affix is a word-formation morpheme and there are three types of affixes: prefixes, suffixes and infixes. The first two are very common in English. Yule mentions a few examples for prefixes and suffixes in English: un-, mis-, pre-, - full, -less, -ish, -ism, and –ness. Infixes are not that common in English but can be found in other languages.
- 27 - 10.2.3 Conversion
Homberger (2000: 286) defines the word-formation process of conversion as a change of the word-class of a word without changing it formally. Nothing is added to the word and there is also no reduction. It is simply a change of the function of the word. This process is especially productive in creating new nouns and verbs. In the field of mobile telecommunications we find the words bookmark/to bookmark and text/to text, for example. Conversion can also be seen as a subtype of derivation (zero-derivation) (cf. Bauer 1983: 32).
10.2.4 Back-formation/Back-derivation
In English the –er in words such as peddlers and swindlers is often believed to be an ‘agentive’ suffix. This is how the words peddle and swindle came into existence. When a word is changed (usually reduced) in order to create another word that belongs to a different word-class linguists talk about a process called back-formation or back-derivation. Other examples are donate and babysit which derived from donation and babysitter, respectively. Yule mentions that there is a special kind of backformation that occurs mainly in the varieties of English spoken in Great Britain and Australia: so-called hypocorisms. In such a case a long word is reduced to only one syllable and then –y or –ie is added to the end of that syllable. This special kind of backformation created words such as Barbie (barbecue), telly (television), brekkie (breakfast) and hankie (handkerchief) (cf. Yule 1996: 67).
10.2.5 Clipping
Fromkin and Rodman (1998: 88) note that new words that come into existence by clipping are basically abbreviations. When linguists refer to the word-formation process of clipping they mean that a short form of an already existing (and usually) long word is being created. Clipping can be found in almost all fields and created words such as bus (from omnibus), gym (from gymnasium) and ad (from advertisement). The German word for a mobile’s battery Akku (from the German word Akkumulator) and the English word phone (from telephone) are examples of clipping in the language of mobile telecommunications.
- 28 - 10.2.6 Blending
Whenever a new word is formed by taking a part of one word and joining it to a part of another word, linguists talk about blending. This kind of word-formation process, which can be seen as a subtype of compounding, occurs quite often nowadays. Examples of blending are the words ballute (balloon + parachute), chunnel (channel + tunnel) and dawk (dove and hawk) (cf. Bauer 1983: 234).
Although, blending is quite frequent in advertising in general, only few examples could be found in my material on telecommunications. GÜNTA (GÜNstiger TArif – a phone contract name in Austria) is an example of blending from the field of mobile telecommunications
10.2.7 Acronyms vs. Abbreviations
Another way of creating new words is the formation of so-called acronyms. Acronyms are words that consist of the initial letters of a number of other words. There are two ways of pronouncing these new words. Some acronyms are not really pronounced as words. Each individual letter is fully pronounced and therefore it sounds like spelling out a word. Yule mentions the words CD (compact disc) and VCR (video cassette recorder) as examples of such a pronunciation. This, however, is only true for a minority of acronyms. The majority are pronounced as single words (e.g. NASA, NATO or UNESCO) even though they are still written in capital letters. Other acronyms like scuba, ATM, laser or PIN have become everyday terms and many people seem to have forgotten where these acronyms actually come from. Yule notes that quite often, single elements of acronyms are repeated like in PIN number and ATM machine (cf. Yule 1996: 68 – 69). Bauer (1983: 237) notes that acronyms can be seen as a subtype of abbreviation.
SMS (short message service), PTT (push to talk), GSM (Global System for Mobile communications [originally: Groupe Spéciale Mobile]) and SIM card (Subscriber Identity Module card) are a few more examples of acronyms in the language of mobile telecommunications.
- 29 - 10.2.8 Eponyms and Coinage
Fromkin and Rodman (1998: 88) define eponyms as “words that derive from proper names of individuals and places.” The words sandwich and jumbo are perfect examples of eponyms. The first word was named after the fourth Earl of Sandwich and the second after an elephant that was brought to the United States.
Coinage is basically the same process. Yule (1996: 64) notes that we are talking about coinage when totally new words are invented. He furthermore points out that usually the source of such a newly invented word is the trade name of a product. This trade name then is generally used to refer to “any version of that product”. As recent examples of coinage Yule mentions the words teflon, xerox and kleenex.
The language of mobile telecommunications does not have many words created through coinage. In the course of my research I did not come across any. The same is true for eponyms. There is, however, one exception: in German-speaking Switzerland the word for mobile is not only Handy as in most parts of the German speaking world but also Natel. Natel is a registered trade mark of Swisscom, a Swiss telephone service provider. According to the online encyclopedia Wikipedia, both words Handy as well as Natel are used side by side in Switzerland (cf. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natel accessed on 13th January, 2009).
10.2.9 Borrowing
According to Yule (1996: 65), this type of word-formation is responsible for a large amount of new words in the English language. Borrowing – as the name already suggests – means that a word from a different language is taken over. Homberger (2000: 152 and 303) mentions that it is important to differentiate between loan-words and foreign words. A loan- word is a word that was taken over from another language. The form (e.g. orthography or inflection) and the pronunciation of this word have been adapted to the language it has been taken over. This means that loan-words are generally not seen as being from/belonging to another language. Homberger mentions the German words Fenster and Mauer as examples. These two words originate in the Latin words fenestra and murus. A foreign word, on the other hand, is a word that was also taken over from another language but has not been
- 30 - changed in its form and pronunciation. It is different to the patterns of the native language and is therefore seen as foreign/not belonging to the language. The delimitation of these to linguistic terms is often quite difficult as it can be subject to the subjective judgement of the speaker/writer and listener/reader, respectively.
Besides loan-words and foreign words there are two more ways of borrowing: loan- translations and pseudo-loan-words. According to Yule (1996: 65), a loan-translation or a so- called calque is a word which was directly translated into the borrowing language. Loan- translations are very common in many languages.
Pseudo-loan-words or Pseudo-foreign words are often believed to be either loan-words or foreign words but they are actually none of both. Either they have a totally different meaning in their language of origin or they simply do not exist. The first is the case with many English words that have entered the German language. Leech (1974: 17) argues that every word is more or less unique in its meaning and therefore true synonyms to not really exist. Two words can never have the exactly same conceptual and stylistic meaning. From this perspective it makes sense to argue that, for example, every Anglicism in German is a pseudo- Anglicism. Even though the Anglicism might be used and understood by German native speakers the same way as English native speakers would, the word will probably still have one ore more additional meanings or evoke different connotations for English speakers. This, of course, is true the other way around as well.
Examples of loan-words/foreign words das Cover, das Display, der Organizer etc. loan-translations das Handbuch, der Wolkenkratzer etc. pseudo-loan-words/pseudo-foreign words das Handy, der Oldtimer, der Smoking etc.
- 31 - 11 Anglicisms in Promotion Material
As part of my research for this thesis I also had a closer look at the advertising language used by four major mobile network operators in Austria. On the following pages I will provide a collection of sentences, phrases and expressions including Anglicisms and pseudo-Anglicisms, respectively. They were taken from promotion material from A1, T- Mobile, 3 and Orange. Telering does not really use many Anglicisms in its advertising language and will therefore not be mentioned in this part. I also had a look at the websites of these companies so some expressions my also be from the internet. I considered it important to provide the whole sentences and not only the individual English expressions. This way it is easier for the reader to understand in which context these words/expressions are used by the respective mobile network operator.
As can be seen on the following pages the advertising language of Austria’s major mobile network operators is full of English expressions. While some are real loan-words that were simply taken over from English others are real neologisms. Interestingly, a large number of these newly-created words are so-called hybrid-compounds that were made up by joining the original English word to another German word. This is how words like Weiter-Button, Zonenroaming and Web-Angebot came into existence. Some English verbs were taken over and Germanised. The stem is in the majority of cases is the same but German endings have been added. The words lossurfen, downloaden and upgraden were created this way, for example.
Some sentences are even similarly structured as Spanglish and/or Franglais. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, Spanglish is
“A type of Spanish contaminated by English words and forms of expression, spoken in Latin America.” (s.v.)
Similarly, Franglais is described as
“A corrupt version of the French language produced by the indiscriminate introduction of words and phrases of English and American origin.” (s.v.)
Looking at the advertising language in the field of mobile telecommunications in Austria one sometimes gets the impression that there is a similar development at least with - 32 - parts of the German language. The by far most striking sentence I came across in the course of my work on this topic was the following:
“Mit dem umfangreichen Content-Paket, der 5-Megapixel-Cyber-shot-Kamera mit BestPicTM, dem Multimedia-Player und dem schicken Äußeren ist es das wohl coolste Gadget des smarten Geheimagenten.“
Not less than six English expressions can be found in the sentence above. English expressions are almost exclusively used for content words.
11.1 A1
The following examples are used by A1 (status quo December 2008):
“Kommen Sie anschließend in Ihren A1 SHOP oder zu Ihrem A1 Händler.”
“Sofort beim Handykauf mit A1 Erstanmeldung, MY NEXT oder mittels Gutschein.”
“Egal, wo Sie sich befinden – mit der A1 ONLINE RECHNUNG sind Sie jederzeit papierlos über Ihren aktuellen Rechnungsbetrag informiert.“
“Sobald eine neue Rechnung für Sie online ist, erhalten Sie ein SMS oder E-Mail – denn die Flexibilität unserer Kunden liegt uns besonders am Herzen.“
“Diese Daten können Sie nach unterschiedlichen Kriterien sortieren und im Online Archiv bis zu 6 Monate zurückverfolgen.”
“Folder und Formulare über die Produkte, Tarife & Services von A1 hier einfach downloaden.“
“Nach einem Klick auf den Weiter-Button können Sie Ihren persönlichen Benutzernamen und ein dazugehöriges Passwort auswählen.”
- 33 - “Schauen Sie einfach in unser Online Service Center und laden Sie sich die neueste Software direkt runter.“
“Sie erfahren außerdem, wie viele MOBILPOINTS Sie mit Ihrer aktuellen Rechnung sammeln.“
“Mit dem Abomanager können Sie online Überblick über Ihre aktuellen Abos behalten, sowie neue Abos anmelden oder abbestellen.“
“Denn wir bringen die besten Chatprogramme aufs Handy:”
“Damit erreichen Sie nicht nur Österreichs größte Mobilfunk Community, sondern auch die beliebtesten Internet Plattformen Skype©, Windows Live© und ICQ©.“
“Und mit der Funktion Reisebericht können Sie die Fahrt im Herold Wisepilot per Knopfdruck aufzeichnen und später in Ihrem persönlichen Webportal bearbeiten und exportieren.”
“Gratis Software-Download: SMS mit NAVI an 4444 senden.”
“Shop nonstop mit € 40,- ONLINE BONUS.”
11.2 T-Mobile
The following examples are used by T-Mobile (status quo December 2008):
“Für abgehende Gespräche zu Nicht-WorldClass Partnerländern und in Nicht-WorldClass Partnernetzen wird Zonenroaming verrechnet.“
“Pro Teilnehmer kann innerhalb von 24 Stunden nur ein WorldClass Data DayPass angemeldet werden.”
“TEAMPLAY ist der erste Tarif für Ihr ganzes Unternehmen.”
- 34 - “Das intelligente Pool-System von T-Mobile.”
“Natürlich hilft Ihnen Ihr persönlicher T-Mobile Businessberater gerne dabei, die ideale Lösung für Ihr Unternehmen zu finden.“
“Volle Kontrolle – surfen ohne Bindung!”
“Handy-Preis gilt bei Anmeldung zu FAIRPLAY inkl. web’n’walk und versteht sich in € inkl. Ust.“
“E-Mail unlimited am Handy.”
“Mit Replace nehmen Sie Ihre altbekannte Festnetznummer zu T-Mobile mit.”
“Nähere Informationen erhalten Sie bei der T-Mobile Business Serviceline 0676/20 333 oder im Internet unter www.t-mobile.at.”
11.3 Hutchinson 3G Austria GmbH (3)
The following examples are used by 3 (status quo December 2008):
“Die 3Data Hardware – für bequemes mobiles Arbeiten.”
“Kein anderes mobiles Web-Angebot bietet so viel WWW für so wenig Geld.”
“WLAN und Ethernet Gateway in einem Gerät“
“Bis zu 32 User gleichzeitig drahtlos im Internet”
“Hören Sie Musik per Stream oder laden Sie Videoclips oder Ihr Lieblings-Game direkt aufs Handy – alles ist möglich.”
- 35 - “Planet 3 – kostenloses Feature.”
“Telefonieren, fernsehen, surfen und vieles mehr: lässig3 ShowTime ist dein individueller all-in-one-Tarif inklusive Unterhaltungsprogramm.“
“3Data Business Fair 15 GB – für Vielsurfer.”
“Mit 3LikeHome können Sie in den 3Netzen in Italien, Großbritannien, Irland, Schweden, Dänemark, Australien oder Hongkong teures Roaming einfach vergessen!”
11.4 Orange
The following examples are used by Orange (status quo December 2008):
“Entertainment am Handy”
“Die Ladezone powered by sms.at hat alles, was ein modernes Handy braucht – die neuesten Games, die heißesten Klingeltöne & Sounds, die besten Fun-Downloads und vieles mehr.“
“Sie sind Orange Businesskunde?”
“Login mit Rufnummer oder Benutzernamen.”
“Und 3 Pakete zum Upgraden.”
