The Spanish-American War Section 2

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CHAPTER

18 GUIDED READING The Spanish-American War Section 2

A. As you read about the Spanish-American War, write notes in the appropriate boxes to answer the questions about its causes and effects.

Causes: How did each of the following help to cause the outbreak of the Spanish-American War? 1. American business owners

2. José Martí

3. Valeriano Weyler

4. Yellow journalism

5. De Lôme letter

6. U.S.S. Maine

Effects: What happened to each of the following territories as a result of the Spanish-American War? 7. Cuba

8. Puerto Rico

9. Guam

B. On the back of this paper, explain brieﬂy who George Dewey was and what he did. Then explain the importance of the Rough Riders and San Juan Hill.

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CHAPTER 18 RETEACHING ACTIIVITY The Spanish-American War Section 2

Sequencing A. Put the events below in the correct chronological order. _____ 1. Americans learn of de Lôme letter.

_____ 2. The United States declares war on Spain.

_____ 3. U.S. forces arrive in Cuba.

_____ 4. Cubans launch rebellion against Spanish rulers.

_____ 5. Treaty of Paris officially ends the war.

_____ 6. Explosion of the U.S.S. Maine stirs war fever in America.

Finding Main Ideas B. Answer the following questions in the space provided.

1. How did the Treaty of Paris help to make the United States an imperial power?

America Claims an Empire 31 asan-0518ir 12/7/019:47AMPage38 38 Name 1. Work withagroupofclassmatestoanalyzethis Activity Options Section 2 and sharethemwiththeclass. pened? Drawconclusionsabout thisfrontpage that theillustrationaccuratelyreﬂectswhathap- sinking ofthe lines accurateandreliable?Whatfactsaboutthe page fromtheNewYork 18 Unit CHAPTER 5 , Chapter Maine example ofyellowjournalism? printed afterthewarshipU.S.S. Examine thisfrontpagefromaneditionofJosephPulitzer’s NewYork PRIMARY SOURCE 18 are given?Doyouthink The GrangerCollection,NewYork. World. Are thehead- Newspaper FrontPage Maine exploded inCubanwaters.Howisthisan 2. To understandthedifferencebetween yellow differences. your classmates,discussthesimilaritiesand a reputablelocalornationalnewspaper. With today, comparethispagewiththe frontpageof journalism inthelate1800sand Date World

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CHAPTER PRIMARY SOURCE from The Rough Riders 18 by Theodore Roosevelt Section 2 During the Spanish-American-Cuban War, Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt led a charge of two African-American regiments and the Rough Riders up San Juan Hill in Cuba. As you read this excerpt from Roosevelt’s account of the battle, visualize what happened during the assault.

he infantry got nearer and nearer the crest of had a number of Rough Riders mixed with his T the hill. At last we could see the Spaniards troop, and led them all together; Captain Taylor running from the rifle-pits as the Americans came had been severely wounded. The long-legged men on in their final rush. Then I stopped my men for like Greenway, Goodrich, Sharp-shooter Proffit, fear they should injure their comrades, and called and others, outstripped the rest of us, as we had a to them to charge the next line of trenches, on the considerable distance to go. Long before we got hills in our front, from which had been undergoing near them the Spaniards ran, save a few here and a good deal of punishment. Thinking that the men there, who either surrendered or were shot down. would all come, I jumped over the wire fence in When we reached the trenches we found them front of us and started at the double; but, as a mat- filled with dead bodies in the light blue and white ter of fact, the troopers were so excited, what with uniform of the Spanish regular army. . . . shooting and being shot, and shouting and cheer- There was very great confusion at this time, the ing, that they did not hear, or did not heed me; and different regiments being completely intermin- after running about a hundred yards I found I had gled—white regulars, colored regulars, and Rough only five men along with me. Bullets were ripping Riders. General Sumner had kept a considerable the grass all around us, and one of the men, Clay force in reserve on Kettle Hill under Major Jackson Green, was mortally wounded. . . . of the Third Cavalry. We were still under a heavy I ran back, jumped over the wire fence, and fire and I got together a mixed lot of men and went over the crest of the hill, filled with anger pushed on from the trenches and ranch-houses against the troopers, and especially those of my which we had just taken, driving the Spaniards own regiment, for not having accompanied me. through a line of palm-trees, and over the crest of a They, of course, were quite innocent of wrong- chain of hills. When we reached these crests we doing; and even while I taunted them bitterly for found ourselves overlooking Santiago. not having followed me, it was all I could do not to from Theodore Roosevelt, The Rough Riders (New York, smile at the look of injury and surprise that came 1899). Reprinted in Richard B. Morris and James Woodress, over their faces, while they cried out: “We didn’t eds., Voices from America’s Past, Vol. 2, Backwoods hear you, we didn’t see you go, Colonel; lead on Democracy to World Power (New York: Dutton, 1963), now, we’ll sure follow you.” I wanted the other 276–277. regiments to come too, so I ran down to where General Sumner was and asked him if I might Discussion Questions make the charge; and he told me to go and that 1. Why was Roosevelt angry with the troopers at he would see that the men followed. By this time first? everybody had his attention attracted, and when I 2. From reading this account, what conclusions can leaped over the fence again, with Major Jenkins you draw about the Battle of San Juan Hill? beside me, the men of the various regiments which 3. After the battle, Roosevelt wrote to his friend were already on the hill came with a rush, and we Senator Lodge: “I am entitled to the medal of started across the wide valley which lay between us © McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. honor, and I want it.” Based on your reading of and the Spanish intrenchments. his account, do you agree with Roosevelt? Why Captain Dimmick, now in command of the or why not? Ninth, was bringing it forward; Captain McBlain

