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.31/&4%3+/. ?G;BH:;F6;B?4EFJ<78?L46>ABJ?87:8C;E8@B9&ABJA*LE<46G8KGF 4GGE<5HG87GBC;E8@Moses Performed in Egypt” (hereafter, 8" +;CEB7H6874CE8 "4AF@4 B9C;E8@ Despite Jansma’s argument, which has been accepted by

+;8@4AHF6E/80=2/"B;3+-+7><-;39=<37=2/;3=3<2>6+-:>3;/.<37-/=2/ B/+; -B? $BA7BAE/<37=2/$99/;!886 9B? I–E7=2/+<=9B? E I7=2/;/+=38780=2/&8;5.9B? E– I 4A77=2/"3780.+69B? I– I " " 'I8E586> 87 " 92;+/63 "B;3 !+,>5+/ 93<-893 ./<6:>/9/;+"/5/-=+ 'K9BE7 ?4E8A7BA (E8FF – 4F87 upon my reading of the manuscript, Overbeck’s ediG

EB6> @BE8 E868AG F6;B?4EF;87 G;8 G8KG +;FGB6BEE86GG;L C8E8FGJB@4=BE6?4<@F45BHG8"9 B9 FB97BH5G9H?4A7 dubious authenticity) in Joseph Melki, “Saint Ephrem le syrien, un bilan 78 l'édition critique,” Parole de l’Orien= – 8" 4?FB 7B8F ABG 4CC84E Michael Forness, “A Brief Guide to Syriac Homilies,” Version 3, 11– 668FF87 4G ;GGC FLE< 46 F8 4EGHA:

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'53#.&43*/12*+0 ?G;BH:;98JF6;B?4EF;4I86E4A7G;8E89BE8 4A7'EG8"4AF@46;4??8A:87G;< 8 identified several common themes in the two texts’

Given that the subject of Burkitt’s inquiry was quotations from the BFC8?F4A7G;4GABFH6;DHBG4GGospel +8KGF 4A7 *GH7<8F BAGE<5HG/<-23-2=/./;;63=><<-25><<./; -2;3<=53-29+5F<=37/7<3<-2/7#/A=/BAA %4E6HF4A7 .858EF !:A4G

Moses’ miracles and the 355><8;B @B9C;E8@

Jansma, “Une homélie sur les plaies,” 12 'AG;8GE4AF9BE@4G8F F88 8" T 'I8E586> " 92;+/63 – 866A-!) % +BAA84H87 "+7-=392;+/6"B;337/7/<36/=37A8.>6 -866/7=+;33*' *LE 1$BHI4"92;+/63 – 866A-!! +BAA84H866/7=+;33 – 'AG;8C?4:H8B9 9EB:F F88 8" T 'I8E586> " 92;+/63 – 866A -!!! +BAA84H866/7=+;33 – Jansma, “Une homélie sur les plaies,” 16. See 8"T 'I8E586> "92;+/63866A-!!! +BAA84H866/7=+;33 Jansma, “Une homélie sur les plaies,” 17– Jansma, “Une homélie sur les plaies,” 17. See 8"T'I8E586>" 92;+/63C 866A-! -!! +BAA84H866/7=+;33 Jansma, “Une homélie sur les plaies,” 17. See 8"T'I8E586>" 92;+/63 866A-! -!! +BAA84H866/7=+;33 Jansma, “Une homélie sur les plaies,” 17 ?4>8 4EGHA:

Jansma’s analysis advanced our understanding of 8"8LE8FC86GF <. The most problematic feature of Jansma’s analysis was ;8G;864F89BE4A84E?L74G8B96B@CBFB9C;E8@ HE>ABJBE5BG;8EGB4GGE<5HG8 G;86B??86G/ B? EE I E BE46B@C?8G878F6E/ HE> 6B@CBF;B@

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monde,” L’Orient Syr3/7 –400; idem, “Une homélie anonyme sur la chute d’Adam,” L’Orient Syrien – +;8 9;B@4A7*LE<46;B@;/+7.3=>;1B +9/;< !/+.+==2/#23;. /<23ʜ=+"B698<3>687 4F+8E 44E)B@8AL%BAB:E4C;F B9G;8(8F;8 4EGHA:

L84E8 : G;84CGABJA GB 84E?L *LE<46 JE

/413*Century Syriac Literature and the “Sch//, /( Ephrem” ?G;BH:; J8 CBFF8FFAH@8EBHF;L@AF ;B@F5LC;E8@4FJ8??4FF8I8E4?JBE>F5LBG;8E4HG;BEF A4@8?LC;E4;4GLE/<./"+;8>1"3A286G53/<0/<=+5/7.+B80=2/!/<>;;/-=387-! 'G;8E84E?LCEBF8 ;B@%/<3e-5/̖ (' +HEA;BHG E8CB?F BE4FHEI8LB9G;887< “Saint Ephrem le syrien.” See also Brock, “St. Ephrem: A Brief Guide.” "84A(4EABJABG;F88@FGBBE<:

G;888480"=/9<G;8F88KG4AGJE8F8AF8B9G;8F;47BJLJBE?7B99BHEG; 68AGHEL *LE<46 ;EABJI8EL?8&8C;E8@ 6H6;H4A7sûgyĆtâ 4?FB8@8E:879EB@G;84F68G<6?8G4? (B87 3,/;;+.>>6(4GEB?B:<4*LE<464 (4E.3/<37=2/"B;3+-88480"=/9<.4F;18B/ – .8 4EGHA:

F 4 E8FH?G 6BAG8KGH4?FBA8B9G;8@BFGCEB7H6GABJJ;8A4A7 ;BJ*LE<464A7"8JF B9 *LE<46 8K8:8F87 7<998E8A68F 9EB@ G;8 JBE> B9 8J6 "B;3+->6 3=/;+;B /7;/< 37 "B;3+- 3=/;+=>;/ 'E<8AG4?<4 ;E37/B67<8092;/6=2/"B;3+7@3=2 +;=3->5+;!/0/;/7-/=8=2/705>/7-/80 /@3<2A/1/=3-+5#;+.3=387<,CCF4?4?@DIF8?? *888 : &456"B;3+->6 3=/;+;B/7;/<37"B;3+-3=/;+=>;/ 'E<8AG4?<4;E /7/<3<>7.A8.><63=,/<87./;/(;)/;I-4<3-2=31>7132;/;+><5/1>71<1/<-23-2=53-2/7 "=/55>71 GE4AF ;E8 *=R58E: BA<86G4A84 5<5?<64 '?7 +8FG4@8AGF8E<8F$HA7 ?88EHC *88Lucas Van Rompay, “Antiochene Biblical Interpretation: Greek and Syriac,” in #2/88480/7/<3<37/@3<2+7.;3/7=+52;3<=3+77=/;9;/=+=387 855/-=38780<<+B<87 "H7

?L 4GG487 !A ;8G6;B9G;8?<98B9C;E8@BA8B9G;884E?<8FG ;8GB8AI8 8" 4F C4EG B9 G;8 6HEE<6H?H@ B9 4A Ephremic theological “academy,” there is no evidence for a formal Christian “school” in Nisibis or Ed8FF4 7HE

*88"8C86/78<3<=8;3+--5/<3+<=3-+87 4A7GE4AF 5L SAG8E;E7.+=38780=2/"-2885<-+ F88774<*6;8E87 +>8E/+;808.+7.=2//137737180&3<.86– C;E8@ ;<@F8?9 4??H78F GB G;8 46GGod,” J;8AG;8LF;BH?7589B??BJ:EBHA7 F88 ,G8 (BFF8>8? ?3./7-/ 80 ;//4 2358<8923-+5 87-/9=<87=2/&;3=371<8092;/6=2/"B;3+7*' $BHI48 4EGHA:

Ephrem’s lifetime..8@<:;G58GG8E6BA68CGH4?8FCEBCBF8F4F8GG8FJEB9G;Simeon of Beth /<=8;3+7< 4A7 6E+7. =2/ 2/;/7.+=38780=2/"-2885< BE4@BE88E/+;808. +7.=2//137737180&3<.86#2/"-2885803<3,3<+7.2;3<=3+7"-285+<=3->5=>;/ 37+=/7=3:>//<898=+63+(;8E/+;808.+7.=2//137737180&3<.86 'AG;88K8J;89/+7.=2//+;+<=87 "4A.