“Webshop Bonus bei Online Anmeldung”
“Ganz ohne Kabel, einfach in den USB-Slot Ihres PC’s oder Laptops hineinstecken und schon können sie lossurfen!“
- 36 - 12 Phone Tariffs and Contracts in Austria
On the preceding pages I illustrated the extensive use of English expressions in promotion material. In this part of my paper I am going to have a brief look at phone tariffs and contracts in Austria. Contract names and phone tariffs change on a regular basis. The contract names and phone tariffs I am going to analyse in the following lines were offered by Austria's five major mobile network operators in the fourth quarter of the year 2008. I will analyse those contracts and phone tariffs that were offered to private users.
A1 offered the following contracts and phone tariffs:
A1 EASY A1 START ZERO A1 NETWORK START ZERO A1 XCITE EASY A1 CLASSIC ZERO A1 NETWORK CLASSIC ZERO A1 NETWORK EASY A1 SPECIAL ZERO A1 NETWORK SPECIAL ZERO B.FREE 5 A1 ABSOLUT ZERO A1 NETWORK ABSOLUT ZERO B.FREE 20 A1 XCITE ZERO
It is very interesting that none of the above terms are in German. They are exclusively in English and apparently A1 wants to exploit the prestige of English with these terms. The two phone tariffs called B.FREE 5 and B.FREE 20, for example, are both phone tariffs for card phones. B.FREE obviously refers to the fact that one does not need to subscribe a contract and one also does not have to pay a standing charge. Users of such pay-as-you-go phones or prepaid phones as they are often called in colloquial English are really 'free' in many ways.
The EASY in the A1 EASY contracts apparently refers to the fact that subscribers to such a contract are charged the same amount per minute no matter which network they are calling. What A1 maybe means is that the A1 EASY contracts are very easy to understand and also easy to use. One does not really have to think about the costs as they are mostly the same for each network.
The A1 ZERO contracts similarly have telling names in a way. The ZERO in the contract names refers to the amount one has to pay per minute when calling another network, i.e. nothing. With A1 START ZERO one can call for free within the same network. With A1 CLASSIC ZERO one can call for free within the same network and to home numbers. A1
- 37 - SPECIAL ZERO enables the subscriber to make free calls within the same network, to home numbers as well as to a network of their choice. As the name already suggests, A1 ABSOLUT ZERO is the contract to choose if one wants to make free calls to any network. There are four more contracts which actually have the same name. The only difference is that the word NETWORK has been added. This NETWORK indicates that there have to be at least two people jointly signing up to get these cheaper contracts.
T-MOBILE offered the following contracts:
FAIRPLAY Mini FAIRPLAY Plus FAIRPLAY Smart FAIRPLAY 4U FAIRPLAY
Again, all contract names are English. FAIRPLAY is the main name of all contracts and each individual contract is defined a bit more by adding another word to FAIRPLAY. The number of networks one can call for free increases from FAIRPLAY Mini to FAIRPLAY Plus and so does the standing charge. FAIRPLAY 4U is the only contract that is different to the others. As is the case with A1, the names of T-MOBILE's contracts reflect their conditions. Choosing this name for their contracts, T-Mobile apparently wants to imply that all the other mobile network operators are not fair to their customers.
The operator 3 offered the following contracts:
ShowTime S ShowTime M ShowTime XL
3 is the mobile network operator which offers only three contracts to choose from. It has to be mentioned, however, that 3 offers many additional internet and multimedia services. ShowTime S is the cheapest in terms of the standing charge and ShowTime XL is the most expensive. However, the more standing charge has to be paid, the more 'free minutes' are included. In the case of 3 the S, M and XL may refer to both, the standing charge as well as the 'free minutes'.
- 38 - Orange offered the following contracts:
Hallo Europa 0 1 zu 0 Hallo Europa 5 9 zu 0 Hallo Europa Young One Second
Unlike A1, T-MOBILE and 3, Orange does have German elements in its product names. Four out of six contracts to choose from are purely in German. Only Hallo Europa Young is a mixture between German and English and One Second is the only contract name without any German elements.
Again, the Hallo Europa contracts have a telling name. Since the former mobile network operator One became Orange there has been a very strong focus on the 'internationality' of the company. Apparently Orange tries to attract customers who often make phone calls to different countries in Europe. Phone calls from Orange to Orange are free of charge not only in one's own country but also throughout the whole European Union.
Telering offered the following contracts and phone tariffs:
KLEINER BASTA GÜNTA BASTA MÜCKE GROSSER BASTA
The most striking thing when looking at Telering's product names is that they are all German. MÜCKE is the name of the only phone tariff for card phones offered by Telering. All the others are contracts. ‘GÜNTA’ actually means 'GÜNstiger TArif' and apparently alludes to the name Günther. The BASTA contracts (BASTA being a character some of Telering’s TV commercials) are again similarly structured as the contracts of the other companies with an increasing standing charge and an increasing number of benefits at the same time.
Telering is the only company that uses exclusively German for its products. I tried to find out if this is part of their company concept but was unfortunately not successful. I was not able to get in contact with someone responsible.
- 39 - 13 The Use of Foreign Words in Austrian Legal Texts
As we have seen earlier, words from other languages have entered the German language ever since. This is a fact that is not only true for German, of course. Every language that gets in touch with another language necessarily takes over a few words from that language. English is probably one of the best examples of a language which borrows freely from other languages. Besides the numerous words that the English language took over from Latin, French and Scandinavian there are more recent borrowings from languages spoken in countries that were colonised and ruled by the former British Empire.
The issue of foreign words entering a language can be quite an emotional one. There are people who do not really care whether a word from another language enters their language and then there are people who do care. The same is true for whole countries. The United Kingdom and Iceland are two good examples to show both positions. In the course of my research I did not come across any laws or regulations in the United Kingdom to prevent foreign words from entering the (British) English language. Like in most of its history the English language borrows freely from other languages whenever the situation requires it.
Iceland seems to be more or less the exact opposite of the United Kingdom. Even though Icelandic also borrowed vocabulary not only from Danish and Celtic but also from Latin and some Romance languages, language purists started to look for Icelandic equivalents for words from these languages in order to keep their language pure. This purist movement, which started developing around 1800, still has an enormous influence on the language policy of Iceland. Nowadays only Icelandic elements are used to create technical terms, for example (cf. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/281338/Icelandic-language accessed on 21st January, 2009).
Even if there are efforts in a country to keep the language linguistically pure this does not automatically mean that these efforts lead to the desired goal. Of course, a country can prescribe what the people are allowed to use in an official context but it is very hard to regulate the way people speak in their everyday lives. France is another example of a country which officially tries to prevent foreign words from entering the language. The so-called ‘Loi Toubon’ is a law that was enacted in 1994 to mandate the use of the French language in many
- 40 - fields. Official documents issued by the French government, the field of advertisement and commercial contracts are just a few to name.
As part of my research I investigated the situation of foreign words in legal texts in Austria. I tried to find out whether there are any laws similar to the ‘Toubon Law’ in Austria. I had the chance to talk with representatives of the Ministry of Justice as well as of the Federal Chancellery of the Republic of Austria. I am especially obliged to the Federal Chancellery which was very helpful with my research work.
13.1 The Outcome
The outcome of my research is rather straightforward. As far as legal texts are concerned there are no laws which regulate the use of foreign words. However, there are guidelines (Richtlinien) (NOT laws) which are usually used when new laws are developed. The Federal Chancellery of the Republic of Austria published the Handbuch der Rechtssetzungstechnik in 1990. Under point 32 of the first part of this Handbuch der Rechtssetzungstechnik we find the following passage:
Fremdwörter, für die ein treffender deutscher Ausdruck zur Verfügung steht, sind nicht zu verwenden. Das Eindeutschen von Fremdwörtern ist zu vermeiden, wenn dadurch neue Kunstbegriffe entstehen oder schwierige Umschreibungen notwendig werden.
The passage above clearly shows that there are at least some efforts to avoid foreign words in Austrian legal texts. However, Austrian efforts can not be compared with the situation in France. As already mentioned in France the whole issue seems to be a very emotional one. I think it is important to mention again that these guidelines, though generally adhered to, are not obligatory laws. The full text of the part of the Handbuch der Rechtssetzungstechnik that is concerned with legal terminology in Austria is provided in the appendix of this paper.
- 41 - 14 Words for the mobile phone in selected European languages
According to its official website the Council of Europe1 counts 47 member states. Even though my thesis is on the language of mobile telecommunications in English and German I decided to find the equivalents for the term mobile phone in the languages of those member states of the Council of Europe which are actually geographically in Europe.
First, I took the official list of member states from the website of the Council of Europe. Using the CIA Factbook2, I then assigned the various languages to these countries. The text in the column ‘Languages’ was taken over unchanged from the CIA Factbook. The next step was to choose the languages that are relevant for a country. ‘Relevant Language(s)’ (3rd column) are the languages of a country that, together, are spoken by more than 80 % of the population of that country.
In order to avoid redundancy, the following rule applies to all languages: If a language, like Russian, is spoken by a considerable number of people in a country, e.g. Lithuania, Estonia, Ukraine etc, but is NOT the majority language in this country, the language is considered a ‘relevant language’ for the country where it is the main language ONLY. So Russian, though spoken in many other European countries too is only considered a ‘relevant language’ in the Russian Federation. The only exceptions to this rule are countries with no ‘own language’ such as Belgium, Cyprus etc.
Fortunately I was able to find out many translations by using the online encyclopaedia Wikipedia. However, this online encyclopaedia was not able to help me with all languages. In such cases I either had to talk with native speakers of the respective language or tried to find the required information in dictionaries.
1 www.coe.int/T/E/Com/About_Coe/Member_states/default.asp 2 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook)
- 42 - The Geographical Distribution of the Languages of Europe
(cf. http://www.mapsorama.com/tag/linguistic-map/page/2/)
(It has to be mentioned that the languages Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian are considered separate languages nowadays. In the map above, these three languages are wrongly summed up as Serbo-Croatian.)
- 43 - COUNTRY LANGUAGES (ACCORDING TO THE RELEVANT THE TERM(S) CIA FACTBOOK) LANGUAGE(S) FOR‘MOBILE PHONE’ IN THE RESPECTIVE LANGUAGE(S)
Albania Albanian (official - derived from Tosk Albanian telefoni celular dialect), Greek, Vlach, Romani, Slavic dialects. Andorra Catalan (official), Catalan telèfon mòbil French, Castilian, Portuguese. Austria German (official nationwide) 88.6%, German Handy Turkish 2.3%, Serbian 2.2%, Mobiltelefon Croatian (official in Burgenland) 1.6%, other (includes Slovene, official in Carinthia, and Hungarian, official in Burgenland) 5.3% (2001 census). Belgium Dutch (official) 60%, Dutch, mobiele telefoon French (official) 40%, French. (Dutch) German (official) less than 1%, legally bilingual (Dutch and French). téléphone mobile (French)
téléphone portable (French)
G1 (French)
1from GSM Bosnia and Bosnian, Bosnian mobilni telefon Herzegovina Croatian, Serbian. Bulgaria Bulgarian 84.5%, Bulgarian Ɇɨɛɢɥɟɧ Turkish 9.6%, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ Roma 4.1%, other and unspecified 1.8% (2001 census). Croatia Croatian 96.1%, Croatian mobilni telefon Serbian 1%, other and undesignated 2.9% (including Italian, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and German) (2001 census).
- 44 - Cyprus Greek, Greek, ȀȚȞȘIJȩ Turkish, Turkish. IJȘȜȑijȦȞȠ2 English. (Greek)
2 lit. movable telephone
cep telefonu 3 (Turkish)
3 lit. handy telephone Czech Czech 94.9%, Czech mobilní telefon Republic Slovak 2%, other 2.3%, unidentified 0.8% (2001 census). Denmark Danish, Danish mobiltelefon Faroese, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect), German (small minority), note: English is the predominant second language. Estonia Estonian (official) 67.3%, Estonian mobiiltelefon Russian 29.7%, other 2.3%, taskutelefon4 unknown 0.7% (2000 census). 4 lit. pocket telephone Finland Finnish 91.5% (official), Finnish matkapuhelin5 Swedish 5.5% (official), other 3% (small Sami- and Russian- 5lit. travel telephone speaking minorities) (2006). kännykkä6
6 lit. hand device
France French 100%, French téléphone mobile rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, téléphone Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, portable Flemish), overseas departments: French, Creole patois. Germany German German Handy
Mobiltelefon Greece Greek 99% (official), Greek ȀȚȞȘIJȩIJȘȜȑijȦȞȠ other 1% (includes English and French). Hungary Hungarian 93.6%, Hungarian mobiltelefon other or unspecified 6.4% (2001 census).
- 45 - Iceland Icelandic, Iclandic English, farsími7 Nordic languages, 7 lit. far telephone German widely spoken. Ireland English (official) is the language English mobile phone generally used, Irish (Gaelic or Gaeilge) (official) spoken mainly in areas located along the western seaboard. Italy Italian (official), Italian telefono cellulare German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German cellulare speaking), French (small French-speaking telefonino minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area). Latvia Latvian (official) 58.2%, Latvian mobilais telefons Russian 37.5%, Lithuanian and other 4.3% (2000 census). Liechtenstein German (official), German Natel Alemannic dialect. Handy Lithuania Lithuanian (official) 82%, Lithuanian mobilusis Russian 8%, telefonas Polish 5.6%, other and unspecified 4.4% (2001 census). Luxembourg Luxembourgish (national language), Luxembourgish Handy German (administrative language), French (administrative language). Malta Maltese (official) 90.2%, Maltese mowbajl English (official) 6%, multilingual 3%, (loan-word from other 0.8% (2005 census). English mobile) Moldova Moldovan (official, virtually the same Moldovan telefon mobil as the Romanian language), Russian, telefon celular Gagauz (a Turkish dialect). Monaco French (official), French téléphone mobile English, Italian, téléphone Monegasque. portable Montenegro Serbian 63.6%, Montenegrin, Ɇɨɛɢɥɧɢ Montenegrin (official) 22%, Serbian ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ Bosnian 5.5%, (Montenegrin Albanian 5.3%, and Serbian) unspecified 3.7% (2003 census). Netherlands Dutch (official), Dutch mobiele telefoon Frisian (official).
