Jurnal Biotik. P-ISSN: 2337-9812, E-ISSN: 2549-1768 Vol. 9, No.1 Ed. April 2021, Hal. 24-34

COMPOSITION OF ASCOLICHEN IN GAYO HIGHLAND

1W Wardiah, 2Desi Ratnasari, 3I Iswadi, 4S Samingan, and 5Dewi Andayani 1,2,3,4,5 Department of Biology Education, FKIP, Syiah Kuala University, Indonesia Email: [email protected]

DOI: 10.22373/biotik.v9i1.9385

ABSTRAK

Ascolichen adalah kelompok lumut yang tersusun oleh spesies ascomycetes (mycobiont) dan algae (photobiont) yang berperan dalam ekologi dan industri. Spesies Ascolichen di Indonesa belum terdata dengan baik, terutama di Kawasan dataran tinggi. Kawasan kampus Universitas Syiah Kuala Gayo Lues merupakan bagian dari Dataran Tinggi Gayo yang memiliki karakteristik lingkungan yang khas. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui species ascolichen, jenis talus dan substrat. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan melakukan survey eksploratif di 2 stasiun penelitian, yaitu Stasiun I (area kampus) dan Stasiun 2 (di luar area kampus). Data dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 28 spesies ascolichen yang ditemukan di lokasi tersebut yang termasuk ke dalam 3 class, 6 ordo, 15 familia, dan 25 . Selanjutnya, jenis talus Ascolichen adalah crustose (16 spesies), foliose (8 spesies), dan fruticose (4 spesies). Jenis substratnya adalah batang pohon (22 spesies), kayu mati (9 spesies) dan batuan (4 spesies). Derajat keasaman substrat berkisar 4-6 (bersifat asam). Kata kunci: Ascolichen, thallus, substrat, pH

Kata Kunci: Ascolichen, thallus, substrat, pH.

ABSTRACT

Ascolichen is group of composed by ascomycetes (the mycobiont) and algae (the photobiont) species which play ecological and industrial roles. Ascolichen species in Indonesia has not well recorded, specially at highland areas. The campus area of Syiah Kuala University Gayo Lues is a part of the Gayo Highland which has specific environmental characteristics. The research aim was to determine the Ascolichen species, the type of talus and the substrate characteristics. This study used a qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out by conducting explorative survey in 2 stations, namely Station I (campus area) and Station 2 (outside campus area). Data was analyzed descriptively. The results showed that there were 28 species of Ascolichen found in the location which

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Composition of Ascolichen in Gayo... belong to 3 classis, 6 orders, 15 families, and 25 genera. Moreover, the thallus types of lichen species were crustose (16 species), foliose (8 species), and fruticose (4 species). The types of lichen substrate were tree trunks (22 species), dead woods (9 species) and rocks (4 species). The acidity of the substrates ranges 4-6 (acidic).

Keywords: Ascolichen, thallus, substrate, pH.

INTRODUCTION

Gayo Highland is located in phycobionts, while the prokaryotic three districts of Aceh province, one of ones are blue-green algae (Cyanophyta) which is the Gayo Lues district. This called cyanobionts [4][5][6]. area is dominated by mountains and The symbiotic relationship hills, so it is known as the land of a pattern has not well understood yet. thousand hills. The Syiah Kuala The relationship between algae and University campus area is a part of the fungi is considered a heloticism which Gayo Highlands with relatively mean that the mutual benefits are only humidity and high rainfall. This temporary. In fact, the fungi exploit the condition has the potential to produce algae. For the temporary benefits, lichen diversity. The abiotic and biotic photosynthetic partner produce factors such as air temperature, carbohydrates for growth of the fungi, humidity, light intensity, pH, and host whereas fungal mycelium provide plant greatly support the growth of suitable habitat for algae and serve as [1][2][3]. mechanical protection. In term of Lichen is a unique plant resistance to dehydration, the fungal grouped into a non-vascular plant. It is helps the algae to absorb and retain a composite organism consisting of water and minerals [7][8]. fungal organisms (mycobiont) and The organism has been grouped photosynthetic organisms (photobiont), based on the fungal partner and thallus which is known as a symbiotic structure. Regarding to fungal groups, organism [4]. The eukaryotic there are Ascolichenes, photosynthetic organisms are green Basidiolichenes, and Imperfect lichen algae (Chlorophyta) known as which are noticed by their fruiting body

