TCN Bi-Monthly Progress Report to Idigbio September 2015
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Ecological Considerations for Development of the Wildlife Lake, Castlereagh
Ecological considerations for development of the Wildlife Lake, Castlereagh Total Catchment Management Services Pty Ltd August 2009 Clarifying statement This report provides strategic guidance for the site. Importantly this is an informing document to help guide the restoration and development of the site and in that respect does not contain any matters for which approval is sought. Disclaimer The information contained in this document remains confidential as between Total Catchment Management Services Pty Ltd (the Consultant) and Penrith Lakes Development Corporation (the Client). To the maximum extent permitted by law, the Consultant will not be liable to the Client or any other person (whether under the law of contract, tort, statute or otherwise) for any loss, claim, demand, cost, expense or damage arising in any way out of or in connection with, or as a result of reliance by any person on: • the information contained in this document (or due to any inaccuracy, error or omission in such information); or • any other written or oral communication in respect of the historical or intended business dealings between the Consultant and the Client. Notwithstanding the above, the Consultant's maximum liability to the Client is limited to the aggregate amount of fees payable for services under the Terms and Conditions between the Consultant and the Client. Any information or advice provided in this document is provided having regard to the prevailing environmental conditions at the time of giving that information or advice. The relevance and accuracy of that information or advice may be materially affected by a change in the environmental conditions after the date that information or advice was provided. -
ARTHROPODA Subphylum Hexapoda Protura, Springtails, Diplura, and Insects
NINE Phylum ARTHROPODA SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODA Protura, springtails, Diplura, and insects ROD P. MACFARLANE, PETER A. MADDISON, IAN G. ANDREW, JOCELYN A. BERRY, PETER M. JOHNS, ROBERT J. B. HOARE, MARIE-CLAUDE LARIVIÈRE, PENELOPE GREENSLADE, ROSA C. HENDERSON, COURTenaY N. SMITHERS, RicarDO L. PALMA, JOHN B. WARD, ROBERT L. C. PILGRIM, DaVID R. TOWNS, IAN McLELLAN, DAVID A. J. TEULON, TERRY R. HITCHINGS, VICTOR F. EASTOP, NICHOLAS A. MARTIN, MURRAY J. FLETCHER, MARLON A. W. STUFKENS, PAMELA J. DALE, Daniel BURCKHARDT, THOMAS R. BUCKLEY, STEVEN A. TREWICK defining feature of the Hexapoda, as the name suggests, is six legs. Also, the body comprises a head, thorax, and abdomen. The number A of abdominal segments varies, however; there are only six in the Collembola (springtails), 9–12 in the Protura, and 10 in the Diplura, whereas in all other hexapods there are strictly 11. Insects are now regarded as comprising only those hexapods with 11 abdominal segments. Whereas crustaceans are the dominant group of arthropods in the sea, hexapods prevail on land, in numbers and biomass. Altogether, the Hexapoda constitutes the most diverse group of animals – the estimated number of described species worldwide is just over 900,000, with the beetles (order Coleoptera) comprising more than a third of these. Today, the Hexapoda is considered to contain four classes – the Insecta, and the Protura, Collembola, and Diplura. The latter three classes were formerly allied with the insect orders Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) and Thysanura (silverfish) as the insect subclass Apterygota (‘wingless’). The Apterygota is now regarded as an artificial assemblage (Bitsch & Bitsch 2000). -
Amphiesmeno- Ptera: the Caddisflies and Lepidoptera