- 46 - Norway Norwegian 94.4% (includes Sami, Norwegian mobiltelefon about 60,000), other European 3.6%, other 2% (2007 estimate). Poland Polish 97.8%, Polish telefon other and unspecified 2.2% (2002 komórkowy8 census). 8 lit. cell telephone Portugal Portuguese (official), Portugese telemóvel Mirandese (official - but locally used). Romania Romanian 91% (official), Romanian telefon mobil Hungarian 6.7%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.1%, telefon celular other 1.2%. Russian Russian, Russian ɋɨɬɨɜɵɣ Federation many minority languages. ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ9
9 lit. cell telephone San Marino Italian. Italian telefono cellulare
cellulare
telefonino Serbia Serbian 88.3% (official), Serbian Ɇɨɛɢɥɧɢ Hungarian 3.8%, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ Bosniak 1.8%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.1%, other 4.1%, unknown 0.9% (2002 census). Note: Romanian, Hungarian, Slovak, Ukrainian, and Croatian all official in Vojvodina. Slovakia Slovak (official) 83.9%, Slovak Hungarian 10.7%, mobilný telefón Roma 1.8%, Ukrainian 1%, other or unspecified 2.6% (2001 census). Slovenia Slovenian 91.1%, Slovenian prenosni telefon10 Serbo-Croatian 4.5%, other or unspecified 4.4% (2002 census). 10 lit. transmitting telephone
- 47 - Spain Castilian Spanish (official) 74%, Castilian telefonía móvil Catalan 17%, Spanish, (Cast. Spanish) Galician 7%, Catalan. Basque 2%, telefonía celular are official regionally. (Cast. Spanish)
telèfon mòbil (Catalan)
telèfon cel·lular (Catalan) Sweden Swedish, Swedish small Sami- and Finnish-speaking mobiltelefoni minorities. Switzerland German (official) 63.7%, German, Natel (German French (official) 20.4%, French, and French) Italian (official) 6.5%, Italian. Serbo-Croatian 1.5%, Handy (German) Albanian 1.3%, Portuguese 1.2%, telefono cellulare Spanish 1.1%, (Italian) English 1%, Romansch (official) 0.5%, cellulare (Italian) other 2.8% (2000 census). Note: German, French, Italian, and telefonino Romansch are all national and official (Italian) languages. “The Former Macedonian 66.5%, Macedonian Ɇɨɛɢɥɟɧ Yugoslav Albanian 25.1%, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ Republic of Turkish 3.5%, Macedonia” Roma 1.9%, Serbian 1.2%, other 1.8% (2002 census). Turkey Turkish (official), Turkish, cep telefonu Kurdish, Kurdish. (Turkish) Dimli (or Zaza), Azeri, telefona gerok11 Kabardian. (Kurdish)
11 lit. handy telephone Ukraine Ukrainian (official) 67%, Ukrainian ɋɬɿɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɢɣ Russian 24%, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ other 9% (includes small Romanian-, (Ukrainian)12 Polish-, and Hungarian-speaking minorities). 12 lit. mobile telephone United English, English mobile phone Kingdom Welsh (about 26% of the population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland).
- 48 - 15 Where does the word Handy come from?
Without doubt Handy is the most widespread term in the German-speaking world to refer to what is known as a mobile phone or cellphone in English. The synonym Mobiltelefon does also exist, of course, but is only used by a very small minority and the use of the term Natel is restricted to Switzerland and Liechtenstein only. But where does the German term Handy actually come from?
According to THE NEW INTERNATIONAL WEBSTER’S STUDENT DICTIONARY (s.v.), there are three definitions of the English adjective handy:
“1 Ready at hand or convenient for use, nearby. 2 Skillful with the hands. 3 Easy to handle: said of a ship or a tool.”
According to the Oxford CONSICE DICTIONARY OF ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY (s.v.), the adjective handy originally comes from the Old English word gehende which meant ‘at hand’. The word handy cannot be used as a noun in the English language. As a consequence the German word Handy, which refers to a portable telephone, is not a simple loan-word from English. Even though this word is not older than twenty years linguists are not sure where it actually comes from. Basically there are four main theories.
Burkart (2007: 12) notes that the word Handy might have been invented by the marketing department of Philips. He argues that Philips was looking for a new name for their new product. This product was the smaller successor of a car telephone called Porty. So according to this theory, Handy was originally the name of one of Philips’ cutting-edge products.
The second theory is that the Deutsche Post bought some of these new ‘handheld’ telephones as they were called in English back then and was looking for a German word for such a ‘handheld’. The secretary of Josef Kedaj, an engineer who worked for the Deutsche Post, came up with the word Handy. The Deutsche Post took over this new word and thus Handy entered the German language (cf. Burkart 2007: 12).
- 49 - A third theory is that the origin of the word Handy goes back to World War II. According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, the company Motorola Inc. produced the so- called Handie-Talkie. This Handie-Talkie was still very big and heavy and had a long antenna but it was handheld. During World War II soldiers used this new Handie-Talkie to communicate. The theory is that the German word Handy derives from the first part of the term Handie-Talkie.
In the course of my research for this paper I got in contact with Dr. Doris Steffens from the IDS (Institut für Deutsche Sprache) in Mannheim. She does not believe any of the above theories to be true. Dr. Doris Steffens and her team argue that it is very unlikely that someone in the late 80ies/early 90ies could have remembered what Handie-Talkies were and thus could have came up with the word Handy. They rather believe that Handy simply is a pseudo-loan- word and mention two possible word-formation processes.
First of all they argue that the pseudo-loan-word Handy might have been produced by conversion. As a mobile phone can indeed be something quite handy this really makes sense. Some German native speaker might simply have taken the English adjective handy and made it into a German noun. A cross-language conversion, so to speak. Secondly, they also consider it possible that Handy entered the German language by taking the English and German words hand/Hand and adding the suffix –y. Hand then refers to the way we actually use mobile phones holding them in our hands. If this is the case, the suffix –y might have been added in order to make the new word look more English as it is – at least these days – the more prestigious language, especially in the field of advertisement and new technological inventions. Dr. Doris Steffens furthermore notes that the word Handy was first found in the electronic text corpus of the IDS in 1991 and has occurred more and more often from 1993 onwards.
I personally think that Dr. Doris Steffens and her team are right. To me the theory of a cross-language conversion seems to be the most realistic one. However, there simply is not enough evidence to actually prove any of the above mentioned theories. They all seem to make sense to some extent. Handy entered the German language only about twenty years ago but it is impossible for linguists to identify the origin of this word. Its origin is truly a mystery and is very unlikely to be ever revealed.
- 50 - 16 The Interviews
In the course of my research for this thesis I conducted interviews with sixty people. I decided to interview students mainly as I was interested in the opinions of young and educated Austrians. My aim was to find out a few things. First of all, I wanted to know whether this group of people was actually aware of the large number of Anglicisms, pseudo- Anglicisms and English expressions used in the field of mobile telecommunications in German. Secondly, I was interested in their attitude towards the use of the English language in that field. I was also interested whether my informants knew that the German word Handy does not have the same meaning in English. Additionally I found it quite interesting to have a look at some alternative words for Handy and in how far people liked these suggestions. I prepared seven questions for my informants. These seven questions were the basis for a conversation I had with my informants.
16.1 The Findings
The first question I asked my informants was whether they were aware of the rather large number of Anglicisms, pseudo-Anglicisms and English expressions used in the field of mobile telecommunications. As young people are especially concerned with mobile telecommunications and new technologies in general I assumed that many of my informants would be aware of the strong presence of the English language in this field. As I expected, an outstanding percentage of my informants were aware of the importance of the English language in this field. The exact results can be seen in Chart 1.
Of those who were aware of the rather large number of English expressions most people did not really care about it. They argue that, for them, it does not make a difference whether English words are used or not. Many point out that English is nowadays the world’s main means of communication and that this is the reason why there are so many English words entering the German language. The majority of my informants are also aware of the fact that this is not only true for the language of mobile telecommunications. Many people told me that they recognised an increase of the use of English expressions in many other fields as well. The language of computers and computer games, the automobile industry and the fields of advertising and marketing were mentioned quite often. Even though this roughly four
- 51 - fifth of my informants did personally not care about the extensive use of English words they nonetheless argued that it might be a problem for older people whose command of English is generally not as good as their own.
Only a rather small percentage was against the use of English expressions in the field of mobile telecommunications. At the same time, only few people said they found it good to have English expressions (Chart 2).
Aw areness of English expressions in the field of m obile telecom m unications
10%
AWARE NOT AWARE
90%
Chart 1
Those in favour of English expressions argued that the use of English words in German might help them when talking with native speakers of English as well as with native speakers of other languages who use English as a common means of communication. What they mean is that by using English words in German they already perfectly know these words and their meaning. This belief, however, can be misleading when it comes to language learning. In many cases my informants are right but only if the English word used in German is a real loan word and hence used the same way in English. However, communication problems will definitely be the result if pseudo-Anglicisms are treated as normal English words.
The roughly eleven percent who said that they were against the use of English expressions mainly argued that languages should not be mixed with one another and that therefore German equivalents should be found to substitute the English words/expressions.
- 52 - When I asked them why they thought that languages should not be mixed with one another the majority were not able to give an answer. They just want the German language to stay linguistically pure. A few people said that they are generally not against foreign words in German but that they think that the use of English expressions is way too exaggerated.
Attitude towards English expressions in the field of mobile telecommunications
90,00% 81,50% 80,00%
70,00%
60,00%
50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
20,00% 11,10% 10,00% 7,40%
0,00% GOOD DON'T CARE AGAINST
Chart 2
While other mobile network operators offer phone tariffs such as ‘A1 XCITE ZERO’, ‘FAIRPLAI 4U’ or ‘ShowTime XL’, Telering’s phone tariffs are ‘KLEINER BASTA’, ‘BASTA’, ‘GROSSER BASTA’, ‘GÜNTA’ and ‘MÜCKE’ (status quo December 2008). Telering is therefore the only mobile network operator in Austria which does not use English as its primary language when it comes to advertisement and product names. This is why I wanted to know if people were actually aware of this fact. Interestingly, only 11.1 % of the people I asked were aware of this fact while 88.9 % were not.
As already mentioned earlier many pseudo-Anglicisms can be found in the German language. These pseudo-Anglicisms may also be called false friends. Learners of English and ESP, respectively, are often misguided by pseudo-Anglicisms. They think they know the meaning of an English word already because it is used in German as well. This assumption is often wrong, especially in the case of pseudo-Anglicisms. Some German expressions such as das Happy End will quite certainly be understood by English native speakers even though
- 53 - they would rather call it a happy ending. Other German expressions such as ‘das Handy’ are very likely to contribute to misunderstanding.
The German noun Handy and the English adjective handy do not have the same meaning, of course, but are German native speakers aware of this? My thesis was that only few of my informants would know that the English word for the German word Handy is not handy. The results of my research clearly show that my thesis was totally wrong. An astonishingly high percentage of my informants not only knew that the German word Handy is not used the same way by English native speakers but also that English native speakers would call a Handy a mobile phone or a cell phone. It has to be mentioned, however, that by far more people provided mobile phone as an appropriate translation for Handy than cell phone. If this has to do with the fact that in Austria British English is rather taught in schools than American English is not part of my research.
Awareness of the difference between the German noun 'Handy' and the English adjective 'handy'
8,30%
AWARE NOT AWARE
91,70%
Chart 3
I also tried to find an alternative to the pseudo-Anglicism Handy. In order to do so I suggested four possible terms and asked my informants to either choose one of these four terms or to come up with another word they liked better. From a scientific point of view this part should not be taken too seriously by the reader as it is not overly objective. Only by suggesting four alternative words I already influenced this part of the survey. However, I tried to choose four terms that – in my opinion – could be seen as a realistic alternative to Handy. I
- 54 - did not invent these words. I took them from forums and websites dealing with this topic. The result can be seen in Chart 4 below.
Preferences for an alternative term for the German pseudo- anglicism 'Handy'
40% "Mobil"; 40%
35%
30%
25% "Taschentelefon"; 18,30% 20%
15% "Minitel"; 11,70%
10% "Schnurlos"; 5%
5%
0%
Chart 4
A small part of the remaining 25 % said there is no word that can substitute the German word Handy but the larger part was very creative and invented a number of interesting terms. Fon, Foni, Dings and Mobitel are just a few to name.
According to my research, almost everyone is nowadays aware of the influence the English language has on the language of mobile telecommunications in German. An extremely large percentage of the people do not seem to care about this development. Many people justify their indifference by arguing that this development does not only take place in the field of mobile telecommunications but also in many other areas and that it is simply the spirit of the age. I also think it is a good thing that the vast majority of the people know that they are using a pseudo-Anglicism when talking about a mobile phone in German. This knowledge helps them to avoid misunderstanding when talking with English native speakers.
- 55 - 17 Operating A Mobile
As we have seen in a previous chapter ESP: The language of mobile telecommunications is not about merely studying vocabulary typical for that field. It is, however, a very important part of it. Not only is it highly important to be able to name the parts of a mobile, its enhancements, its functions or other vocabulary related to telecommunications in general but it is also important to know the nouns, verbs and even phrases which are not directly related to the language of mobile telecommunications but are still indispensable in that field. These collocations are very important and enable the learner to use the language properly.