5HG4F4CEBGB F6;BB?:4G;8E87GB?84EA4A7CE4L +;8 F@4?? :4G;8E CEB7H6G58LBA7G;86BA9CEB7H6GABJA *LE<46 6B78K74G87GB 4GG8FGFGB4?BA:FG4A7F7HE8?L 6B@CBF87 G;8 84E?<8FG CF8H7BAL@BHF C;E8@<6JE<=;3,>< Sozomen claims that Ephrem’s writings were being cop<87 4A7 GE4AF?4G87 8I8A 7HE53+7 "+,+4A7G;8MadrĆšê on Abraham Qidunaya F88@ GB 58 B9 @8?L8KC?4A4G8 4EGHA:

CEBbably also the setting in which Ephrem’s followers 6B@CABJAGE84G;47588AE86BI8E87 54 8I<78AG?L 6B@CBF87 F8I8E4? JBE>F B9 8K8:8G<64? FB9C;E8@4A754 4A7FB@8B9G;884E?<8E(F8H7B C;E8@<6JEFB98K8:8F;/87 4A<8? B@58E:8A4A7%46<8=<8?4JF><*GH7<4AF8?@<4A4 )B@8 – A7E8J 4L8F-87<80=2//+?/75B/;-2+7=92;/6+7. .892;/637=2/+.;+<2/37 ;+37 BE:<4F4FG8EA ;E4A7$H64F-4A )B@C4L+=+581>/80=2/"B;3+-+7><-;39=<+7.;+16/7=<37=2/3,;+;B80/3; +5">;3+7 &+.3 +5+=;>7 1B9= 'E<8AG4?<4 $BI4A<8AF<4 A4?86G4 $BHI4 “Neue Fragmente zum Diatessaronkommentar des Ephraem F6;S?8EF Aba,” ;3/7=+53+8?+73/7<3+ /;38.3-+ – %Q@ENBAG;8*<:AF

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BE,53><See Sebastian P. Brock, “Ephrem’s Letter to Publius,” />8G;87 /</3531/792;+/6./<"B;/;<"/;687/<*' – *6E8 "4AF@4 “Une homélie anonyme sur l’effusion du Saint Esprit,” L’Orient Syrien – ?4>8 4EGHA:

8FC< G;8 8K46G A4GHE8 B9 G;8< !G B9C;E8@ !GABJA @8@58E B9 Ephrem’s circle. In fact, its style and literary form (otherwise unattested in Ephrem’s works) weigh against attributing it to C;E8@ ;<@F8?9 08G BG;8E 946GBEF 8FC86<4??L

'1(/1-#.%'#.&+$,+%#,5')'2+2 8" B998EF AB BHGE<:;G 6?H8F 45BHG G;8 6BAG8KG 4A7 6

4H7<8A684A79HA6GFB9 B7 G;EBH:; %BF8F exegesis in the E88>GE47)HCE86;G Lund’s comments on Ephrem’s 866/7=+;B 87 /7/<3< 4E8 4?FB applicable here: “Ephrem's work is primarily a commentary on the story of 8A8F.3/<1 2 – ?4>8 4EGHA: is a world of difference” between the exegesis of 8" 4A7 6BAG8@CBE4A8BHF8K8:8G<64?JBE>F4FJ8??4F?4G8E JBE>F FB9C;E8@?8A7F9HEG;8E6E878A68GB FF J"92;+/63 “‘The Lord, God of the Hebrews, has sent me to you and says, “/= 6B9/895/18+7.5/==2/6"92;+/63 %Q@ENBAG;8*<:AF

KB7–4A7G;878G4ABJA E8CE8F8AG4G

BEJ4E94E8<@4:8ELF88T BE G;;/+7.3=>;1B +9/;6 %BAB:E4C;FB9G;8(8F; CEBCBF8F 4 91B+թ =Eթ +LC864??Fa “transitional form... where the two C4EG<8F AB ?BA:8E FC84> 4A7AB4?G8EA4G8G;8A4EE4GG;89BE89EBAG *854FG<4A( EB6> “Dramatic Dialogue Poems,” in %"B698<3>6"B;3+->6 3=/;+;B/7;/< 37"B;3+-3=/;+=>;/'87 " . E<=I8EF) $4I8A4AG %B?8A58E: 4A7 " )81)B@8(BAG !AFG8 4EGHA:

B9G;89<9G; 4A7F8%BF8FG;8@4:<6<4AFBA?L+99/+;/. GB 6;4A:8 G;8 A4GHE8F B9 G;

'G;8E4778778G4"92;+/63 2 +;8F4@88KC?4A4G8 G;<F88-!!! 4FJ8??4FG;8CF8H7B C;E8@<6E@8A<4A6B@@8AG4EL BAKB7HF: “But [the sorcerers] did not actually or truly change created G; " 92;+/63 ?F8J;8E8 C;E8@ 7E4JF 6?84E 7

