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Mag Diss Vitkovskaya Irina.Pdf Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «СИБИРСКИЙ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ » ИНСТИТУТ ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНОЙ БИОЛОГИИ И БИОТЕХНОЛОГИИ Кафедра Водных и наземных экосистем УТВЕРЖДАЮ Заведующий кафедрой _______ Гладышев М.И « _____» ___________ 2017 г. МАГИСТЕРСКАЯ ДИССЕРТАЦИЯ Распределение биомассы комаров -звонцов (Chironomidae, Diptera) на суше при разлете имаго 06.04.01 - «Биология » 06.04.01.04 – «Гидробиология и ихтиология » Научный руководитель ________ к.б.н., доцент Борисова Е.В подпись , дата Выпускник _________ Витковская И.А подпись , дата Рецензент ________ к.б.н. Толомеев А.П подпись , дата 1 Красноярск 2017 2 РЕФЕРАТ Магистерская диссертация по теме « Распределение биомассы комаров -звонцов (Chironomidae, Diptera) на суше при разлете имаго » содержит 58 страниц текста , 6 иллюстраций , 7 таблиц , 8 приложений , 56 использованных источников . АМФИБИОНТНЫЕ НАСЕКОМЫЕ , CHIRONOMIDAE, GLYPTOTENDIPES, РОЕНИЕ , БИОГЕННЫЕ ПОТОКИ ВЕЩЕСТВА «ВОДА -СУША », АРИДНЫЕ ЛАНДШАФТЫ , СОЛЕНЫЕ ВОДОЕМЫ . Объект исследования – хирономиды рода Glyptotendipes соленого озера Шира . Цель исследования : характеристика распределения биомассы комаров -звонцов (Chironomidae, Diptera) на суше при разлете имаго для уточнения площади прилегающей наземной территории , получающей потоки органических веществ из биомассы хирономид на примере степного озера Шира . Задачи : дать количественную оценку распределения имаго от мест выплода до мест концентрации во время роения ; изучить особенности распределения имаго на разных берегах озера Шира (северо -западный , северо -восточный , юго -восточный и южный берег ). Актуальным является количественная характеристика распределения выносимой водной продукции на суше , что представляется необходимым экологическим знанием для оценки бюджета экосистем и планирования мероприятий по сохранению биоразнообразия данного региона . В результате исследования была уточнена площадь прилегающей наземной территории , получающая потоки органических веществ из биомассы хирономид , изучены особенности распределения имаго на разных берегах озера . 3 СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Введение ………………………………………………………………………. 5 1. Обзор 7 литературы ………………………………………………….............. 1.1. Роль гетеротопных насекомых в процессах переноса вещества 7 и энергии между водными и наземными экосистемами .………………….. 13 1.2. Наземное распространение и расселение имаго гетеротопных 14 насекомых …………………………………………………………………. 18 .. 20 1.2.1. Роение и спаривание 20 хирономид ………………………………… 21 1.3. Фенология и количество генераций разных видов 23 хирономид …….. 25 2. Материалы и методы 28 ……………………………………………………… 28 2.1. Характеристика района 29 исследования ……………………………...... 33 2.2. Характеристика объекта 35 исследования …………………………….... 38 2.3. Сбор 39 материала ………………………………………………………... 2.4. Обработка 46 данных ……………………………………………………... 3. Результаты …………………………………………..................................... 47 3.1. Характеристика направлений лета имаго Glyptotendipes ………….. 48 3.2. Распределение имаго Glyptotendipes по мере удаления от 50 4 воды …… 3.3. Распределение имаго Glyptotendipes по берегам озера 54 Шира ……… 3.4. Распределение биомассы Glyptotendipes на суше при разлете 56 имаго Выводы ………………………………………………………………… 57 Список использованных источников ………………………………………... 58 Приложение А Карта -схема оз . Шира ( Хакасия , Сибирь ) с указанием расположения станций и типами грунтов …………………………………... Приложение Б Процентный вклад разных видов хирономид в общую биомассу сем . Chironomidae на разных станциях и глубинах оз . Шира ( Хакасия , Сибирь )…………………………………………………………….. Приложение В Схемы расположения точек учета дальности разлета имаго хирономид ………………………………………..…………………… Приложение Г Характеристика направлений лета имаго Glyptotendipes…. Приложение Д Распределение имаго Glyptotendipes по мере удаления от воды …………………………………………………………………………… . Приложение Е Оценка связи процентного распределения особей на трансекте с высотой растительности ………………………………………... Приложение Ж Направления ветра в районе исследования , характерные для изучаемого сезона ....................................................................................... 5 Приложение И Расположение степных участков ООПТ «Государственный природный заповедник «Хакасский »»………………... 