In the appendix of this paper (APPENDIX C, pp. 93 - 102) I will attach an extensive list to provide the reader with a number of very important and useful phrases. When people are talking about mobiles, want to give instructions or want to be able to read an instruction manual for a mobile phone in English, these phrases and word collocations are indispensable. The phrases were taken from operating instructions and user’s guides from the following mobile phones: SONY ERICSSON F500i, NOKIA 6070, NOKIA 3410, NOKIA 6230i, NOKIA 5140i, SIEMENS M65 and SAMSUNG SGH-Z500.
It has to be mentioned that I do not claim this list to be complete. I tried to create a collection of the most important and most useful vocabulary and phrases within the field of mobile telecommunications. The aim of this part is to provide the reader/learner with authentic material from the field of mobile telecommunications.
- 56 - 18 Conclusion
The field of mobile telecommunications is a rather new one and therefore the language of mobile telecommunications also has a rather short history. Nonetheless it is a very important and interesting field. The use of mobile phones influences our lives every single day. Even though mobile phones have not been on the market for longer than some twenty years almost no one could imagine a live without these little gadgets. New inventions made it necessary to create new words to describe these inventions. Other, already existing words like cover got an additional meaning in the field of mobile telecommunications. As English is the world’s lingua franca these days, the English language has quite some influence on the language of mobile telecommunications.
At the beginning of this thesis I briefly discussed the various varieties of the English language as well as its position as the world’s lingua franca. I also mentioned several reasons that were responsible for English becoming an international means of communication. The language of mobile telecommunications belongs to ESP. ESP again is a functional variety. After defining who L1 speakers, L2 speakers and EFL speakers are I explained what ESP actually is and where it is positioned within the field of ELT. I also provided a brief overview of the development of ESP.
In the following part I gave an overview of the historical development of telecommunications in general and briefly explained how mobile phones work using cell towers. I also shortly discussed the health issue because many people seem to be concerned with this topic. After this part I provided some facts and figures on the five major mobile network operators in Austria.
In order to understand the language of mobile telecommunications with its numerous neologisms and newly shaped meanings, the reader needs a linguistic background on semantics and word-formation processes. This is why I decided to explain the most important lexical relations as well as the most important word-formation processes.
After having had a closer look at Anglicisms and pseudo-Anglicisms in promotion material from Austria’s major mobile network operators I analysed the names of phone tariffs
- 57 - and contracts in Austria. I also analysed the situation concerning foreign words in legal texts in Austria.
In the next part I translated the word Mobiltelefon in all main languages spoken in those member states of the Council of Europe which are geographically actually within Europe. This part is very interesting as one can see that most languages have similar words for mobile phone.
This is followed by an attempt to find out where the German noun Handy comes from. Unfortunately I was not able to give a satisfying answer to this question. There are several theories which I tried to present as equally possible explanations.
As part of my research for this thesis I also interviewed sixty people. I created a short questionnaire with seven questions. I did not simply give these questionnaires to my informants and asked them to answer them. I created this questionnaire only for myself in order to take notes but also in order to structure my interviews. These seven questions were only the basis of a conversation I had with every one of my informants. While some results were quite surprising others only confirmed my theories.
Finally I rounded off this paper with a collection of phrases and expressions that are used everyday by people working for a mobile network operator, e.g. as a sales person or in a service department. Of course I provided an appropriate English translation for each phrase or expression. These phrases can be found in the appendix of this paper. Additionally I attached a glossary of field specific vocabulary to this paper. The aim of this glossary is to serve the reader as a technical dictionary.
- 58 - 19 Glossary
The following glossary contains all words that are related to the field of (mobile) telecommunications which occur in this paper. It provides both, an English - German as well as a German - English translation. The aim of this glossary is to serve the reader as a small technical dictionary.
ENGLISH - GERMAN:
ENGLISH GERMAN A activate, to aktivieren activation Aktivierung, die active call aktive Anruf, der adjust, to Anpassen advertising language Werbesprache, die alarm clock Wecker, der antenna Antenne, die application Anwendung, die approved zugelassen area Umgebung, die area code Vorwahl, die assign, to zuweisen
B backup of data Sicherheitskopien, die Mobilfunksendeanlage/Mobilfunkanlage, base transceiver station die basic arithmetic functions Grundrechnungsarten, die battery Akku(mulator), der battery charge level Ladezustand des Akkus, der battery life Akkulaufzeit, die
- 59 - beeping sound Signalton, der benefits Leistungen, die beveled abgeschrägt bold type Fettdruck, der bookmark Lesezeichen, das bottom of the shell Gehäuseunterteil, das built-in integriert/eingebaut business card Visitenkarte, die
C cache memory Cache-Speicher/Zwischenspeicher, der calculator Rechner, der calender note Kalendereintrag, der call Anruf, der/anrufen call attempt Anrufversuch, der call key Anruftaste/Taste zum Anrufen, die call waiting Anklopfen, das callback request Rückrufbitte, die car telephone Autotelefon, das card phone Wertkartenhandy, das cell Zelle, die cell tower Handymasten, der cellular network Mobilfunknetz, das cellular phone Mobiltelefon/Handy, das cellular system Netzanlage, die Celsius Celsius Centigrade Celsius character Zeichen, das character case Groß- bzw. Kleinschreibung, die charger Ladegerät, das charging indicator Ladeanzeige, die charging time Ladezeit, die colour scheme Farbschema, das
- 60 - communicate, to kommunizieren communication Kommunikation, die compartment Fach, das compatible kompatibel component Bestandteil, der connect, to verbinden contacts Kontakte, die contract Vertrag, der control channel Organisationskanal, der cookie Cookie, das copyright protections Copyright-Schutzrechte, die countdown time Countdown-Zeit, die cover Cover, das/Abdeckung, die customise, to anpassen/individualisieren
D damage, to beschädigen data transfer Datenübertragung, die demand on battery Stromverbrauch, der desktop menu Desktopmenü, das device Gerät, das digital compass Digitalkompass, der dirty schmutzig discharged entladen disconnect, to trennen display Display, das display light Displaybeleuchtung, die divert, to umleiten download, to downloaden/herunterladen dusty staubig
E edit, to bearbeiten
- 61 - electric current elektrischer Strom, der Generator, der/Lichtmaschine, electric generator die/Stromerzeuger, der electrical charge elektronische Ladung, die electromagnet Elektromagnet, der electromagnetism Elektromagnetismus, der e-mail message E-Mail-Mitteilung, die emit, to abstrahlen/aussenden enhancements Zubehör, das enter, to eingeben
F face down, to hinunterzeigen factory settings Werkseinstellungen, die Fahrenheit Fahrenheit feature Feature, das fixed dialling Rufnummernbeschränkung, die flap Klappe, die flash message Flash-Mitteilung, die folder Ordner, der forward, to weiterleiten free minutes Freiminuten, die function Funktion, die
G game Spiel, das
H hand-held handgehalten/tragbar handsfree set Freisprecheinrichtung, die headset Headset, das/Sprechgarnitur, die hold, to be put on gehalten werden/in Wartestellung setzen
- 62 - home number Festnetznummer, die
I icon Symbol, das image Bild, das in-car telephone Autotelefon, das incoming call ankommende Anruf, der indentations Kerben, die induction Induktion, die infrared Infrarot, das insert, to einlegen install, to installieren instruction Anweisung, die internet services Internetdienste, die IR port IR-Anschluss, der
K key sound Tastentöne, die keyguard Tastensperre, die keypad Tastatur, die/Tastenfeld, das
L landline Festnetz(nummer), das, (die) language settings Spracheinstellungen, die launch, to einführen/lancieren letter mode Buchstabenmodus, der lever Hebel, der Leyden jar Leyden Glas, das lift, to herausheben light effects Lichteffekte, die lock into place, to einrasten loudspeaker Lautsprecher, der
- 63 - M magnetic field Magnetfeld, das marketing deparment Marketingabteilung, die membrane Membran, die memory status Speicherstatus, der menu settings Menüeinstellungen, die message alert Nachrichtensignal, das message centre Kurzmitteilungszentrale, die message services Mitteilungsdienste, die mobile network operator Mobilefunkbetreiber, der mobile phone Mobiltelefon/Handy, das mobile telecommunications mobile Telekommunikation, die move, to verschieben moving parts bewegliche Teile, die multimedia message (MMS) Multimedia-Mitteilung (MMS), die multimedia services Multimediadienste, die multipart message extralange Mitteilung, die mute, to stummschalten
N navigation key Navigationstaste, die network Netzwerk, das network coverage Netzabdeckung, die network provider Netzanbieter, der noise level Geräuschpegel, der note Eintragung, die number key Zifferntaste, die number mode Zahlenmodus, der
O one-to-one call Einzelanruf, der operator logo Betreiberlogo, das
- 64 - option Option, die organiser Organizer, der outgoing call ausgehender Anruf, der
P pay-as-you-go phone Wertkartenhandy, das personalise, to anpassen/individualisieren phone mast Handymasten, der phone memory Telefonspeicher, der phone number Telefonnummer, die phone software Telefon-Software, die phone tariff Tarif, der phone tones Telefontöne, die phonoautograph Phonoautograph, der picture message Bildmitteilung, die picture templates Bildvorlagen, die portable tragbar power key Ein-/Aus-Taste, die Texteingabe mit automatischer predictive text input Worterkennung, die prepaid phone Wertkartenhandy, das preset eingestellt/vorgegeben press, to drücken private user privater Anwender, der product name Produktname, der profile Profil, das promotion material Werbematerial, das push to talk (PTT) Push-to-talk(-Funktion) (PTT), die
R reception Eingang, der record, to aufnehmen
- 65 - reject, to abweisen remove, to herausnehmen rename, to umbenennen repeater Überträger/Rückmelder, der replacement antenna Zusatzantenne, die reset, to rückstellen/zurücksetzen revenue Ertrag, der ringing tone Klingelton/Rufton, der Roaming, das
(„Traditionelles GSM-Roaming ist definiert (vgl. GSM Association Permanent Reference Document AA. 39) als die Fähigkeit eines Mobilfunknetz- Teilnehmers, in einem anderen, fremden Netzwerk („visited network“) als seinem Heimnetzwerk („home network“) automatisch Anrufe empfangen oder tätigen zu können, automatisch Daten schicken und empfangen zu können oder Zugriff auf andere roaming Mobilfunknetzdienstleistungen zu haben.“ (cf. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaming))
S save, to speichern screen saver Displayschoner, der scroll, to scrollen/blättern sector Bereich/Sektor, der select, to auswählen selection key Auswahltaste, die service facility Servicestelle, die service provider Dienstanbieter, der set, to einstellen/festlegen setting group Einstellungsgruppe, die shake, to schütteln shell Cover, das shortcut Schnellzugriff, der signal strength Signalstärke, die SIM card SIM-Karte, die SIM card holder SIM-Kartenhalter, der
- 66 - sleep mode Standby-Modus, der slide, to schieben snooze time-out Schlummerfunktion, die sound Laut, der/Geräusch, das sound meter Lärmmessvorrichtung, die speaker Hörmuschel, die speed dialling Kurzwahl/Zielwahl, die speed dialling key Kurzwahltaste, die standby light Taschenlampe, die standby mode Standby-Modus, der standing charge Grundgebühr, die star-up tone Startmelodie, die static chanrge statische Ladung, die stopwatch Stoppuhr, die subscribe, to unterschreiben/unterzeichnen supplied mitgeliefert switch off, to ausschalten switch on, to einschalten
T task Aufgabe, die telegraph Telegraph, der telegraph relay Überträger/Rückmelder, der telephone Telefon, das telephony Telefonie, die text input mode Texteingabemodus, der text message Kurzmitteilung, die text templates Kurzmitteilungsvorlagen, die theme Thema, das theory of variable resistance Theorie des variablen Widerstandes, die thermometer Thermometer, das top end obere Ende, das traditional text input herkömmliche Texteingabe, die
- 67 - transmit, to übertragen two-way radio service Zwei-Wege-Datendienst, der
U unlock, to entriegeln
V vibrate, to vibrieren vibrating alert Vibrationsalarm, der vibration Vibration, die video clip Videoclip, der voice mail Mobilbox/Mailbox, die voice transmit channel Sprechkanal, der volume Lautstärke, der volume button Lautstärketaste, die
W wall socket Netzsteckdose, die wallpaper Hintergrundbild, das welcome note Begrüßung, die
GERMAN - ENGLISH:
DEUTSCH ENGLISCH A abgeschrägt beveled abstrahlen/aussenden emit, to abweisen reject, to Akku(mulator), der battery Akkulaufzeit, die battery life aktive Anruf, der active call
- 68 - aktivieren activate, to Aktivierung, die activation Anklopfen, das call waiting ankommende Anruf, der incoming call anpassen adjust, to anpassen/individualisieren customise, to anpassen/individualisieren personalise, to Anruf, der/anrufen call, (to) Anruftaste/Taste zum Anrufen, die call key Anrufversuch, der call attempt Antenne, die antenna Anweisung, die instruction Anwendung, die application Aufgabe, die task aufnehmen record, to ausgehender Anruf, der outgoing call ausschalten switch off, to auswählen select, to Auswahltaste, die selection key Autotelefon, das car telephone Autotelefon, das in-car telephone
