World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:12, No:6, 2018

Sustainable Geographic Information System-Based Map for Suitable Landfill Sites in Aley and Chouf, Allaw Kamel, Bazzi Hasan

1 of municipal authorities, and they get rid of them by the waste Abstract—Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation is among management system [2]. the most significant sources which threaten the global environmental As defined by the Unite74d States Environmental health. Solid Waste Management has been an important Protection Agency (USEPA), the materials that are not environmental problem in developing countries because of the considered as MSW include construction and diemolition difficulties in finding sustainable solutions for solid wastes. Therefore, more efforts are needed to be implemented to overcome materials, municipal wastewater treatment sludge, and non- this problem. Lebanon has suffered a severe solid waste management hazardous industrial wastes, otherwise materials known as problem in 2015, and a new landfill site was proposed to solve the trash or garbage are known as MSW. existing problem. The study aims to identify and locate the most Solid wastes have hazardous effects on both environment suitable area to construct a landfill taking into consideration the and human health. Improper MSW disposal and management sustainable development to overcome the present situation and causes all types of pollution: air, soil, and water. The U.S. protect the future demands. Throughout the article, a landfill site selection methodology was discussed using Geographic Information Public Health Service identified 22 human diseases that are System (GIS) and Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA). Several linked to improper MSW management [3]. Solid waste environmental, economic and social factors were taken as criterion management remains an important worldwide environmental for selection of a landfill. Soil, geology, and LUC (Land Use and task. Proper solid waste management techniques should be Land Cover) indices with the Sustainable Development Index were implemented to avoid the transmission of infectious diseases main inputs to create the final map of Environmentally Sensitive and prevent the contamination of various environmental Area (ESA) for landfill site. Different factors were determined to define each index. Input data of each factor was managed, visualized resources. Several methods and techniques are used such as and analyzed using GIS. GIS was used as an important tool to recycling, compositing and landfilling. According to the identify suitable areas for landfill. Spatial Analysis (SA), Analysis USEPA, integrated waste management consists of a hierarchy and Management GIS tools were implemented to produce input maps of four components involving, in order of preference, source capable of identifying suitable areas related to each index. Weight reduction, recycling, combustion with energy recovery, and has been assigned to each factor in the same index, and the main disposal through landfilling. weights were assigned to each index used. The combination of the different indices map generates the final output map of ESA. The With a population of 5.6 million people in 2013, Lebanon output map was reclassified into three suitability classes of low, produces 2,040,000 tons of MSW per year [4]. The MSW moderate, and high suitability. Results showed different locations generation per capita varies from around 0.85 kg/person/day in suitable for the construction of a landfill. Results also reflected the rural areas to around 0.95 to 1.2 kg/person/day in urban areas, importance of GIS and MCDA in helping decision makers finding a according to waste management data obtained from the solution of solid wastes by a sanitary landfill. Ministry of Environment (MOE) as well as studies undertaken

in Lebanon. The foreseen increase in waste generation is Keywords—Sustainable development, landfill, municipal solid waste, geographic information system, GIS, multi criteria decision estimated at an average of 1.65% across the country; this analysis, environmentally sensitive area. growth is however highly unevenly distributed. Almost all of the MSW generated in Lebanon is collected by public or I. INTRODUCTION private haulers (99% in rural areas, 100% in urban); however, ASTE production is linked to human activities, management varies from one area to another: 8% is recycled, lifestyles and environmental awareness. Rapid 15% is composted (several treatment plants already

International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:12, No:6, 2018 waset.org/Publication/10009218 W urbanization, increasing consumption and limited constructed will be put in operation soon, hence increasing environmental awareness have a cumulative effect on waste percentage), 51% is landfilled and 26% is disposed of in open generation [1]. Municipalities’ waste is formed from different dumps [4]. A study conducted by the World Bank [5] on the sources starting from houses, trading, and many other public state of environmental degradation in Lebanon, quantified the institutions [2]. Municipal wastes are collected by the interest cost of degradation caused by pollution from illegal dumping and waste burning to be around $10 Million per year, and

Allaw Kamel is with the Islamic University of Lebanon, Faculty of rising. Outside Great Area (GBA), municipalities and Engineering, Department of Surveying Engineering, Lebanon (e-mail: federations are responsible for the collection, treatment and [email protected]). disposal of municipal waste and assume all related costs [5]. Bazzi Hasan is with the Islamic University of Lebanon, Faculty of Within summer 2015, Lebanon has suffered a crucial solid Engineering, Department of Surveying Engineering, Lebanon.

