Hydrologic,\L Regions

$Hydrologic,\L Regions$

MISCELLANEOUS HYDROLOGICAL PUBLICATION

No. 4

HYDROLOGIC,\L REGIONS

OF NE\ø ZEALAND

by C. TOEBES and B. R. PALMER

Published by the Water and Soil Division of the Ministry of Works for the National Water and Soil Conservation Organisation

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) ERRATUI',t llliscellaneous Hydrologlcal Publication No. 4:

On p.15, last line, 6 r 1 OO rn shoulci be 6t O m.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) MISCELLANEOUS HYDROLOGICAL PUBLICATION No. 4

HYDROLOGICAL REGIONS

}TEW ZEALAND

by C. TOEBES and B. R. PALMER

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The study described herein was cat¡ied out by the Ministry of works as part of its hydrological research Programme. va¡ious office¡s and organisations have contributed to this work and the authors wish to thank in particular, Dr G. Neef, (Geologist, Comalco Industries, Invercargill) and Mr J. Forth, (Hydrologist, Hong Kong Public \[¡6¡las Department), for assistance in defining hydrological regions, Dist¡ict Hydrologists of the Ministry of Works and the New Zealand Catchment Authorities for helpful comments, and the New Zealand Geological Survey, the New Zealanð Meteotological service, and the Lands and survey Department for supplying data. Publication of this Paper was authorised by Mr P. L' Laing, Com- missione¡ of \{orks.

1969

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) FOREWORD

Since 1959, a principal objective of national hydrological wotk undertaken for the Soil Con- servation and Rivers Control Council has been the development of a firm system of regional hydtology.

Significant economies, greater accuracy, and the simplification of the very complex task of collecting hydrological data are expected to result ftom such a system and it should provide a valuable basis fo¡ most inyestigations.

UNESCO has ¡ecommended that all its member nations establish networks of representative basins for hydrological prediction purposes. Most reptesentative basins will be used for the development and improvement of methods of hydrological calculation and prediction including the assessment of water resources in a region or area. They also serve as the basic network of gauging stations for the extension of reco¡ds of short te¡m stations. In addition some basins are suitable for the carrying out of fundamental ¡esearch and for studying the effects, on the hydrology, of natu¡al changes occurring in a catchment.

In writing this paper, therefore, the authors record a valuable cont¡ibution to the advancement of hydrological work in New Zealanð,, by introducing a classification which should serve the country indefinitely. It is proposed to issue a fu¡ther publication in this series describing the representative basins established to date.

N. W. COLLINS, Chief Engineet, Water and Soil Division, Ministry of Works, Wellington, New Zealand.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) HYDROLOGICAL REGIONS OF NEW ZEALAND

I. INTRODUCTION New Zealand exhibits an ext¡eme topographical and geological diversity and an extraordinarily wide range of regional and local climates with a consequent marked variation in the natural vegetation over short distances. Because it has a high average elevation with steep slopes and because of the heavy precipitation the surface is effectively dissected giving an intense drainage density with nume¡ous small rivers.

\Ä'ater excess problems such as flooding and erosion a¡e severe; dtoughts, because of the generally humid climate, occur at unpredictable inte¡vals and with varying severity and the abundance of water resources in most parts of the country has given ¡ise to extensive hydro- electric development.

Water engineering demands extensive info¡mation which cannot be supplied continuously by classical methods of long-term observation. An alternative method is provided by sampling certain hydrological facts and deducing the required data by extrapolation using mathematical and statistical techniques. Such techniques are established by developing relationships among physical parameters involved in hydrological events and by using such relationships for prediction purposes (parametric hydrotogy), o¡ alternatively by using Ìecorded hydrological sequences to generate non-historic ones to which ce¡tain levels of ptobability can be attached (stochastic hydrology) (Amorocho, 1964).

The first method would generally require a knowledge of the physical relationships involved in the movement and dist¡ibution of wate¡ and would requi¡e fundamental ¡esearch into relations between wate¡ and its environment, and it is imperative therefore that such ¡esearch be done on a catchment basis.

Because of the extreme physiographical variability of New Zealand and the difficulty in observing hydrological facts (making the selection of observation sites a critical feature) ¡andom sampling of catchments for the above putposes was conside¡ed out of the question and a combination of st¡atified and purposive sampling had to be employed.

It was considered that the population of all catchments of New Zealand should be divided into strata (hydrological tegions) and that subsequently sample catchments should be selected within each hydrological region by means of purposive sampling.

Purposive sampling involves the selection of sampling points by some purposive principle and as the sample fo¡ each hydrological region is the smallest possible, i.e. only one basin is selected, the ove¡all sample is likely to be representative since the observe¡ is inclined to select the sample nea¡ the mean.

Purposive sampling admittedly does not give a good idea of the variance within a hydrological region but the st¡atification of the country into hydrological regions is likely to largely offset this disadvantage.

The ea¡liest ¡ecorded attempt to define hydrological regions was carried out by a special committee on hydrological regions of the United States (- , 1944) which indicated a lack of success in defining such regions within the continential United States. Kuzin (1960), classified areas of the U.S.S.R. into hydrological regions. The division was based on obse¡ved hydrological data taken from a large number of catchments and on climatic and topographical features. Toebes and Neef (1962) classified New Zealand into a large number of hydrological regions mapped on a scale of 1:500,000. Because of the scarcity of hydrological data, this division was based on available information on tainfall, vegetation, topography, soil, and geology. Lithology was conside¡ed the most important facto¡ owing to its close co¡relation with soils, topography, and natural vegetation.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) Dub¡euil (1964) classified 80,000 km2 of the no¡thern part of Brazil into hydrological regions based on a quantitative assessment of precipitation, permeability, and land slope,

UNESCO (1968) has defined standa¡ds of classification of hydrological regions and fomally named the sample catchments selected within hydrological regions 'rrepresentative basins".

This paper reports a detailed classification of New Zealand into 90 hydrological regions. It is based on the ea¡lier classification by Toebes and Neef and has used a quantitative classification system as reported by Dubreuil.

A further publication will set out the method of selecting the sample catchments (representative basins) and desc¡ibe some of their characte¡istics.

2. METHODS 2.t MethodoloPy The definition of the hydrological regions was carried out as follows: Firstly the basic classification of Toebes and Neef (1962) was simplified by deleting all regions with areas smaller than about 100 square miles, and for the remaining regions a quantitative classification was made of the three most important va¡iables, viz. precipitation, geology, and topography. Variations in precipitation range and geological age and type have necessitated systematic classification systems in both No¡th and South Islands for these two factors.

Each hydrological region was then studied in detail to see if the classification indicated whether any region could be combined with a neighbouring one in cases whe¡e steep precipitation or slope gradients occurred along the boundary, or whether such boundaries should not be shifted to achieve a regional classification with a smaller variance.

With these adjustments New Zealand was divided into 90 hydrological regions within which hydrological similarity is presumed. Eight regions have a quantitative classification similar to anothet region. Distances between such similar rcgions a¡e relatively great and other hydre logical conditions are presumed to exist (refet paras. 3.1.4,3.2.4).

2.2 Vaiables To obtain national conformity, the basis of classification of precipitation was the average annual precipitation fo¡ the period 1921-1950. This figure was obtained by taking the arith- metic o¡ unweighted mean of all rain gauges in operation ove¡ this period. In the South Island, regions flanking the main divide often have precipitation ranges within the region in excess of 2,500 mm but to avoid excessive regional fragmentation this va¡iation has been ignored (refer para. 2.3). Rocks of both islands have been classified in qualitative indices of permeability. Because it proved difficult to place class intervals the inclusion of two regions within one permeability class does not guarantee hydrological similarity.

Topography has been classified with respect to basin and region slope. Where the dominant form comprises 80 percent of the region, the average slope of the dominant topographical form is used. In areas without a dominant form an average fall form has been taken.

2.3 C/a.ssifi cation An arbitraty classification system can only give a general picture and it should be realised that by rearranging the class intervals of the three va¡iables an entirely different regional pattern could be obtained (Monkhouse and Wilkinson, 1951).

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) For instance. on eastern slopes of the Southern Alps mean annual rainfalls vary from 6,100mm near the divide to 760mm in the lower valleys. Fot ideal regional subdivision regional boundaries should follow the rainfall isohyets. However, this would ¡esult in five bounda¡ies roughly parallel to the main divide. This excessive subdivision would make it almost impos- sible to select a representative basin within any one of these regions. By studying the rainfall data it was found that this gradation is reasonably constant where topographical form ¡emains constant and subdivision, on a basis of a mean of these two extreme figures, was all that \pas necessary.

\.Vhere individual rock types have been considered, no direct compa¡isons we¡e made between rock types of the No¡th Island and the South Island o¡ between identical tock types of eithe¡ island. Any comparisons made wete by a conside¡ation of other factots such as age, induration, etc. Areas of urban development (except the Auckland and Wellington met¡opolitan a¡eas) have not been delineated. However, these areas cannot be considered as having characteristics hydrologically similar to any predominantly rural area (Harris and Rautz, 1961). Ideally all areas where urban influence is felt should be classified separately. The areas include any lakes within the region.

3. CLASSIFICATION INTO HYDROLOGICAL REGIONS 3.1 Noilh Island 3.1.1 Precipitation Precipitation in the North Island ranges f¡om 25 in. (635 mm) to 240 ín. (6,100 mm) with regional means varying from 36 in. (915 mm) to 205 in. (5,200 mm). The precipitation has been divided into six classes.

Inches mm 1. -43 -1,100 2. 43-51 1,100-1,300 3. 5t-62 1,300- 1,600 4. 62-78 1,600-2,000 5. 78-98 2,000-2,500 6. 98- 2,500-

3.I.2 GeoIoPY The geological formations have been divided into 17 rock types in 5 permeability classes: 1. GreYwacke Argillite Mudstone 2. Schist Basalt Dacite Gabb¡o 3. RhYolite Sandstone Ignimbrite Andesite 4. Alluvium Conglomerate Limestone 5. Gravels Sands Pumice

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) 3.1.3 Topo{raphy The topography has been divided into five slope classes: Degrees 1.0-5 2. 5-10 3. 10-15 4. 15-25 5. 25-

3,1.4 Genenl The combination of the above groupings gives a total of 44 classes for 48 hydrological regions. In the following table R denotes precipitation, P, permeability and S, slope.

Region Class Region Class Aorangi R1P154 Pukekohe q P2s1 CitY R2P2S2 Rangitikei R2P2 54 Coastal Sands Rl P5S1 Raukuma¡a R4P3S3

East Cape RePz Sg Ruahine R4P1S4 East Coast RsPtSs Southern Hawkets Bay R1P2S2 East Raetihi R2P3 54 South Kaimanawa R4P2S5 Egmont R6P453 Southern Tongariro RsP453 Gisborne R1P4S2 Tangoio R3 P2 s2

Hamilton RzPg Sz Taranaki R¿PzÐ !lokianga R3P2S1 Taupo Pumice R3P5S2 Hunua R4P1 53 Taupo Rhyolite R¡PsÐ Kaimai R4P3 54 Tauranga R3P4 51 Kaweka R3P254 Tongariro R5P3 53 Kawhia R3P1S2 U¡ewera R4P4 54 Kerikeri R5P2 S1 Waikaremoana B PES¿ Makara R2P1 54 Waioti¡a R3P3S1 Maste¡ton R1P4S1 \Uaipoua R3P3 52 Napier R1P3S2 Wairarapa R2P2 53 Northetn Hawke's Bay R3P452 lilaitakere R4 P3 52 North Kaimanawa R4P4S3 Waitomo R6P4 52 No¡thland Sands R2P5 51 1üanganui R4 P2 54 Opotiki R3P5S1 Wellington R4 P2 54 West Raetihi R3P3S O¡oua R2P4S2 3 Pirongia R5P3S2 Whangarei R3P2 52

Four pairs of regions which have the same classification are found in the North Island - Hokianga and Pukekohe, Tangoio and Whangarei, Taupo Rhyolite and Waipoua, Wanganui and Wellington. This can be att¡ibuted to the fact that permeability classes in arese of complex sedimentation and folding are difficult to define. Thecc rcgions are, however, considered to have distinct hydrological characteristics.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) 3.2 South Island 3.2.1 Precipìtation The precipitation in the South Island ranges from 13 in. (330 mm) to 400 in. (10,000 mm) with regional means ranging from 16 in. (405 mm) to 225 in. (5,700 mm). The precipitation has been divided into six classes: Inches mm 1. 16-27 400-700 2. 27-39 700-1,000 3. 39-51 1,000-'1,300 4. 51-78 1,300-2,000 5. 78-156 2,000-4,000 6. 156- 4,000-

