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University of Huddersfield Repository University of Huddersfield Repository Craig, Hayley Sexual Assault & Students : Does involvement in a ‘lad culture’ affect British students’ acceptance of sexual assault? Original Citation Craig, Hayley (2016) Sexual Assault & Students : Does involvement in a ‘lad culture’ affect British students’ acceptance of sexual assault? Masters thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/30323/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ Sexual Assault & Students Does involvement in a ‘lad culture’ affect British students’ acceptance of sexual assault? Hayley Craig A thesis submitted to the University of Huddersfield in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (by Research) Awarded by the University of Huddersfield July 2016 Word count (not including title page, acknowledgements, abstract, contents page, guide to abbreviations, direct quotes, reference pages or appendices): 25, 350 1 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisors, Gráinne McMahon and Maria Ioannou, for their guidance and support throughout every part of the project, and for their continuous encouragement and enthusiasm. I would also like to thank those who participated in the research, for their participation, their honesty and for generating such insightful results. 2 Abstract ‘Lad culture’ – a phenomenon which exists predominantly amongst university students - has gained notoriety recently for its excessive alcohol consumption, sexist and homophobic ‘banter’, and objectification of women. However, research on the phenomenon in university environments, and its impact on women, is scarce. A relationship between involvement in lad culture and the likelihood of accepting and normalising sexual assault is inferred, however, it has not been empirically investigated. The aim of the current study is to examine this relationship and the impact of lad culture on students. Using a mixed methodology, the first stage, a quantitative investigation, involved a questionnaire and survey developed for the research, which measured students’ involvement in lad culture and acceptance of sexual assault (respectively) (n=59). The purpose of this stage was to test for a relationship between the two variables and, thus, if involvement in lad culture increases acceptance of sexual assault. A second, qualitative stage utilised a mixed- gender focus group in which five students were asked about their experiences of lad culture, in order to explore its characteristics and impact. The quantitative data revealed a significant positive relationship between involvement in lad culture and the acceptance of sexual assault amongst students. The qualitative data suggested that this was potentially brought about by a tacit acceptance of lad culture as a part of student life, and that it is a group phenomenon linked to the performance of masculinity. Alcohol use and the sexual harassment of women are used as ways to compete within groups of men. Despite the normalisation of the culture, findings also suggest that student men are beginning oppose it; keen to disassociate themselves, as individuals, from the phenomenon. 3 Findings hold implications for the research area in terms of being the first to uncover a relationship between ‘lad culture’ and assault, as well as the impact it is having on the student body. It provides an impetus on which to base the needed intervention programmes, to inform university policy against the culture and its dangers, whilst also offering a platform on which to develop further research. Key to Abbreviations: LC = Lad culture HE = Higher education ILCQ = Involvement in Lad Culture Questionnaire ASAS = Acceptance of Sexual Assault Scale 4 Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 2 Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Key to Abbreviations: ................................................................................................................ 4 Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 9 Literature Review..................................................................................................................... 12 LC Definition and Overview ............................................................................................... 12 Social context and Processes in which LC Exists ................................................................ 13 Masculinities ..................................................................................................................... 13 Alcohol and sexual assault ............................................................................................... 19 Sexual pursuit and the subordination of women .............................................................. 23 Rape Supportive Culture, Rape Myths and Rape Acceptance ......................................... 28 Experiences and impact of LC ............................................................................................. 35 Literature Review Summary ................................................................................................ 39 Research aim ........................................................................................................................ 42 Research Questions........................................................................................................... 42 Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 43 Mixed Methods Approach ................................................................................................ 43 Quantitative stage................................................................................................................. 44 Sample .............................................................................................................................. 44 Materials ........................................................................................................................... 45 Involvement in LC questionnaire (ILCQ).................................................................... 45 Acceptance of sexual assault scale (ASAS) ................................................................. 47 Procedure .......................................................................................................................... 49 Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 50 Validity and Reliability .................................................................................................... 50 Qualitative stage................................................................................................................... 53 Method .............................................................................................................................. 54 Sample .............................................................................................................................. 55 5 Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 56 Validity and Reliability .................................................................................................... 58 Ethical considerations of the present study .......................................................................... 59 Results ...................................................................................................................................... 61 Results of quantitative analysis ............................................................................................ 61 Demographic figures ........................................................................................................ 61 Descriptive Analyses ........................................................................................................ 62 Correlational Analysis ...................................................................................................... 63 Testing for normality ................................................................................................... 63 Spearman’s Rho test and results .................................................................................
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