B bearbeiten edit, to Begrüßung, die welcome note Bereich/Sektor, der sector beschädigen damage, to Bestandteil, der component Betreiberlogo, das operator logo bewegliche Teile, die moving parts Bild, das image Bildmitteilung, die picture message Bildvorlagen, die picture templates
- 69 - Buchstabenmodus, der letter mode
C Cache-Speicher/Zwischenspeicher, der cache memory Celsius Celsius Celsius Centigrade Cookie, das cookie Copyright-Schutzrechte, die copyright protections Countdown-Zeit, die countdown time Cover, das shell Cover, das/Abdeckung, die cover
D Datenübertragung, die data transfer Desktopmenü, das desktop menu Dienstanbieter, der service provider Digitalkompass, der digital compass Display, das display Displaybeleuchtung, die display light Displayschoner, der screen saver downloaden/herunterladen download, to drücken press, to
E Ein-/Aus-Taste, die power key einführen/lancieren launch, to Eingang, der reception eingeben enter, to eingestellt/vorgegeben preset einlegen insert, to einrasten lock into place, to einschalten switch on, to einstellen/festlegen set, to
- 70 - Einstellungsgruppe, die setting group Eintragung, die note Einzelanruf, der one-to-one call elektrischer Strom, der electric current Elektromagnet, der electromagnet Elektromagnetismus, der electromagnetism elektronische Ladung, die electrical charge E-Mail-Mitteilung, die e-mail message entladen discharged entriegeln unlock, to Ertrag, der revenue extralange Mitteilung, die multipart message
F Fach, das compartment Fahrenheit Fahrenheit Farbschema, das colour scheme Feature, das feature Festnetznummer, die home number Fettdruck, der bold type Flash-Mitteilung, die flash message Freiminuten, die free minutes Freisprecheinrichtung, die handsfree set Funktion, die function
G gehalten werden/in Wartestellung setzen hold, to be put on Gehäuseunterteil, der bottom of the shell Generator, der/Lichtmaschine, die/Stromerzeuger, der electric generator Gerät, das device Geräuschpegel, der noise level Groß- bzw. Kleinschreibung, die character case
- 71 - Grundgebühr, die standing charge Grundrechnungsarten, die basic arithmetic functions
H handgehalten/tragbar hand-held Handymasten, der cell tower Handymasten, der phone mast Headset, das/Sprechgarnitur, die headset Hebel, der lever herausheben lift, to herausnehmen remove, to herkömmliche Texteingabe, die traditional text input Hintergrundbild, das wallpaper hinunterzeigen face down, to Hörmuschel, die speaker
I Induktion, die induction Infrarot, das infrared installieren install, to integriert/eingebaut built-in Internetdienste, die internet services IR-Anschluss, der IR port
K Kalendereintrag, der calender note Kerben, die indentations Klappe, die flap Klingelton/Rufton, der ringing tone Kommunikation, die communication kommunizieren communicate, to kompatibel compatible Kontakte, die contacts
- 72 - Kurzmitteilung, die text message Kurzmitteilungsvorlagen, die text templates Kurzmitteilungszentrale, die message centre Kurzwahl/Zielwahl, die speed dialling Kurzwahltaste, die speed dialling key
L Ladeanzeige, die charging indicator Ladegerät, das charger Ladezeit, die charging time Ladezustand des Akkus, der battery charge level Lärmmessvorrichtung, die sound meter Laut, der/Geräusch, das sound Lautsprecher, der loudspeaker Lautstärke, die volume Lautstärketaste, die volume button Leistungen, die benefits Lesezeichen, das bookmark Leyden Glas, das Leyden jar Lichteffekte, die light effects
M Magnetfeld, das magnetic field Marketingabteilung, die marketing deparment Membran, die membrane Menüeinstellungen, die menu settings mitgeliefert supplied Mitteilungsdienste, die message services Mobilbox/Mailbox, die voice mail mobile Telekommunikation, die mobile telecommunications Mobilefunkbetreiber, der mobile network operator Mobilfunknetz, das cellular network Mobilfunksendeanlage/Mobilfunkanlage, base transceiver station
- 73 - die Mobiltelefon/Handy, das cellular phone Mobiltelefon/Handy, das mobile phone Multimediadienste, die multimedia services Multimedia-Mitteilung (MMS), die multimedia message (MMS)
N Nachrichtensignal, das message alert Navigationstaste, die navigation key Netzabdeckung, die network coverage Netzanbieter, der network provider Netzanlage, die cellular system Netzsteckdose, die wall socket Netzwerk, das network
O obere Ende, das top end Option, die option Ordner, der folder Organisationskanal, der control channel Organizer, der organiser
P Phonoautograph, der phonoautograph privater Anwender, der private user Produktname, der product name Profil, das profile Push-to-talk(-Funktion) (PTT), die push to talk (PTT)
R Rechner, der calculator Roaming, das roaming Rückrufbitte, die callback request
- 74 - rückstellen/zurücksetzen reset, to Rufnummernbeschränkung, die fixed dialling
S schieben slide, to Schlummerfunktion, die snooze time-out schmutzig dirty Schnellzugriff, der shortcut schütteln shake, to scrollen/blättern scroll, to Servicestelle, die service facility Sicherheitskopien, die backup of data Signalstärke, die signal strength Signalton, der beeping sound SIM-Karte, die SIM card SIM-Kartenhalter, der SIM card holder speichern save, to Speicherstatus, der memory status Spiel, das game Spracheinstellungen, die language settings Sprechkanal, der voice transmit channel Standby-Modus, der sleep mode Standby-Modus, der standby mode Startmelodie, die star-up tone statische Ladung, die static chanrge staubig dusty Stoppuhr, die stopwatch Stromverbrauch, der demand on battery stummschalten mute, to Symbol, das icon
- 75 - T Tarif, der phone tariff Taschenlampe, die standby light Tastatur, die/Tastenfeld, das keypad Tastensperre, die keyguard Tastentöne, die key sound Telefon, das telephone Telefonie, die telephony Telefonnummer, die phone number Telefon-Software, die phone software Telefonspeicher, der phone memory Telefontöne, die phone tones Telegraph, der telegraph Texteingabe mit automatischer Worterkennung, die predictive text input Texteingabemodus, der text input mode Thema, das theme Theorie des variablen Widerstandes, die theory of variable resistance Thermometer, das thermometer tragbar portable trennen disconnect, to
U übertragen transmit, to Überträger/Rückmelder, der repeater Überträger/Rückmelder, der telegraph relay umbenennen rename, to Umgebung, die area umleiten divert, to unterschreiben/unterzeichnen subscribe, to
- 76 - V verbinden connect, to verschieben move, to Vertrag, der contract Vibration, die vibration Vibrationsalarm, der vibrating alert vibrieren vibrate, to Videoclip, cer video clip Visitenkarte, die business card Vorwahl, die area code
W Wecker, der alarm clock weiterleiten forward, to Werbematerial, das promotion material Werbesprache, die advertising language Werkseinstellungen, die factory settings Wertkartenhandy, das card phone Wertkartenhandy, das pay-as-you-go phone Wertkartenhandy, das prepaid phone
Z Zahlenmodus, der number mode Zeichen, das character Zelle, die cell Zifferntaste, die number key Zubehör, das enhancements zugelassen approved Zusatzantenne, die replacement antenna zuweisen assign, to Zwei-Wege-Datendienst, der two-way radio service
- 77 - 20 Bibliography
Advanced Learner’s ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 4th ed. (2003). Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers.
Akmajian, Adrian and Demers, Richard A. and Farmer, Ann K. and Harnish, Robert M. (1995). Linguistics. An Introduction to Language and Communication. 4th ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Barnickel, Klaus-Dieter (1982). Sprachliche Varianten des Englischen – Nationale, regionale und soziale Varianten. Hueber Hochschulreihe 45/I. München: Max Hueber Verlag.
Bähr, Dieter (2001). Abriß der englischen Sprachgeschichte. München: Wilhelm Fink Verlag GmbH & Co. KG.
Bauer, Laurie (1983). English Word-formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Burkart, Günter (2007). HANDYMANIA. Wie das Mobiltelefon unser Leben verändert hat. Frankfurt/Main: Campus Verlag GmbH
Crystal, David (1995). The Cambridge ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Erickson, Jon and Gymnich, Marion (1998). Grundkurs Anglistischer Sprachwissenschaft. Stuttgart: Ernst Klett Verlag GmbH.
Fromkin, Victoria and Rodman, Robert (1998). An Introduction to Language. 6th ed. Orlando: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
Graddol, David (1997). The Future of English?. London: The British Council.
Haarmann, Harald (2001). Kleines Lexikon der Sprachen. München: Verlag C.H. Beck oHG
- 78 - Homberger, Dietrich (2000). Sachwörterbuch zur Sprachwissenschaft. Stuttgart: Philipp Reclam jun. GmbH & Co.
Hutchinson, Tom and Waters, Alan (1987). English for Specific Purposes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jenkins, Jennifer (2007). English as a Lingua Franca: Attitude and Identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Leech, Geoffrey (1974). Semantics. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd.
Oxford CONCISE DICTIONARY OF ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY. (1996). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Phillipson, Robert (2003). English-Only Europe?. London: Routeledge.
Strevens, Peter (1988). “The Learner and Teacher of ESP”. In: ESP in the Classroom: Practice and Evaluation. Dick Chamberlain and Robert J. Baumgardner. London: The British Council.
THE NEW INTERNATIONAL WEBSTER’S STUDENT DICTIONARY. (2004). Köln: Verlag Karl Müller GmbH.
Viereck, Wolfgang, Karin Viereck and Heinrich Ramisch (2002). Englische Sprache. München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH & Co. KG.
Yule, George (1996). The study of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- 79 - 21 Webliography https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ [October 20, 2008] http://www.coe.int/T/E/Com/About_Coe/Member_states/default.asp [October 20, 2008] http://www.privatline.com/mt_telephonehistory/ [December 17, 2008] http://www.privatline.com/mt_cellbasics/ [December 17, 2008] http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natel [January 13, 2009] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/281338/Iclandic-language [January 21, 2009] http://www.tech-faq.com/how-are-mobile-phones-dangerous-to-our-health.shtml [January 23, 2009] http://dictionary.oed.com [February 5, 2009] http://www.bka.gv.at/DocView.axd?CobId=1656 [February 6, 2009] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/394377/Motorola-Inc/92975/Founding-as- Galvin-Manufacturing#ref=ref663690 [February 19, 2009] http://www.orange.at/Content.Node/unternehmen/zahlen_und_fakten/ [February 22, 2009] http://www.orange.at/Content.Node/unternehmen/werte/ [February 22, 2009] http://www.orange.at/Content.Node/unternehmen/verantwortung/ [February 22, 2009] http://www.orange.at/Content.Node/unternehmen/orange_international/ [February 22, 2009] http://www.mapsorama.com/tag/linguistic-map/page/2/ [February 23, 2009]
- 80 - http://www.mobilkomaustria.at/de/strategie [February 25, 2009] http://www.mobilkomaustria.at/de/geschichte [February 25, 2009] http://www.mobilkomaustria.at/de/verantwortung [February 25, 2009] http://www.mobilkomaustria.at/de/soziales [February 25, 2009] http://www.telering.at/Content.Node2/unternehmen/unternehmen.php [February 26, 2009] http://www.t- mobile.at/unternehmen/daten_fakten/ErfolgsstoryTabelle/tmobile_2002/index.html [February 26, 2009] http://www.t- mobile.at/unternehmen/daten_fakten/ErfolgsstoryTabelle/jahre_1996_1997/index.html [February 26, 2009] http://www.drei.at/portal/de/privat/unternehmen/uberuns/mutterkonzern/Unternehmen_H3G_ Hutchison.html [February 27, 2009] http://www.drei.at/portal/media/contentpdf/unternehmen/FactsFigures_H3G_Austria_Feb_09. pdf [February 27, 2009] http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaming [April 22, 2009]
- 81 - APPENDIX A
Excerpt taken from the “Handbuch der Rechtssetzungstechnik“ issued by the Federal Chancellery of the Republic of Austria, Teil 1: Legistische Richtlinien 1990: „I. Rechtssprache“.
(URL: http://www.bka.gv.at/DocView.axd?CobId=1656#_Toc120887574)
I. RECHTSSPRACHE
ALLGEMEINES 1. Sprachliche Sparsamkeit Rechtsvorschriften sind knapp und einfach zu fassen. Jedes überflüssige Wort ist zu vermeiden. 2. Rechtserzeugung Gesetze und Verordnungen sind grundsätzlich zur Erzeugung von Rechtsnormen bestimmt. Daher sind Deklarationen, Appelle, empirische Aussagen, belehrende Ausführungen über die Rechtslage und dergleichen zu vermeiden. 3. Motive Motive für eine Bestimmung sind in die Rechtsvorschrift nur dann aufzunehmen, wenn dies zur Ermittlung des Sinnes der Bestimmung erforderlich ist. Im übrigen sind die Motive in den Erläuterungen wiederzugeben. 4. Wiederholungen Die Wiederholung einer geltenden Norm durch denselben oder einen anderen Normsetzer ist – außer bei Wiederverlautbarungen und paktierten Normen – grundsätzlich zu vermeiden. Insbesondere ist die bloße Wiederholung des Gesetzestextes in einer Verordnung zu unterlassen. In einer konkreteren Bestimmung darf aber der zur besseren Verständlichkeit unerläßliche Teil der abstrakteren Bestimmung wiederholt werden.
5. Salvatorische Klauseln Sogenannte „Salvatorische Klauseln“, die den Geltungsbereich einer Rechtsvorschrift durch einen allgemeinen Vorbehalt gegenüber einer anderen Rechtsvorschrift umschreiben, deuten auf eine Unsicherheit des Normsetzers über den Geltungsbereich oder auf eine schlechte Gliederung hin und sich daher zu vermeiden. nicht: • „Dieses Bundesgesetz gilt für den Betrieb aller Anlagen, soweit dessen Regelung nicht in die Kompetenz der Länder fällt.“ oder: • „Unbeschadet der Zuständigkeit der Länder zur Regelung des Betriebes von Anlagen ...“
6. Abstraktheit und Beispiele Rechtsvorschriften sind abstrakt zu formulieren. Kasuistische Regelungen sind zu vermeiden. Beispiele sind in einer Rechtsvorschrift nur dann anzuführen, wenn sie Begriffe verdeutlichen oder zur Konkretisierung von Generalklauseln beitragen. Bei beispielhaften Aufzählungen ist ihr demonstrativer Charakter deutlich zu machen.