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waste management problem. For eight months, Lebanon and between 600 and 1400 mm due to different climatic areas in especially Great Beirut and Governorate of the zone. The total population is estimated at 310000 had no solution to manage solid wastes except leaving them inhabitants (Aley 135000, Chouf 175000) forming stacked on the road side [6]. The existing landfills were closed approximately 7% of the Lebanese population. due to environmental and political problems. The proposed The study area is crossed by Al-Awali River and Al- solution by the Lebanese government was to construct a new River both originating from the and Niha landfill. Although managing solid wastes using landfills is not Mountains flowing westward to the Mediterranean Sea. The the most appropriate way for waste management, it is still an eastern part of the area contains part of Al Chouf Cedar important solution in Lebanon. As a developing country, Reserve located on the slope of Barouk Mountains. Al Chouf Lebanon suffers from many political problems, making it Cedar Reserve is one of the largest natural reserves in difficult to find better waste management solutions. Solid Lebanon and most popular destination for tourists. Both Aley waste management solutions require a long-term vision and a and Chouf contain important touristic sites. political and collective commitment. To date, in the absence of The two districts are suffering now from the waste both, the Government of Lebanon (GOL) has adopted management problem, and authorities in the region are using emergency response procedures. In addition, most Lebanese an improper open dumpsite as a partial solution waiting for the companies are not familiar with recycling strategies (known as construction of a new landfill. "waste sorting"), making these advanced solutions more difficult. In the absence of serious and sustainable III. METHODOLOGY environmental education programs in schools, universities and A. Principle the media, people tend to consume relentlessly, reuse less, and throw more [1]. For these reasons, the choice of a landfill as a GIS is capable of providing SA including manipulating and solution for the existing problem seems to be the most analyzing geo-referenced digital form maps. Site selection or acceptable solution in Lebanon. Choosing landfilling as a suitability analysis is a type of analysis used in GIS to solution is much better than stacking wastes on the road side. determine the best place or site for a project. The research Even though this is not the best environmental solution, but it methodology is based on using different GIS SA tool is a way to have management more friendlily with the integrated with multi criteria analysis to produce a landfill environment. In this way, we are trying to save the Lebanese siting in the study area. The selection of a landfill site has been environment with least negative consequences. Also, when done by many researchers around the world, such as [7]-[11]. locating a landfill, the sustainable development part existed to Moreover, the chosen factors were different depending on the create a landfill that serves for present and future demands. study area. Thus, several factors have been first identified, Landfill site selection is a serious problem in urban and based on the study area analysis, which defines the four main rural areas due to the dangerous impacts of the landfill on the indices: Soil Index, Geology Index, LUC Index, and ecology, environmental health, and economy of the area. The Sustainable Development Index. Indices defined manage selection of the landfill site should be controlled by several several impacts a landfill can cause and especially takes into factors and criterion that identify the most suitable places for a consideration the sustainable development sector which is landfill. Several indices were defined to determine suitability important for future demands. Each factor has been classified factor and sustainable development had an important part in into different classes according to the suitability range. The the selection process. This selection is managed by several value 0 was given for the unsuitable class, and different values data being mapped and organized using GIS to get an output were given to different suitability classes ranging from least showing different suitability classes. The process of Landfill suitable, suitable to most suitable. Factors of each index were site selection will be accomplished on Aley and Chouf weighted according to their relative importance. The indices Districts, two districts of Mount Lebanon Governorate, and were then given different weights reflecting the importance of currently suffering from a severe waste management problem. each index. The intersection of different factors related to the same index produces the suitability map relative to this index. The Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method in (1) was II. STUDY AREA used to calculate the suitability value of each area. This Aley and Chouf are two neighbour districts of the six method can be considered as an efficient method and most districts of Mount Lebanon Governorate. The area stretches