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characteristics. Associated with the and France people have used Parmelia, thallus structures, lichen can be a genus of Ascolichen, as spices and crustose, foliose, fruticose, squamulose raw material in chocolate industry and fruticose lichens. The thallus types respectively [11]. vary in distribution of alga in the lichen The area of Gayo Highland, a (evenly or unevenly distributed) and home for thousands of flora and fauna, parts of the thallus (upper cortex, algal is a potential area to find new food layer, medullary layer, lower cortex, sources and drugs. The data of and rhizines) [9][10]. Ascolichen in the area of study will Ascolichen can occupy in help others to expand their research extreme environments and play topic regarding to lichen life. important roles in degradation of Therefore, this study will determine the materials from living organism and Ascolichen species, the thallus and the nonliving thing, known as substrate types. biogeochemical cycles. Consequently, it produces nutrients for plants to grow. RESEARCH METHODS The organism also produces many The study used qualitative potential secondary products for approach which was an explorative pharmaceutical industry, natural dyes, study. The object was species of and perfume manufacturing [11][4]. Ascolichen in the area of study. The Several invitro studies have confirmed study was conducted in the area of that lichen extracts have high efficacy campus of Syiah Kuala University in even better than commercial drugs Gayo Lues District from June to [12]. Extract from Usnea sp. have a December 2020. The research area was better antihelmintic activity compared divided into 2 locations as shown in to Pyrantel Pamoate (worm medicine) Figure 1. and physiological NaCl and is relatively safe for host cells [12][13]. In term of food source potential, India

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Composition of Ascolichen in Gayo...

Sources:

1. Topographical map, Indonesia 2. Data of Citra SAS Planet, 2020 3. Administrative Data of BPS, Aceh Province

Figure 1. Location of Research Area. The Blue and Red Circles are Station I and II Respectively.

The instruments and materials. The instruments used in this vegetation (Figure 1). The vegetation study were three ways soil tester, of Station 1 includes Pinus merkusii thermo hygrometer, Camera, whereas Jungh.et de Vriese., Swietenia the materials were Litmus paper, mahagoni L., Hibiscus tiliaceus L., Merck KgaA, Alcohol 70 %, Potassium Cocus nucifera L., Mangifera indica Chloride solution. The parameters L., Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk., were species of Ascolichen, types of Aleurites moluccana Wild.), whereas thalli and substrates, and environmental Station 2 is dominated by Pine tree. factors including air temperature, Exploratory survey was carried out to humidity, light intensity, and substrate collect the lichen species. Data was pH. recorded including the species, habitat, type of thallus and the pH of the Procedures of Collecting Data substrate. The unidentified lichen The area of study was divided into 2 species were taken by slashing their stations based on the composition of substrates with 0.1-0.3 cm thickness

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and then sprayed using Alcohol 70% division in term of number of species. prior to put it into a plastic bag. Each This division has about 15,000 species lichen was labelled based on the that have been identified worldwide station, type of substrate, type of [15]. The lichen is composed of fungi thallus and pH of the substrate. that have spore pockets in the form of Identification of species was done ascus and fruiting bodies with using the field guide of lichen apothecium and perithecium [9]. identification book and confirmed by According to Table 1, there are the website (www.gbif.org). 29 species of Ascolichen found in the Measurement of physical research area. These species are the factors was carried out at 3 points at members of 3 classis, 6 order, 15 each station. The data was collected families, and 24 genera. The area was three times (the first (9.00 am-10.00 dominated by species of lecanorales am), the second (1.00 pm-2.00 pm) and accounting for 12 species which are the third (4.00 pm- 5.00 pm) and from different family and genus. This repeated twice. The pH measurement order which belongs to the of the lichen substrate was carried out consisting of 26 by selecting the surface of the substrate families, 269 genera and 5695 species around the lichen and spraying it with [16]. Of the seven families, 0.1 M Potassium Chloride solution to and Physciaceae dissolve the protons on the substrate dominates the research area which have and left it for 20 seconds. Next, a 5 species each. Parmeliaceae consists litmus paper was affixed to the surface of Parmotrema (2 species) and for 3 minutes [14]. The results of pH Canoparmelia, Pseudoparmelia, and measurement data are recorded. The Usnea (1 species each), whereas the data was analyzed descriptively. latter family includes Dirinaria (2 species) and Buellia, Heterodermia, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION and Physcia (1 species each). Composition of Ascolichen Most of the lichen species of is a lichen with Parmeliaceae are foliose lichen and the mycobiont ascomycetes and the largest others are fruticose one (Usnea sp).

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Composition of Ascolichen in Gayo...