3.2.2 GeologY The geological formations have been classified into 19 major rock types in g permeability çlasses: 1. Gneiss Granite 2. Alluvium (impermeable) Mudstone Gteywacke (massive) Shale Atgillite 3. Schist Basalt Sandstone Greywacke (shattered) RhYolite 4. Andesite Alluvium Conglomerate Limestone 5. G¡avels Sand Pumice

3.2.3 TopoQtaphy The topography has been divided into five slope classes: Degrees 1. 0_5 2. 5-10 3. 10-15 4. 75-25 5' 25-

3.2,4 Genenl Combination of the above groupings gives a total of 38 classes for 42 hydrological regions. In the following table, R denotes precipitation, P permeability, and S slope.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) Region Class Region Class Alexandra R I\lataura R2P3S 1P353 1 Aparima R3P3S1 I\1os giel R2P3S2 Blairich R2P253 l\{outere Hills R3P4S2 Rlenheim R tP+s t North-west Nelson R4P2S4 Blue [lountains R3P354 Oamaru R lP3S1 Buller RsPzs¿ Peninsula R2P4S3 Canterbury Foothills R2P353 Pukaki R2P4S 2 Canterbury Plains R2P5S Ranfurly 1 R lP352 East Otago R2P3S2 South Westland R6P252 Eastern Alps R3P254 Spenser R3P3S4 Farewell Spit R4P352 Takaka R5P4S1 Fiordland R6P1S5 Takitimu R3P454 Glacial RoPzSs Timaru Downlands R lP4S2 Ilokonui Ilills R¡Pz% Waiau R3P3 52 I Iurunui R3P353 lilaimate Plains R1P4S1 Inland Motueka R3P4S3 \üaitaki R1P3 54 Invercargill R3P3S2 Wanaka R¿PzSs Kaikou¡a Ranges R2P254 West Coast Lowlands R5P3 S1 Ka¡amea R4P452 West Motueka R¿P:S¡ Lumsden R2P4S1 West Otago R2P354 I\larlborough R4P354 Western Alps R6P2S4

In the South Island there are four pairs of hydrological regions with an identical classification. Blenheim and Waimate Plains, East Otago, and Mosgiel have the same classification but the precipitation in both Blenheim and East Otago is seasonal with a winter maximum and both these areas have a pronounced summer drought. In lüaimate Plains and Mosgiel ¡ain occurs in all seasons. Blue Mountains and gpe¡ss¡, and Invercargill and Waiau also have the same classification. A marked diffe¡ence in latitude between the Blue Mountains and gpe¡ss¡ could result in the regions having dissimilar hydrological characte¡istics. The \üaiau has a fair proportion of its area in native fo¡est while other parts are recently developed. This is in contrast with the Invercargill region which is well developed grazing land (sheep).

3.3 ¿Vanes and Descriptions oÍ |Iydrolopical Re¡lions The hydrological regions have been named after the most distinct topographical feature or most common name occu¡ting within the region.

In appendix I a qualitative description of the geomorphological, geological, pedological, climatological and vegetative chatacteristics is given. These characteristics have been compiled from data available to dete and may need ¡evision when more detailed information becomes available.

A map 1:1,000,000 in two sheets, North Island and South Island, showing the bound¿rries of the hydrological regions as an ove¡lay over a standa¡d topographical map is given as appendix II.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) 4. coNcLUsloN The study reported in this paper describes the division of New Zeala¡d into 90 hydrological regions within which hydrological similarity is presumed. Since the classification is based on groupings and combinations of significant envi¡onmental factors of water ¡ather than hydrological facts which we¡e not available, the relative success of such a division must await the complete establishment of representative basins within the hydrological regions, the subsequent testing of the representativity of these basins, and comparison between them.

The autho¡s do not deny that a diffe¡ent classification could have been used and in some cases this would have given regions that may have been different to a certain extent. However, they considerthat it is not of greatmomentwhether the boundaries are drawn cor¡ectly since the hydrological regions essentially serve as an aid in sampling the hydrology of New Zealand by setting up a network of representative basins. Also, the problem has been considered broadly in that the classification discussed hydrological charactetistics in their widest sense but naturally a classification for, say, peak discharges may have been different if, for instance, e¡osional charactetistics were studied.

The final classification shows that of 90 regions, 8 have a classification identical to some other region.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) 5. REFERENCES

5.1 l/otks teÍened to in text Amorocho, J.; A critique of cu¡rent methods in hydrologic systems investigations. Hart, W. 8., 1964: lrans. Amet, Geoph. Union. 45 (2): 307-323. Dubreuil, P. 1964: The layout oÍ óasins rcptesentinp homopeneous hydrctopical re6fions._ (U.N. Water Resoutces Se¡ies No. 27.) Trans. lnte¡ Regional Seminar Bangkok. Harris, E. E.; EÍfects oÍ urban ltowth on strea¡wÍIow tegimen oÍ permanente Rautz, S. E. 1961: Creek, Santa Clata County, Califomia. (U.S. Geol. Survey, Water Supply Paper 1S91, B.) Kuzin, P.S., 1960: Rive¡ classification and territo¡ial division into hydrological regions of the U.S.S.R. Leningrad. Gidrcmetooizdat. Monkhouse, F. J.; Maps and diaptams. Metheun and Co. I{ilkinson, H. R., 1951: Toebes, C.; Regìon_al hydrology. In: Hydtology and land manaÉement. Neef, G., 1962: Wellington, S. C. and R. C. C. pp. 3.1-3.9. UNESCO: In press. Researcl¡ on reptesentative and expetimental óasins. _ 1945: Progress report of special committee on hydrologic regions of the United States, L943-44. ?rans. Amet. Geophys. ún. paû V: 735-736. 5.2 Other references used.' Cumberland, K. B, L947t SoiI erosion in New Zealand (2nd ed.; Christchurch, Whitcombe and Tombs Ltd.228,p. Cumberland, K. B.; New Zealand. A rcpional view. Christchurch, Whitcombe and Tombs Fox, J. W., 1957; Ltd. 280. p. Lister, R. G.; Centtal Otapo-New Zealand. Dunedin, New Zealand çeographical H-a_rgreaves, R. P. (ed), Society. 195 p. 1965: Leopold, L. B.; ,, Fluvial processes in Qeomotphology. San Francisco, W. H. F¡eeman Wolman , M. G; Miller, and Co. 522 p. J. P., 1963:

Mcï,i¡¡o"¡, A. H. (ed) A desctiptive aúfas oÍ New Zealand Wellington, Gove¡nment printe¡. 1959: New Zealand Proceedings of the fou¡th New Zealanð, Geogtaphy Conference, Geographical Society Dunedin. 2SI p. t964: New Zealand Geological map of New Zealanð' Dept. Sci. and Ind. Res. Geological Survey 1{ellington. 1958-64: New Zealand Repott on land utilization survey, ìilest Coast region, South Island, Department of Lands New Zealand. Wellington, Government Printer. and Survey, 1959: New Zealand Repott on land utilization suley, Gisbome-Eas/ Coas/ re{ion, Department of Lands New Zealand. Wellington, Govt. Printer. 88p. and Survey 1964: New Zealand National resources survey. Parts I-IV. wellington, Govt. p¡inter. Ministry of lVorks 1959- 1965: New Zealand Ministrv An approach to the development of isohyetal maps for mountainous of Works 1962: aÌeas. Jownal of Geophysical Research 67 (2) 681-695. Saunders, G. R.; Inftoducinþ Manawatu, Massey University of Manawatu. 229 p. Anderson, A. G., 1964: Seelye, C. J., 1945: Maps ol avetaÉe rainfall in New Zealand Wellington, New Zealand lilellington, New Zcaland Air Department. tg p. Taylor, N.H.; Soil pattetn of New Zealand. Soil Bureau publication (113) Dept. Cox, J. E.; 1956: Sci. Ind. Res. Toebes, C., 1965: The planning of representative and experimental -hasin network in New Zealand. Symposiuø of Budapest. 5 t(66). I.A.S.H. Vol 1. PP. t47-163. White, L., 1960: Pictorial telerence oI New Zealand (2nd edition) Auckland, Whites Aviation Ltd. 415 p.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) APPENDIX I

REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROLOGICAL REGIONS OF NE\! ZEALAND

Note: Ì\jlap references given for representative basins tefet to the location of the gauging site' Thày can be found on New Zeala¡d. Map Series NZMS 1 and NZMS 18, some sheets of which a¡e still in print.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) NORTII ISLAND

Aorongi A¡ea 229 miles2 (593 kmz) Climate Average annual precipitation ca.42 in. (1,060 mm). As there are no ¡ain gauges in the centre of the region this figure could be higher. west and south prevailing winds. CeomorpholoQy

Fault block of the Aorangi Mountains from sea revel to 3,200 ft (1,000 m). Geolopy Massive block of greywacke and argillite (Lowet Cretaceous). Near the coast are outcrops of conglomerates and mudstone (Upper I\{iocene). Pedology Steepland yellow-btown earths. Ve(etation and Land Use

Poor scrub and tussock near the coast. Beech fo¡est on higher ground. Sheep grazing (wool and store sheep) is restricted to the coastal a¡eas and land of gentle relief. Represenfaúive Dasin Ruakokopatuna at Ford, map reference N165:884111.

CitY Area 230 miles2 (596 kmz) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 48 in, ¡1,220 nm). Geomorpholopy Gently rolling to moderately steep. The whole region has been subject to some form of urbanisation. Geolo[y Auckland is mainly basalt (Pleistocene) with sandstone (Tertiary) in the north, and areas of Recent coastal sediments. wellington is undifferentiated greywacke. Pedolo{y Yellow-btown, ted, and b¡own loams in Auckland. Yellow-brown earths in Wellington. Vepetation and Land Use Vegetation does not play a significant patt in determining the character of the region. Land use is urban,

Representatiye .8asin Rewa Rewa at Gardnerrs Avenue, map reference N42:197527. ,/ ,./ Coostql Sonds Area 451 miles2 (1,170 km2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 35 in. (890 mm) with winter maximum. Rain mainly brought by prevailing no¡th-west and westerly winds. Ceomorpholopy Flat coastal plain consisting of a complex of dunes, sand plains, and peaty swamps. Geolo(y f'wo dune complexes. A younger set (unconsolidated) borders the coast, O.2S-4 miles wide (0'4-6.5 km). The older set (consolidated) is inland extending to the Late Quarternary shoreline.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) P edolo(y Soils related to drainage and relief patte¡n, varying from grey sands, black loamy sands, to peaty loams. I'e(,etation and Land Use Some a¡eas of the younge¡ dune set have insufficient plant cover and suffer from wind erosion. Pastu¡e on the sand plains. Exotic forests around Waitarere and Santoft. On the older, more stable dune complex there is dairying, local market gardening, and flax cultivation around Foxton.

/?epresentalive Dasin !!airongomai at Lake Outlet, map reference N152:665924.

Eost Cope Area 287 miles2 (743 knz)

Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 61 in. (1,550 mm). High sunshine hours (more than 2,000 per annum. ).

GeomorpholoSy An area of 10 miles (16 km) wide of steep and hilly land with tetraces along the tivers. A strip of sand dunes near the coast. Elevation sea level to 3,500 ft (1,100 m)'

GeoloPy A central cote of basalt and diorite (Upper Jurassic-Lower Ctetaceous) overlain by sandstone, mudstone, and limestone (Tertiary-Pleistocene). South of Orete Point are small outc¡oPs of argillite, sandstone, and coal measures (Cretaceous).

P edology Steepland red and brown loams on the basalt rocks. Strip of yellow-brown loams in the west. The remainder is yellow-brown earths. Peaty soils along the coast, whe¡e drainage has been impeded by the strip of dunes. Ve{etation and Land Use predominantly scrub and bush with poor grasses in the valleys. A strip of swamp vegetation on the peaty soils. Grazing of sheep and cattle'

Represenúafive Basin Tauranga Stream at Ma¡uhinemaka, map leference N62:306626.

Eost Coost Area 730 miles2 (1,890 km2) Climate Average annual p¡ecipitation ca. 61 in. (1,550 mm), mainly from the east. Plevailing winds from the no¡th-west.

Geomorphology Rolling to very steep hill country. Elevation sea level to 2,000 ft (600 m). Geolo{y Mainly unstable blue-grey sandy ot muddy siltstone (Pliocene-Miocene)'

P edolo{y yellow-brown earths ptedominate. Some small patches of yellow-bfown pumice soils and Recent soils from alluvium. I e(etation and Land Use Mainly pastoral with isolated stands of native forest (podocarp). Sheep gtaziig (fat lambs and store sheep) with small areas of dairying in the valleys.

1ìepresenúaúive Dasin \{aingaromia at Ter¡ace, maP refelence N89:326746.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) Eost Roelihi Area 144 miles2 (373 km2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 45 in. (1,140 mm); snow in winter.

