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Earth Faults Jori Tervo Use-Cases of Phase-Earthing Circuit Breakers in Self- Healing Power Networks Department of electrical engineering Thesis submitted for examination for the degree of Master of Science in Technology Espoo, 28.03.2012 Supervisor: Prof. Matti Lehtonen Instructor: Jarmo Saarinen, M. Sc. (Tech.) AALTO-YLIOPISTO DIPLOMITYÖN TIIVISTELMÄ TEKNIIKAN KORKEAKOULUT PL 11000, 00076 AALTO http://www.aalto.fi Tekijä: Jori Tervo Työn nimi: Vaiheenmaadoituskatkaisijan käyttömahdollisuudet itsestään korjaavissa sähköverkoissa Korkeakoulu: Sähkötekniikan korkeakoulu Laitos: Sähkötekniikan laitos Professuuri: Sähköverkot Koodi: S-18 Työn valvoja: Prof. Matti Lehtonen Työn ohjaaja: DI Jarmo Saarinen Tässä työssä tutkitaan vaiheenmaadoitusmenetelmää, jota voidaan käyttää vähentämään pikajälleenkytkentöjen lukumäärää. Käytännössä viallinen vaihe kytketään maahan syöttävällä sähköasemalla. Jos viallinen vaihe voidaan maadoittaa pidemmäksi aikaa, voisi olla mahdollista ylläpitää sähkönjakelua pysyvissä vikatilanteissa. Tässä työssä vaiheenmaadoitusmenetelmää tarkastellaan esimerkiksi turvallisuusmääräysten ja maasulkusuojauksen näkökulmasta. Turvallisuusmääräykset määräävät suurimman sallitun vian kestoajan. Kyseinen aika on riippuvainen verkon maadoitusjännitteistä. Näin ollen maapotentiaalin nousu määrää myös vaiheenmaadoitusajan. Erityisesti on tutkittu prototyyppi vaiheenmaadoitusjärjestelmän käyttöönottoa. Työssä tarkastellaan kuinka maasulkusuojausasetteluja tulisi muuttaa, jotta suojaus toimisi oikealla tavalla. Tätä varten kenttäkokeista saatuja häiriötallenteita on tutkittu. Maksimi jäännösvikavirran suuruus on arvioitu sähköteknisillä laskelmilla. Vaiheenmaadoitusmenetelmää tarkastellaan myös taloudellisesta näkökulmasta. Kompensointikelan ja vaiheenmaadoituskatkaisijan keskeytyskustannussäästöjä on vertailtu. Tämä vertailu on tehty tietyssä keskijänniteverkossa käyttämällä LuoVa luotettavuusanalyysiohjelmistoa. Lisäksi vaiheenmaadoitusmenetelmän käyttöä tarkastellaan vyöhykekonseptin näkökulmasta. Tämä konsepti mahdollistaa nopean vian paikannuksen ja nopean vian erotuksen. Nämä ominaisuudet aikaansaadaan hyödyntämällä uusia suojausominaisuuksia ja lisäämällä verkkoon suojaus- ja kytkinlaitteita. Tulevaisuudessa tällainen järjestelmä voi pystyä automaattiseen vian erotukseen ja sähkönsyötön palauttamiseen. Vaiheenmaadoitusmenetelmän hyötyä tämänkaltaisessa itsestään korjautuvassa verkossa on arvioitu käyttämällä LuoVa luotettavuusanalyysiohjelmistoa. Päivämäärä: 28.03.2012 Kieli: Englanti Sivumäärä: 10+105 Avainsanat: vaiheenmaadoitus, vaiheenmaadoituskatkaisija, maasulku, maasulkusuoja- us, jälleenkytkentä, kompensointikela, vyöhykekonsepti AALTO UNIVERSITY ABSTRACT OF THE MASTER‟S SCHOOLS OF TECHNOLOGY THESIS PO Box 11000, FI-00076 AALTO http://www.aalto.fi Author: Jori Tervo Title: Use-Cases of Phase-Earthing Circuit Breakers in Self-Healing Power Networks School: School of Electrical Engineering Department: Department of Electrical Engineering Professorship: Power Systems Code: S-18 Supervisor: Prof. Matti Lehtonen Instructor: Jarmo Saarinen, M.Sc. (Tech.) The topic of this thesis is the phase-earthing method which can be used to reduce the number of high speed automatic reclosing functions. In practice, the faulty phase is connected to the ground at a feeding substation for a few tenths of a second. If the faulty phase can be earthed for a longer time, it might be possible to maintain electricity distribution in permanent fault situations. This thesis discusses phase-earthing method for example from safety regulations and earth fault protection points of view. The safety regulations determine the maximum fault duration. The duration depends on earth potential rise in the network. For this reason, the earth potential rise also determines the maximum phase-earthing time. Especially, the introduction of a prototype phase-earthing system is discussed. It is studied how earth fault protection setting could be modified in order that earth fault protection would function properly. In this task, disturbance recordings, which were recorded in field tests, have been examined. The maximum residual current is approximated by means of electrotechnical calculations. Phase-earthing method is also evaluated from the economic point of view. Interruption cost savings between a compensation coil and a phase-earthing circuit- breaker are compared. In the comparison, a certain medium voltage network is used and it is analysed by using LuoVa reliability analysis software. In addition, the use of phase-earthing method is studied from the zone concept point of view. The concept enables fast fault localization and fast fault isolation. These features are achieved by utilizing new protection features and adding