The lichens have root-like structure [4]. The structure of the talus is known as rhizines which function in relatively simple compared to other absorbing minerals and water. types of talus. This type of talus Therefore, this ability ensures their resembles a crust, a flat and thin thallus nutrient needs. The family species can attached tightly to the substrate, grow and occupy from uncontaminated thereby reducing the potential for area to polluted one [17]. Regarding to dehydration. Water loss occurs at the Physciaceae, its species are top of thallus surface which is cosmopolitan ranging from extensively exposed by abiotic factors. mountainous to tropical areas [16]. It Regarding to Graphidaceae, there are 3 has been reported that these lichen species with different genus namely members can be found in mountainous Graphis, Diorygma, and . It is ecosystems with fluctuated assumed that broad ecological needs environmental factors [18]. and morphological structures play and Graphidaceae significant roles in their survivals species have also dominated the area. This can be considered by the number of species, 3 and 2 species respectively. The species of Arthoniaceae is from 3 genera called (2 species) and Cryptothecia and Arthothelium (1 species each). A tropical area is a home for these family members [19]. All the species found in the area were crustose lichen. Crustose grow slowly, but it is an ecologically-adaptive thallus. Therefore, it enables them to survive in wide ecological ranges, both in lowlands and highlands. The lichen species with the talus crustose type are very resistant to environmental changes

29 Table 1. Composition of Ascolichen, Types of Thallus and Substrates, and Potential Hydrogen of Substrates. Station Types of Substrate and Its pH Divisio Classis Ordo Familia Genus Species Types of 1 2 Tree pH Dead pH Rock pH Thallus Trunk wood Graphidaceae Graphis Graphis scripta (L.) Ach Crustose    5 - - - - Ostropales Diorygma Diorygma poitaei (Fee) Kalb, Staiger & Elix Crustose -   4 - - - - Phlyctidaceae Phlyctis Phlyctis argena (Ach.) Flotow Crustose    5 - - - - Teloschistales Teloschistaceae Teloschistes Teloschistes flavicans (SW.) Norman Fruticose    5  4 - - Buellia Buellia subdisciformis (Leight.) Vain Crustose -  - - - -  5 Dirinaria Dirinaria confluens (Fr.) D. D. Awasthi Foliose  -  5 - - - - Physciaceae Dirinaria frostii (Tuck.) Hale & Culb Foliose    5  4 - - Heterodermia Heterodermia leucomela (L.) Poelt Fruticose    5  4 - - Physcia Physcia aipolia (Ehrh. Ex Humb) Furnr. Foliose    5 - -  5 Malmideaceae Malmidea granifera (Ach.) Kalb, Rivas, P & Crustose 5 - - - Malmidea    - Lumbsch

Malmidea leucopiperis Nov Crustose -   5 - - - -

Stereocaulaceae Lepraria Lepraria barbatica Lendemer Crustose    4 - - - - Cladoniaceae Cladonia Cladonia cristatella Tuck. Fruticose -  - -  4 - -

Lecanoraceae Lecidella Lecidella euphoresa (Florke) Herte Crustose -   6 - - - -

Lecanoromycetes Parmotrema Parmotrema rubifaciens (Hale) Hale Foliose   - -  4 - - Lecanorales

Parmotrema latissimum (Fee) Hale Foliose    5 - - - - Canoparmelia Canoparmelia amabilis Heiman & Elix Foliose    5 - - - - Parmeliaceae Pseudoparmelia uleana (Müll. Arg.) Elix & Foliose 4 - 5 Ascomycota Pseudoparmelia    - T.H. Nash  Fruticose 6 5 - - Usnea Usnea Diil.ex. Adans     Ramalinaceae Bacidia Bacidia millegrana (Taylor) Zahlbr Crustose -  - - - -  5 Pilocarpaceae Eugeniella psychotriae (Mull. Arg) Lucking, Crustose 5 5 - - Eugeniella  -   Serus. & Kalb Pannariaceae Pannaria Pannaria rubiginosa (Thunb.) Delise Foliose  -  4 - - - - Arthoniace Cryptothecia Cryptothecia striata Thor Crustose    4 - - - - Arthonia Arthonia cinnabarina Mull. Arg Crustose -   6 - - - - Arthonia elegans (Ach.) Almq Crustose -   6 - - - - Arthothelium Arthothelium albovirescens (Nyl.) Fink Crustose -  - -  4 - - Chrysotricaceae Crustose 5 - - - Chrysothrix Chrysothrix candelaris (J.R) Laundon -   -