International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:12, No:6, 2018 waset.org/Publication/10009218 commonly used in creating maps for suitable landfill sites; it from the Mediterranean coast west, reaching the peaks of has been used by [11]-[14] and Weighted Linear Combination Barouk Mountains at the east (2000 m). Located between (WLC) was used by [9]. Based on the analysis of these ' ' ' 35°24 (E) and 35°44 (E) longitudes and 33°30 N and bibliographies, it was observed that the study area in Aley and ' 2 33°50 (N) latitudes Aley and Chouf covers an area of 758 km Chouf resembles, to a great extent, the study areas of the (Chouf 495 km2, Aley 263 km2) consisting of total 169 village referenced bibliography, thus the SAW method was chosen to (97 village in Chouf, 72 village in Aley) and forming 7.2% of be applied on our study area. Each index map was then Lebanon total area. Altitudes in the area range between few classified into four classes; unsuitable, low, moderate, and meters on the coastal line and 2000 m at the Barouk high. A final intersection of the four index maps was done. Mountains. The area has a rainfall average widely ranging The implementation of SAW in (1) also showed regions

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having different suitability values. The produced values were suitability, moderate suitability, and high suitability. reclassified to get four major classes: unsuitable, low

Fig. 1 Location of the study area

International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:12, No:6, 2018 waset.org/Publication/10009218

Fig. 2 Landfill selection process guide

B. Data and Methods mentioned in literature that the landfill site selection is mainly Several factors are implemented in the selection criteria to affected by environmental, economic, and social factors [11], obtain the optimum results. In planning, landfill site selection [13], [14]. Based on the analysis of the study area with its occupies extremely important place. It has been widely natural, social and economic features that exists, and taking

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into consideration the sustainable development, 13 factors very low transmissivity and classified as most suitable (Fig. were extracted and classified into four main indices to 6). generate the final output map. Soil, Geology, LUC and Sustainable Development were chosen as indices defining the ESA related to landfill site. Fig. 3 shows the main indices with their relative factors. Full classification of the defined factors and indices with their contributing weights is shown in Table I. Slope: Ground slope is an important environmental factor for landfill siting. A too steep slope would make it difficult to construct and maintain the stability of wastes, and a too flat slope would affect the runoff drainage. High slopes can favor leachate drainage to flat areas and water bodies and cause contamination [7], [14]. Also, economically very steep slopes bring higher excavation costs. There are many suggestions about slope, and areas with slopes greater than 15° should be avoided for a landfill site. According to [15], the appropriate slope for constructing a landfill is about 8-12%. Therefore, areas with high slope are considered unsuitable for landfill sites. The slope map was generated from DEM (Digital Elevation Model) created using 50 m contour lines of the study area. Contour map is taken from SDATL (Schéma Directeur d'Aménagement du Territoire du Liban) at a scale 1:10,000. The slope values ranged from 0° to 47° . The slope is then classified into four main classes according to [12] (Fig. 4). Drainage: It is widely mentioned in literature that landfill sites should be located on the remote areas from surface water Fig. 3 Criteria of ESA for landfill site resources [7], [8], [16]. The landfill site should take into consideration the surrounding surface water. To avoid Fault Lines: A landfill site must be away from fault lines; contamination of the surface water, the farther the site is, the otherwise, the wastes can pollute the groundwater or damage more it is suitable for a landfill. Since the area is crossed by the surrounding engineering structures in case of an two main rivers, Al-Awali River and Al-, it was earthquake [18]. Faults increase permeability of rocks so important to avoid being in an area that affects these two groundwater may be polluted with leachate of the landfill. important rivers. The river map of scale 1:10,000 was taken Areas having no fault lines or at a safe distance from fault from SDATL. Buffer zones of 300, 500 and 1000 meters were lines are considered suitable for landfill construction. A safety created and classified into four suitability classes [13] (Fig. 5). distance of 200 meters from fault lines is required [11]. Fault Geological Transmissivity: Transmissivity is an important lines map was taken from SDATL of scale 1:10,000. Distance hydraulic property of aquifers and water-bearing materials. In from faults and suitability of landfill are directly proportional. common with permeability, transmissivity affords a notion Areas within 200 meters of faults are classified as unsuitable about the water-bearing characteristics of hydrological bodies. (0). The suitability classes are then classified according to The possibility of ground water abstraction is estimated by distances of 500 (1), 1000 (2) and >1000 (3) meters (Fig. 7). transmissivity values. Therefore, knowledge of transmissivity Urban Areas: Landfill area should be located at a distribution helps us to draw important conclusions from significant distance from settlement area. Due to the hydrogeological studies, and for this reason, prevailing unfavorable odor and noise, a landfill should not exist in cities transmissivity values are often represented in hydrogeological and villages. Also, to avoid the spread of diseases and maps [17]. The classification of transmissivity varies between contamination of the fresh water, the landfill should be sited at International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:12, No:6, 2018 waset.org/Publication/10009218 high, moderate and low with small differences in their a distance from populated areas. According to [8], biggest numeric values usually measured in meter square per sec. The cities over 200000 people may have a 5000-m buffer zone, geological transmissivity map of scale 1:10,000 was taken while smaller cities over 1000 people may have 1000 m. A from SDATL. Three classes where classified. As the 1000-m distance from residential areas is generally considered transmissivity decreases, the suitability increases. Values unsuitable for allocating landfills [19]. The urban areas were between 10-2 and 1 sq. m/sec are considered high and given extracted from Land Cover created by CNRS (National low suitability, values ranging between 10-4, and 10-3 sq. Council for Scientific Research - Lebanon) at a scale of m/sec are moderate to low and are classified as suitable, and 1:10,000. A buffer distance of 1000 meters was made and all the other values less than these ranges are considered of excluded as an unsuitable area for landfill siting. At a different