- 82 - 7. Sprachliche Klarheit Dem Text einer Rechtsvorschrift müssen die Normadressaten der einzelnen Regelungen und das vorgeschriebene Verhalten zweifelsfrei zu entnehmen sein. Bei der Formulierung von Normen ist insbesondere klar zum Ausdruck zu bringen, - wieweit die Rechtsvorschrift ein bestimmtes Verhalten gebietet, verbietet oder zu einem Verhalten ermächtigt, - wieweit die Verwaltung gebunden werden oder nach freiem Ermessen entscheiden soll (vgl. auch Richtlinie 84) - wieweit es sich um dispositives oder zwingendes Recht handelt, ob also bestimmte Rechtspositionen vom Normadressaten abbedungen werden können.
8. Allgemeine Regeln für den Sprachstil Allgemeine Regeln für den Sprachstil (z.B. die Unterlassung von Wortwiederholungen) sollten bei der Formulierung von Rechtsvorschriften nicht überbewertet werden. Jedenfalls muß der Eindeutigkeit und Übersichtlichkeit der Norm der Vorrang vor der Ästhetik des Textes eingeräumt werden. 9. Verständlichkeit Rechtsvorschriften sollen leicht lesbar sein. Grundsätzlich soll sich die Formulierung von Rechtsvorschriften am allgemeinen Sprachgebrauch orientieren; wenn Begriffe in einer davon abweichenden Bedeutung oder wenn Fachbegriffe verwendet werden, so ist dies im Text der Rechtsvorschrift deutlich zu machen (vgl. Richtlinie 30). Auf den Adressatenkreis der betreffenden Rechtsvorschrift ist Bedacht zu nehmen. 10. Sprachliche Gleichbehandlung von Frau und Mann In Rechtsvorschriften sind unsachliche Differenzierungen zwischen Frauen und Männern zu vermeiden. Formulierungen sind so zu wählen, daß sie Frauen und Männer gleichermaßen betreffen. Bei Regelungen, in denen zwischen Frauen und Männern differenziert werden soll, ist im Einzelfall kritisch zu prüfen, ob die unterschiedliche Behandlung aus sachlichen Gründen geboten ist. Organ- und Funktionsbezeichnungen, Regelungen über den Zugang zu bestimmten Berufen und Tätigkeiten, ebenso Typenbezeichnungen, Unterrichtsfächer und Lehrziele im Schul- und Berufsausbildungsrecht sowie Rechtsvorschriften über personenstandsrelevante Angelegenheiten, die Ausübung von Rechten, die einen Haushalt betreffen, die Vertretung von Kindern und anderen Haushaltsangehörigen und dergleichen sind geschlechtsneutral zu formulieren. Alternativ oder in Fällen, in denen dies nicht möglich ist, sollen – wenn es sich nicht um Novellen handelt und Auslegungsprobleme entstehen können – die weibliche und die männliche Form angeführt werden.
TEXTAUFBAU 11. Systematik Dem Text einer Rechtsvorschrift muß eine klar erkennbare Systematik zugrundeliegen. 12. Gliederung Rechtsvorschriften sollen in systematischer, klar geordneter Abfolge aufgebaut sein und keine Brüche aufweisen. Was inhaltlich zusammengehört, soll zusammengefaßt werden.
- 83 - PARAGRAPHENAUFBAU 13. Länge eines Paragraphen Der in einem Paragraphen zusammengefaßte Text soll nicht länger als zwei einein- halbzeilig beschriebene Seiten (rund 3500 Anschläge) sein. Innerhalb eines Paragraphen dürfen keinesfalls mehr als acht Absätze gebildet werden.
14. Gliederung eines Paragraphen Der erste Absatz soll das Thema des Paragraphen konkretisieren und gegebenenfalls die wesentlichen Definitionen enthalten (vgl. jedoch Richtlinie 30). Die Gedankenführung innerhalb eines Paragraphen soll stets vom Allgemeinen zum Besonderen führen.
SATZBAU 15. Hauptwortstil Die Sätze sollen nicht zu umfangreich gestaltet und vor allem nicht mit Hauptwörtern überladen werden (vgl. auch Richtlinie 28). Als Faustregel gilt: Pro Satz nur eine Aussage. 16. Schachtelsätze Die wesentliche Information gehört in den Hauptsatz. Lange Satzketten mit mehrfachen Unterordnungen sind zu vermeiden. 17. Aktivkonstruktionen Rechtsvorschriften sind möglichst in der Aktivform zu verfassen. 18. Satzlänge Sätze sollen möglichst nicht mehr als 20 Wörter aufweisen. Wichtiger als die Satzlänge ist jedoch eine übersichtliche Satzstruktur; diese wird erreicht, indem der Abstand vom Satzanfang bis zum Hauptzeitwort möglichst kurz gehalten wird. Dabei kann der grundsätzliche Gehalt des Satzes schneller erkannt werden. statt: • Bei Kleinbauten oder zum Schutz des Orts- und Landschaftsbildes sind mit Zustimmung der Anrainer Ausnahmen zu bewilligen, wenn aus feuerpolizeilichen Gründen keine Bedenken bestehen. besser: • Ausnahmen sind zu bewilligen 1. bei Kleinbauten oder 2. zum Schutz des Orts- oder Landschaftsbildes, wenn die Anrainer zustimmen und keine Bedenken aus feuerpolizeilichen Gründen bestehen.
19. Nebensätze Nebensätze sind nach Möglichkeit hinter das Hauptzeitwort zu stellen. statt: • Dem Hausbesorger ist eine den gesundheits-, bau- und feuerpolizeilichen Vorschriften entsprechende, für die dauernde Bewohnung bestimmte, baulich in sich abgeschlossene, normal ausgestattete Wohnung, die mindestens aus Zimmer, Küche, Vorraum, Klosett und Badegelegenheit (Baderaum oder Badenische) zu bestehen hat, als Dienstwohnung unentgeltlich einzuräumen.
- 84 - besser: • Dem Hausbesorger ist eine Wohnung als Dienstwohnung unentgeltlich einzuräumen, die 1. den gesundheits-, bau- und feuerpolizeilichen Vorschriften entspricht, 2. für die dauernde Bewohnung bestimmt ist, 3. baulich in sich abgeschlossen ist, 4. normal ausgestattet ist und 5. mindestens aus Zimmer, Küche, Vorraum, Klosett und Badegelegenheit (Baderaum oder Badenische) besteht.
20. Unvollständige Sätze Bei Aufzählungen sind aus Gründen der Übersichtlichkeit und der leichteren Lesbarkeit auch unvollständige Sätze (Zwischenüberschriften) zulässig. statt: • Den Fleischern steht auch das Recht zu, Fleisch zuzubereiten und zu verkaufen, Waren oder angerichtete kalte Speisen zu verkaufen, Milch und andere nichtalkoholische kalte Getränke auszuschenken sowie Wild und Geflügel im Kleinhandel abzugeben. besser: • Den Fleischern stehen auch folgende Rechte zu: 1. Fleisch zuzubereiten und zu verkaufen, 2. warme oder angerichtete kalte Speisen zu verkaufen, 3. Milch und andere nichtalkoholische kalte Getränke auszuschenken und 4. der Kleinhandel mit Wild und Geflügel.
21. Verneinungen Mehrfache Verneinungen innerhalb eines Satzes sind zu vermeiden. statt: • Eine wiederholte Antragstellung ist nicht unzulässig. besser: • Wiederholte Anträge sind zulässig.
22. Lange Beifügungen Lange Beifügungen vor dem Hauptwort sind zu vermeiden. Sie sind zwar ökonomisch (sparen Nebensätze), aber nur schwer lesbar. statt: • Der mit dem Untermieter vereinbarte oder vom Untermieter begehrte Untermietzins darf die im Vergleich zu dem vom Untervermieter zu entrichtenden Mietzins und etwaigen sonstigen Leistungen des Untervermieters angemessene Gegenleistung nicht unverhältnismäßig übersteigen. besser: • Der Untermietzins, der mit dem Untermieter vereinbart oder vom Untermieter begehrt wird, darf eine angemessene Gegenleistung nicht unverhältnismäßig übersteigen. Diese ergibt sich im Vergleich zum Mietzins, den der Untervermieter zu entrichten hat, und zu seinen etwaigen sonstigen Leistungen. 23. Gegensätze deutlich machen Wenn es für die Verständlichkeit sinnvoll ist, den Gegensatz zwischen zwei Aussagen deutlich zu machen, sind die Wörter „jedoch“ oder „aber“ zu verwenden.
- 85 - 24. „und“ Das Wort „und“ ist immer dann zu gebrauchen, wenn in einer Rechtsvorschrift verschiedene Voraussetzungen kumulativ festgelegt werden sollen oder wenn an einen Tatbestand verschiedene Rechtsfolgen kumulativ angeknüpft werden sollen. Die einzelnen Voraussetzungen oder Rechtsfolgen können in diesem Fall durch das Wort „und“ verbunden werden oder durch Beistriche voneinander getrennt werden, wobei jedoch vor die letzte Voraussetzung das Wort „und“ zu setzen ist; auch wenn die Voraussetzungen durchnumeriert werden, soll vor die letzte Voraussetzung das Wort „und“ gesetzt werden. 25. „oder“ Das Wort „oder“ kann zwei Bedeutungen haben: 1. aufzählendes „oder“: Der Tatbestand ist bereits beim Vorliegen einer von verschiedenen Voraussetzungen gegeben, es können aber auch mehrere Voraussetzungen vorliegen; an einen Tatbestand werden Rechtsfolgen in der Weise geknüpft, daß eine oder mehrere derselben eintreten sollen. 2. ausschließendes „oder“: Es darf nur eine von verschiedenen Voraussetzungen vorliegen (was selten vorkommen wird); an einen Tatbestand werden Rechtsfolgen in der Weise geknüpft, daß jeweils nur eine derselben eintreten soll. Wenn aus dem Gesetzestext nicht eindeutig erkennbar ist, um welche Art des Wortes „oder“ es sich handelt, so ist es entsprechend zu ergänzen, etwa durch die Formulierung „entweder – oder“ beim ausschließenden oder durch eine ergänzende Bestimmung beim aufzählenden „oder“. Beispiele:
Ausschließendes „oder“ ohne Ergänzung: • Wer einen anderen tötet, ist mit Freiheitsstrafe von 10 bis 20 Jahren oder mit lebenslanger Freiheitsstrafe zu bestrafen. Ausschließendes „oder“ mit notwendiger Ergänzung: • Bei Vorliegen der Voraussetzungen darf der X-Fonds die Y-Einrichtungen entweder durch Gewährung eines verlorenen Zuschusses oder eines zinsbegünstigten Darlehens fördern. Aufzählendes „oder“ ohne Ergänzung: • Wer einen anderen am Körper verletzt oder an der Gesundheit schädigt, ist ... zu bestrafen. Aufzählendes „oder“ mit notwendiger Ergänzung: • Wer ..., ist mit einer Geldstrafe bis zu 360 Tagessätzen oder mit einer Haftstrafe bis zu sechs Monaten zu bestrafen. Die gleichzeitige Verhängung von Geld- und Haftstrafen ist zulässig. Anders als beim Wort „und“ genügt bei der Verwendung des Wortes „oder“ die Setzung des Beistriches zwischen den einzelnen Voraussetzungen oder Rechtsfolgen und die spätere Beisetzung von „oder“ nicht; es ist vielmehr jedesmal das Wort „oder“ zu verwenden.
26. „beziehungsweise“, „und/oder“ Die Ausdrücke „beziehungsweise“ sowie „und/oder“ sollen soweit als möglich vermieden werden. Auch das Nachstellen von Alternativen in Klammern soll vermieden werden. statt: • Auf Verlangen des Hauptmieters sind von der Abrechnung und (oder) den Belegen auf seine Kosten Abschriften (Ablichtungen) anfertigen zu lassen. besser: • Der Hauptmieter kann verlangen, daß auf seine Kosten Abschriften oder Ablichtungen der Abrechnung und der Belege angefertigt werden.
- 86 - AUSDRUCK 27. Gebote und Verbote Gebote und Verbote (Verhaltenspflichten) sind in befehlender Form zu fassen. statt: • Der Beirat wählt aus seiner Mitte einen Vorsitzenden. • Die Bewilligung wird nicht erteilt, wenn ... besser: • Der Beirat hat aus seiner Mitte einen Vorsitzenden zu wählen. • Die Bewilligung ist zu versagen, wenn ...
28. Hauptwortphrasen Hauptwortphrasen sind durch Zeitwörter zu ersetzen. statt: • Verwendung finden • Geltung besitzen besser: • verwenden • gelten Ausnahme: Wenn die Hauptwortphrase deutlicher ist: • „Bewilligung erteilen“ statt „bewilligen“.
29. Zusammengesetzte Hauptwörter Bei Neubildung von Worten sind „Wortungetüme“ zu vermeiden. Ebenso sind aber auch fachsprachliche Sprachformen zu vermeiden, wenn ein treffender, allgemein verständlicher Ausdruck in den Zusammenhang paßt. 30. Legaldefinition Die Begriffe sollen in jener Bedeutung verwendet werden, die ihnen im allgemeinen Sprachgebrauch oder in der Fachsprache zukommt. Begriffsbestimmungen sind in Rechtsvorschriften nur dann aufzunehmen, wenn sie der Rechtsklarheit dienen. Dies ist vor allem der Fall, wenn ein Wort verschiedene Bedeutungen haben kann oder wenn der Umfang eines Begriffes nicht hinreichend klar ist und genauer begrenzt werden soll. Bei umfangreichen Rechtsvorschriften sollen Begriffsbestimmungen möglichst in einem eigenen Paragraphen an den Beginn gesetzt werden.
