CHAPTER 1 1 PREFACE 1 1.1 Rationale and Significance of Research 2 1.2 Purpose of Research 4 1.3 Significance of Thesis 4 1.4 Structure of Thesis 6
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Methods of Assessing, Monitoring and Improving Strength and Ballistic Performance in Highly Trained Rugby Union Players Daniel Travis Williams McMaster A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in fulfilment of the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 2013 Primary Supervisor: Dr. Nicholas Gill Associate Supervisors: Dr. John Cronin and Dr. Michael McGuigan Sport Performance Research Institute of New Zealand AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand TABLE OF CONTENTS ATTESTATION OF AUTHORSHIP VII DEDICATION VIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IX LIST OF CO-AUTHORED PUBLICATIONS X LIST OF FIGURES XIII LIST OF TABLES XV ABSTRACT XVII CHAPTER 1 1 PREFACE 1 1.1 Rationale and Significance of Research 2 1.2 Purpose of Research 4 1.3 Significance of Thesis 4 1.4 Structure of Thesis 6 CHAPTER 2 7 A BRIEF REVIEW OF STRENGTH AND BALLISTIC PROFILING METHODOLOGIES: A RUGBY-FOOTBALL CODE APPLICATION 8 2.0 Lead Summary 9 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Methods 13 2.2.1 Search Strategies 13 2.2.2 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria 14 2.2.3 Data Analysis 14 2.3 Measurement Systems 15 2.3.1 Sampling, Filtering and Smoothing Techniques 16 2.4 Ballistic Profiling 18 2.4.1 Ballistic Assessment Strategies 18 2.4.2 Power Production in Rugby-Football Codes 24 2.5 Maximum Strength 25 2.5.1 Maximum Dynamic Strength Assessment Strategies 25 2.5.2 Maximum Isometric Strength Assessment Strategies 27 2.5.3 Maximum Strength in Rugby-Football Codes 28 2.6 Conclusion 29 CHAPTER 3 32 A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF LITERATURE: THE DEVELOPMENT, RETENTION AND DECAY RATES OF STRENGTH AND POWER IN ELITE RUGBY UNION, RUGBY LEAGUE AND AMERICAN FOOTBALL 32 3.0 Lead Summary 33 3.1 Introduction 36 3.2 Methods 38 3.2.1 Definition of Terms 38 3.2.2 Search Strategies 40 3.2.3 Search Summary 40 3.2.4 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria 41 3.2.5 Study Quality 41 3.2.6 Data Analysis 44 3.3 Results 44 3.3.1 Intensity Relative Volume 49 3.3.2 Intensity Relative Volume Effects on Strength 50 3.3.3 Intensity Relative Volume Effects on Power 51 3.3.4 Frequency 52 3.3.5 Frequency Effects on Strength 53 3.3.6 Frequency Effects on Power 56 II 3.3.7 Long Term Training Effects 59 3.3.8 Detraining 61 3.3.9 Detraining Effects on Strength 61 3.3.10 Detraining Effects on Power 62 3.4 Discussion 64 3.5 Future Directions 67 CHAPTER 4 68 VALIDATION OF WIRELESS ACCELEROMETRY: 68 IS WIRELESS ACCELEROMETRY A VIABLE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR ASSESSING VERTICAL JUMP PERFORMANCE? 