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Claire Dimeo 2 contents 5 the essentials 19 transport 35 in the home 49 at the shops 73 day-to-day 89 leisure 101 sport 117 health 133 planet earth 147 celebrations and festivals introduction The following points have been given to help you when using Japanese: 1) There are several systems for writing Japanese in Roman characters, but the most understandable for English speakers is called the Hepburn system, which has been adapted slightly for use in this dictionary. Long vowels (pronounced with twice the length of normal vowels) have been written with a bar over the top, except for the double i: ā ii ē ō ū bus stop バス停 basu-tē street 通り tōri 2) Japanese grammar is simple in many ways compared to European languages: there is no gender and there are no definite or indefinite articles; there is no difference between singular and plural; and verbs 3 only have past and non-past (present or future) forms and do not change according to who is performing an action. 3) There are different levels of politeness in Japanese, but polite forms suitable for general use have been used in the phrases in this book. Verbs are shown in the “plain” form. This is the form used among family members and close friends, and to form more complex structures, so you may hear people using it. However, it is safest to stick to using the polite form to avoid appearing over-familiar or rude. In the polite form, Japanese verbs end in “-masu”. Negative forms and past tenses are made by changing the verb ending. 4) Japanese uses small words called particles to show how different parts of the sentence relate to each other. Some are similar to English prepositions, but in Japanese they come immediately after the nouns they refer to. These particles have the following functions: wa topic marker ga subject marker o direct object marker ni indirect object marker, goal and location marker to connects nouns, ‘and’ or ‘with’ de indicates by which means an action is carried out or where an action takes place no indicates that the second noun is described in some way by the first, e.g. possession mo “also/as well” kara “from/since” made “until/as far as” Other particles occur at the end of sentences to change the meaning from a straightforward statement. The most common ones are: ka question marker ne asks for agreement or confirmation yo adds emphasis Finally, some particles are used to link clauses to make more complex sentences. Two of the most useful are kara “because/so” (which always comes after the reason or cause) and ga “but/although”. 5) Japanese word order is subject – object – verb, with the verb at the end of the sentence. The basic Japanese sentence has a topic and a comment section. The topic, indicated by the topic marker wa, usually comes at the beginning of the sentence, but if it is understood among the speakers or from the context, it is often omitted. Personal pronouns are avoided; instead, the person’s name is normally used, even for “you”. The most neutral order for additional phrases in longer sentences is time – manner – place. 4 the essentials | 必須事項 blue red 青い 赤い aoi akai yellow green 黄色い 緑の kiiroi midori no white 白い shiroi black 黒い kuroi Japanese_Standalone_01_The Essentials.indd 5 30/04/19 2:47 pm the basics | 基本 Hello. Good evening. See you tomorrow. こんにちは 。 こんばんは また、明日。 konnichiwa. konbanwa. mata, ashita. Good morning. Good night. Goodbye. おはよう（ございま おやすみ（なさい） さようなら す ）。 oyasumi (nasai). sayōnara. ohayō (gozaimasu). See you soon. Bye! Good afternoon. じゃあ、また。 じゃあ ね 。 こんにちは 。 