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Sediment Transported by Georgia Streams

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Sediment Transported by Georgia Streams By VANCE C. KENNEDY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAFER 1668 Prepared in cooperation with the Georgia Department of Mines, Mining, and Geology UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1964 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The U.S. Geological Survey Library has cataloged this publication as follows: Kennedy, Vance Clifford, 1923-- Sediment transported by Georgia streams. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1963. v, 101 p. maps, diagrs., tables. 24 cm. (U.S. Geological Survey. Water-supply paper 1668) Prepared in cooperation with the Georgia Dept. of Mines, Mining, and Geology. Bibliography: p. 97-98. 1. Sedimentation and deposition. 2. Sediments (Geology) Georgia. 3. Stream measurements Georgia. I. Georgia. Dept. of Mines, Mining and Geology. II. Title. (Series) For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Page Abstract__ _____________________________________________________ 1 Introduction ______________________________________________________ 2 Economic aspects of sediment study_____________-_.____-______.___-_ 4 General factors affecting sediment yield ______________________________ 6 Precipitation_ _______________________________________________ 7 Runoff ___--_-__-__-_----__-_-_-_-_-_-----_--__-_-_-_-_-___--_ 9 Temperature. _________________________________________________ 9 Topographic features._________________________________________ 9 Soils________.-_---__________________-___-_-___-._ 10 Cover.._-____--_-_____-__-____-_-_-___-_---_-___-___________- 12 Detention reservoirs___________________________________________ 13 Channel characteristics.____________________________________________ 17 Physiographic provinces and their characteristics______________________ 18 Blue Ridge.__________-______-_____--_____--_____-___-_-_-____ 18 Valley and Ridge_-__-_--__-_-_--_-__-__________-_---________ 18 Cumberland Plateau section of Appalachian Plateau_______________ 19 Piedmont___________________________________________________ 19 Coastal Plain_________________________________________________ 20 Methods and accuracy of sampling,_________________________________ 20 Suspended load____-______-___----_____-______-----_-___--_-- 20 Total sediment load__________________________________________ 21 Data from sampling sites.__________________________________________ 22 Sites of frequent sampling._____________________________________ 22 Broad River near Bell, Ga______________._______________._ 22 Ogeechee River near Eden, Ga______________________________ 32 Slash Creek near Mclntyre, Ga_ ____________________________ 35 Flint River near Culloden, Ga_____________________________ 39 Ichawaynochaway Creek at Milford, Ga____________________ 43 Etowah River at Canton, Ga____ ___________________________ 50 Oostanaula River at Calhoun, Ga__________________________ 60 Sites of occasional sampling_____________________________________ 66 Brier Creek at Millhaven, Ga.______________________________ 66 Rocky Comfort Creek near Louisville, Ga____________________ 67 Ogeechee River near Louisville, Ga __________________________ 68 Canoochee River near Claxton, Ga__________________________ 69 Ocmulgee River at Macon, Ga___________________________._- 69 Ocmulgee River at Lumber City, Ga________________-________ 70 Little Ocmulgee River at Towns, Ga________--_________.____- 71 Oconee River near Greensboro, Ga_________________________ 71 Oconee River at Milledgeville, Ga___________________________ 72 Commissioner Creek at Toomsboro, Ga ______________________ 73 Oconee River near Mount Vernon, Ga__ _____________________ 73 Ohoopee River near Reidsville, Ga_________________________ 74 Altamaha River at Doctortown, Ga________________________ 75 Satilla River at Atkinson, Ga_ ______________________________ 76 IV CONTENTS Data from sampling sites Continued Sites of occasional sampling Continued Page Alapaha River near Alapaha, Ga_________________----_-_-___ 78 Little River near Adel, Ga_____________________--------___ 79 Ochlockonee River near Thomasville, Ga_____________________ 80 Chattahoochee River near Leaf, Ga_---__-__---_-----------__ 82 Chestatee River near Dahlonega, Ga.________________________ 83 Chattahoochee River at Atlanta, Ga_ _____________-_------__- 84 Chattahoochee River at West Point, Ga______________________ 85 Flint River near Griffin, Ga-_____________________-_-___----_ 86 Whitewater Creek below Rambulette Creek near Butler, Ga _ _ _ _ 87 Flint River at Montezuma, Ga_________-_______-____-------- 88 Coosa River near Rome, Ga-_--_------_-_-_-_-_-_---------__ 89 Chattooga River at Summerville, Ga_________________-----___ 89 Data from other sources____________________________________________ 90 Significance of data._______________________________________________ 92 Variation in concentration and particle-size distribution of suspended sediment- _ __________________________________________________ 93 Variation in sediment load._____________________________________ 96 References cited-__________________________________________________ 97 Index-______________________________________________.