America Claims an Empire 39 asan-0518ir 12/7/019:47AMPage40 40 Name I them, norshalltherepublic berobbedofwhatthey No! Theyshallnotberobbed ofthehonordue the governmentatWashington shallnotdenythem. with thoseeldersonsofglory, andtheoppositionto In thehallsofhistorytheywillstandsideby heroes of1861,descendantsthe1776! established overtheheartsofallmankind?. wax instrength,untiltheempireofourprinciplesis broaden theirblessedreignasthechildrenofliberty cial supremacyoftheworld?Shallfreeinstitutions continue intheirrestlessmarchtowardthecommer- It isaworldquestion.ShalltheAmericanpeople er thanapartyquestion.ItisanAmerican dous reasoningwefindourselvestoday. divinely logical,intheprocessofwhosetremen- of martyrswhodiedtosaveusfromthem;ahistory consequences ofevilsinheritedfromthepastand half acentury;historyofprophetswhosawthe a multiplyingpeoplewhooverrancontinentin mountains, eventothegatesofsunset;ahistory blazing desertsandthroughtheranksofhostile a historyofsoldierswhocarriedtheflagacross out intounexploredlandsandsavagewildernesses; statesmen whoflungtheboundariesofrepublic faith inourmissionandfuture;ahistoryof was struckbytheLibertyBell;ahistoryheroicwith upon Hischosenpeople;ahistorywhosekeynote propagandists andnotthemisersofliberty. authority oftheirheaven-directedpurposes—the of theirpower, byrightoftheirinstitutions, ing folkofalltheearth;apeopleimperialbyvirtue ally revitalizedbythevirile,man-producingwork- most masterfulbloodofhistory;apeopleperpetu- has plantedonthissoil;apeoplesprungfromthe with anoblerdestiny. ItisamightypeoplethatHe imperial oceansoftheglobe,agreaterEngland Europe; alandsetlikesentinelbetweenthetwo coastlines wouldenclosehalfthecountriesof that canfeedandclothetheworld;alandwhose t isanoblelandthatGodhasgivenus; Section 2 God blessthesoldiersof1898,children Therefore, inthiscampaign,thequestionislarg- It isaglorioushistoryourGodhasbestowed 18 Unit CHAPTER 5 , Chapter imperialism. Philippines. Asyoureadthisexcerpt,considerhisargumentsinfavorofU.S. paign speechinwhichheexplainedwhytheUnitedStatesshouldkeep While runningfortheSenatein1898,Indiana’s AlbertBeveridgegaveacam- PRIMARY SOURCE 18 In FavorofImperialism 3. WhatargumentsdoesBeveridge giveforthe 2. AccordingtoBeveridge,whatwouldHawaii, 1. WhosehanddoesBeveridgeseeinAmerica’s Discussion Questions (Philadelphia, 1903),224–243. from the citizenshipofGreatRepublic! bestow, thesacredOrderofStarsandStripes, her peopleaskforthehighesthonorlibertycan when, obedienttothelawofpoliticalgravitation, perous millionsthatempressofislandswillsupport ble reignofanarchyandtyranny. Thinkofthepros- Cuba whenagovernmentoflawreplacedthedou- mon-school civilizationofenergyandindustryin of Americanswhowillbuildasoap-and-water, com- equity there!Thinkofthehundredsthousands ment oftherepublicitself,shallestablishorderand and controlledbythisrepublic,ifnotthegovern- Philippines whenaliberalgovernment,protected will invademineandfieldforestinthe Think ofthetensthousandsAmericanswho lic’s lawscoverthoseislandswithjusticeandsafety! pour intoHawaiiandPuertoRicowhentherepub- to thecoast—thestarsandstripesofglory. that Taylor unfurledinTexas andFrémontcarried Philippines, andIprayGoditmaybethebanner flag ofaliberalgovernmentistofloatoverthe coaling stationsaretobeours;attheveryleast the islandsofEast,eventogatesAsia, prayer ofthepeople,Cubawillfinallybeours;in republic hasdemanded. Harrison championed,andthegrowthof continued, Sewardadvanced,Grantpromoted, continuing thepolicythatJeffersonbegan,Monroe won fortheircountry. ForWilliam McKinleyis expansion oftheAmerican empire? from theirassociationwith the UnitedStates? Puerto Rico,thePhilippines,andCubagain destiny? Think ofthethousandsAmericanswhowill The marchoftheflag!. Hawaii isours;PuertoRicotobeatthe Thomas B.Reed,ed., Date Modern Eloquence, Vol. XI