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area of study, the remained areas which are not excluded are touristic areas, a landfill should not be placed near any of classified according to their suitability, but since we are these sites. This is done to avoid visual impact and other working with a much urbanized area, only two classes were nuisances. USEPA also recommends a buffer of at least 500 m identified, suitable and unsuitable by assigning values 3 and 0 for cultural heritage sites. For these reasons, a buffer zone of respectively (Fig. 8). 500 m was created around the historical and touristic sites in Industrial Areas: As stated by [20], centers classified as the area and defined as unsuitable (0) area for a landfill site. private residences, businesses, social and community Historical site data were taken from SDATL maps of scale buildings should have a buffer of 250 meters. In general, being 1:10,000 (Fig. 10). far away from an industrial area is not of a great importance Natural Reserves: It is stated that landfill sites should not for landfill site selection, but because of having industries degrade natural ESA or areas of unique ecological aesthetic producing food and medicine products it was important to interest [7]. Considered as the largest natural cedar reserve in obtain a safe distance. In fact, the study area contains many Lebanon, Al Chouf Cedar Reserve should not be damaged food, medicine and agricultural industries which should be with a landfill site around it. Protecting this important protected in addition to the electrical power plant in Al Jiyeh- environmental part, the natural reserve and a buffer zone of Chouf District. As stated by [20], a buffer distance of 100-500 500 meters were classified as unsuitable (0) for construction of meters around industrial areas (hazardous, manufacturing, a landfill according to [16]. The remaining part was classified food/agricultural) should be excluded. For this reason, a buffer as suitable (3). The natural reserve map was taken from distance of 250 meters was obtained around industrial areas. SDATL maps of scale 1:10,000 (Fig. 11). The layer was then classified into unsuitable and suitable by assigning values 3 and 0 respectively. The map of industrial 𝑆∑ 𝑊𝑋 (1) areas was extracted from Land cover 2005 by CNRS-Lebanon th at a scale of 1:10,000 (Fig. 9). where 𝑆=Suitability index, 𝑊 = Weight of i factor, 𝑋=Score th Historical Sites: Landfill sites should not be placed on a of i factor attribute. site close to historical or cultural sites [9], [10]. There are Different weights are assigned to the factors. The many cultural and historical sites that should be protected in determination of the weight is accomplished based on the Aley and Chouf District. Since these areas are considered consultation of scientists and professors (Table I).