For example, after a sarcastic appraisal of the magicians’ efforts to mimic Moses’ production of frogs, the 6H6;E68G;8FG 8F@B>89BEG;88J45?8 “#2/6+13-3+7<+5<8.3.=2/<+6/=2;8>12=2/3;/7-2+7=6/7=<” @8J4G8E5HGG;8LJ8E8HA45?8 +;8L7H:4EBHA7G;8 EJ4G8E *B9EB@G;ABJAG;4GG;8 @4:<6<4AF7<7ABG@4>85?BB79EB@J4G8E 9BE?BB> G;8E8 J4F ABG 4AL J4G8E G;4G BA8 6BH?7 7E HAG"92;+/63 KB7 KB7 %B*T'I8E586>"92;+/63 ?4>8 4EGHA:

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/.%,42+/. .;8AI<8J87 !G584EF46?BF8 literary relationship to Ephrem’s 866/7=+;B87A8.><4A7;8;.J;8G;ABJA9BE@4G

 

/3'2/.3*' 1#.2,#3+/. 864HF8G;8 4EGHA:

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"BF8C;( @4E4A77J4E7 %4G;8JF"E GE4AF "=92;/6=2/ "B;3+7"/5/-=/. ;88B98B9GE4AF?4G E847F

4F <9 1;8 89EB@;BEGBB?BA:LBH;4I8JBE>87;<@ ;4EF;?L E84>LBHEF;46>?8FB99;BEGBB?BA: LBH;4I8GBE@8AG87;<@J LBHE FJBE7 9EB@ @HE78E BE GBB ?BA: LBH ;4I8 ;03;<=,8;7<87.” +;F4A7FG4G 4FF8@5?87 9BE G;8 @8FF4:8 J4F 9E<:;G8A8?B6HFGF4A7 (;4E4B; J4F FG4A78 4EGHA:

%BF8F 4A7 4EBA FGBB7 589BE8 G;8@ 4A7 J8E8 fearlessly saying to Pharaoh: “The Lord, B7B9G;8 Hebrews has sent me to you and says, ‘/=6B9/895/18 +7.5/==2/687GB58F8EC8AGF HG:ABJ J;B B7ABJLBHJ</>=/;8786B+==;3,>=/.=892;/6=2/"B;3+7 *'*6E

HGG;8FG499B9%BF8F 5864HF8 ABJA G;8 GE4AF9BE@4G=4FG499HG<94F(;4E4B;58?<8I87G;8 FG499FB9G;8@4:<6<4AF;47586B@8F8EC8AGFJ;<6; G;8L7<7ABG8 4EGHA:

T !AG;8@BEAG;8E12 =2/3; /7-2+7=6/7=<”—4 @8 J4G8E5HGG;8LJ8E8HA45?8 +;8L7H:4EBHA7G;8E J4G8E *B 9EB@ G;ABJA G;4G G;8 @4:<6<4AF7<7ABG@4>85?BB79EB@J4G8E9BE?BB> G;8E8J4FABG4ALJ4G8EG;4G4C8EFBA6BH?77E HAG87A8FFJBH?7CE8I4

§7. And again the Lord said to Moses, “Speak to Aaron 4A7?8G;<@J4I8G;8FG499BI8E4??G;8J4G8EB9:LCG and it will swarm with frogs.” +;8FG499J4F4F<:A GBG;8;BFG6BAG484A4E@L8454GG?89BE@4GFB958FG;8FJ<9GJABJ?87:8 5HG >ABJF ;BJ GB J4:8 J4E 6BAG8@CG<5?8 F ;4IFB9J4G8E5/‘transformation’ wrought by Moses (of the snake and of the river). BJ8I8E8 4EGHA:

§8. “#2/ 6+13-3+7< +5<8 .3. =2/ <+6/ =2;8>12 =2/3; /7-2+7=6/7=<” 4ABG;8E?<84A7ABGG;8GEHG;'G;8 5? %BF8F JBH?7 ;4I894 9EB@ G;88B96?4E;4FÍéÜ5HGG;8@4AHF6E

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KB7 +;8 4EGHA:

1B9 64GG?82 J8E8 J4A78EF 1B9 F;88C2 J8E8 FC?4E@LJ;<6;;4F78984G87G;8FGEBA:'GB99A8FF9?87 4LG<@8 E8<:A87 4A7 A<:;G J4F I88A8 @8A 78984G87 8?L@84AFG;4G58