CY501-C13[548-606].qxd 2/16/05 12:17 AM Page 548 quark11 27B:CY501:Chapters:Chapter-13: 13Amphiesmeno-Amphiesmenoptera: The ptera:Caddisflies The and Lepidoptera With very few exceptions the life histories of the orders Tri- from Old English traveling cadice men, who pinned bits of choptera (caddisflies)Caddisflies and Lepidoptera (moths and butter- cloth to their and coats to advertise their fabrics. A few species flies) are extremely different; the former have aquatic larvae, actually have terrestrial larvae, but even these are relegated to and the latter nearly always have terrestrial, plant-feeding wet leaf litter, so many defining features of the order concern caterpillars. Nonetheless, the close relationship of these two larval adaptations for an almost wholly aquatic lifestyle (Wig- orders hasLepidoptera essentially never been disputed and is supported gins, 1977, 1996). For example, larvae are apneustic (without by strong morphological (Kristensen, 1975, 1991), molecular spiracles) and respire through a thin, permeable cuticle, (Wheeler et al., 2001; Whiting, 2002), and paleontological evi- some of which have filamentous abdominal gills that are sim- dence. Synapomorphies linking these two orders include het- ple or intricately branched (Figure 13.3). Antennae and the erogametic females; a pair of glands on sternite V (found in tentorium of larvae are reduced, though functional signifi- Trichoptera and in basal moths); dense, long setae on the cance of these features is unknown. Larvae do not have pro- wing membrane (which are modified into scales in Lepi- legs on most abdominal segments, save for a pair of anal pro- doptera); forewing with the anal veins looping up to form a legs that have sclerotized hooks for anchoring the larva in its double “Y” configuration; larva with a fused hypopharynx case. -
Reported to Have Been Five Or Six Meters High at the Advent of the Present· Residents of the Region
THE TERTIARY LAKE BASIN AT ~FLORISSANT, COLO., BETWEEN SOUTH AND HAYDEN PAHKS.* I [With a map.] By SAMUEL H. SCUDDER. The following remarks are based upon collections. and notes made during a visit to Florissa:qt, in the summer of 1877, in compap.y ·with Messrs. Arthur Lakes, of Golden, Colo., and F. C. Bowditch, of Boston, . Mass. As five days only were spent in the place, most of the time was . given up to the collection and care of specimens, .so that only a general survey of the locality was·possible. Mr. Lakes ·especially gave himself to the· study of the geol9gy of the district, and as he was previously fttrniliar with the structure of the surrounding country, and placed his notes at my disposal, the first part of this paper should be considered our joint production. GEOLOGY. The tertiary lalw basin at Florissant, already famous for its prolific beds of plants and insects, is situated ina narrow valley high up in the mountains at the soethern extremity of the Front Range of Colorado, at no great distance from "Pike's Peak. The first, and, so fat· as I am aware, the only notice of it which has been published, is that lJy Mr. A. C. Peale, in his account of the geology of Hayden Park and the country lying between it and the upper canon of the South Platte. .t As it is brief, it is given here in full: . ''The latter [Beaver Creek] flows to the northwest, and empties into the South Platte just below the upper canon. -
A Dichotomous Key for the Identification of the Cockroach Fauna (Insecta: Blattaria) of Florida
Species Identification - Cockroaches of Florida 1 A Dichotomous Key for the Identification of the Cockroach fauna (Insecta: Blattaria) of Florida Insect Classification Exercise Department of Entomology and Nematology University of Florida, Gainesville 32611 Abstract: Students used available literature and specimens to produce a dichotomous key to species of cockroaches recorded from Florida. This exercise introduced students to techniques used in studying a group of insects, in this case Blattaria, to produce a regional species key. Producing a guide to a group of insects as a class exercise has proven useful both as a teaching tool and as a method to generate information for the public. Key Words: Blattaria, Florida, Blatta, Eurycotis, Periplaneta, Arenivaga, Compsodes, Holocompsa, Myrmecoblatta, Blatella, Cariblatta, Chorisoneura, Euthlastoblatta, Ischnoptera,Latiblatta, Neoblatella, Parcoblatta, Plectoptera, Supella, Symploce,Blaberus, Epilampra, Hemiblabera, Nauphoeta, Panchlora, Phoetalia, Pycnoscelis, Rhyparobia, distributions, systematics, education, teaching, techniques. Identification of cockroaches is limited here to adults. A major source of confusion is the recogni- tion of adults from nymphs (Figs. 1, 2). There are subjective differences, as well as morphological differences. Immature cockroaches are known as nymphs. Nymphs closely resemble adults except nymphs are generally smaller and lack wings and genital openings or copulatory appendages at the tip of their abdomen. Many species, however, have wingless adult females. Nymphs of these may be recognized by their shorter, relatively broad cerci and lack of external genitalia. Male cockroaches possess styli in addition to paired cerci. Styli arise from the subgenital plate and are generally con- spicuous, but may also be reduced in some species. Styli are absent in adult females and nymphs. -