TABLE I CLASSIFICATION, RANKING, AND WEIGHTS OF INDICES AND FACTORS Index Factor Class Rank Suitability 0 – 5 3 Most Suitable 6 – 10 2 Suitable Slope ( ° ) [40%] 11 – 15 1 Least Suitable > 15 0 Unsuitable Soil Index SI [24%] 0 – 300 0 Unsuitable 300 – 500 1 Least Suitable Distance to Drainage (m) [60%] 500 – 1000 2 Suitable > 1000 3 Most Suitable 10 𝑇1 1 Least Suitable Geological Transmissivity 𝑚⁄𝑠 [60%] 10 𝑇10 2 Suitable Very Low 10 3 Most Suitable Geology Index GI 0 – 200 0 Unsuitable [30%] 200 – 500 1 Least Suitable Distance to Faults (m) [40%] 500 – 1000 2 Suitable > 1000 3 Most Suitable 0 – 1000 0 Unsuitable Distance to Urban Areas (m) [30%] > 1000 3 Suitable ESA For Landfill Site 0 – 250 0 Unsuitable Distance to Industrial Areas (m) [15%] > 250 3 Suitable 0 – 500 0 Unsuitable Distance to Natural Reserves (m) [22%] <500 3 Suitable LUC Index LUCI 0 – 500 0 Unsuitable Distance to Historical Sites (m) [15%] [30%] > 500 3 Suitable

International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:12, No:6, 2018 waset.org/Publication/10009218 0 – 100 0 Unsuitable 100 – 500 3 Most Suitable Distance to Roads (m) [9%] 500 – 1000 2 Suitable >1000 1 Least Suitable 0 – 3000 0 Unsuitable Distance to Airport (m) [9%] > 3000 3 Suitable Heavy Snow Areas 0 Unsuitable Snow [40%] Other 3 Suitable Sustainable Development Index SDI 0 – 100 0 Unsuitable Coast Line [35%] [16%] >100 3 Suitable 0 – 30 0 Unsuitable Distance to Power Lines (m) [25%] > 30 3 Suitable

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Fig. 4 Slope suitability map

Roads: The proximity to roads is another crucial criterion Airport runways map was taken from SDATL at a scale of that must be considered for landfill site selection. Within 1:10,000. Considering all the suggested values for airport economic perspective, it is suggested to use existing roads to buffer, a distance of 3000 m was made as a buffer for "Rafik avoid the high cost of constructing connection roads [10]. The Hariri International Airport" and classified as unsuitable for Minimum distance from the network is imported in order to landfill (Fig. 13). avoid visual impact and other nuisances. On the other hand, Power Lines: The necessary buffer zone distance for landfill should not exist far away from an existing road to electricity power lines according to [19] must be 30 meters on facilitate transportation and consequently decrease the cost. both sides to avoid defective infrastructure and all high Roads and 100 m around them should be applied as a buffer voltage lines. An electrical power plant is located in Al-, zone [21] The road map was taken from SDATL maps of scale and it is one of the important power generation plants in International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:12, No:6, 2018 waset.org/Publication/10009218 1:10,000. Three main buffer distances were created at 100, Lebanon, thus several power line connections exist within the 500, and 1000 meters according to [12] and given values 1, 2, area and should be protected to avoid any future problems and 3 respectively (Fig. 12). such as fire risks. The power lines map was taken from Airport: A safety distance from the airport should be taken SDATL at scale of 1:10,000, and a buffer of 30 meters was for the landfill suitability. There are different values related to applied. The layer of power lines was classified as suitable or the safe distance from the airport for the landfill suitability as unsuitable for a landfill site by assigning values 3 and 0 3000 m according to [22], and 3048 m according to [23]. This respectively (Fig. 14). distance is applied for the safety of airplanes while landing Snow Areas: Barouk and Niha mountains, located in the and taking off. Part of "Rafik Hariri International Airport" eastern part of Aley and Chouf District, are considered the runways is located within the study area in Aley district. main source of water for Al-Awali and Al-Damour rivers.