Ceomorpholopy Ring plain and rolling hill country to the south-east of Mount Ruapehu. Elevation 2,300-3,600ft (700-1,100 m). Geolopy Mudstone and sandstone (Pliocene) overlain with andesitic ash (Recent) and laharic agglomerate of andesitic boulders, pebbles, and sand. Pedoloþy Yellow-btown pumice soils. Recent soils from volcanic ash in the no¡th. Pockets of yellow- brown loams in the south. Vegetation and Land Use Mainly tussock grasslands. Exotic forests fo¡ timbe¡ in the north. Some sheep and cattle farming in the east. Representative Basin Waitangi at Tangiwai, map reference Nl22:071417.

Egmonl A¡ea 182 miles2 (47Ikn2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 205 in. (5,210 mm). Variation in precipitation within the region. Snow in winter. Geomorpholopy Upper slopes of Mount Egmont, from 1,600 ft to the summit, 8,260 ft (500-2,520 m). Geology Composite volcanics (Pleistocene), mainly andesitic lava flows. Pedolo{y Mainly skeletal soils. Bare rock near the summit. Ve{etation and Land Use Native forest (National Park), predominantly podocarp, grading into scrub, tussock, alpine herbs, scree vegetation, and bare ¡ock at higher altitudes.

Represen/af ive Dasin Manganui at Tariki Road, map reference NL09:843727.

Gisborne Area 128 miles2 (332 kmz) Climate Average annual precipitation ca.40 in. (1,020 mm), mainly f¡om the east. Drought conditions can occur. High sunshine hours (more than 2,000 per annum). Geomorpholofy A narrow belt of land extending inland from Poverty Bay. GeoloPY Predominantly alluvial silts, sands, and gravels (Holocene) with sandstone and siltstone (Pleistocene) on the fringes. Pedology Along the river and coast, pecent soils f¡om alluvium predominate. Yellow-b¡own pumice soils inland.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) Veletation and Land Use Pasture g¡asses predominate, with some crops. Small isolated pockets of scrub and native fo¡est. Grazing of sheep and cattle (dairy cows). Some arable c¡ops. Represenfaúive Basin Not yet ptoposed.

Homilton Atea 2,300 miles2 (5,970 kmz) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 50 in. (1,270 mm).

GeomorpholoQy Flat to hilly land to the west of the Kaimai Ranges . Elevation sea level to 1,000 ft (200 m) . GeoloPy Complex pattern of sedimentary material. South of Hamilton are Pleistocene conglomerates and sandstone, and Miocene limestone and mudstone with coal measures at the base. The ¡emainder is alluvial material (Recent) with pockets of greywacke, argillite, and sandstone (Jurassic).

P edology Yellow-brown loams in the centre. Gley and organic soils on the poorly drained plains. Small pockets of gleys, yellow-brown earths, and b¡own granúlar loams and clays.

V etetation and Lattd U se Mainly exotic grasses of high productivity. Swamp vegetation dominant in the north. Poor grasses and scrub with patches of native bush on the hills. Dairying and sheep gràzing. Cattle are grazed on the land of poo¡et quality. Represenfaúive Basin Ohote at Rotokauri, map refetence N65:696488.

Hokiongo Area 1:700 miles2 (4,400 km2 ) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 60 in. (1,520 mm). Subtropical climate.

GeomotpholoPy Lowe¡ hill country with gently rolling slopes. Small amplitude of local relief.

GeoloPy Highly indutated sandstone and mudstone (Cretaceous) with some Upper Tertiary sediments in the south. Small areas of alluvial gravels. PedoloPy Soils are transitional between yellow-brown earths and podzols. Small areas of brown granular loams. Ve{etation and Land Use Mainly exotic grasses and sc¡ub. Swamp vegetation in poorly drained areas. Dairying and cattle grazing. Representative Basin Opahi at Pond, map refetence N15: 236346'

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) Hunuo Area 273 miles 2 (707 knz) Climate Avcrage annual precipitation ca. 65 in. (1,700 mm). Geomorpholoþy A block of mode¡ately steep mountain country to the west of the Firth of Thames. Elevation sea level r.o 2,200 ft (670 m).

GeoloQy Greywacke (Triassic-Ju¡assic) with gravels along the rivers. Pedolopy Illainly yellow-brown ea¡ths. Some yellow-brown loams in the south. Small area of gley soils near Clevedon. Vepetation and Land Use Native bush and scrub with patches of short grasses. Sheep grazing. Represenfafive Basin Maketu at Waterfall, map reference N47:505254.

Koimoi Area 1,000 miles2 (2,590 km2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca, 74 in. (1,880 mm). Variation in precipitation within the region. Prevailing westerly winds. Geomorphology The mountain land of the Kaimai and Coromandel Ranges. Geolopy Mostly andesite and rhyolite (Tertiary). Recent volcanic rocks (rhyolite and pumice) and outcrops of greywacke and argillite (Jurassic) in the cent¡e and east. Pedolo{y Mainly brown granular clays. Yellow-brown loams in the south. Yellow-b¡own pumice soils on the Recent volcanic rocks in the east. Ve{etation and Land Use Mainly scrub and native forest (podocarp,/mixed hardwood). Sheep are gtazed on small areas of short exotic grasses. Some daitying in West Coromandel and on the lower slopes of the ranges. Represenfafive Basin Waiorongomai at Old Quarry, map reference NS7:247745.

Koweko A¡ea 842 miles2 (2, 180 km2 ) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 55 in. (1,400 mm). In the west the rain is mainly from the west and in the east the rain is mainly f¡om the east. Snow tc low levels in winter. Geomorpholopy The Kaweka Range up to 5,600 ft (1,700 m) and the Ahimanawa Range. Geology Mainly badly shattered and weathered greywacke (Jutassic) overlain by a thick mântle of pumice ash (Recent). Sheet and scree erosion severe and widespread especially above about 3,000 ft (900m). I'edolopy Steepland yellow-brown pumice soils.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) V e(etation and Land U se Beech/podocaç forest, tussock grassland' and scrub. Represenúaúive Basin Ngahere at Ngahere, map reference N123:860640.

, Kowhio Area 1,230 miles2 (3,190 km2)

Climate Average annual precipitation is ca. 59 in. (1,500 mm). GeomorpholoSy A fragmented region of moderately steep hill country. Geolopy l,lainly greywacke, argillite, and sandstone (Triassic-Jurassic and Permian). Small areas of other sedimentary rocks (mainly limestone) near the west coast. Alluvial matetial along the river valleys.

P edolopy Complex soil pattetn. Yellow-brown earths predominate. Yellow-brown loams on the fringes of the volcanic legions. Yellow-brown sands along the coast, south of the Waikato River mouth.

V epetation and Land U se Scrub and poor grasses, with areas of native bush. Sheep and dairy farming. Represenfaúive Basin Oteke at Kinohaku, map refetence N73:337004.

Kerikeri Area 191 miles2 (495 km2) Climate Avetage annual precipitation ca. 82 in. (2,080 mm). Subtropical climate'

GeomorpholoSy Flat to gently rolling land. Elevation sea level to 1,200 ft (370 m). Geology Andesite and basalt (Tertiary).

F edology Mainly ¡ed and brown loams, with some brown granular clays and yellow-brown ea¡ths on the frin ge s.

V e!,etation and Land U se Short grasses predominate with some scrub and native forest. Sheep gtazing, daitying and cittus fruit growing. Reptesentative Basin Maungaparatu¿ s[Tyree's Ford, map refetence N11:391555.

Mokoro A¡ea 192 miles2 (497 knz) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 48 in, (1,220 mm). evenlydistributed throughout the year. Extteme winds from no¡th and north-west' GeomorpholoQy The eroded remains of an old peneplain-flat topped hills with very sheet deep gullies. Elevation sea level to 2,000 ft (6,100 m).

ERRATU[{ irÌiscel-Ianeous tiyd.rologlcalMiscellaneous hydrological Pubflcation publication no. 4 (1969) I'{o. 4: On p.15, lást line, 611OO rn shoulcl be 610 m. V epetation and Land U se Beech/podocaç forest, tussock grassland, and scrub.

Represenúaf ive D asin Ngahere at Ngahere, map reference N123:860640.

, Kowhio Area 1,230 miles2 (3,190 km2 )

Climate Average annual precipitation is ca. 59 in. (1,500 mm). Geomorpholopy A ftagmented region of moderately steep hill country. Geolopy Llainly greywacke, argillite, and sandstone (Triassic-Jurassic and Permian). Small areas of other sedimentary rocks (mainly limestone) near the west coast. Alluvial material along the river valleys.

P edoloQy Complex soil pattern. Yellow-brown ea¡ths ptedominate. Yellow-b¡own loams on the fringes of the volcanic regions. Yellow-b¡own sands along the coast, south of the \üaikato River mouth.

V epetation and Land U se Scrub and poo¡ grâsses, with areas of native bush. Sheep and dairy farming. Represenfaúive Basin Oteke at Kinohaku, map reference N73:337004.

Kerikeri A¡ea 191 miles2 (495 km2)

Climate Average annual precipitation ca.82 in. (2,080 mm)' Subtropical climate'

GeomorpholoQy Flat to gently rolling land. Elevation sea level to 1,200 ft (370 m). Geolo{y Andesite and basalt (TeúiarY).

F edoloQ,y Mainly red and brown loams, with some brown granular clays and yellow-brown earths on the fringes.

Ve{etation and Land U se Short grasses predominate with some scrub and native forest. Sheep grazing, dairying and citrus fruit growing. Representative Basin Maungaparatr¡¿ 6f Tyree's Fotd, map reference N11:391555.

Mokoro Atea 192 miles 2 (497 kn2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 48 in. (1,220 mm). evenlydist¡ibuted throughout the year. Ext¡eme winds from no¡th and north-west' Geomorpholopy The eroded remains of an old peneplain-flat topped hills with very sheer deep gullies. Elevation sea level to 2,000 ft (6,100 m)'

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) Geology Alternating dark grey argillite and greywacke sandstone. Small outliers of sandstone. (pliocene- Oligocene) at Maka¡a and Paraparaumu. Extensive local faulting. Many valleys infilled with solifluctial material. Shallow loess deposits in the Plimmerton-Pukerua fault angle. P edolo(y l\Iainly central yellow-brown earths. Along the coast, Puke¡ua Bay to Ohau Point, yellow-grey earths grade into yellow-brown earths. Vepetation and Land Use Short grasses and scrub predominate with areas of native bush. Some exotic grasses, used for sheep and cattle grazing. Some dairying in the Makara Valley. Ilepresen/a/ive Basin Mill C¡eek at Farm, map reference N160:333350.

Moslerlon A¡ea 606 miles2 (1,570 km2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 40 in. (1,020 mm), more in winter than in summe¡. The prevailing south-westerly winds bring rnost of the rain, Moderate winters, warm sunme¡s. GeomotpholoQy The fault angle depression of the Wairarapa Plains. It includes Lake Wairarapa-a shallow lake impounded by alluvium f¡om the Ruamahanga River. Geology Gravels and alluvium (Pleistocene-Recent). Mudstone, sandstone, and limestone (Upper Miocene- Pliocene) about Ao¡angi Mountains. P edolopy Central zone of Recent soils f¡om alluvium, surrounded by complex pattern of yellow-grey earths and central yellow-brown eatths. Vegetation andLandUse Mainly short grasses for sheep grazíng and some dairying. Areas of poor drainage have well developed swamp vegetation. Represen/aúiye Basin Not yet proposed.

Nopicr Area 1,060 miles2 (2,740kn2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 38 in. (970 mm), mainly f¡om the east. Subject to extremely high rainfall intensities (cyclonic). High sunshine hours (more than 2,000 per annum). Geomorpholoþy The lleretaunga and Takapau Plains and land rising to 1,100 ft (350 m) on the eeste¡n flanks of the Rauhine Range. GeoloSy The plains a¡e extensive flat to rolling a¡eas of silts, sands and gravels (Holocene-pleistocene) separated by rolling to steep hills of siltstone, sandstone, limestone and gravel conglomerates (Pleistocene-Pliocene).

P edolo[y Yellow-brown earths ptedominate.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) I Vepetation and Land Use Pastoral vegetation used mainly for sheep and dairy cattle. On and about the Heretaunga Plains and north of Napier to the Esk valley, vineyards and fruit growing are prominent. Represenfaúive Basin Otane at Glendon, map refe¡ence N141:015921.

Northern Howke's Boy Area 1,640 miles2 (4,250 km2) Climate Avetage annual precipitation ca. 56 in. (1,420 mm), mainly from the east. Subject to periods of intense rainfall. High sunshine hours (more than 2,000 per annum)' Geomotpholo{y Rolling to very steep country. Elevation sea level to 2,500 ft (750 m). Geolopy Tilted siltstone, sandstone, limestone and conglomerates (Pleistocene) in the south-east. Similar rocks in the north-west but olde¡ (Pliocene) and of highet relief. Mantle of pumiceous ash throughout. Pedoloþy Mainly yellow-brown pumice soils. Associated with yellow-brown ea¡ths in the east.