Lichenomycetes Lichinales Peltulaceae Crustose - 4 - - Peltula Peltula zahlbruckneri (Hasse) Wetmore -  - 

Composition of Ascolichen in Gayo...

species belong to Physciaceae (3 species) and Parmaliaceae (4 species). Thallus and Substrate Types There were four fruticose lichens found According to analysis of thallus in the location belonging to morphology, the lichen species are Parmeliaceae, Lecanoraceae, grouped into crustose, foliose, and Physciaceae, and Teloschistaceae. The fruticose lichens (Table 1). However, foliose lichen has a leaf-like shape with crust-like lichens dominated the area flat and wide shapes. The thallus has a (17 species), which belong to rhizine, a root like structure that helps Ostropales (3 species), Lecanorales (6 the lichen attach to the substrate. species), Arthoniales (5 species), However, the lichen attaches to the Teloschistales (1 species), and media loosely, so it detaches easily. Linchinales (1 species). The The lichens are the species of Arthoniaceae was the dominant family Parmeliaceae and Physciaceae. One of with 4 species followed by Parmaliaceae genera found in the Graphidaceae and Malmideaceae (2 research location is Parmotrema which species each) and Phlyctidaceae, is a lichen that has high sensitivity to Teloschistaceae, Stereocaulaceae, sulfur oxide (SO2). The effect of this Lecanoraceae, Ramalinaceae, gas is a change in the color of the Pilocarpaceae, Chrysotricaceae, and lichen talus and a decrease in Peltulaceae (1 species each). Crustose reproductive activity and physiology of lichen is the most resistant lichen mycobiont and photobiont [21]. The thallus to environmental changes and presence of this lichen indicates that extreme environments such as drought the study area still has good air quality. and heat [20]. The availability Physciacea The area of the study was also a members in the area is assumed due to home for foliose and fruticose lichens. their capabilities to spread their body The number of foliose lichens was parts throught asexual organs. The higher than that of fruticose’s species of D. confluens (Fr.) D. D. accounting for 9 species and 4 species Awasthi, D. frostii (Tuck.) Hale & respectively. The leaf-like lichens are Culb, and P. aipolia (Ehrh. Ex Humb)

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Furnr have powdery propagules forest (Station II), but two species, (soredia) consisting hypha and the algal namely Eugeniella psychotriae (Mull. cells fragmented easily by certain Arg) Lucking, Serus. & Kalb and factors such as wind and activities of Pannaria rubiginosa (Thunb.) Delise. insects and human. Substrate surface Pine plants have leathery bark retaining and environmental condition may also water. Their condition and structure are affect their survivals. Fruticose lichens preferable requirements for lichen to grow vertically and is commonly found grow. The abundance of lichen on a as a beard-like lichen. As drought and trunk is highly correlated to the sunlight exposure sensitive lichens, substrate surface as it provides micro- they have lack capability to survive in protection from drying and traps more certain areas, such as coastal area and water and propagules than fine one dessert [22]. The structure of the [23]. thallus with large evaporation area worsen even limit their chance to grow. Acidity of the Substrates The types of substrate were tree The air temperature in the area trunks (22 species), dead wood (9 ranged from 26 ℃ to 30 ℃. In term of species), and rocks (4 species). There humidity, the values were 58 %-66 %, were 7 lichen species found in both whereas light intensity ranged from locations attaching to different 1500-1836 cd. All substrates were substrate. The lichens attaching to tree acidic ranging from 4 to 6. The specific trunk and dead wood were T. flavicans pH values of tree trunk were 4-6, dead (SW.) Norman, Usnea sp. Diil. Ex. wood (4-5), and rock (5). Most lichen Adans, D. frostii (Tuck.) Hale & Culb, species were found in tree barks and H. leucomela (L.) Poelt, and E. dead woods. Both substrates are acidic psychotriae (Mull. Arg) Lucking, as the pH ranging 4-6. The acidity Serus. & Kalb, whereas attaching to properties are produced through tree trunk and rock were P. uleana degradation of the substrate into acetic (Müll. Arg.) Elix & T.H. Nash and acid and formic acids. Moreover, the Physcia aipolia (Ehrh. Ex Humb) dead wood’s pH decreases gradually as Furnr. All species were found in a pine time increase [24]. Similar findings

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Composition of Ascolichen in Gayo...

have been noted to rock pH (pH=5). It carbonic acids during the degradation has been known that lichen produces decreasing the pH value [25].

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