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Snow on these mountains remains until the end of March each damaged the coastal area and polluted sea water. To avoid year and is considered an important source of the falling in the same problem, the factor has been added as a groundwater. Also, it is not appropriate to locate a landfill in sustainable development criterion (Fig. 16). areas having permanent snow during winter season because C. Implementation of Simple Additive Weighting Method this would affect the landfilling process and the transportation of wastes. Therefore, to protect these areas, any contamination As discussed in 3.1, the Simple Additive Weighting method of the groundwater should be avoided, and to insure a safe was used as multi attribute decision technique. A score is landfilling process, these areas were considered unsuitable for calculated for each alternative by multiplying the scaled value a landfill site as a sustainable development criterion. Snow given to the alternative of that attribute with the weights of areas were digitized from MODIS satellite imagery of relative importance directly assigned by decision maker resolution 500 m at a digitizing scale of 1:10,000 (Fig. 15). followed by summing of the products for all criteria. The Coastal Area: In order to avoid the pollution of the sea SAW was used in generating each index map taking the water, the coast line, extracted from the SDATL maps at scale weight of each factor with its obtained score from several 1:10,000 with a buffer distance of 100 meters, was considered associated factors, as well as in producing the final map as restricted areas for landfill site. Two landfills located on the considering the index weight with the obtained score from Lebanese shore line, one located in Borj Hammoud-Beirut and each index map. the other is a dumpsite located in Saida-South Lebanon,

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Fig. 5 Drainage suitability map

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Fig. 6 Geological transmissivity suitability map International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:12, No:6, 2018 waset.org/Publication/10009218

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International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:12, No:6, 2018 waset.org/Publication/10009218 Fig. 7 Faults suitability map

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Fig. 8 Urban areas suitability map International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:12, No:6, 2018 waset.org/Publication/10009218

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Fig. 9 Industrial area suitability map International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:12, No:6, 2018 waset.org/Publication/10009218

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International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:12, No:6, 2018 waset.org/Publication/10009218 Fig. 10 Historical sites suitability map

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International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:12, No:6, 2018 waset.org/Publication/10009218 Fig. 11 Natural reserve suitability map

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Fig. 12 Roads suitability map International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:12, No:6, 2018 waset.org/Publication/10009218

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Fig. 13 Airport suitability map International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:12, No:6, 2018 waset.org/Publication/10009218

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Fig. 14 Power lines suitability map

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Fig. 15 Snow area suitability map International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:12, No:6, 2018 waset.org/Publication/10009218

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Fig. 16 Coastal area suitability map

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION receiving its own attributes from the basic factor map. Any polygon receiving at least one 0 attribute from any of the A. Results implemented layers is consequently unsuitable for a landfill Since many factors are incorporated in the landfill site and must be restricted and classified as unsuitable. The simple selection, GIS is ideal for this kind of study to accomplish the additive weighting method was then implemented to calculate analysis. The work was mainly accomplished using ArcGIS the suitability index for each produced polygon (excluding software and basically ArcMap. Vector data type was used as polygons receiving 0 attribute value) based on the assigned a data type for all layers. All factors' maps are of the same weight of each factor. The generated index map was classified scale (1:10,000) which can generate maps of the same scale using the natural break classification, which was found to be International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:12, No:6, 2018 waset.org/Publication/10009218 after the overlay. For each determined factor, a map was the best method reflecting the reality of our area of study; as produced and classified according to suitability classes. unsuitable (0 – restricted areas), low suitability (1), moderate Several geoprocessing tools (Buffer, Intersection, Merge, …) suitability (2), and high suitability (3). The procedure was were applied to generate the map representing each factor. A applied for the four main index maps, each related to its own classification was obtained for each map by assigning values index defined by several factors (Fig. 18). Indices maps are from 0 to 3 to its own attribute table according to the presented in Figs. 19-22. The four index maps were then used suitability class. The factor's maps related to each index were to create the final map at the same scale of the input index used to produce the index map. Working with vector data maps generating the final map at scale 1:10,000 with an type, the overlay of different layers defining each index accuracy of 10 meters estimated as a correspondence of 1 mm produced the index map having several polygons, each on the map. Intersection tool of the four indices layers is