Veþ,etation and Land U se Pasture g¡asses except where there ate local a¡eas of scrub or fo¡est. In the wetter inland areas scrub and fo¡est are mote widespread. Represenfa/ive Basin Tahekenui at Blackber¡y Hollow, map refetence N115:661925.

North Koimqnowo Area 168 miles2 (435 km2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 70 in. (1,780 mm). Prevailing north-westerly winds.

Geomorpholoþ,y Moderately steep country on the north-west slopes of the Kaimanawa Mountains. Elevation 2,000-5,200 ft (600-1,600 m). Geolopy Parent rock is greywacke (Permian-Jurassic). Some greywacke metamotphosed to fo¡m chlo¡ite- schist. This is overlain with pumice and ash on the gentler slopes. Pedoloþy Mainly skeletal yellow-brown earths on the steep hill sides and yellow-brown pumice soils with a sandy subsoil on the gentler slopes. Vepetation and Land Use Mainly beech fo¡est grading into stunted bush and tussock at higher altitudes. Represenfaúive Ilasin \ilhitikau at Log, map refetence N112:348885.

Northlond Sonds Area 1,010 miles2 (2,620kmz) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 52 in. (1,320 mm)'

Geomorpholopy Flat to rolling countty with a hummocky, dune landscape.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) Geolopy Large areas of unconsolidated dune sand. Areas of Pleistocene sediments inland.

P edoloþy Yellow-hrown sands on the coast. Tnlanrl is a strip of yellow-hrown earths that grades into gley and podzols in poorly drained areas. Vepetation and Land Use Short exotic grasses predominate. Large areas of recently planted exotic pines. Poor swamp vegetation (patches of heather). Dairying on the better grasses. Represenfafive Basin Selwyn Swamp at Big Ftat Road, map reference N6 : 672925,

Opotiki A,¡ea 299 miles 2 (774 kn2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 54 in. (1,380 mm). Low winds-those from the volcanic plateau almost have a foehn effect. Geomorpholopy Flat to rolling coâstal strip of the Bay of Plenty from Matata to Waiaua with extensions inland towards the Ikawhenua and Urewera Ranges. Elevation sea level to 500 ft (150 m). Geolo(y P¡edominantly unconsolidated alluvium (Recent) in the west. In the east the¡e are mainly marine sandstone, siltstone, and limestone (Upper Cretaceous-Pleistocene) with occasional gteywacke and argillite (Permian-Lower Cretaceous), and isolated pumice, breccias, and tuff. Along the coast thete is sand, alluvium, and gravels. Pedolopy Mainly yellow-btown loams, yellow-brown sands, and Recent soils from alluvium. Gley soils inland from the coastal dune strip. Vep,etation and Land Use Mainly short exotic grasses of high productivity for grazing. Along the coast is a narrow strip of poot sctub. Swamp vegetation on the gley soils. Small patches of native bush in the south. Represenfaúive B asin Wai¡ere at Wainui Road, map reference N69:446251.

Orouo ì Area 1,090 miles2 (2,820kn2) Climate Average annual ptecipitation ca. 45 in. (1,140 mm), winter maximum. Prevailing winds are maritime westerlies. GeomotpholoSy The coalescing alluvial fans of rivers emerging from the Tararuas in the south, and the wide flood plains of the Manawatu, Otoua, and Rangitikei Rivers. To the no¡th the Halcombe, Mount Stewart, and Fielding anticlines rise gently from the surrounding flood plains. GeoIoþ,y Mainly alluviurn of varying thickuess, overlyiug saudsturre (Late Pleistocene) in the south and mutlstone (Pleistocene) in the north.

P edolo!,y Yellow-gtey ea¡ths in the no¡th. Complex pattern of Recent soils from alluvium south of Feitd- ing. Organic soils, yeliow-brown loams, and yellow-grey earths south of Otaki.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) Ve{etation and Land U se Mostly sho¡t exotic Brasses used for sheep and cattle grazing. Intensive dairying on better land. Some grain, mainly wheat, is grown. Market gardening around Otaki. Exotic trees grown fo¡ shelter- belts. Scrub and native bush as well as grass in the east. Representative Basin Rangitawa at Halcombe, map reference N143:959626'

Pirongio Area 162 miles2 (420 kn2¡ Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 89 in. (2,260 mm).

GeomorpholoPy Mainly eroded volcanic cones. GeoloPy Mainly basalt and andesite volcanic cones (Pleistocene). Areas of alluvial volcanic debris on the fringes.

P edoloPy yellow-b¡own loams throughout. B¡own granular loams and clays, and yellow-brown sands near the coast. Pockets of b¡own granular loams and clays inland. Vepetation and Land Use Native bush and some scrub inland, Small patches of native bush on the coast but sc¡ub and short grasses predominate, Representative Basin Te Tahi at Puketotara, map ¡eference N74:667151.

Pukekohe Area 517 miles2 (1,340 km2)

Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 54 in. (1,370 mm). Prevailing winds a¡e maritime weste¡lies.

Geomoryhology Flat to rolling country to the south of Auckland city. Elevation sea level to 900 ft (280 m).

Geolo[y Mainly sandstone and mudstone (Tertiary). Basalt (Pleistocene) around Pukekohe township.

P edoloPy Complex soil pattern. A¡eas of brown granular loams sur¡ounded by yellow-brown loams and ea¡ths. Clay soils in poorly drained areas. Strip of yellow-btown sands along the coast. Vepetation and Land Use Intensive ma¡ket gardening. Sheep farming and dairying predominate on the short exotic gtasses, Urbanisation is increasing. Represenúaúive Basin \Uaitangi, at State Highway Bridge, map reference N47:272148.

Rongitik ei Area 1,570 miies 2 (4,070 kmz)

Climate Average annual precipitation ca.47 in. (1,190 mm). \üesterly winds predominate. Snow in winter at higher altitudes.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) Geomorpholopy Complex, fragmented region. Rolling to steep hill country. Noticeable te¡¡ace fo¡mation on major rivers. Elevation 200-2,500 ft (60-750 m). GeoloPy Conglometates, limestone, mudstone, and sandstone (Miocene-Recent). River terraces composed of varying thicknesses of alluvium.

P edolo{y Yellow-grey earths in the centre su¡¡ounded by yellow-brown earths. Yellow-brown loams and smaller pockets of yellow-grey and yellow-brown earths south of Hunterville.

Vepetation and Land Use In the west the¡e is a¡able farming (wheat), market gatdening, and dairying and sheep farming the on exotic grasses. Some scrub, native bush, and poorer pasture in the east. Sheep farming on small a¡eas oI exotic grasses. Isolated patches of native bush at higher altitudes. Represenúaúive Basin Not yet proposed.

Ruokumoro Area 1,100 miles2 (2,950 kmz) Climate Average annual precipitation ca, 70 in. (1,280 mm). Rainfall higher towards the west. Geomotphologlt Rolling to very steep eastern flanks of the Ruakumara Range. Severe erosion is widespread, especially in the western argillite headwaters area, and considerable river bed aggradation is taking place. Elevation sea level to 4,500 ft (1,400 m). Geolo(y Ha¡d shattered argillite and sandstone (Cretaceous) in the west and softer mudstone and siltstone (Eocene) in the east. Towa¡ds the south is a thin mantle of pumice ash. Pedolopy Yellow-brown ea¡ths predominate. Yellow-b¡own pumice soils in the south. Recent soils f¡om alluvium along the Waiapu Rive¡. VeQetation and Land Use The ranges are predominantly native forest and sc¡ub. Sheep and cattle are grazed on the grass and scrub slopes of the moderate to hilly relief nea¡ the coast. Aepresenlaúive Basin \üharekopae at Killarney, map reference N97:061529.

Ruohine AÌea 644 miles2 (1,670 km2) Climate Average annual precipitation is ca. 71 in. (1,g00 mm). Variation in ptecipitation within the region with average annual falls up to 100 in. (5,080 mm) at high altitudes. The west ¡eceives most of its rain f¡om the west and the east receives more f¡om the east. Snow to low levels in w inter.

Geomorpholof,y The main mountain block of the Ruahine Range up to 5,700 ft (1,700 m). Ceology l\lassive greywacke (Permian-Jurassic) that is badly shattered and weathered. Sheet and sc¡ee erosion severe and widespread.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) P edology Steepland yellow-brown earths predominate. Ve(etation and Land Use Native forest (beech and beech/podocarp) below the a¡ea of alpine grassland and scrub. Represenúalive Basin Kaumatua at Faultline, map teference N133:727176.

Southern Howke's Boy Area 835 miles2 (2,160 km2) Climate Average annual precipitation câ. 40 in. (1,020 mm), mainly from the east. P¡evailing dry westerly winds.

GeomorpholoQy Mostly rolling to steep country. Geolopy Complex pattern of siltstone, sandstone, mudstone, limestone, and conglome¡ates (Miocene- Upper Cretaceous). Mudstones are unstable.

P edoloSy Mainly yellow-brown eatths. t Vepetation and Land Use Pasto¡al grasses predominate. Towa¡ds the south the vegetation becomes rougher with shoft grasses. Intensive sheep and cattle farming. Represen/afive ð'asin Omakere at Fordale, map reference N146:141751.

Southern Tongoriro Area 257 miles2 (670 km:) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 95 in. (2,410 mm). Orographic rain from the south. Snow in winte¡,

Ceomorphology The southern slopes of Mount Ruapehu and the southern sector of the ring plain. Ceology Dominant feature is the active volcano Ruapehu in the north. It is a composite, andesitic lava and ash cone. Thick beds of agglomerate on the ring plain. Pedolopy Ba¡e rock and scotia above the snow line. Skeletal yellow-brown pumice soils and yellow-brown earths below this. Vepetation and Land Use Tussock and alpine vegetation at higher altitudes. Beech fo¡est below this. Large area of exotic forest for forestry in the east, Intensive market gardening a¡ound Ohakune. Ilepresentative Basin I\4akotuku at State Highway Bridge, map reference N121:834547

South Kqimonowo A¡ea 472 miles 2 (1,220 km2)

Climate ,' Avetage annual precipitation ca. 72 in. (1,800 mm). In the rainshadow of the Kaimanawa Mountains.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) Ceomorphology

The fault block of the Kaimanawa Mountains f¡om 1,500-5,700 ft Ø60-1.,740 m). Excludes the north-facing slopes, Geolofy Greywacke and argillite (Permian-Jurassic). Small band of schist in the south-west. Pumice and ash overlay on the gentler slopes in the north-west.

P edolopy Nlainly skeletal yellow-brown pumice soils. Areas of yellow-brown loams and earths in the south.

V e[,etation and Land U se Beech forest at lowe¡ levels and vast a¡eas of tussock in the sub-alpine zone, Represenúafive Basin Mangaio at \ilaiouru, map reference N122:219608.

Tongoio Area gl5 miles2 (1,330 kmz) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 60 in. (1,520 mm), mainly from the east. Subject to periods of extremely high rainfall intensities in all seasons.

Geomorpholo(y Rolling to moderately steep. Elevation sea level to 4,200 ft (1,300 m). Ceolo(y Sandstones and limestones (Pliocene) inland. Mudstone, sandstone and greywacke conglomerates (Pleistocene) near the coast. Pedolo{y Yellow-b¡own pumice soils predominate, with yellow-grey earths locally on mudstone and sandstone. Ve!,etation and Land Use Mainly pasture grasses. Exotic forest in the Esk basin. Scrub is more widespread in the wetter inland areas. Sheep grazing. Represenúafive ßasin Esk at Waipunga Bridge, map reference N 124:244523,

Tq rono k i Area 1,160 miles2 (3,010 km2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 69 in, (L,740 mm). Dec¡easing gradation in rainfall outwards Irom Mount Egmont. Prevailing southerly winds and cooler in the south. Ceomotpholo{y The lower radial slopes and ring plain of Mount Egmont and the foothills of the easte¡n hill country.

Ceoloþy The lower radial slopes are composed of basalt and andesite (Pleistocene-Recent). The ring plain is laha¡ic andesitic agglomerate, marine and non-marine sediments (Pliocene). The eastern hills are mudstone (Early Pliocene).

Pedolo(Y Mostly yellow-brown loams on volcanic ash. Gley soils in poorly drained areas to the north- east and south-west. Organic soils in the east.

)')

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) Ve(etation and Land Use Native forest on the lower radial slopes (National Park). Intensive dairy farming on the' short exotic grasses on the ring plain. Exotic t¡ees for hedges and shelter belts. Cattle and sheep farming on short grasses on the eastern foothills' Represenlalive Basin Punehu at Pihama, map reference N128:507387.