protection and switching devices in network. In the future, this kind of system might be able to isolate faults and restore power independently. The benefit of phase-earthing method in this kind of self-healing network is estimated by using LuoVa reliability analysis software. Date: 28.03.2012 Language: English Number of pages: 10+105 Keywords: phase-earthing, shunt circuit-breaker, earth fault, earth fault protection automatic reclosing, Petersen coil, zone concept iv Preface This thesis was done in Fortum Sähkönsiirto Oy as a part of Smart Grid and Energy Market project. I would like to thank everyone who has helped me in my work. Special thanks to my instructor Jarmo Saarinen for his advices and thanks to Professor Matti Lehtonen for inspecting the thesis. I would also like to thank my family for supporting me through my life. Last, but most, I want to thank Matilda for her understanding and support. March 2012, Jori Tervo v TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract (in Finnish) ii Abstract iii Preface iv Abbreviations and symbols viii 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 2 Earth faults in medium voltage networks .................................................................. 3 2.1 Earth fault current in a neutral isolated system ....................................................... 3 2.2 Earth fault current in a compensated system ........................................................... 4 2.3 Occurrences in earth fault situations ....................................................................... 4 2.3.1 Neutral point voltage ........................................................................................ 5 2.3.2 Earth fault current at the substation .................................................................. 6 2.4 Symmetrical components ........................................................................................ 6 2.4.1 Earth faults and symmetrical components ........................................................ 7 2.5 Earth fault protection ............................................................................................... 8 3 Theory of phase-earthing method ............................................................................ 11 3.1 Operating principle ................................................................................................ 11 3.2 Use methods .......................................................................................................... 13 3.2.1 Short-term phase-earthing .............................................................................. 13 3.2.2 Long-term phase-earthing .............................................................................. 14 3.3 Modelling .............................................................................................................. 14 3.4 Residual current .................................................................................................... 15 3.4.1 Residual current in neutral isolated networks ................................................ 16 3.4.2 Residual current in compensated systems ...................................................... 17 4 General aspects to the introduction of phase-earthing systems ............................ 19 4.1 Extinction of electric arcs ...................................................................................... 19 4.1.1 Arcing time ..................................................................................................... 19 4.1.2 Mathematical estimation of electric arc extinction ........................................ 20 4.2 Earth potential rise and hazard voltages ................................................................ 21 4.2.1 Earthings ......................................................................................................... 21 4.2.2 Present touch voltage requirements ................................................................ 22 4.2.3 Old safety regulations ..................................................................................... 24 4.3 Phase-earthing and safety regulations ................................................................... 25 vi 4.3.1 Influence of phase-earthing on touch voltages ............................................... 25 4.3.2 Sufficient phase-earthing time ........................................................................ 27 4.4 Phase-earthing and conventional earth fault protection ........................................ 27 4.4.1 Basic problems ............................................................................................... 28 4.4.2 Earth fault protection stays picked up ............................................................ 29 4.4.3
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