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performed (Fig. 18). Also, polygons receiving attribute 0 from areas compared to the coastal and mid-height areas being any index map are restricted. The SAW method was also favorable for urbanization. For sustainable development, implemented to calculate the suitability index of the final map authorities should take in consideration the urban sprawl that based on the weight of each index map and natural break may occur towards the eastern part of the study area. This classification was used to produce suitability classes. Polygons article affords authorities variety of options to be considered having area less than 1000 sq. m were eliminated using the as a sanitary landfill location. Since the obtained map shows elimination tool because they are too small to fit for a landfill. vast areas with high suitability, a site might be chosen to be Fig. 23 shows the produced map with different suitability dedicated only to Aley and Chouf districts, and also, a site classes. From Fig. 24, it can be seen that areas belong to low may be chosen with wider area to be used for all Mount suitability class covers 30.0%, moderate suitability class Lebanon districts. This could help to solve the problem not 29.6%, and most suitable class 40.4% of the unrestricted areas. only in these two districts but also in the whole governorate. More factors such as land ownership type and land values B. Discussion must be studied in details. The acceptance of the site from Results of this research help decision makers and authorities municipalities in the district and political authorities in in Aley and Chouf district to choose sites suitable to construct Lebanon should be also included. Further studies must be a landfill and overcome the existing waste management applied about population growth and waste generation rate to problem. Working with a dense population area, we notice that choose the most appropriate area. It is recommended to choose the urban areas factor has its powerful effect on the site a landfill site which can help to solve the existing problem for location. This important factor has made the high suitability a couple of years preparing to move into more advanced sites present more in the eastern part which is the area of solutions for managing municipal wastes. moderate to high elevations and considered less populated

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Fig. 17 Landfill factors' maps generation

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Fig. 18 ESA map generation

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Fig. 19 Soil map index

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Fig. 20 Geological index map International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:12, No:6, 2018 waset.org/Publication/10009218

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Fig. 21 LUC index map

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Fig. 22 Sustainable development index map International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:12, No:6, 2018 waset.org/Publication/10009218

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Fig. 23 Landfill suitable sites in Aley and Chouf district

prepared as input maps to identify best landfill locations. Four indices maps were created from relative factors showing different suitability classes. Simple additive weighting method was used as a MCDA method. The implementation of the four indices maps produces the output map which was classified into four suitability classes; unsuitable, low, moderate and high suitability. This map is now considered a base for further studies related to landfill siting. Interfering GIS has made the selection easier by isolating the unsuitable areas and enabling selection from the suitable areas. It is important to realize that Fig. 24 Area distribution of different suitability classes GIS analysis is not a substitute for field analysis. For this reason, more studies should be accomplished based on the V. CONCLUSION field analysis to choose a landfill site from the suitable areas. Trying to find a convenient solution for the Lebanese waste REFERENCES management problem which has deepened, it was proposed to [1] Jadam J., El-Jisr K., Stephan R., State and Trends of the Lebanese find a suitable location for a sanitary landfill. Aley and Chouf Environment 2010, Chapter 8: Solid Waste. International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:12, No:6, 2018 waset.org/Publication/10009218 district are both suffering from the severe problem, and a [2] Fischer C., Gentil E., Ryberg M., and Reichel A., European solution should be found to avoid more negative effects of the Environment Agency (EEA) Managing municipal solid waste — a review of achievements in 32 European countries-2013. crisis. Landfill site selection is a complex procedure that needs [3] Alam P., Ahmade K., Impact of Solid Waste on Health and the involving several factors and constraints such as Environment-Special Issue of International Journal of Sustainable environmental, social, and economic factors. Using GIS is a Development and Green Economics (IJSDGE), ISSN No.: 2315-4721, practical way to produce high quality maps needed for the V-2, I-1, 2, 2013. [4] Rizkallah M., Sabbagh B., Country report on the solid waste landfill site selection in a short time. In this study, several management in LEBANON-SWEEP-NET, April 2014. necessary criteria and indices were first determined through [5] Sarraf M., Larsen B., Owaygena M., Cost of Environmental literature review. Using the available data, 13 suitability Degradation: The Case of Lebanon and Tunisia, World Bank, June 2004. [6] Hilal N., Fadlallah R., Jamal D., El-Jardali F., Approaching the Waste factors were defined, classified into four main indices and

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