Toupo Pumice Area 4,210 miles2 (10,900 km2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 60 in. (1,520 mm). Occasional snow in winter months. Ceomorpholopy Flat to rolling central portion of the No¡th Island; includes the lake area in the Taupo ì volcanic zone. Elevation below sea level to 3,000 ft (900 m).

GeoloPy Complex geological history. Mainly ignimbrite sheets and thyolite domes covered by a layer of pumice (Recent). Refer Geological Map of New Zealand, l:250,000 sheet 5.

P edology Yellow-brown pumice soils. Recent soils from volcanic ash west of Lake Rotorua. Soil deficient in trace elements.

Vepetation and Land U se Native bush and poor scrub but the tecently planted exotic pines predominate. Sheep and cattle grazed on improved pastures. Dairying and some mixed crop-livestock farming north of Lake Rotorua.

,lìepresenf aú ive D asin Not yet proposed.

foupo Rhyolite Area 1,520 miles2 (3,930 km2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 58 Ln. (1,470 mm). High tainfall variation because of ftag- mentation of the region,

Geomorpholopy Flat to moderately steep land around Lake Taupo and an isolated steepet a¡ea in Easte¡n Cotomandel.

Geolo(y Ignimbrite sheet with some pumice (Recent) but rhyolite domes (Recent) dominate the region. Some of the lower a¡eas are covered by alluvium.

P edolo(y Mainly yellow-brown pumice soils. Recent soils from volcanic ash nea¡ Ta¡awe¡a. Yellow- brown loams south of Cambridge. The Coromandel area is transitional between yellow-brown earths and yellow-brown pumice soils.

V e!,etation and Land U se poor scrub and large a¡eas of exotic pine forest. Soils deficient in t¡ace elements but sheep are grazed on improved land, Patches of native bush in Corornandel and in the west' Represen/aúive Dasin Mangakara at Hirsts, map reference N85:771661.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) fourongo Area 334 miles2 (865 kmz;

C litnatc:

Average annual precipitation ca, 60 in.(1,520 mm), Very low winds-those from the volcanic plateau have a foehn effect

C,eomorpholopy Low coastal plain 50 miles long (80 km) surrounding the Tarrranga Harbour. Ceolo(y Coastal strip of alluvial deposits with sand dunes (Recent) around the harbour. Gravels and boulder beds (Pleistocene-Recent) in the south.

P edology Complex soil pattern-predominantly yellow-brown pumice soils in the north, and yellow- b¡own loams elsewhere, To the east of l\ilount Maunganui is a belt of gley organic soils and Recent soils from alluvium. Along the coast is a belt of yellow-btown sand and saline soils. Veþetatìon and Land Use Mainly short exotic grasses on the bette¡ soils. Some scrub and areas of swamp on the coastal dunes. Dairying with some sheep grazing. Citrus fruits a¡e grown in the north.

Ãepresen f a/ive l?asin Not yet proposed.

Tongo riro Area 675 miles 2 (1,750 km2¡ Clitnate Average annual precipitation ca. 88 in, (2,240 mm). Variation in precipitation within the region. Orographic rainfall f¡om the no¡th. Snow to low levels in the winter.

Ceomorpholopy The volcanoes - Ngauruhoe, Tongariro, and Ruapehu (9,175 ft, 2,798 n). It excludes the southern slopes of Ruapehu and the southern sector of the ring plain. The ring plain is masked by volcanic material, Geolofy The volcanoes are composite cones of andesitic lava, scoria, and ash. Mounts Ruapehu and Ngauruhoe aÌe active.The ring plain comprises thick beds of laharic agglomerate overlain by andesitic ash,

Peclolo¿1, IVtuch of the upper slopes a¡e bare rock and scoria. Apron of Recent soils from volcanic ash and yellow-brown pumice soils, Yellow-brown earths in the west, Organic soils on shores of Lake Taupo.

Ve(,etation and Land Use Rare rock at higher altitudes. Below this is tussock then beech ¿¡fl podocarp,/broadleaf forest. Some exotic forests for timber. Sheep and cattle grazing in the north. Small area of dairying on Lake Taupo shores. 1ìepre.senla/ive Sasin \Àanganui at Te Pore¡e, map reference N112:087944.

Urewero Areã^ 2,520 miles 2 (6,530 km2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 68 rn. (L,720 mm). This figure could be higher because of the absence of rain gauges in the Raukumara Range. High-intensity tainfalls are common,

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969)

ù Geontorpholo(y The north-west facing slopes of the Raukumara and Huiarau Ranges including the lowland extensions, to the coast, of these ranges. Fairly large young rivers carrying considerable bedload are characteristic. Geolo(Y Greywacke and argillite (Permian-Lowe¡ Cretaceous) with associated ma¡ine sandstone, siltstone, and limestone (Upper Cretaceous-Pleistocene), Isolated pockets of pumice and gravels (Pleistocene-Recent) in the south-west and north facing valleys'

P edology Mainly poor steepland soiis (yellow-btown pumice) in the main mountain block. Isolated coastal patches of yellow-btown pumice soils and yellow-brown loams in the north. Ve[etation and Land Use Mainly native bush, with sc¡ub and poor grasses in some valleys' Dairying with some sheep farming on better pastures,

Represen/af ive ßasin Waimana at Ogilvies Bridge, map reference N87:551818.

Woi koremoono Area 735 miles 2 (1,900 km2)

Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 96 in, (2,440 mm), mainly from the east.

Geomorpholo$y Steep to very steep south-east slopes of the Huia¡au Range. Elevation 1,500-4,600 ft (450-1,400 m).

GeoloPy Alternating tilted beds of sandstone and mudstone with local limestone caps (Miocene- pliocene) in the east. Jurassic greywackes in the west. Overlain with pumiceous volcanic ashes (Recent). Pedology Steeþland yellow-brown pumice soils'

V ef,etation and Land U se Dense native forest and scrub (Urewera National Patk)' Represen/zrlive Dasin Not yet proposed.

Woiotiro Area 1,480 miles2 (3,830 km2)

Climate Average annual ptecipitation ca. 55 in. (1,400 mm). Subtropical climate. Geomorphology Mainly high, steep hill country with a large amplitude of local relief and finely dissected slopes, Geolo{y Sandstone and limestone (Tertiary) ptedominate with large areas of Cretaceous sandstone in the north. Silt has been deposited along entrenched rivers' Pedolo(v predominantly northern yellow-brown earths with small patches of tendzina soils. Limited podzolization in the north in areas of poor drainage.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) I e(etation and L¿nd Use Short exotic g¡asses, scrub, and small patches of native bush, Dairying and fat lamb grazing on the better grasses.

Âe¡rresenúalive D ¿¡.sjn t\aiwhiu at l)ome Shadows, map reference N34:148211.

Woi pouo Are:' 949 miles2 (2,430 km2) Clim¿tlo Average annual precipitation ca. 62 in. (1,570 mm). Variation in ¡ainfall within the region. Subtropical climate. Ceomorpholo(y Polling to moderately steep country with a large area of dissected basalt plateau. Elevation sea level to 2,500 ft (760 m). Geolo(¡, Basalt with areas of sandstone, mudstone (Pleistocene) and andesite. Pedolo(y I\{ainly brown granular loams. Yellow-brown earths on the fringes of the region.

V e(etatìon and Lanci U se Sho¡t exotic grasses (tough pasture) predominate, with large areas of native forest (especially kauri). Fat lamb and cattle grazing, Represenfa/ive Basin l,langakahia at Gorge, map reference N19:366080.

Woiroropo Area 2,600 miles 2 (6,730 km2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca, 47 in. (1,200 mm), winter maximum. Rain mostly f¡om the sorrth. Prevailing dry westerly winds. Geomorphololy lVloderately steep hill country north of the Aorangi mountains to more moderate relief in Southern Ilawke'5 IìaV. Geolo{y Complex patte¡n of ma¡ine sediments, mudstone, sandstone, and limestone (Paleocene-Recent). outcrops of older, more highly indurated geywacke and argillite (cretaceous).

P edolofy Mostlv steepland associations of yellow-gtey earths and central yellow-brown earths.

Ve!,etation and Land Use Short grasses and scrub predominate. Native bush (podocarp/mixed hardwood) in the west. ÌVIainly sheep grazing with some cattle grazing in areas of poor drainage.

,l?epre.sen falive .llasin Whangaehu at lÀ'aihi, map reference N158:255774.

Wo ilok ere Area 118 miles2 (306 km2) Clinate Average annual precipitation ca. 66 in. (1,680 mm), Subttopical climate. Rainfall inc¡eases toward the south.

Geomorpholo(y Flat to rolling country. Steep slopes in the south. Elevation sea level to 1,500 ft (450 m).

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969)

Y .¡ Geolo(y Xlainll andesite (Tertiary).

P edolo(y Brown granular loams and clays predominate. These grade into yellow-brown sands in the north. I'e(etatìon and Lanrl Use Short exotic grasses with extensive patches of poor scrub and native bush, Dairying on the grasslands, Urbanisation is increasing.

Represen úaúile,Ilasin Mokoroa at Ponde¡osa, map teference N41:981604'

lVo ilomo Area 538 miles2 (1,390 kn2)

CIìmate Average annual precipitation ca. 108 in. (2,740 mm). Heavy westetly rain falls throughout the year. Ceomotpholofy Rolling to hilly country in two separated areas. Catchment areas do not necessarily follow topographical features. Geolo[y lVlainly limestone, with some mudstone and sandstone (Tertiary).

PedoloQy yellow-b¡own earths throughout, but these predominate in the no¡th. Yellow-b¡own loams in the south, and small areas in the north.

Vep,etation and Land Use Predominantly scrub and short grasses with patches of native bush. Sheep gtazing. Represen/aúive Basin Mangakowhai at Kaingapipi, map reference N83:557672.

Wongonui Area 3,150 miles2 (8,160 kmz)

Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 70 in, (1,780 mm), evenly distributed throughout the year. \üarm summers, mild winters.

Geomorpholopy Rolling to moderately steep hill country to the west of the main axial ranges.

CeologY Conglomerates, limestone, mudstone, and sandstone (Miocene-Recent). Alluvium from volcanic mate¡ial on many river terraces. Pedt>lo(y Mostly steepland yellow-brown earths. Areas of yellow-brown loams in the west and north. Some yellow-b¡own pumice soils in the east. l'e{etation and Land Use IVIuch bush and scrub. The short grasses on imptoved land are used for sheep grazing' le¡rresenúafive Dasin \Àaitata at Tarata, map reference N109:922809.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) Wellington Area 1'190 milesz (3'080 km2) clìm¿¡te Average annual precipitation ca. 76 in. (1,930 mm). This figure could be higher because of the absence of rain gauges in the north. Ceomorpholo[y Comprises the T-

V e[,etation ¿nd Land U se iVlainly mixed broadleaf forest, beech dominating. Where the land has been cleared it has reverted to bracken, gorse, and poor grasses. Some sheep farming on lower slopes. I?epresentative Dasin Ilutt at Kaitoke, map reference N161:716507.

ÌVest Roetih i Area 245 miles2 (635 km2; Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 57 in. (1,450 mm). Prevailing westerly winds, Snow in winter. Geontorpholo{.v Rolling to moderately steep hill country, west to south-west of l\ilount Ruapehu. Elevation 600-2,500 ft (180-750 m).

Ceolopy Mudstone and sandstone (Pliocene) overlain by an andesitic ash cover (Recent) and laha¡ic agglomerates of andesitic boulders, pebbles, and sand. Pedolofy l\4ainly yellow-brown loams, Steepland yellow-brown earths on southe¡n and weste¡n fringes.

Vep,etation and Land Use Scrub, tussock, and some short grasses in the east, Sheep and cattle grazing. Represenraliye /lasin Mangaeturoa at School, reference N12l:742458,

Whongorei Clitnate Area 812 miles2 (2,100 km2) i\verage annual precipitation ca. 59 in. (1,500 mm). Subtropical climate. Geornorphc.tlrtfy l\{ainly rolling to moderately steep country. Elevation sea level to 1,500 ft (460 m). Çntlo(y Greywacke (Permian-Jurassic) with some areas of basalt. Pedolo(y Yellow-brown earths, Vegetation anrl l.anrl {Jse Scrub and native forest with some short grasses. Fat lamb grazing, dairying and forestry. /ìepresen úafive Xasin Ngungrrrrr at l)ugmore Rock, map reference N20:942118.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) SOUTH ISLAND

Alexond¡o Area 626 miles 2 (1,620 km2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 16 in. (410 mm). Summer drought. Mostly snow in winter. D¡iest region in New Zealand'. Geomotphology The low range country to the east and south of the Ranfurly Basin, and an area along the Clutha Valley. o""J:Í:*""t of schist (Lower Mesozoic-Uppet Paleozoic). Lower areas are covered by 'a thin veneer of alluvium. Pedolopy Skeletal brown-gtey earths and yellow-grey earths. A pocket of skeletal yellow-brown earths in the east (Manorbutn).