31. Einheitliche Bedeutung Derselbe Begriff ist grundsätzlich überall in ein und derselben Bedeutung zu verwenden, und zwar auf jeden Fall innerhalb eines Gesetzes oder einer Verordnung, nach Möglichkeit aber auch innerhalb der gesamten Rechtsordnung. Umgekehrt ist auch zur Bezeichnung ein und desselben Gegenstandes immer derselbe Begriff zu verwenden. 32. Fremdwörter Fremdwörter, für die ein treffender deutscher Ausdruck zur Verfügung steht, sind nicht zu verwenden. Das Eindeutschen von Fremdwörtern ist zu vermeiden, wenn dadurch neue Kunstbegriffe entstehen oder schwierige Umschreibungen notwendig werden.
- 87 - 33. Zeitgemäße Wortwahl Die Wortwahl bei der Formulierung von Rechtsvorschriften soll üblich und zeitgemäß sein. Auf veraltete, ungebräuchlich gewordene Ausdrücke soll verzichtet werden. 34. „können“ Das Wort „können“ ist mehrdeutig. Man kann darunter „vermögen“, „dürfen“, „sollen“, unter Umständen sogar „müssen“ (vgl. Richtlinie 84) verstehen. Es sind daher zu verwenden: - für Gebotsnormen die Wendungen „müssen“ und „sind zu“, - für Verbotsnormen „dürfen nicht“, „sind verboten“. Das Wort „können“ sollte nur in Ermächtigungsnormen verwendet werden und nur wenn der Behörde ein Ermessen eingeräumt wird. Wenn hingegen die Vollziehung einen Auftrag erhalten soll, einen bestimmten Akt zu setzen oder eine Verordnung zu erlassen, so muß dieser Auftrag mit „müssen“ oder „sind zu“ ausgedrückt werden.
35. „sollen“ Das Wort „sollen“ ist in Gebots- und Verbotsvorschriften wegen seines mehrdeutigen Sinnes zu vermeiden. 36. Bundesminister Bei Regelungen der Zuständigkeit zur Erlassung von Rechtsakten ist stets „der Bundesminister für ...“ zu nennen. Der Ausdruck „Bundesministerium“ oder „Bundesministerien“ ist nur zu verwenden, wenn damit ausschließlich der dem Bundesminister zur Verfügung stehende Hilfsapparat gemeint ist.
APPENDIX B
Questionnaire (next page)
- 88 - QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE LANGUAGE OF MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATIONS:
1. Ist Ihnen aufgefallen, dass es im Bereich der mobilen Telekommunikation relative viele Anglizismen im Deutschen gibt? (Are you aware of the fact that there are a large number of Anglicisms in the field of mobile telecommunications in German?)
JA (YES) NEIN (NO)
2. Wenn JA, was halten Sie davon? (If YES, what do you think about it?)
ICH FINDE ES GUT ES IST MIR EGAL ICH BIN DAGEGEN (I THINK IT IS A GOOD (I DO NOT CARE) (I AM AGAINST IT) IDEA)
2.1 Warum? (Why?)
3. Ist Ihnen aufgefallen, dass der Mobilfunkbetreiber „Telering“ im Vergleich zu den anderen Mobilfunkbetreibern kaum Englische Ausdrücke in der Werbung und bei Produktnamen verwendet? (Have you realised that the network service provider ‘Telering’ uses almost no English expressions for its advertisement and product names in comparison with other network service providers?)
JA (YES) NEIN (NO)
4. Ist Ihnen bewusst, dass das deutsche Wort “Handy” im Englischen nicht die gleiche Bedeutung hat? (Are you aware of the fact that the German word ‘Handy’ does not have the same meaning in English?)
JA (YES) NEIN (NO)
4.1 Wenn JA, kennen Sie die englische(n) Bezeichnung(en) die dem Wort “Handy” entsprechen? (If YES, do you know the English equivalent for the German word ‘Handy’?)
JA (YES) Nein (NO)
5. Welchen der folgenden deutschen Begriffe für den Pseudo-Anglizismus “Handy” würden Sie bevorzugen? (Which of the following German expressions for the pseudo-Anglicism ‚Handy’ would you prefer?)
Anderer Begriff: “Schnurlos” “Mobil” “Taschentelefon“ “Minitel”
- 89 - APPENDIX C
INSTALLIEREN VON SIM-KARTE INSTALL THE SIM CARD AND UND AKKU BATTERY
Bevor Sie den Akku herausnehmen, müssen Always switch the device off and disconnect Sie das Gerät immer ausschalten und es vom the charger before removing the battery. Ladegerät trennen.
Halten Sie die Ein-/Aus-Taste gedrückt. Press and hold the power key.
Bewahren Sie alle SIM-Karten außerhalb der Keep all SIM cards out of the reach of small Reichweite von kleinen Kindern auf. children.
Die SIM-Karte und die Kontakte darauf The SIM card and its contacts can easily be können durch Kratzer oder Verbiegen leicht damaged by scratches or bending. beschädigt werden.
Halten Sie das Telefon mit der Rückseite With the back of the phone facing you, press nach oben, und drücken Sie in die Kerben the indentations on both sides of the lower auf beiden Seiten des unteren Covers. shell.
Ziehen Sie das Gehäuseunterteil heraus, um Slide the bottom of the shell off to remove it. es abzunehmen.
Heben Sie den Akku aus dem Fach heraus. Lift the battery from the compartment.
Schieben Sie die Abdeckung des SIM- Slide the cover of the SIM card holder Kartenhalters in Richtung des unteren Endes toward the bottom end of the phone until it des Telefons, bis sie entriegelt wird. unlocks.
Öffnen Sie die Abdeckung des SIM- Swing the cover of the SIM card holder Kartenhalters. open.
Legen Sie die SIM-Karte in den Halter ein. Insert the SIM card into the holder.
Stellen Sie sicher, dass sich die abgeschrägte Ensure that the beveled corner of the SIM Ecke der SIM-Karte links befindet und die card is on the left, and the golden contact Seite mit den Goldkontakten nach unten area is facing down. zeigt.
Schließen Sie die Abdeckung des SIM- Close the cover of the SIM card holder and Kartenhalters und schieben Sie die slide the cover of the SIM card holder toward Abdeckung des SIM-Kartenhalters zum the top end of the phone until it locks into oberen Ende des Telefons, bis sie einrastet. place.
- 90 - LADEN DES AKKUS CHARGE THE BATTERY
Öffnen Sie die untere Klappe des Open the flap on the bottom of the phone. Mobiltelefons.
Schließen Sie das Ladegerät an eine Connect the charger to a wall socket. Netzsteckdose an.
Stecken Sie den Anschluss des Ladegerätes Connect the lead from the charger to the unten im Telefon ein. socket on the bottom of the phone.
Wenn der Akku vollständig entladen ist, If the battery is completely discharged, it kann es einige Minuten dauern, bis die may take a few minutes before the charging Ladeanzeige zu sehen ist bzw. Anrufe indicator appears on the display, or before getätigt werden können. calls can be made.
Die Ladezeit hängt vom verwendeten The charging time depends on the charger Ladegerät und dem Akku ab. and the battery used.
DAS DISPLAY THE DISPLAY
Auf dem Display findet man normalerweise Usually you will see the following icons on folgende Symbole: the display:
Den Namen des Netzes oder das The name of the network or the operator Betreiberlogo. logo.
Die Signalstärke des Mobilfunknetzes am The signal strength of the cellular network at gegenwärtigen Standpunkt. your current location.
Den Ladezustand des Akkus. The battery charge level.
Eine linke, eine mittlere und eine rechte A left, middle and right selection key. Auswahltaste.
Das Telefon verfügt über einen The phone has a screen saver that is activated Displayschoner, der automatisch aktiviert automatically when the phone has been in wird, nachdem das Telefon einige Sekunden idle mode for a few seconds. nicht benutzt wurde.
Nach einigen Sekunden wird vom After a few seconds, the screen saver Displayschoner zum Standby-Modus switches to sleep mode/standby mode. umgeschaltet.
ANRUFFUNKTIONEN CALL FUNCTIONS
Die Hörmuschel ihres Telefons befindet sich The speaker of your phone is above the
- 91 - über dem Display. display.
Um einen Anruf zu machen, geben Sie die To make a call, enter the phone number, Telefonnummer einschließlich der Vorwahl including the area code. ein.
Um die Nummer anzurufen, drücken Sie die To call the number, press the call key. Taste zum Anrufen.
Um den Anruf zu beenden oder den To end the call or to cancel the call attempt, Anrufversuch abzubrechen, drücken Sie die press the end key. Taste zum Beenden.
Zum Anrufen von Namen suchen Sie im To make a call using names, search for a Adressbuch nach dem gewünschten Namen name or phone number in ‘Contacts’. Press oder der gewünschten Rufnummer. Drücken the call key to call the number. Sie die Anruftaste, um die Nummer anzurufen.
Weisen Sie einer der Kurzwahltasten 2 bis 9 Assign a phone number to one of the speed- eine Telefonnummer zu. dialing keys, 2 to 9.
Um einen Anruf über die Kurzwahl zu To make a call using speed dialing, press a machen, drücken Sie die Kurzwahltaste und speed-dialing key, and then press the call anschließend die Taste zum Anrufen. key.
Wenn Sie einen ankommenden Anruf To answer an incoming call, press the call annehmen möchten, drücken Sie die key. To end the call, press the end key. Anruftaste. Um den Anruf zu beenden, drücken Sie die Taste zum Beenden.
Um Ihre Mobilbox abzurufen, wählen Sie To call your voice mail, dial your own Ihre eigene Nummer und drücken Sie die number and press the call key. Anruftaste.
Sie könne auch Anrufe umleiten. You can choose to divert calls.
Während eines aktiven Anrufs können Sie You can choose ‘handsfree’ during an active die Option ‚Freisprechen’ wählen. call.
Sie können festlegen, dass ein ankommender You can choose to be notified of an incoming Anruf durch den Vibrationsalarm gemeldet call by the vibrating alert. wird.
Um einen ankommenden Anruf abzuweisen, To reject an incoming call, press the end key. drücken Sie die Taste zum Beenden.
Um einen Rufton stummzuschalten, drücken To mute a ringing tone, select ‘Silence’. sie ‘Lautlos’.
Anklopfen: Zum Beantworten eines Call waiting: To answer the waiting call
- 92 - wartenden Anrufs während eines aktiven during an active call, press the call key. The Anrufs drücken Sie die Taste zum Anrufen. first call is put on hold. To end the active Der erste Anruf wird gehalten. Um den call, press the end key. aktiven Anruf zu beenden, drücken Sie die Taste zum Beenden.
TEXTEINGABE WRITE TEXT
Um Text (z. B. für Kurzmitteilungen) You can enter text (for example, when einzugeben, können Sie die herkömmliche writing messages) using traditional or Texteingabe oder die Texteingabe mit predictive text mode. automatischer Worterkennung verwenden.
Drücken Sie beim Verwenden der When using traditional text mode, press a herkömmlichen Texteingabe eine number key repeatedly until the desired Zifferntaste so oft, bis das gewünschte character appears. Zeichen angezeigt wird.
Bei der automatischen Texteingabe können In predictive text mode you can enter a letter Sie einen Buchstaben durch einmaliges with a single press of a key. Drücken einer Taste eingeben.
Um die Groß- bzw. Kleinschreibung und den To change the character case and the text Texteingabemodus zu ändern, drücken Sie input mode, press #. die Taste #.
Um vom Buchstaben- in den Zahlenmodus To change from letter to number mode, press zu wechseln, halten Sie die Taste # gedrückt and hold #, and select ‘Number mode’. und wählen ‘Zahlenmodus’.
Wählen Sie ‘Option’ > ‘Wörterbuch ein’ für Select ‘Options’ > ‘Dictionary on’ to select die automatische Worterkennung oder the predictive text mode or ‘Dictionary off’ ‘Wörterbuch aus’ für die herkömmliche to select traditional text mode. Texteingabe.
MITTEILUNGEN MESSAGES
Die Mitteilungsdienste können nur dann The message services can only be used if verwendet werden, wenn sie von Ihrem Netz they are supported by your network or oder Ihrem Dienstanbieter unterstützt service provider. werden.
Bevor Sie Kurz- oder Bildmitteilungen sowie Before you can send any text, picture, or e- E-Mail-Mitteilungen senden können, müssen mail message, you must save your message Sie die Nummer der Kurzmitteilungszentrale centre number. speichern.
Informationen zur Verfügbarkeit und zu den To check SMS e-mail service availability and Nutzungsvoraussetzungen des SMS-E-Mail- to subscribe to the service, contact your
- 93 - Dienstes erhalten Sie von Ihrem service provider. Dienstanbieter.
Zum Verfassen und Senden einer SMS To write and send an SMS message, select wählen Sie ‚Menü’ > ‚Mitteilungen’ > ‘Menu’ > ‘Messages’ > ‘Create message’ > ‚Mitteilung verfassen’ > ‚Kurzmitteilung’. ‘Text message’.
Das Senden einer Bildmitteilung oder einer Sending one picture or multipart message extralangen Mitteilung ist möglicherweise may cost more than sending one text kostenintensiver als das Senden einer message. einzigen Kurzmitteilung.