Fossil Calibrations for the Arthropod Tree of Life
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/044859; this version posted June 10, 2016. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. FOSSIL CALIBRATIONS FOR THE ARTHROPOD TREE OF LIFE AUTHORS Joanna M. Wolfe1*, Allison C. Daley2,3, David A. Legg3, Gregory D. Edgecombe4 1 Department of Earth, Atmospheric & Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA 2 Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK 3 Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PZ, UK 4 Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Fossil age data and molecular sequences are increasingly combined to establish a timescale for the Tree of Life. Arthropods, as the most species-rich and morphologically disparate animal phylum, have received substantial attention, particularly with regard to questions such as the timing of habitat shifts (e.g. terrestrialisation), genome evolution (e.g. gene family duplication and functional evolution), origins of novel characters and behaviours (e.g. wings and flight, venom, silk), biogeography, rate of diversification (e.g. Cambrian explosion, insect coevolution with angiosperms, evolution of crab body plans), and the evolution of arthropod microbiomes. We present herein a series of rigorously vetted calibration fossils for arthropod evolutionary history, taking into account recently published guidelines for best practice in fossil calibration. -
Paleontology1
PALEONTOLOGY1 Thoreau’s firm grasp of paleontology laid the groundwork for the climax of WALDEN, which describes the emergence of complexity and beauty from the simple flow of muddy sand at the Deep Cut. It also was the taproot of his lifelong frustration with Christian supernaturalists, who insisted on a fairly brief history of life. Paraphrasing Lyell’s PRINCIPLES, he jested [in A WEEK ON THE C ONCORD AND M ERRIMACK R IVERS]: “It took 100 years to prove that fossils are organic, and 150 more, to prove that they are not to be referred to the Noachian deluge.” Not everyone believes this, even today. Modern “young Earth” creationists still insist that the Elizabethan-era Mosaic chronology of Archbishop Ussher is the correct one, and that we twenty-first century scientists are in error. — Professor Robert M. Thorson, WALDEN’S SHORE, pages 60-1 1. (“Paleology” would be the study of antiques, how much they might fetch at auction.) HDT WHAT? INDEX PALEONTOLOGY PALEONTOLOGY 23,000 BCE Full glacial world, cold and dry; Stage 2 (includes the latest “Glacial Maximum”). This period includes the two ‘coldest phases’ –Heinrich Events– at something like 21,000 BCE-19,000 BCE and at something like 15,000 BCE-12,500 BCE. Music was produced by humans in what is now France; archaeological evidence includes cave paintings, footprints in caves that seem to be those of dancers, and carved bones that seem to be wind and percussion instruments. People made artifacts with primitive geometrical designs. THE WISCONSONIAN GLACIATION “NARRATIVE HISTORY” AMOUNTS TO FABULATION, THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Paleontology HDT WHAT? INDEX PALEONTOLOGY PALEONTOLOGY 18,000 BCE On the basis of Carbon-14 measurements, this was the last Glacial Maximum, the coldest period of the most recent Ice Age. -
Fossil Perspectives on the Evolution of Insect Diversity