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CHAPTER AMERICAN LIVES José Martí 18 Poet, Patriot, Inspirational Leader Section 2 “It is my duty . . . to prevent, through the independence of Cuba, the U.S.A. from spreading over the West Indies and falling with added weight upon other lands of Our America. All I have done up to now and shall do hereafter is to that end. . . . I know the Monster, because I have lived in its lair.”—José Martí, his last letter, written to a friend (1895)

osé Martí (1853–1895) spent most of his brief wages to the cause. He gave lectures to other Jlife outside of Cuba, working for Cuba’s inde- exiles, setting forth his goals for free Cuba: democ- pendence from Spain. A writer and intellectual, he racy, widespread education, tolerance between the died in combat. A lover of freedom and democracy, races, and a varied economy that did not rely on he admired U.S. ideals but mistrusted its power the export of sugar. and wealth He also pushed for Cuba’s complete indepen- Martí began his revolutionary activity when he dence from the United States. Economic ties were was in his teens. Inflamed by his teacher with the increasingly linking the island to the United States. desire for Cuban independence, he began publish- Many Cubans hoped that once free from Spanish ing a newspaper called La Patria Libre (“Free control, they could join the United States. Martí Homeland”) at age 16. He was arrested by Spanish admired democracy and freedom in the United officials and sent to prison. After six months of hard States, which he called “the greatest [nation] ever labor in a stone quarry, he was exiled to Spain. built by freedom.” However, he believed that capi- Only 18, he was forbidden to return to his country. talism and the growing spirit of imperialism threat- Martí studied law in a Spanish university and ened Cuba and all of Latin America. He feared the wrote essays, plays, and poems. His work was full power of the nation he called “the Monster.” His of passion and politics. In 1875, he went to Mexico. arguments helped convince other Cubans that full Then, after a brief return to Cuba (in disguise, for independence—not annexation—was the course to his safety), he settled in Guatemala, married, and follow. became a teacher and writer. His complete writings In 1892 Martí organized his supporters into the eventually filled 73 volumes. Cuban Revolutionary Party. He called for another Meanwhile, Cuban rebels were fighting for armed rebellion against Spain. He contacted rebels independence. The Spaniards finally won this ten- in Cuba and urged them to prepare. He helped year war in 1878. They declared an amnesty, and organize troops in the United States and elsewhere. Martí returned home. However, he continued his In 1895, he announced that the war for indepen- anti-Spanish activities, and he was exiled again. dence had begun, and in April he landed in Cuba By 1881, Martí had escaped to New York City, with a small force of men. On May 19, he was where he spent most of the rest of his life. He killed by Spanish soldiers in a brief battle. Cuban wrote a novel and more poems. He was hired as a independence came three years later, and José diplomat by Uruguay—and later by Argentina and Martí became a Cuban hero of mythic proportions. Paraguay as well. He wrote countless articles for A statue of him is found even in New York City. newspapers, explaining Latin America to U.S. readers and explaining the United States to readers Questions throughout Latin America. Most of all, he spent his time promoting the cause of Cuban independence 1. How did Martí contribute to the movement for from Spain. Many Cuban tobacco workers lived in Cuban independence? © McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. Florida. Martí wrote to them and lectured to them, 2. What do Martí’s goals for a free Cuba reveal drumming up support for a rebellion. He con- about his thinking? vinced the workers to donate ten percent of their 3. Why did Martí call the United States “the Monster”?