jā, mata. jā ne. konnichiwa. Yes. No, thanks. OK! はい。 いいえ、結構です。 は い！ hai. iie, kekkō desu. hai! No. Excuse me. Thank you. いいえ。 すみません。 あ り が と う（ ご ざ い iie. sumimasen. ま す ）。 I don’t know/ Sorry? arigatō (gozaimasu). understand. 何ですか。 You’re welcome. 分かりません。 nan desu ka? いいえ（どういたし wakarimasen. ま し て ）。 I’m sorry. iie (dō itashimashite). please すみません。 Go ahead./Here you are. お願いします。 sumimasen. onegai shimasu. どうぞ dōzo 6 Japanese_Standalone_01_The Essentials.indd 6 30/04/19 2:47 pm about you | 自分について How old are you? I’m from... I have a partner. 何歳ですか。 私は…から来まし パートナーがいま nan-sai desu ka? た。 す。 May I ask how old you watashi wa … kara pātonā ga imasu. kimashita. are? I’m single. お年を聞いてもい I live in... 独身です。 …に住んでいます。 いですか。 dokushin desu. o-toshi o kiite mo ii desu …ni sunde imasu. ka? I’m married. I’m... 結婚しています。 When is your birthday? 私は…です。 kekkon shite imasu. 誕生日はいつです watashi wa …desu. か。 I’m divorced. Scottish tanjōbi wa itsu desu ka? 離 婚しました。 スコットランド 人 I’m … years old. rikon shimashita. sukottorando-jin …歳です。 Do you have any English children? …sai desu. イングランド人 お子さんがいます My birthday is on… ingurando-jin か。 誕生日は…です。 Irish o-kosan ga imasu ka? tanjōbi wa …desu. アイルランド人 I have ... children. I was born in... airurando-jin 子供が…人いま …で生まれました。 す。 Welsh …de umaremashita. ウェールズ 人 kodomo ga …nin imasu. Where are you from? wēruzu-jin I don’t have any 出身はどちらです children. か。 British 子供がいません。 イギリス人 shusshin wa dochira kodomo ga imasen. desu ka? igirisu-jin Where do you live? Are you married? どこに住んでいま 結婚していますか。 すか。 kekkon shite imasu ka? doko ni sunde imasu ka? 7 Japanese_Standalone_01_The Essentials.indd 7 30/04/19 2:47 pm family and friends | 家族と友だち Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms mother niece ...さん 母／お母さん 姪／姪ごさん …san haha/okā-san mē/mēgo-san husband father cousin 夫／ご主人 父／お父さん いとこ otto/go-shujin chichi/otō-san itoko wife older brother grandfather 妻／奥さん 兄／お兄さん 祖父／おじいさん tsuma/oku-san ani/onii-san sofu/ojii-san boyfriend younger brother grandmother ボ ー イフレンド 弟／弟さん 祖母／おばあさん bōi furendo otōto/otōto-san sobo/obā-san girlfriend older sister grandson ガ ールフレンド 姉／お姉さん 孫（息子）／お孫さ gāru furendo ane/onē-san ん partner younger sister mago(musuko)/ omago-san パートナー 妹／妹さん granddaughter pātonā imōto/imōto-san 孫娘／孫娘さん fiancé/fiancée uncle magomusume/ フィアン セ おじ／おじさん magomusume-san fianse oji/oji-san stepfather son aunt 血の繋がらない父 息子／息子さん おば／おばさん chi no tsunagaranai chichi musuko/musuko-san oba/oba-san in-laws daughter nephew 娘／娘さん 甥／甥ごさん 義理の親戚 giri no shinseki musume/musume-san oi/oigo-san 8 Japanese_Standalone_01_The Essentials.indd 8 30/04/19 2:47 pm mother-in-law sister-in-law teenager 義母 義理の姉妹 ティーンエージャー gibo giri no shimai tiin’ējā father-in-law friend parents 義父 友達 両親／ご両親 gifu tomodachi ryōshin/go-ryōshin daughter-in-law neighbour siblings 義理の娘／...娘さ 近所の人 兄弟／ご兄弟 ん kinjo no hito kyōdai/go-kyōdai giri no musume/ baby This is/These are... …musume-san 赤ん坊／赤ちゃん こちらは…です。 son-in-law akanbō/akachan kochira wa … desu. 義理の息子／…息 子さん child/children This is my husband. giri no musuko/ 子供／お子さん こちらは夫です。 …musuko-san kodomo/o-ko-san kochira wa otto desu. brother-in-law 義理の兄弟 giri no kyōdai general health and wellbeing | 健康 How are you? Very well, thanks, and Fine, thanks. お元気ですか。 you? ありがとう。元気で o-genki desu ka? 元気です。…さん す。 は？ How’s it going? arigatō. genki desu. genki desu. …san wa? 最近、いかがですか。 saikin, ikaga desu ka? 9 Japanese_Standalone_01_The Essentials.indd 9 30/04/19 2:47 pm Great! I’m warm. sad すごく元気です。 あたたかいです。 悲しいです sugoku genki desu. atatakai desu. kanashii desu Not bad, thanks. I’m hot. worried ありがとう。まあま あついです。 心配です あです。 atsui desu.