FOSSIL PERSPECTIVES ON THE EVOLUTION OF INSECT DIVERSITY Thesis submitted by David B Nicholson For examination for the degree of PhD University of York Department of Biology November 2012 1 Abstract A key contribution of palaeontology has been the elucidation of macroevolutionary patterns and processes through deep time, with fossils providing the only direct temporal evidence of how life has responded to a variety of forces. Thus, palaeontology may provide important information on the extinction crisis facing the biosphere today, and its likely consequences. Hexapods (insects and close relatives) comprise over 50% of described species. Explaining why this group dominates terrestrial biodiversity is a major challenge. In this thesis, I present a new dataset of hexapod fossil family ranges compiled from published literature up to the end of 2009. Between four and five hundred families have been added to the hexapod fossil record since previous compilations were published in the early 1990s. Despite this, the broad pattern of described richness through time depicted remains similar, with described richness increasing steadily through geological history and a shift in dominant taxa after the Palaeozoic. However, after detrending, described richness is not well correlated with the earlier datasets, indicating significant changes in shorter term patterns. Corrections for rock record and sampling effort change some of the patterns seen. The time series produced identify several features of the fossil record of insects as likely artefacts, such as high Carboniferous richness, a Cretaceous plateau, and a late Eocene jump in richness. Other features seem more robust, such as a Permian rise and peak, high turnover at the end of the Permian, and a late-Jurassic rise. -
Evolution of the Insects
CY501-C01[001-041].qxd 2/14/05 4:05 PM Page 1 quark11 Quark11:Desktop Folder: 1 DiDiversityversity and Evolution and Evolution cockroaches, but this also brings up a very important aspect INTRODUCTION about fossils, which is their proper interpretation. Evolution begets diversity, and insects are the most diverse Fossil “roachoids” from 320 MYA to 150 MYA were actually organisms in the history of life, so insects should provide pro- early, primitive relatives of living roaches that retained a found insight into evolution. By most measures of evolution- large, external ovipositor and other primitive features of ary success, insects are unmatched: the longevity of their lin- insects (though they did have a shield-like pronotum and eage, their species numbers, the diversity of their forewings similar to modern roaches). To interpret roachoids adaptations, their biomass, and their ecological impact. The or any other fossil properly, indeed the origin and extinction challenge is to reconstruct that existence and explain the of whole lineages, it is crucial to understand phylogenetic unprecedented success of insects, knowing that just the relationships. The incompleteness of fossils in space, time, veneer of a 400 MY sphere of insect existence has been peeled and structure imposes challenges to understanding them, away. which is why most entomologists have avoided studying fos- sil insects, even beautifully preserved ones. Fortunately, there Age. Insects have been in existence for at least 400 MY, and if has never been more attention paid to the phylogenetic rela- they were winged for this amount of time (as evidence sug- tionships of insects than at present (Kristensen, 1975, 1991, gests), insects arguably arose in the Late Silurian about 420 1999a; Boudreaux, 1979; Hennig, 1981; Klass, 2003), includ- MYA. -
Friends of the Florissant Fossil Beds Newsletter
Friends of the Florissant Fossil Beds Newsletter Volume 2006, Issue 2 May, 2006 Inside this issue: A Short Note On: Fossil Spiders from Florissant By Steven Wade Veatch lected the specimen shown in die their legs normally curl under figure 1 in 1997. When spiders their body (Meyer, 2003). The order of Araneae (true Florissant spiders, Theodore Dru 2 spiders) are represented as a including the specimen large and diverse group in Alison Cockerell in figure 1, have their the 34.1 million-year-old legs extended, rather Florissant Formation. Spi- than curled up. It has Crystal Donation 2 ders were among the earliest been argued that the animals to live on land. They extended legs of are thought to have evolved Florissant’s spiders about 400 million years ago Aerial Photo of 3 suggest the waters of from primitive ancestors that ancient Lake Ancient Lake emerged from water to live Florissant, during the on land. Spiders are arach- Florissant latest Eocene, were nids—not insects, however warmer or more acidic both spiders and insects be- Rocky Mountain 3 than normal: the likely long to the largest group of cause may have been Bird Observatory animals on Earth, the arthro- from thermal vents pods. associated with area Applied Environ- 4 Florissant is well-known for volcanism or from ash mental Education its fossil spiders. More than falls (Meyer, 2003). 150 specimens of spiders Figure 1. This Eocene-age fossil spider is a It is difficult to assign Program have been found in the male, based on the swelling of the pedipalps. -