8A787G;86BAG8FG4A7:4I8G;86EBJAB9I<6GBELGB G;4G'A8G;EBH:;J;BF8CBJ8E%BF8F;476BAG8A787 A7 G;8L 7<7 ABG <@A8JG;4G;8G;8

" Amar, Joseph P. “Byzantine Ascetic Monachism and Greek <4FAGBA /<-23-2=/./;;63=><<-25><< ./;-2;3<=53-29+5F<=37/7<3<-2/7#/A=/ BAA %4E6HF4A7 .858EF 86> 7@HA7 /< /3531/7 92;+/6 ./< "B;/;< "/;687/< *' – *6E8E74@ /+;808.+7.=2//137737180&3<.86#2/ "-2885803<3,3<+7.2;3<=3+7"-285+<=3->5=>;/37+=/7=3:>/ /<898=+63+ (;*85astian P. “Ephrem’s Letter to Publius,” />;7+580/@3<2 ?4>8 4EGHA:

"=>.3/< AB – _____. “Dramatic Dialogue Poems.” In %"B698<3>6"B;3+->6 3=/;+;B/7;/<37"B;3+-3=/;+=>;/ ' 7 )B@8(BAG !AFG8G4? (*854FG<4A( 4A7$H64F-4A)B@C4L +=+581>/80=2/ "B;3+-+7><-;39=<+7.;+16/7=<37=2/3,;+;B80/3;+5">;3+7 &+.3 +5+=;>7 1B9= 'E<8AG4?<4 $BI4A<8AF<4 A4?86G4 $BHI4/< +787B6/< <>; l’Épiphanie (' +HEA;BHGE8CB?F Drijvers, Han J.W. “The School of Edessa: Greek Learning and Local Culture.” In /7=;/< 80 /+;7371 /+;7371 +7. 8-+=38737 ;/8./;7>;89/+7.=2//+;+<= 76"B;3+->6 3=/;+;B/7;/< 37"B;3+-3=/;+=>;/' 7 )B@8 (BAG<9<64?!AFG6"B;3+->6 3=/;+;B/7;/< 37"B;3+-3=/;+=>;/ ' 7

$4I8A4AG %B?8A58E: 4A7 " )8 )B@8 (BAG<9<64?!AFG;/ 7< *GH7<4AF8?@<4A4 )B@8 4AF8A SAG8E;E.8 92;/637=2/+.;+<2/37 ;+37 BE:<4F 4FG8EA ;E;/+7.3=>;1B +9/;6 %BAB:E4C;F B9 G;8 (8F;8 4EGHA:

92;F6 ./< "B;/;< C> /7/<3< >7. A8.>< 63= ,/<87./;/(;) /;I-4<3-2=31>71 32;/; +><5/1>71<1/<-23-2=53-2/7 "=/55>71 GE4AF?4G87 5L ;E8 *=R58E: BA<86G4A84 5<5?<64 '?7+8FG4@8AGF8E<8F $HA7 ?88EHC Jansma, Taeke. “Une homélie anonyme sur la chute d’Adam,” L’Orient Syrien – 333___. “Une homélie anonyme sur la création du monde,” L’Orient Syrien – ______. “Une homélie sur les plaies d’Egypte,” L’Orient Syrien – ______. “Une homélie anonyme sur l’effusion du Saint Esprit,” L’Orient Syrien – ______. “Les homélies du manuscrit Add. 17.189 du British Museum. Une homélie anonyme sur le jeûne,” ;3/7= "B;3/7 – #H:8?"4@8F$ In Potiphar’s House: the Interpretive Life of Biblical #/A=<*4AE4A6B%<6;48? 3,/;;+.>>6 (4GEB?B:<4*LE<464 (4E37/ B67< 80 92;/6 =2/ "B;3+7 @3=2 +;=3->5+; !/0/;/7-/ =8 =2/ 705>/7-/80/@3<2A/1/=3-+5#;+.3=387<,CCF4?4?@DIF8?? $4A:8;E.3/< – %4G;8JF7J4E7 "E #2/;6/73+7866/7=+;3/<87A8.>< />=/;8786B+==;3,>=/.=892;/6=2/"B;3+7*'– *6E

Melki, Joseph. “Saint Ephrem le syrien, un bilan d8?P7 " " " 92;+/63"B;3!+,>5+/93<-893./<6:>/9/;+"/5/-=+ 'K9BE7?4E8A7BA(E8FF (4E

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