Beim Lesen einer Mitteilung können Sie While reading a message, select ‘Options’ to ‚Option’ wählen, um die Mitteilung zu delete or forward the message, edit the löschen, weiterzuleiten, als Kurzmitteilung message as a text message or an SMS e-mail, oder E-Mail (über SMS) zu bearbeiten, rename the message you are reading, move it umzubenennen, in einen anderen Ordner zu to another folder, or view or extract message verschieben oder Mitteilungsdetails details. anzuzeigen oder zu übernehmen.
Das Telefon enthält Kurzmitteilungsvorlagen The phone has text templates and picture und Bildvorlagen die Sie in Kurz-, Bild- oder templates that you can use in text, picture, or SMS-E-Mail-Mitteilungen verwenden SMS e-mail messages. können.
Eine Multimedia-Mitteilung kann Text, einen A multimedia message can contain text, Soundclip, ein Bild, einen Kalendereintrag, sound, a picture, a calendar note, a business eine Visitenkarte oder einen Videoclip card, or a video clip. enthalten.
Eine eingehende Nachricht wird durch ein You will be notified of an incoming message Nachrichtensignal angekündigt. by the message alert.
Flash-Mitteilungen sind Kurzmitteilungen, Flash messages are text messages that are die direkt beim Eingang angezeigt werden instantly displayed upon reception and are und werden nicht automatisch gespeichert. not automatically saved.
EINSTELLUNGEN SETTINGS
Das Telefon besitzt verschiedene The phone has various setting groups, called Einstellungsgruppen, so genannte Profile, für profiles, for which you can customize the die Sie die Telefontöne für bestimmte phone tones for different events and Ereignisse und Umgebungen anpassen environments. können.
Um das gewünschte Profil zu aktivieren, To activate the selected profile, select wählen sie ‚Aktivieren’. ‘Activate’.
Zum Anpassen des Profils wählen Sie To personalise the profile, select ‚Ändern’. ‘Personalise’.
- 94 - Ein Thema enthält viele Elemente zum A theme contains many elements for Anpassen Ihres Telefons, wie beispielsweise personalising your phone, such as wallpaper, ein Hintergrundbild, einen screen saver, colour scheme and a ringing Bildschirmschoner, ein Farbschema und tone. einen Rufton.
Wählen Sie ‚Menü’ > ‚Einstellungen’ > Select ‘Menu’ > ‘Settings’ > ‘Lights’ >’Light ‚Beleuchtung’ > ‚Lichteffekte’, um die effects’ to activate the standby light if the Taschenlampe einzuschalten, wenn das phone is switched on and the display light is Telefon eingeschaltet und die switched off. Displaybeleuchtung aus ist.
Die Verwendung der Lichteffekte erhöht den Using the light effects increases the demand Stromverbrauch und reduziert die on battery power and reduces the battery life. Akkulaufzeit.
Wählen Sie ‚Datum/Uhrzeit automatisch’, Select ‚Auto-update of date & time’ to set the um das Telefon so einzustellen, dass Uhrzeit phone to automatically update the time and und Datum automatisch je nach aktueller date according to the current time zone Zeitzone angepasst werden (Netzdienst). (network service).
Mithilfe der Liste der persönlichen With personal shortcuts, you get quick access Schnellzugriffe können Sie schnell auf to often used functions of the phone. häufig verwendete Funktionen des Telefons zugreifen.
Sie können Ihr NOKIA 6010 über Infrarot You can communicate with other compatible mit kompatiblen Geräten verbinden. devices from your NOKIA 6010 using an infrared connection. Wenn die Datenübertragung nicht innerhalb If data transfer is not started within 2 minutes von zwei Minuten nach der Aktivierung des after the activation of the IR port, the IR-Anschlusses gestartet wird, wird die connection is cancelled and must be started Verbindung getrennt und muss neu aufgebaut again. werden.
Drücken Sie die Navigationstaste, um in das Press the navigation key to enter the desktop Desktopmenü zu gelangen. menu.
Wählen Sie eine der folgenden Optionen: Select from the following options:
- ‚Spracheinstellungen’ zum Festlegen der - ‘Language settings’ - to set the phone Sprache für das Display und die language. Schreibfunktionen.
- ‚Speicherstatus’, um die - ‘Memory status’ - to view the free and Speicherauslastung von ‚Galerie’, used memory in ‘Gallery’, ‘Messages’, and ‚Mitteilungen’ und ‚Programme anzuzeigen’. ‘Applications’.
- ‚Automatische Tastensperre’, um die - ‘Automatic keyguard’ - to set the keypad
- 95 - Tasten Ihres Telefons so einzustellen, dass of your phone to lock automatically after a sie nach einer festgelegten Zeitspanne preset time delay when the phone is in automatisch gesperrt werden, wenn sich das standby mode and no function of the phone Telefon in der Ausgangsanzeige befindet. has been used.
- ‚Begrüßung’, um den Begrüßungstext - ‘Welcome note’ – to enter a welcome note einzugeben, der beim Einschalten des to be shown briefly when the phone is Telefons kurz angezeigt wird. switched on.
- ‚Startmelodie’, um auszuwählen, ob das - ‘Start-up tone’ – to select whether the Telefon beim Einschalten eine Startmelodie phone plays a start-up tone when the phone is spielt. switched on.
- ‚Rufnummernbeschränkung’, um die - ‘Fixed dialling’ – to restrict your outgoing ausgehenden Anrufe auf bestimmte calls to selected phone numbers if this Telefonnummern zu beschränken, sofern function is supported by your SIM card. diese Funktion von Ihrer SIM-Karte unterstützt wird.
Mit den Lautstärketasten können Sie die Adjust the volume of your phone using the Lautstärke ihres Mobiltelefons regeln. volume buttons.
Die Tastentöne können auch ausgeschaltet The key sound can also be switched off. werden.
Zum Wiederherstellen bestimmter To reset some of the menu settings to their Menüeinstellungen auf die ursprünglichen original values, select ‘Restore factory Werte wählen Sie ‚Werkseinstellungen settings’. wiederherstellen’.
MEDIEN MEDIA
Aufgrund von Copyright-Schutzrechten kann Copyright protections may prevent some das Kopieren, Bearbeiten, Übertragen oder images, ringing tones, and other content from Weiterleiten von bestimmten Bildern, being copied, modified, transferred or Klingeltönen und anderen Inhalten forwarded. unzulässig sein.
Mit der im Telefon integrierten Kamera You can take photos or record video clips können Sie Fotos aufnehmen und Videoclips with the built-in camera. aufzeichnen.
Es muss ein kompatibles Headset oder A compatible headset or enhancement needs geeignetes Zubehör an das Gerät to be attached to the device for the FM radio angeschlossen werden, damit das UKW- to function properly. Radio ordnungsgemäß funktioniert.
Sie können bis zu 3 Minuten You can record speech, sound, or an active Sprachaufnahmen, Töne und aktive Anrufe call for 3 minutes.
- 96 - aufzeichnen.
Während Sie einen Anruf aufzeichnen, hören While recording a call, all parties to the call alle Gesprächsteilnehmer ungefähr alle fünf hear a faint beeping sound about every 5 Sekunden einen leisen Signalton. seconds.
Halten Sie das Telefon während der When recording a call, hold the phone in the Aufnahme ganz normal an das Ohr. normal position near to your ear.
Die Lärmmessvorrichtung ermöglicht das The sound meter enables you to measure the Bestimmen des ungefähren approximate noise level of the environment. Umgebungsgeräuschpegels.
PUSH-TO-TALK PUSH TO TALK
Push-to-talk (PTT) über das Mobilfunknetz Push to talk (PTT) over a cellular network is ist ein Zwei-Wege-Datendienst, der über ein a two-way radio service available over a GSM/GPRS-Mobilfunknetz verfügbar ist. GSM/GPRS cellular network (network service). Stellen Sie am Telefon den Lautsprecher- Set the phone to use the loudspeaker or oder Hörerbetrieb für die PTT- earpiece for PTT communication. Kommunikation ein.
Wenn Sie auf einen Einzelanruf keine If you make a one-to-one call and do not get Antwort erhalten, können Sie der a response, you can send a callback request betreffenden Person eine Rückrufbitte to that person. senden.
Wenn Sie einen Gruppenanruf tätigen, hören When you call a group, all members of the alle beigetretenen Gruppenmitglieder group hear the call simultaneously. gleichzeitig zu.
SPORT SPORTS
Das Telefon besitzt einen Digitalkompass, The phone has a digital compass that shows der die Richtung sowohl grafisch als auch in direction both graphically and in digits. Zahlenform anzeigt.
Mit der Stoppuhr können Sie die Zeit messen To measure time, take intermediate times, or sowie Zwischenzeiten und Rundenzeiten take lap times, use the stopwatch. nehmen.
Um die Countdown-Zeit zu ändern, wählen To change the countdown time, select Sie ‚Zeit ändern’. ‘Change time’.
Das Thermometer misst Temperaturen in The thermometer measures temperature in Celsius und Fahrenheit. Celsius and Fahrenheit.
Sie können das Telefon so einstellen, dass es Your can set the phone to display the die Temperatur in der Ausgangsanzeige im temperature in standby mode. - 97 - Display anzeigt.
Rechner: Mit diesem Feature können Sie Ihr Calculator: Using this feature, you can use Mobiltelefon als Taschenrechner verwenden. the phone as a calculator.
Der Taschenrechner beherrscht die The calculator provides the basic arithmetic Grundrechenarten: Addition, Subtraktion, functions: addition, subtraction, Multiplikation und Division. multiplication and division.
ORGANIZER ORGANISER
Wecker: Das Telefon kann so eingestellt Alarm clock: You can set the phone alarm to werden, dass es zu einer bestimmten Uhrzeit sound at a desired time. die Weckfunktion ausführt.
Zum Auswählen der Zeiteinstellung für die To set a snooze time-out, select ‘Snooze Schlummerfunktion wählen Sie time-out’. ‚Zeiteinstellung für Schlummerfunktion’. Kalender: Der aktuelle Tag ist durch einen Calendar: The current day is indicated by a Rahmen gekennzeichnet. frame.
Wenn Einträge für diesen Tag vorliegen, If there are any notes set for the day, the day wird der Tag in Fettdruck angezeigt. is in bold type.
Zum Speichern von Notizen für Aufgaben, To save notes for tasks that you must do, die Sie erledigen müssen, wählen Sie ‚Menü’ select ‘Menu’ > ‘Organiser’ > ‘To-do list’. > ‚Organizer’ > ‚Aufgabenliste’.
Um eine Notiz anzuzeigen, blättern Sie zu To view a note, scroll to it, and select dieser und wählen ‚Zeigen’. ‘View’.
PROGRAMME APPLICATIONS
Spiele: Ihre Telefon-Software enthält eine Games: Your phone software includes some Reihe von Spielen. games.
Installieren und verwenden Sie nur Only install and use applications and other Anwendungen und Fremdsoftware, die aus software from sources that offer adequate Quellen stammen, die ein ausreichendes Maß security and protection against harmful an Sicherheit und Schutz gegen schädliche software. Software bieten.
Cookies: Als Cookie werden Daten Cookies: A cookie is data that a site saves in bezeichnet, die eine Seite im Cache-Speicher the cache memory of your phone. des Telefons speichern.
Sie können festlegen, ob Sie die Ausführung You can select whether to allow the running von Scripts über eine sichere Seite zulassen of scripts from a secure page. oder verhindern. - 98 - Sie können die Adressen von Webseiten als You can save page addresses as bookmarks Lesezeichen im Telefonspeicher ablegen. in the phone memory.
Zum Downloaden von weiteren Ruftönen, To download more tones, images, games or Bildern, Spielen oder Programmen auf das applications to your phone, select ‘Menu’ > Telefon wählen Sie ‚Menü’ > ‚Internet’ > ‘Web’ > ‘Downloads’ > ‘Tone downloads’, ‚Download-Links’ > ‚Ton-Downloads’, ‘Graphic downloads’, ‘Game downloads’, ‚Grafik-Downloads’, ‚Spiele-Downloads’, ‘Video downloads’, ‘Theme downloads’ or ‚Video-Downloads’, ‚Themen-Downloads’ ‘Application downloads’. oder ‚Programm-Downloads’.
Das Telefon kann Dienstmitteilungen von The phone is able to receive service Ihrem Dienstanbieter empfangen. messages.
Verschiedene Onlinedienste werden auf der Various online services are offered on the A1 Website des jeweiligen Netzbetreibers website. angeboten.
PFLEGE UND WARTUNG CARE AND MAINTENANCE
Bewaren Sie das Gerät trocken auf. Keep the device dry.
Verwenden Sie das Gerät nicht in staubigen Do not use or store the device in dusty, dirty oder schmutzigen Umgebungen oder areas. bewahren Sie es dort auf.
Bewahren Sie das Gerät nicht in heißen Do not store the device in hot areas. Umgebungen auf.
Versuchen Sie nicht, das Gerät anders als in Do not attempt to open the device other than der Anleitung beschrieben zu öffnen. as instructed in the guide.
Setzen sie das Gerät keinen Schlägen oder Do not knock or shake the device. Stößen aus und schütteln Sie es nicht.
Die beweglichen Teile und elektronischen Moving parts and electronic components can Komponenten können beschädigt werden. be damaged.
Verwenden Sie nur die mitgelieferte Antenne Use only the supplied or an approved oder eine andere zugelassene Zusatzantenne. replacement antenna.
Erstellen Sie Sicherheitskopien aller Always create a backup of data you want to wichtiger Daten, die Sie aufbewahren keep before sending your device to a service möchten, bevor Sie das Gerät bei einer facility. Servicestelle abgeben.
- 99 -