Silurian to Triassic Plant and Hexapod Clades and Their Associations: New Data, a Review, and Interpretations
Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 53 64 (1) 53–94 © Museum für Tierkunde Dresden, ISSN 1863-7221, 30.10.2006 Silurian to Triassic Plant and Hexapod Clades and their Associations: New Data, a Review, and Interpretations CONRAD LABANDEIRA 1, 2 1 Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20213-7012, USA [[email protected]] 2 Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA Received 16.iv.2006, accepted 20.viii.2006. Available online at www.arthropod-systematics.de > Abstract A preliminary evaluation of hexapod herbivore damage from selected compression and permineralized biotas from the 220 million-year Late Silurian to Late Triassic interval has revealed many previously unknown patterns of hexapod herbivore use of vascular plants as well as detritivore and predator associations. Data was collected from 48 distinctive hexapod herbivore damage types (DTs) from 21 mostly compression biotas, but with special emphasis on the Rhynie Chert (Early Devonian, ~ 408 Ma), Calhoun Coal (Late Pennsylvanian, ~ 303 Ma) and Molteno Formation (Late Triassic, ~ 226 Ma). These data indicate a two-phase herbivore colonization of land; later expansion of hexapod functional feeding groups (FFGs) initially in the Late Pennsylvanian wetland environments of equatorial Euramerica, and subsequently in Early Permian fl uvial systems in the rest of Euramerica, Gondwana, and Cathaysia; the devastating end-Permian extinction; and subsequent rebound of those same FFGs during the ensuing Triassic. Modern-aspect herbivore, detritivore, and predator FFGs are present in Late Pennsylvanian canopied forests, and the full spectrum of all terrestrial FFGs are in place during the Late Triassic. Freshwater FFGs are delayed when compared to the terrestrial record, originating during the Permian, experiencing expansion during the Triassic, and reaching modern levels of all major trophic types during the Late Jurassic. -
From the Virgin Islands Wenhua Lu the Conservation Agency, Jamestown, RI, [email protected]
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Insecta Mundi Florida 2-14-2014 Ecology and Diversity of Cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattaria) from the Virgin Islands Wenhua Lu The Conservation Agency, Jamestown, RI, [email protected] Barry D. Valentine Sarasota, FL, [email protected] Daniel E. Perez-Gelabert Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013- 7012. USA, [email protected] Esteban Gutiérrez Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Havana, Cuba, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi Lu, Wenhua; Valentine, Barry D.; Perez-Gelabert, Daniel E.; and Gutiérrez, Esteban, "Ecology and Diversity of Cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattaria) from the Virgin Islands" (2014). Insecta Mundi. 854. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/854 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Florida at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Insecta Mundi by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. INSECTA MUNDI A Journal of World Insect Systematics 0349 Ecology and Diversity of Cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattaria) from the Virgin Islands Wenhua Lu The Conservation Agency 6 Swinburne Street Jamestown, RI 02835, USA Barry D. Valentine 5704 Lake Breeze Ct. Sarasota, FL 34233, USA Daniel E. Perez-Gelabert Department of Entomology United States National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution P.O. Box 37012 Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA Esteban Gutiérrez Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Obispo #61 esq. a Ofi cios, Plaza de Armas Habana Vieja 10100 Havana, Cuba Date of Issue: February 14, 2014 CENTER FOR SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY, INC., Gainesville, FL Wenhua Lu, Barry D.