Vepetation and Land Use poor tussoct¡ grassland with sc¡ub (matagouri,l scabweed, and thistle) predominating. Irrþation and some pasture improvement. Extensive sheep grazing.

Represenúaúive Basin Carter's Gully at Regional Site, map refe¡ence 5144l.234464.

Aporimo A¡ea 442 miles2 (1,150 km2)

Clímate Average annual precipitation ca. 44 in. (1,120 mm). Falls in all/seasons. Slightly highet in the west. Snow in winte¡.

GeomotpholoQy The flat plains of Aparima and Oreti Rivers.

GeoloPy Alluvium with limestone. Volcanics - basalt (Upper Carboniferous-Lowe¡ Permian) gabbro and ult¡amafics (Uppet Ordovician) in the west.

Pedolopy Complex pattern of yellow-grey and yellow-brown earths. Recent organic podzols sur¡ound a central clay zone.

VeQ,etation and Land Use Mostly cropping (foddet) and short exotic g¡asses for fat lambs and dairying. Some poor grasses and scrub in the west.

Represenúaúive Basin Middle C¡eek at Otahuti, map ¡eference Sl76:L92268.

B loi ri ch Area 405 miles2 (1,050 km2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 37 in. (940 mm). Rainfall mostly from north-east. Dry summers. Geomoryholopy Hitly to steep country with slopes 10o-15o. Elevation 200-6,750 ft (60-2,000 m). GæIogy Gràfwacke (Jurassic-Permian) with intrusive volcanics (basalt, tuff, dyke swarms) along the coast.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) P edology Skeletal yellow-grey earths grading into yellow-brown ea¡ths. Isolated patches of podzols, brown granular loams, clays and rendzina soils.

Vef,etation ancl Lancl U se Tussocl< grassland. Some areas of poor scrub and brackcn. Crazing of shcep and cattle. Âcpre.senlalive Dasìn Taylor at Borough \\eir, map reference S28:2208q0.

Blenheim Areâ 480 miles2 (1,240 kn2) CIìmate Average annual precipitation ca. 27 in. (690 mm). Hot dry winds from north-west. High temperatures and sunshine hours (more than 2,000 per annum). Geomorpholopy Gently tolling to flat land at the mouths of the \ilai¡au and Awatere Rivers, rising to 1,000 ft (300 m) further inland. GeoIofy Alluvial material with extensive deposits of glacial outwash gravels (Recent) and mudstone (Tertiary) predominating. In the south, where faulting has been active, limestone, sandstone, and mudstone (Tertiary) a¡e associated with Upper Cretaceous sediments. l'edology Yellow-grey earths predominate. Recent soils near Wairau River mouth.

Ve[etation and Land iJse Pasture on the river flats, tussock elsewhere. Mainly sheep farming for fat lamb and wool production. Some dairying and mixed farming. Orchards near Blenheim.

Represenla/ive Basin Not yet proposed.

Blue Mountoins Area 97 mile* (251 km2) C limate Average annual precipitation ca. 50 in. (1,270 mm). Snow in winter, wetter in the west. Pre- cipitation is conside¡ably higher than in the sur¡ounding area. ()eotnorpholo{,y Isolated block of Blue l\Iountains surrounded by low alluvial Pomahaka and Clutha Valleys. Elevation 500-3,300 ft (150-1,000 m). Geolo!¡' Undifferentiated greywackes (Carboniferous-Permian) in the south. Chlorite schist (Lower ì\Iesozoic-Upper Paleozoic) in the north.

P o,lolo(y Predominantly steepland associations of yellow-brown ea¡ths. Thin strip of organic soils to the east of Tapanui.

ú'e[etation and Land Use Exotic forest and scrub dominant. Milling of timber. 1ìepresenúafive Basin Not yet proposed.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969)

t Buller Area 2,870 miles2 (7,430 km2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 106 in. (2,690 mm), mainly orographic. Some snow. Ceomorpholo{y Rolling to very steep country. Warped and faulted region with associated earth movements. Ceolo(y pre-Cambria¡ greywackes; igneous and metamorphic rocks - granite, diorite, gneiss (Pal- eozoic). These are overlain in many places by Tertiary mudstone, siltstone, limestone, and thick coal measures, Pockets of glacial and fluvial materialin the valleys,

Pedolopy IIigh country and lowland yellow-brown podzols and earths, Rendzina soils in association with limestone. Vefetation and Land Use Beech/podocarp forest with bracken and scrub at high altitudes. Cattle, pig, and dairy farming. Representative Basins Inangahua at Black's Point, map reference S38:340281. lilangles at Gorge, map reference 532:842647.

ConterburY Foorhills Area 1,920 miles2 (4,970km2¡ Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 39 in. (990 mm), mainly f¡om the south-west. In the rain shadow of the Southern Alps. Snowfalls occur down to about 500 ft (150 m).

Geomorphology Moderately steep ranges of the eastern Southern Alps with seve¡al small inland basins' Elevation 600-7,000 ft (180-2,200 m). GeoIo{y Mainly g¡eywacke (Jurassic-Permian). Limestone (Pleistocene and Tertiary) in the beåiri. Evidence of Lower Cretaceous and Jurassic volcanics near the plains. Terraces of alluvium and glacial outwash gravels along the rivers. Severe erosion' Pedolo(y Steepland yellow-brown earths with small pockets of yellow-grey earths and Recent soils.

Vet{etation and Land Use Tussock grasslands predominate with small patches of native bush. Alpine vegetation, bate rock and scree above 4,000 ft (1,200 m). Extensive sheep grazing.

Represenfaúive Basin Selwyn at Whitecliffs, map reference 574:347651.

ConterburY Ploins Area 3,800 miles2 (9,840 km2)

Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 29 in. (740 mm). In the rain shadow of the Southern Alps. Westerlies predominate in all seasons. Frosts and snow in winter months.

Geomorpholofy Coalescing shingle fans 40 miles (64 km) long and 20-40 miles (32-64 km) wide. Slopes less than 50,

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) Geolo(y Glacial outwash gravels overlain in many places by till, loess and dune sand (Pleistocene- Recent). Gradation to marine and estuarine material in the low lying area a¡ound Banks Peninsula. Ilasement rock is greywacke-argillite (Triassic-Jurassic).

P edolo{y Mainly yellow-grey earths with gravelly and stony subsoil, Recent soils f¡om alluvium along the rivers.

V e[elat.ion and Lancl U se Short tussock grasses and swamp. Intensive land use pattern-grain, mixed crop-livestock farming. Extensive plantations (Pinus radìata) and wind breaks. Represenfaúive Basin Not yet proposed.

Eost Otogo Area 2,540 miles2 (6,580 km2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 28 in. (710 mm), mostly in wintet, Snow cover widespread. Frosts are common during winter months (200 days per annum),

Ceomorpholopy The basin and range country of Cent¡al Otago. Plateau-like landscape of a rolling nature. Rive¡s have notched deep nar¡ow courses into the uplifted surface. Elevation sea level to 4,000 ft (1,220 m). Geolo{y Massive schist (Lowet Mesozoic-Upper Paleozoic). Alluvium in most river valleys. Isolated pockets of basic volcanics in the north and around tlyde. Pedolo[y Mainly skeletal yellow-brown earths. Yellow-grey earths with weakly developed horizons in the basins. Brown granular loams and clays on volcanics in the north, Vefetation and Land Use Sho¡t tussock grasses and matagouri scrub on the higher slopes. Swamp vegetation where drainage is impeded by relief. Grazing of sheep on tussock grasses. Production of r nter fodder. Orcharding in the ¡iver valleys in the west (Roxburgh). Ì?epre.senfafive Basin Deep Stream at Rocklands, map ¡eference S154:671950.

Eostern Alps Area 2,660 miles2 (6,890 km2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca.48 in. (1,220 mm). Annual rainfalls in higher regions up to 150 in. (3,810 mm). In a rain shadow a¡ea but this effect is not noi-iceable in some lowpasses (Arthurs). Prevailing winds from the west. Snow widespread in all seasons. Geontorpholoþy An extension of the Canterbury foothills but the relief is much sharper and steeper. Evidence of glacial advances-U-shaped valleys and other glacial features, Severe erosion. Elevation 500 - 9,000 ft (150 - 2,800 m). Geolo{y Mainly undifferentiated greywackes (Jurassic-Permian). Limestone and mudstone outcrops in isolated pockets. Outwash gravelsand alluvium along the major river valleys.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) v ¡ P edolo !;, Skeletal yellow-brown earths in the south-east. These grade into podzols in the north (Lewis Pass area). About one-third of the region is bare rock and scree'

Ve(elation and Land Use Relow the rock and sc¡ee there is mountain tussock and snow grass with isolated patches of native bush and sc¡ub. Land use limited to sheep grazing, because of poor vegetation. Represen/af ive Basin Jollie at Mount Cook Station, map lefe¡ence S89:841164'

Forewell Spit Area 127 miles2 (329kn2¡ Climale Average annual precipitation ca. 60 in. (1,520 mm). It may be mote than the calculated figure, which is derived from a limited rain gauge net. In the path of prevailing westerly winds.

Geomorpholo(y A narrow coastalstrip rising to 2,000 ft (600 m) in the Wakamarama Ranges. Interrupted by isolated low hills in the north. In the ranges some sloPes are greater than 20". Geolo{y l\farine mudstone, sandstone, and limestone with coal measu¡es at the base (Cretaceous-Mioc- ene). Isolated pockets of alluvium and sand deposits (Recent).

PedoloQy Mainly podzols with a coastal strip of yellow-brownearths and yellow-brown sands'

V e(etation and Land U se Native bush @eech) and nikau palms are dominant. Coastal strip of scrub and glass. Gtazing of sheep along the coast and in the valleys' Represenlative Basin Not yet proposed.

Fiordlond Area 4,7¡g miles2 (12,200km2)

Climate Average annual precipitation ca. I79 in. (4,550 mm). Variation in precipitation within the region, Iligh intensities throughout year. Snow in winter. Geomorpholo{y A block of high inaccessible mountains characterised by steep slopes and glacial U-shaped valleys with flat valley floors (fiord coastline). Elevation sea level to 9,000 ft (2,700 m).

Ceolo{y Metamorphics-schist and gneiss (Cambrian-Ordovician). Sone areas of marine sediments in the south. Outwash g¡avels in the river valleys.

P edolo$Y Mostly poorly developed podzols. Some isolated pockets of Recent soils in the valleys. Bare rock. Ve(etation and Land Use Bush, short tussock, afrd scrub in the valleys. Bare rock on steep slopes. Represenúafive Basin Cleddau at Milford, map reference S14:9011.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) Glociol Area 1,370 miles2 (3,S50 km2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca.224 in. (5,690 mm), nearly all as snow. The total precipitation ligures could be an underestimate because of insufficient information. Ceomorpholo{y The area of the Southern Alps permanently covered in snow and ice, The valleys are nearly all glacial. Ceolo(y Undifferentiated greywacke (Jurassic-Permian) in the east. A block of schist and gneiss (Lower l\ilesozoic-Upper Paleozoic) to the west,

P edolo[y, Bare rock, permanent snow and ice with isolated pockets of skeletal podzols. Ve[elation and Land Use Scree vegetation only (mosses and lichens). Patches of native bush in one of the lowe¡ western valleys. lìepresenlafive Basin Ivory at \[aterfall, map references 546:4505.

Hokonui Hills Area 1,640 miles2 (4,250km2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 43 in. (1,090 mm). Catlins has a higher precipitation due to moist maritime southerlies. Snow in winter. GeomorpholoQy Area of isolated mountain blocks. (Catlins, Hokonui Hills, North Range, Taringatura Hills, and East rakitimu Mountains) rising from low alluvial plains to 3,000 ft (9,3¡0 m). Ceolofy Greywacke, argillite, and sandstone (Triassic-Jurassic).

P edology Predominantly yellow-brown ea¡ths. Podzols in the wetter a¡eas near the coast, Isolated brown granular loams and clays in the Takitimu Mountains. VeSetation and Land Use Mainly tussock and some native bush and sc¡ub, Some grazing of store sheep and cattle on better land. Representative Basin

Otapiti at McBrides, map reference 3169:422516. ,

Hurunui Area l,699 miles2 (5,180 km2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 40 in. (1,020 mm), winter maximum. Snow at high altitudes. Prevailing dry westerly wind. Geomorphology Rolling country in the no¡th. In the western extremities the ranges ¡ise to 6,000 ft (1,g00 m) with some slopes in excess of 20",

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) GeoIoPy Colplex folding and faulting has produced a wide variety of geological features. Greywacke (Jurassic-Permian) predominates, especially in the west. The remaindet aresedimentary rocks (Ôretaceous-Recent), important being limestone, mudstone, coal seams, sanclstone, conglome¡ates, and Recent alluvium. -Pedology -Þ.e¿î.inantly skeletal yellow-brown and yellow-grey ea¡ths with isolated patches of ¡endzina soils and brown granular loams.