6 ВВЕДЕНИЕ Взаимодействие водных и наземных экосистем в рамках единого ландшафта , безусловно , признаётся всеми экологами . Однако лишь сравнительно недавно началось интенсивное количественное изучение биогенных потоков вещества и энергии между водой и сушей [Ballinger, Lake, 2006]. При этом основное внимание , как правило , уделяется потокам органического вещества и элементов с прилегающих территорий в водные экосистемы [Gratton, Vander Zanden, 2009]. Тем не менее , водные экосистемы также могут вносить существенный количественный вклад в функционирование прилегающих наземных экосистем , в первую очередь – за счёт вылета амфибионтных насекомых [Baxter et al., 2005; Ballinger, Lake, 2006; Gratton, Vander Zanden, 2009]. Даже в сравнительно продуктивных степных и лесных экосистемах продукция , выносимая на сушу амфибионтными насекомыми , может играть значительную роль для наземных консументов . Например , в прериях суточная биомасса вылетающих из ручьёв насекомых может в три раза превышать продукцию наземных членистоногих [Gray, 1989]. Доля биомассы амфибионтных насекомых из ручьёв составляет более 25% годового рациона лесной орнитофауны в Японии [Nakano & Murakami, 2001]. Очевидно , что в аридных ландшафтах роль водных экосистем ( в основном - солёных ) как источника биологической продукции многократно возрастает . Следовательно , изучение количественных характеристик и экологических механизмов , управляющих потоками вещества и энергии из солёных вод в аридные и частично аридные наземные экосистемы имеет глобальное значение [Millan et al., 2011]. Целью работы является характеристика распределения биомассы комаров -звонцов (Chironomidae, Diptera) на суше при разлете имаго для уточнения площади прилегающей наземной территории , получающей 7 потоки органических веществ из биомассы хирономид на примере степного озера Шира . Для достижения цели были поставлены следующие задачи : • Дать количественную оценку распределения имаго от мест выплода до мест концентрации во время роения ; • Изучить особенности распределения имаго на разных берегах озера Шира (северо -западный , северо -восточный , юго -восточный и южный берег ). Исследуемое озеро Шира имеет важное социально -экономическое значение для региона , поскольку здесь расположен курорт с уникальными бальнеологическими свойствами , на котором ежегодно отдыхает значительное число жителей Красноярского края . Очевидно , что активное использование акватории озера в рекреационных и оздоровительных целях повышает антропогенную нагрузку на водоем и потенциально может привести к необратимым изменениям в экосистеме озера . Кроме того , часть прилегающей к озеру наземной экосистемы составляет территорию Хакасского государственного заповедника , на которой охраняются многие виды птиц Красноярского края и Хакасии . Предпочтение птицами прилегающей к озеру территории в качестве местообитания ( места стоянки ) возможно связано со значительным потоком водной продукции на сушу . Поэтому количественная характеристика распределения выносимой водной продукции на суше представляется необходимым экологическим знанием для оценки бюджета экосистем и планирования мероприятий по сохранению биоразнообразия данного региона . Работа была поддержана совместным грантом РФФИ - ККФПНиНТД 16-44-240421 «Амфибионтные насекомые как вектор 8 переноса незаменимых полиненасыщенных жирных кислот из соленого озера юга Сибири ». 9 ГЛАВА 1. ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ 1.1. Роль гетеротопных насекомых в процессах переноса вещества и энергии между водными и наземными экосистемами . В биомассе бентоса пресноводных водоёмов умеренной зоны Европы , основными компонентами считаются ручейники (Trichoptera), поденки (Ephemeroptera), веснянки (Plecoptera) и хирономиды (Chironomidae, Diptera) [Демина , 2013; Демина и др ., 2013]. Однако наиболее распространенным на всех континентах семейством гетеротопных насекомых , демонстрирующим широкий спектр устойчивости к климатическим и экологическим условиям [Coler, Kondratieff, 1989], считаются хирономиды (Culicomorpha, Nematocera, Diptera). Общее число их видов в мире может превышать 15 тыс ., причём во многих водных биотопах личинки комаров -звонцов составляют более 50% от общего количества макробеспозвоночных [Kranzfelder, 2010], а в некоторых водоёмах – до 99% биомассы бентоса [Ferrington et al., 2008]. Гетеротопные насекомые проходят личиночное развитие в водоёмах , а заключительный этап метаморфоза – на границе раздела водной и наземной экосистем . Вылет имаго гетеротопных насекомых из водоёмов происходит через две границы раздела водной и наземной экосистем – «вода – воздух » ( поденки , двукрылые ( хирономиды , хаобориды , кулициды ), некоторые ручейники ) и « вода – суша » (стрекозы , некоторые поденки , сетчатокрылые и др .). Насекомые , имаго которых преодолевают границу « вода – воздух », обычно проходят метаморфоз на поверхностной пленке воды , реже под водой , непосредственно над теми участками дна , на которых обитали их личинки . Для метаморфоза насекомых , имаго которых экспортируют вещество через границу « вода – суша », обычно требуется 10 наличие твердого субстрата . Последней линьке с личинки или куколки на имаго предшествует латеральное перемещение ( миграция ) преимагинальных стадий в прибрежную зону [Демина , 2013]. Как правило , гетеротопные насекомые обладают
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