__ 99 ILLUSTRATIONS Page FIGUEE 1. Total precipitation during 1958__--____________-_-_---___ 7 2. Total precipitation during 1959__________________________ 8 3. Average relief per square mile_________________--------_ 11 4. Surface soils.__________________________________________ 12 5. Percent of land classified as cropland_________-___--_-___ 14 6. Percent of land classified as harvested cropland.___________ 15 7. Map of Georgia showing percent of land area from which runoff passes through ponds __________________________________ 16 8. Reservoirs with drainage area greater than 100 square miles__ 17 9. Index map showing locations of sampling sites _____________ 23 10. Relation of stream discharge to concentration, Broad R: ver near Bell, Ga________________________________________ 26 11. Suspended-sediment concentration-frequency curve, Broad River near Bell, Ga___________________________________ 27 12. Variation of discharge and concentration, Broad River near Bell, Ga_____________________________________________ 29 13. Suspended-sediment transport curve, Broad River near P<?11, Ga_ _____________________________________ 30 14. Suspended-sediment load-distribution curves, Broad River near Bell, Ga_-__-_-_______________________. 33 15. Relation of stream discharge to concentration, Ogeechee River near Eden, Ga_______________________________---__-__ 34 16. Relation of stream discharge to concentration, Flint River near Culloden, Ga____________________________________ 40 17. Relation of stream discharge to concentration, Ichawaynocha- way Creek at Milford, Ga.____________________________ 44 18. Suspended-sediment concentration-frequency curve, Ichaway- nochaway Creek at Milford, Ga______________-___--__-_ 46 CONTENTS FIGURE 19. Suspended-sediment transport curve, Ichawaynochaway Creek at Milford, Ga____________________________________ 47 20. Suspended-sediment load-distribution curve, Ichawaynocha- way Creek at Milford, Ga____________________-__--_-_- 48 21. Relation of stream discharge to concentration, Etowah River at Canton, Ga_______________________________________ 51 22. Variation in gage height and concentration, Etowah River at Canton, Ga., January 1959_-_-_--___-_-_-------------- 52 23. Variation in gage height and concentration, Etowah R'ver at Canton, Ga., March 1959____________________________ 53 24. Suspended-sediment concentration-frequency curve, Etowah River at Canton, Ga________________________________ 54 25. Suspended-sediment transport curve, Etowah River at Can­ ton, Ga_____________________________________________ 57 26. Suspended-sediment load-distribution curve, Etowah River at Canton, Ga., 1959 water year_______________-________ 58 27. Relation of stream discharge to concentration, Oostanaula River at Calhoun, Ga_______-_______________----_----_ 61 28. Suspended-sediment concentration-frequency curve, Oosta­ naula River at Calhoun, Ga_________________________ 63 29. Particle-size distribution in samples from selected Georgia rivers ________-________________-________-_---_.,--__-- 96 TABLES Page TABLE 1. Sites within or on the boundary of Georgia at which sediment data had been collected prior to June 1959 (exclusive of data in this report) _________________________--_---__-- 3 2. Georgia reservoirs for which sediment data are available.-.-. 4 3. Long-term mean monthly precipitation for various parts of Georgia _____________________________________________ 9 4. Drainage area and physiographic province(s) above each sampling site_____-__-_______--_-_--___-___-__-______ 24 5. Concentration of suspended sediment in samples from the Broad River near Bell, Ga___________________________ 25 6. Particle-size analyses of suspended sediment, Broad River near Bell, Ga_ _______________________________________ 28 7. Daily suspended-sediment concentration and load, Broad River near Bell, Ga., Dec. 16, 1958, to May 15, 1959. ____ 31 8. Concentration of suspended sediment in samples from the Ogeechee River near Eden, Ga_________________________ 34 9. Daily suspended-sediment concentration and load, Ogeechee River near Eden, Ga., Dec. 16, 1958, to May 15, If59____ 36 10. Particle-size distribution of bed material from the Ogeechee River near Eden, Ga., Feb. 9, 1959---___-__---__--___-_ 37 11. Concentration of suspended sediment in samples from Slash Creek near Mclntyre, Ga______________________________
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