Vepetation and Land Use Tussock gassland and beech forest on the western slopes. Land has been extensively cleared for sheep and mixed crop-livestoc[lfarming. Pines along the coast to stabilise the sand. North of Hundalee the land has reverted to poor bracken and scrub. Represenfafive Basin Stanton at Cheddar Valley, map reference 555:471647.

lnlond Molueko . Area 320 miles2 (829 km2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 48 in. (1,220 mm), mostly from the south' GeomorpholotY The region rises from 1,600 ft (500 m) on the fringes of the Moutere Hills to 4,700 ft (1,400 m) in the Gordon Range. Steep relief with many steep-sided tributa¡ies dtaining into the Motupikor and Motueka Rivers. Geolo$y Dissected and tilted gavels, sand and clays (Pliocene-Early Pleistocene). Faultedblock of greywacke, argillite, metamorphic complex (Permian) with associated volcanics (basalt) in the south-east (Gotdon Range).

PedoloPy Yellow-brown ea¡ths and podzols, mostly with weakly developed ho¡izons.

Vepetation and Land Use p¡edominance of exotic forest (Golden Downs) and native bush in the south. Scrub and grass elsewhe¡e. Milling of exotic pine, sheep grazing, and dairying in small ateas on the river flats.

Represenúaf ive Basin Not yet ProPosed.

I nvercorgi I I Area 600 miles2 (1,550 km2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 40 in. (1,020 mm), all seasons. Snow in winte¡.

GeomoryholoPy Flat to rolling plain to the west of the Mataura Valley. Swampland ptevalent in the south. Elevation sea level to 400 ft (125 m).

GeoloQY Alluvial (Recent) gravels overlying areas of limestone (Pleistocene) exposed in the north. In the north-west coal measures (Tertiary) ale near the surface.

PedoloQSt Complex soil pattern. Yellow$rorvn earths in the central area, organic soils in the wet south, and ¡endzina soils and gtey'brown earths in the notth-west.

Vepetation and Land Use Mainly crops (oats) and grasses. Some poor short tussock, scrub, heath, and bog. Represenúa/ive Basin Waihopai at Kennington'map ¡eference 5177:431045. ' 35

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) Koikouro Ronges Area 1,760 miles2 (4,560 km2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 29 in. (740 mm), mostly winte¡ snow. Summers exceptionally dry with frequent droughts.

Gectmorpholopy Two tilted ¡aised greywacke blocks (Inland and Seaward Kaikouras). Very steep relief with some slopes in excess of 30o, Severe erosion. Geolog-v Greywacke (Jurassic-Permian) with intrusive volcanics (basalt, tuff, dyke swarms) along the coast' In Clarence Valley marine deposits (Tertiary) overlie argillite and sandstone (Cretaceous). Pedctlo{y Skeletal yellow-grey earths grading into yellow-b¡own earths. Isolated patches of podzols, brown granular loams, and clays and rendzina soils. Ve(,etation and Land Use Tussock and patches of scrub (matagouri) predominate. Swamp vegetation in some of the poorly drained valleys. Grazing of sheep and cattle. Repre.senlafive Basin Not yet proposed. Koromeo /j.ea 225 miles 2 (583 km2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 74 in. (1,880 mm) mainly from ma¡itime weste¡lies with little seasonal variation. (ieomorpltol

Pedology Lowland and high country yellow-brown podzols. Recent alluvial soils in the valley floo¡s. Organic and yellow-b¡own sand soils along the coast.

V e[,elation and Land IJ se Some native forest, predominantly beech, ¡emains. Most of the region has been milled. Veg- etation has now reverted to scrub. Dairying on the river flats and coastal plains. Represenlaúive Basin Not yet proposed. Lumsden Clintate Area 1,900 miles2 (4,660 km z) Average annual precipitation ca.33 in. (840 mm), decreasing towards the coast. Some snow in winter. Geomorphology Inland alluvial plains between the basin and range country of Central Otago and the higher mountain blocks of Southland. Geology Predominantly alluvial with some limestones and other ma¡ine sediments (Late Tertiary- Pleistocene). A strip of fractu¡ed greywacke-argillite (Carboniferous-Permian). Isolated pockets of basalt (Lower Permian). Pedolo(y Yellow-grey earths with well developed clay horizons. Recent soils f¡om alluvium along the ¡1Vers. Vepetation and Land Use Predominance of short grasses. Fat lamb rearing and fodde¡ and root ctops. Represenúaúive Basin Not yet proposed. 36

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) v Morlborough Area 1,550 miles2 (4,020 km2) Climale Average annual precipitation ca. 56 rn. (7,420 mm). Variation in rainf all throughout the region - higher in the north-west. Snow in winter and f¡osts in some sheltered valleys.

CeomorpholoQy Large mountain block with sharp ridges and steep sided, north facing, V-shaped valleys. This block is at present subsiding. Elevation sea level to 6,000 ft (1,800 m). Geolo{y Unbroken homogeneous block of schist and greywacke (Upper Paleozoic). Complex belt of volcanics and ultramafics (Permian) in the west (Dun Mountains).

Pedology Yellow-brown earths predominate. Patches of podzols and brown granular clays in the west. Ve(etation and Land Use The lower slopes are covered with a variety of native bush (mixed podocarp-broadleaf). On higher poorer ground there is danthonia, fern and scrub, and ba¡e rock. Sheep grazing on some of the low tussock. Cattle and dairying in fertile river valleys. Represenfa/ive Basin Not yet proposed.

Motouro Area 265 miles2 (686 km2) Climate Average annual ptecipitation ca.37 in. (940 mm), throughout the year. Snow in winter.

Geomotpholoþy Alluvial flood plain of the MatauÌa Rive¡.

GeoloQy Greywacke alluvium (Recent). Pedology Recent soils with yellow-brown earths along the ¡iver. Podzols and otganic soils on the perimeter. Vepetation and Land Use Land is cultivated for fodder and pasture. Dairying and fat lamb production.

Represenúaúive Basin Not yet proposed.

Mosgiel Area 563 miles2 (1,460 km2)

Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 29 in. (740 mm.). Rain and snow in winter. Small range of seasonal temperatutes. Moist ma¡itime easterlies, mainly cyclonic.

Geomorpholoþy Flat to gently rolling coastal plain 10 miles (16 km) wide. Elevation sea level to 1,000 ft (300 m). Geolofy Complex of chlorite schist (Lower Mesozoic-Upper Paleozoic) greywacke (Permian-Carbon- ferous) and Cretaceous argillite, sandstone, and coal. Alluvial deposits inland.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) Pedolofy Yellow-grey earths with isolated pockets of well developed recent yellow-brown earths and organic soils. Vetetation and Land Use Short tussock grasses with exotic forest (Berwick) in the north. Short exotic grasses fo¡ the grazing of cattle, dairying, store sheep, and fat lambs, Repre.senla/ive Basin Not yet proposed.

Moutore Hills Area 413 miles2 (1,070 kmz) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 43 in. (1,090 mm), inereasing towar'ds the south. High sunshine hou¡s (more than 2,000 per annum). Geomorpholofy The Nloutere Hills and low alluvial Waimea Plains and the flanks of the Barnicoat Range in the east. Geolo[y Dissected and tilted gravels, sands, and clsys (Pliocene-Early Pleistocene) with alluvium and gravels (Recent) along the river valleys rnd coast. The Barnicoat Range comprises faulted volcanics, mainly basalt (Devonian-Permian) and highly indruated marine sediments (Triassic). PedoIo(y Gravels ove¡lain by yellow-brown ea¡ths. Yellow-grey earths associated with the coastal band of alluvium. A strip of rendzina soils and brown granular clays in the east. Vep,elatìon and Land Use Isolated stands of exotic forest. Intensive cultivation of tobacco, fruit, and hops, with grazrng of dairy cattle on short exotic grasses.

1?epre.senlaúive Basin l\Íoutere at Old Flouse Road, map ¡efe¡ence 314:377347,

North.lf¡¡t Nelson Area 1550 miles2 (4,020 km2) CIimalt, Average annual precipitation ca, 73 in. (1,850 mm.). Rainfall in the west would probably be higher as this figure is deriverl from four geuges on the eastern fringes. Geomoryholo(y Steep rugged block of the Tasman and Lyell Mountains. Elevation sea level to 6,000 ft (1,900 m). Geolo(y' Complex folding and faulting. Ilighly indu¡ated sediments, e.g., argillite, sandstone, limestone, conglomerate, and tuff (Cambrian-Ordovician), and intrusives - mainly ultramafics and talc- magnesite (Cambrian). Two large belts of metamorphics containing granite (Paleozoic) and biotite- schist, marble, and quartzite (Cambrian-Ordovician) Pedolofy Steepland podzols predominate. Belt of ¡endzina soils in the east. Ve(,etation and Land Use Predominantly native bush (beech/podocarp). Along the rive¡s there are short tussock grasses and scrub. Some patches of bare rock at high altitudes. As a ¡esult of timber milling some land has been cleared and some of it is now used for sheep grazing, particularly in the south.

,llc¡;resenf af iv e B asin Cobb at Trilobite, map reference S13:0204E2.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) v Oqmoru Area 51g miles2 (1,340 km2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 25 in. (640 mm), mainly from south-west and maritime easterly winds.

Geomotpholopy Flat to rolling coastal plain. Elevation sea level to 1,000 ft (300 m). Geolofy Marine sediments (Cretaceous-Tertiary), mudstone, conglomerate, sandstone. Scattered outcrops of basalt and tuff (Tertiary). Pedology Yellow-grey earths with well developed ho¡izons. Srnall area of brown granulat loams near Oamaru.

Vep,etation and Land Use Mainly shott tussock grassland. Root and grain crops. Development of pasture for cattle and sheep.

Represenúaúiye Basin Not yet proposed. Peninsulo Area 522 miles2 (1,350 km2¡ Climate Average annual precipitation ca.35 in. (890 mm). Winds predominantly moist south-weste¡lies. Snow common in winter. Geomorpholopy The remnants of two clusters of volcanic cones of the Hawaiian type (Banks and Otago Peninsulas). Slopes vary from 10"- 20o on the outer slopes with the inner caldera slopes often in excess of 40o.Cliffed headlands have been formed by marineerosion and submergence. Elevation sea level to 3,000 ft (900 m). Geology Andesites and basalts (Early Pleistocene) predominate. Acidic C¡etaceous volcanics on a base of undiffe¡entiated Triassic-Jurassic gteywackes (Gebbies Pass). Recent deposits of marine and estuatine sediments and loess on the flanks. Pedology Yellow-grey earths, brown granular loams and clays.

Veþ,etation and Land U se Tussock grassland with stands (remnants) of podocarp,/mixed ha¡dwood fo¡est on the southerly aspects. Sheep grazing. Dairying in the valleys. Intensive matket gardening and orcharding on the northern slopes.

Represenúaf ive Basin Reynolds at Brankins Bridge, map reference S94:167243.

Pukok i Area 1,150 miles2 (2,980km2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 31 in. (790 mm), increasing towards the notth-west. P¡e- cipitation is mainly snow. Bxceptionally heavy frosts. Virtual drought conditions in summer. Geomotpholofy Flat plains and rolling country about 2,000 ft (600 m), of the Mackenzie Basin. Geolopy Glacial outwash material predominates with occasional outcrops of parent rock (Jurassic- Permian greywacke).

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) P edology tilainly undeveloped yellow-brown earths. Skeletal brown-grey earths on higher ground in the south-east. VeÊetatìon and Land Use Tussock, gassland, and bog. Some areas of exotic grasses, Extensive sheep and cattle gtaztng, Represen/alive Dasin Not yet proposed.

Ronfurly Area 1,150 miles2 (2,980 km2) Climnte Average annual precipitation ca. 20 in. (510 mm). Wintet snow and severe frosts (more than 200 per annum). Iligh summer temperatures (average higher than 70oF, 21oC).

QeomorpholoQy Low alluvial basin areas (lUiddlemarch, Ranfurly, and Queenstown). Elevation 500-2,000 ft (150-6,200 m). Ceolo(y Recent deposits of glacial till and fluvial material. I'edolo[y Brown-grey earths with poorly developed horizons ¿¡d yellow-grey earths. Vepetation and Land Use Short tussock grassland and indigenous grasses. Root and grain crops and o¡chards. . Sheep gtazing on poore¡ land. Represenlafive Basin Gimmerburn at Gorge, map reference S33:6590.

Soufh Westlond A¡ea 290 miles2 (751 km2) Climate Average annual precipitation is probably in excess of 160 in. (4,060 mm). This is only assumed because of the absence of precipitation gauges.