America Claims an Empire 45 asan-0518ir 12/7/019:47AMPage46 46 Name full credit,callingit“the war. Whenwarﬁnallywasdeclared, Hearstclaimed and topushPresidentWilliam McKinleytodeclare denounce theSpaniardsfortheiractionsinCuba reporters outtosolvethem.Heusedthepaper constantly. Hepublicizedmurdersandthensent printed sensationalstoriesandpromotedhispaper to one—forcingPulitzercuthispricetoo.He time, hecutthepriceofhispaperfromtwocents reporters twicewhatPulitzerpaid.Atthesame and thenraidedthe World compete againstJosephPulitzerandhisNewYork largest circulationinthecity. Hedeterminedto not fact,toafactthatisnovelty.” are alsonovel.Buthewouldprefernoveltythatis novelty. Theeditorhasnoobjectionstofactsifthey journal doesnotcareforfacts.Theeditorwants journalism: “Themoderneditorofthepopular increase circulation.Aletterrevealedhisviewof ment, andprintedsensationalstories—anythingto Hearst hiredtalentedreporters,addednewequip- newspaper, theSanFrancisco persuaded hisfathertogivehimafamily-owned expelled—he becameinterestedinjournalism.He went toHarvardCollege,where—beforebeing wealthy byowningwesternmines.Heeventually goal ofbeingapowerfulpolitician. and mademovies.However, heneverachievedhis azines, creatednewsreels,broadcastradioshows, mote hisattemptstoenter politics. company. Hearstusedthesemedia sourcestopro- tions, anewsreelcompany, anda ﬁlm production bought magazines.Eventuallyheaddedradiosta- including Chicago,LosAngeles,andBoston.He circulation wentup. W Section 2 Soon Hearsthadwon:The Hearst (1863–1951)wasborntoafamilymade He joinedtheDemocratic Party andbeganto Hearst addedpapersinothermajorcities, 18 Unit CHAPTER empire. Hepublishednewspapersandmag- illiam RandolphHearstbuiltagreatmedia next. HearstboughttheNewYork 5 , Chapter AMERICAN LIVES —William RandolphHearst,editorialintheNewYork punish criminals,.[andbyrepresentingthepeople]controlnation.” express publicopinion,.suggestandcontrollegislation,declarewars, “[Newspapers are]thegreatestforceincivilization,.[ableto]formand World 18 Journal ’s staffbyoffering Examiner, Examiner ’s war.” Thepaper’s Successful Publisher, FailedPolitician William RandolphHearst to run. had the Journal 3. Assessthetimelinessofopeningquotationby 2. HearstservedtwotermsintheHouseof 1. EvaluateHearst’s philosophyofjournalism. Questions ly asaninvalid. seizure in1947,hespenthisremainingyearslarge- of hispublishingempireby1945.Afteraheart prosperity ofWorld War IIbroughtbackmuch forced tosellsomeofhisproperties.However, the Hearst’s overspendingcutintohisfortune.Hewas gram asthe“RawDeal.”SoonDepressionand papers referredtothepresident’s “NewDeal”pro- years, though,hehadturnedagainstRoosevelt.His Franklin DelanoRooseveltin1932.Within afew political actwastohelpsecurethenominationof never abletorunforpublicofficeagain.Hislast name onthescreen. shown inmovietheaters,audienceshissedathis when newsreelsproducedbyhiscompanywere but theeffortfailed.Hebecamesounpopularthat, McKinley. Hearstnexttriedformingathirdparty, attacks hadcontributedtotheassassinationof part, byarevivalofthechargethathispapers’ tion asgovernorofNewYork. Hewasdefeated,in later, hecamewithin60,000votesofwinningelec- fell shortofthenumberneededtowin.Two years fortune, hesecuredmorethan200delegatesbut nominee forpresident.Largelybyusinghisvast ing arousedhatredofMcKinley. assassinated, Hearstwascriticizedbymanyforhav- ly criticizePresidentMcKinley. AfterMcKinleywas to promoteDemocraticcandidates—andsevere- be apowerbehindthescenes.Heusedhispapers was inthelate19thcentury? Hearst. Isitasaccurateinthe21stcentury unsuitable tobeaneffectivelegislator? tor. Whatinhischaracterwouldmake him Representatives, butwasnotasuccessfullegisla- Hearst returnedtotheDemocratsbutwas In 1904,HearstwantedtobetheDemocratic Journal Journal Date (1898)