Ceomorphology The coastal mountains that are separated f¡om the main alpine block by the Jackson and Cascade River valleys, and a naÌrow coastal plain. Geolo{y Undifferentiated greywackes and argillites (Pre-Cambrian), Pliocene conglomerates, and a coastal strip of marine sediments. Glacial outwash material in the valley floors. Pedolol5' Podzols predominate with a central portion of brown granular loams and clays, Recent gley soils, and some yellorv-brown earths. Vef,etation and Land Use Native bush and sc¡ub with some areas of swamp along the Cascade River. Represenúaúive Basin Not yet proposed.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969)

V v Spen ser Area 1,760 miles 2 (4,560 km2)

Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 49 in. (1,210 mm), mainly winte¡ snow. In the rain shadow of Southern Alps. Variation in precipitation within the region. Geomotphology The folded eastern flanks of the Southern Alps from 7,600 ft (2,300 m). Steep valley sides with na¡row, alluvium-covered floors. Rivers generally have steep slopes and a¡e incised into the alluvial base.

GeoloPy Greywacke (Jurassic-Permian) with alluvium in the valleys (Pleistocene-Recent). Pedoloty Skeletal yellow-brown earths and podzols. Much bare rock and scree with isolated patches of decomposed greywacke. Vepetation and Land Use Bare ¡ock at higher altitudes. Below this there ate subalpine grasses and tussock, patches of beech/podocarp forest, and large areas of scrub (btacken, matagouri, and tosehip). Dairying in some of the more accessible areas (Matakitaki). Reptesentative Basin Bulle¡ at Lake Rotoiti, map reference S33:199662.

Tokoko A¡ea 150 miles2 (389 km2)

Climate 'Average annual ptecipitation ca' 110 in. (2,790 mm). The westerly ¡anges do not have an appreciable ¡ain shadow effect.

GeomorpholoQy Valleys of the Ao¡ere and Takaka Rivers and a nar¡ow coastal strip. Flat to gently rolling land.

GeoloPy Complex geological pattern. Valleys of alluvium and terraces of gravels (Recent) with out- cropping marine mudstone, sandstone, and limestone (Cretaceous-Miocene). Volcanics (Triassic- Late Paleozoic) to the north of the Golden Bay fault. Along the valley sides are older mo¡e highly indu¡ated greywackes' and argillites associated with quartzites and schists (Ordovician- Devonian). Pedolo{y Complex soil pattern-pockets of yellow-brown ea¡ths, podzols, and b¡own granular claYs. Along both valley floors recent soils predominate. Vepetation and Land Use G¡ass and scrub. sheep grazitg, dairying and mixed crop-livestock farming.

Represenfaf ive Basin Not yet proposed.

Tokitimu A¡ea 310 miles2 (803 kmz;

Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 50 in. (1,270 mm), mainly snow in winter. Rain shadow effect of Fiordland block. Prevailing westerlies'

Geomorpholo{y The westward slopes, tising ftom the l{aiau River, of the Takitimu Mountains' Elevation 500-5,500 ft (150-1,700 m). 4l

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) Geology Basalt, andesite, and trachyte (Lower C¡etaceous-Jurassic). Pedolopy Brown granular loam sand clays (derived f¡om volcanics). Yellow-b¡own earths with high clay f¡action in the west. Vepetation and Land Use Predominantly native bush (beech) with tussock and scrub towards the y¿¡su Valley in the west. Some timber milling and grazing of sto¡e sheep and cattle. Represen/aúive Basin Not yet proposed.

Timqru Downlonds Area 688 miles2 (1,780 km2¡ Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 26 in. (660 mm), mainly from the south-west during the winter months.

GeomorpholoSy Rolling hill country. Elevation sea level to 1,500 ft (460 m). Geology Matine sediments, limestone, conglomerates, mudstone, and sandstone (Tertiary-Pleistocene). Major basalt flow (Miocene) near Timaru. Pedolo(y Well developed yellow-grey earths. Some yellow-b¡own loems inland. Ve{etation and Land Use Cultivation of ¡oot crops, gtain, and development of pasture fo¡ cattle and sheep. Represenúaúive Basin Not yet proposed.

Woiou Area [,$SQ miles 2 (4,040 km2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 43 in. (1,090 mm), but considerably heavier in the west and south. Fiordland c¡eates a rain shadow effect. Geomorpholoty Waiau River Valley and higher country to 2,500 ft (800 m) in the north. GeoloPy Predominantly alluvium with isolated outcrops of marine sediments, limestone, and mudstone (Pleistocene).

PedoIoþy Soils show the effect of poot dtainage-clays, and podzols. Yellow-b¡own ea¡ths and isolated podzols on drier ground. Extensive yellow-brown loams in the north, Vepetation and Land Use Mainly short exotic grasses in the east. Grazing of store sheep and cattle. Tussock and bush in the west and north. Represenfafive Basin Not yet proposed.

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) Woimole Ploins Area 645 mi1es2 (1,670 km2) Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 23 in. (580 mm). In a rain shadow area, particularly noticeable in the tìakatatamea Valley. Geomorpholo(y The coastal area around the mouth of the Waitaki River and the Hakataramea Valley inland. Geolo(y predominantly alluvial (Recent) with marine limestone, sandstone, and mudstone, in con- junction with a band of undifferentiated greywacke (Permian-Ca¡boniferous) in the Hakataramea Valley.

P edolo[y Complex yellow-grey earths, from skeletal to well developed along the coast. Patches of gleyed soils in the north and near the Waitaki River at Ikawai. Recent soils from alluvium along the rivers. Ve(elation and Land Use Mixed crop-livestock farming, and areas of intensive market gardening near the coast (Waimate- Studholme). Representative Nasin Not yet proposed.

lvo ito k i Area 2,470 miles2 (6,400 km2)

Climate Average annual precipitation ca.24 in. (610 mm), mainly snow. Dry easterly winds. Severe frosts in winter.

Geomorpholo{y Mainly steep ranges with a north-south trend. Elevation 500-6,000 ft (150-1,800 m)'

Geology Undifferentiated greywacke and schist (Jurassic-Permian). Glacial outwash gravels (Recent) in the lower basins.

P edoloP,Y IIigh country and lowland ye11ow-brown earths. Yellow-gtey intergrades on the eastern boundary. Vefetation and Land Use ,Sp"r=. tussock, snow grasses, and bare rock at higher altitudes. Sheep grazing restricted to summer n,onths,

lì epre.sen f alive .l?a'sin Rockl' Gully at Rockburn, map reference 544l.3761'

Wonoko Area 2,140 miles2 (5,540 km2; Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 75 in. (1,900 mm). In the north-south valleys a rainfall gradation is 1ikel5, because of the rain shadow effect of the Alps. Perpetual snow cover on highet ground during winter months.

Çeonorpholo{y Glacial landscape (U-shaped valleys). Elevation 1,000-8,000 ft (300-2,400m). Ceolo{y- ilto"sity schist (chlotite)-Lower Mesozoic and Upper Paleozoic. Ahuriri Valley consists of undifferentiated greywacke (Jurassic-Permian).

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) P edoloQy Bare ¡ock and scree predominate. Some skeletal yellow-brown earths. Some steepland podzols in the west. To the south is a band of brown granular loams and clays. Ve{etation and Land Use

Bare rock and scree with associated alpine vegetation at higher altitudes. Below this is a belt of snowg¡ass, then native bush. Grazing of sheepand cattle in the valleys during the summer months, Represenfafive Basin Ahuriri at South Diadem, map reference S34:4641.

lVest Coo¡? Lowlonds Area 2,490 miles 2 (6,450 kmz)

Climate A"e¡age .annual. precipitation ca. 130 in. (3,300 mm) with conside¡able north-south variations. In the path óf maritime westerlies. Orographic effect inland. Geottorpholoþy Low coastal strip and a hilly a¡ea inland. Geolo(y Te¡¡esttial sediments (Pleistocene-Recent) with occasional outcrops of greywacke and argillite (Triassic-Jurass ic). Pedology Wide variety of soils-sand along the coast and Recent soils along the river flats. podzols and yellow-b¡own ea¡ths, with high mineral content that has been leached, form an impermeable layer (iron pan or "Pakihi"). Vepetation and Land Use In the lowland a¡eas where the drainage is suitable riative bush is abundant (rimu and beech with kahikatea, matai, and totara), On poorly drained "Pakihitt soils and the coastal dune sands the¡e is scrub and bracken or no vegetation. The¡e is milling of native timbe¡ and on the coast near the river mouths and along the ¡ivers, grazing and dairying.

Repre.. ent ative n n.\in Not yet proposed,

West Motueko A,rea 547 miles 2 (1,420 kn2) Climate Average r¡rnual precipitation ca. 60 in. (1,500 mm). Influence of westerlies has little effect or climate. Rain shadow effect of westerly ranges not evident because of rain ftom the north. Geomorpholo(y Steep sides of the Arthur and Pikikiruna Ranges rising from the Motueka and Wangapeka River Valleys. Elevation up to 6,000 ft (1,800 m). Geology CompJex region comprising volcanics, granite, granodiorite, diorite (Triassic-Late paleozoic) associated with younger marine sediments (Cretaceous-Miocene) and alluvium (Recent). Area of metamorphics and associated volcanics (Cambrian-Permian). A very markedfault zone. I'e

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) Ve(etation and Land Use Native bush in the west gades into scrub, grass and a¡eas of cultivated land. Land use closely follows relief, from sheep to mixed crop-livestock to intensive cultivation of tobacco near I\'lotueka river mouth.

1ìepresen/afive Nasin Riwaka at l\losses Bush, map ¡eference S13:305570.

West Otogo Area 4,220 miles2 (10,930 km2)

Climate Average annual precipitation ca. 30 in. (750 mm), mostly winter snow' Westetly winds pre' dominate.

Geomorpholo{y Compound of highland ranges with weathe¡ed rock and varyinglandscape patterns (tor, fretted, and rippled). Elevation 1,000-6,000 ft. (310-1,860 m). Geolo[y compound of massive schist (Lower Mesozoic-upper Paleozoic), alluvium in rive¡ valleys. Zone of ultramafics (I-ower Permian) in south-west,

P edolo{y Main block comprises skeletal yellow-brown earths. Yellow-grey earths with weakly developed horizons along the Lindis, Clutha and Kawarau Rivers.In the south-west there a¡e blown granular loams and clays. Ve(etation and Land Use Gradation from bush on the western ranges to scrub (matagouri), sub-alpine tussocks and on improved land' short tussocks and grasslands on the lowe¡ land in the east. Sheep grazlng erosion that has The original ove¡-stocking of the tegion with sheep has resulted in severe necessitated extreme conservation measures,

lìepre.senlaúive f asin Fraser at Lake Inlet, map reference S33:0349.

Western AlPs 2) Area 2,760 miles 2 (7,150 km Climate Average annual precipitation varies at diffe¡ent stations from 100-400 in. (2,500-10,000 mm')' mairrlv orographic, Some snow' l\4aritime weste¡lies.

GeomorpholoPy Exceptionally steep slopes and deeply incised swift-flowing rivers.

Geoio[1, I\4ainly schist and gneiss (Lower lVlesozoic) with isolated granite intrusions-batholiths (Paleozoic). Overlay of alluvium towards the coast. I'eclolo(y l.owland and high countrY yellow-brown ea¡ths and podzols, and alpine soils. I e{etation and Land Jse Mostly native bush (podocarp-beech, kahikatea'rimu). Alpine vegetation, ba¡e ¡ock and sc¡ee at higher altitudes. Represenfaúive Basin Ilokitika at Whitcombe Junction' map reference S58:560203.

A R Shearer, Governñent Pr¡nter, Well¡ngton, New Zealand-1969

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) NORTH TSLAND

PPEN DIX II OLOGICAL

PAC I FI Po¡nt OCEAN Notth

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indicates a disjoi ted port¡on of a named reg¡

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) úW ZEALAND l:1,000,000

173" E. 174"

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20 0 20 /10 @ 80 100 Kilom REFERENCE Towns Iarge lf HYPSOMETRIC Populotíon 50,000 and over WELLINGTON Elevations ¡n feet TINTS " 20,0ou50,0@ NAPIER Roilways 7,000-20,000 WHAKATANE -'9t75 7Un " - Main Roads " 1,000-7,A00-OFeatherston Other Roads-, J0æ u under I,0ÚÚ- QRaurimu Tracks lUn Incalities o Te lloro Contour Lines . Contours are shown at 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000,7000 and 9000 0- - feet 100 Isohaths ore shr¡¡rn ut 100 and 250 fitthoms. - ov Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) ZEALAND 1:1,000,000 SOUTH ISLA

APPE DIX II SH EET HYDRO OGICAL REGI OF W ZEALAND

Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) TH ISLAND

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Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) \ I

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Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969) cl A N T E R B u R y Miscellaneous hydrological publication no. 4 (1969)