68 4.0 Prelude 69 4.1 Introduction 70 4.2 Methods 72 4.2.1 Subjects 72 4.2.2 Instrumentation 73 4.2.3 Procedures 73 4.2.4 Data Analysis 75 4.2.5 Statistical Analysis 76 4.3 Results 77 4.4 Discussion 81 4.5 Practical Applications 84 CHAPTER 5 86 QUANTIFYING MECHANICAL VARIABILITY ACROSS UPPER AND LOWER BODY BALLISTIC MOVEMENTS 86 5.0 Prelude 87 5.1 Introduction 88 5.2 Methods 89 5.2.1 Subjects 89 5.2.2 Procedures 89 5.2.3 Data Analysis 92 5.2.4 Statistical Analysis 93 5.3 Results 94 5.3.1 Lower Body Kinematics and Kinetics 94 5.3.2 Upper Body Kinematics and Kinetics 95 5.4 Discussion 96 5.4.1 Lower Body Ballistic Profiling 97 5.4.2 Upper Body Ballistic Profiling 99 5.4.3 Eccentric Ballistic Variables 100 5.5 Conclusion 100 5.6 Practical Applications 101 CHAPTER 6 102 IMPORTANCE OF STRENGTH TO BALLISTIC UPPER BODY PERFORMANCE 102 6.0 Prelude 103 6.1 Introduction 104 6.2 Methods 106 6.2.1 Experimental Approach to the Problem 106 6.2.2 Subjects 107 6.2.3 Procedures 108 6.2.4 Data Analysis 109 6.2.5 Statistical Analysis 110 6.3 Results 110 6.3.1 Maximum Power 111 6.3.2 Force-Velocity 112 6.3.3 Countermovement versus Concentric-only 112 6.3.4 Player Rankings 113 6.4 Discussion 114 6.4.1 Maximum Strength 115 III 6.4.2 Maximum Power 115 6.4.3 Force-Velocity 116 6.4.4 Countermovement versus Concentric-only 117 6.4.5 Player Rankings 118 6.5 Practical Applications 119 CHAPTER 7 120 IMPORTANCE OF STRENGTH AND SPRINT ABILITY TO BALLISTIC LOWER BODY PERFORMANCE 120 7.0 Prelude 121 7.1 Introduction 122 7.2 Methods 125 7.2.1 Experimental Approach to the Problem 125 7.2.2 Subjects 125 7.2.3 Procedures 126 7.2.4 Data Analysis 127 7.2.5 Statistical Analysis 129 7.3 Results 129 7.3.1 Maximum Power 130 7.3.2 Force-Velocity 132 7.3.3 Countermovement Jumps versus Squat Jumps 133 7.3.4 Player Rankings 133 7.4 Discussion 135 7.4.1 Maximum Strength 135 7.4.2 Maximum Power 136 7.4.3 Force-Velocity 137 7.4.4 Countermovement Jumps versus Squat Jumps 138 7.4.5 Player Rankings 139 7.5 Practical Applications 139 CHAPTER 8 142 EFFECTS OF COMPLEX STRENGTH AND BALLISTIC (HEAVY AND LIGHT) TRAINING ON PERFORMANCE 142 8.0 Prelude 143 8.1 Introduction 144 8.2 Methods 145 8.2.1 Experimental Approach to the Problem 145 8.2.2 Subjects 146 8.2.3 Procedures 147 8.2.4 Data Analysis 152 8.2.5 Statistical Analysis 153 8.3 Results 153 8.3.1 Ballistic Upper Body Adaptations 154 8.3.2 Ballistic Lower Body Adaptations 156 8.4 Discussion 158 8.4.1 Maximum Strength 158 8.4.2 Sprint Performance 159 8.4.3 Ballistic Adaptations 160 8.4.3.1 Ballistic Upper Body Adaptations 161 8.4.3.2 Ballistic Lower Body Adaptations 163 8.5 Practical Applications 166 CHAPTER 9 167 EFFECTS OF A SIX WEEK OFF-SEASON ON STRENGTH, SPRINT ABILITY AND BALLISTIC PERFORMANCE IN SEMI-PROFESSIONAL RUGBY UNION PLAYERS 167 9.0 Prelude 168 9.1 Introduction 169 9.2 Methods 170 9.2.1 Experimental Approach to the Problem 170 9.2.2 Subjects 170 IV 9.2.3 Procedures 171 9.2.4 Data Analysis 173 9.2.5 Statistical Analysis 174 9.3 Results 174 9.3.1 Ballistic Upper Body Adaptations 174 9.3.2 Ballistic Lower Body Adaptations 175 9.4 Discussion 176 9.5 Practical Applications 180 CHAPTER 10 182 MONITORING BALLISTIC IN-SEASON RECOVERY PATTERNS IN SEMI-PROFESSIONAL RUGBY UNION PLAYERS 182 10.0 Prelude 183 10.1 Introduction 184 10.2 Methods 185 10.2.1 Experimental Approach to the Problem 185 10.2.2 Subjects 186 10.2.3 Procedures 186 10.2.4 Data Analysis 187 10.2.5 Statistical Analysis 188 10.3 Results 189 10.4 Discussion 190 10.5 Practical Applications 193 CHAPTER 11 194 SUMMARY, PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS 194 11.1 General Summary 195 11.2 Delimitations and Limitations 201 11.3 Practical Applications 202 11.4 Future Research Directions 205 REFERENCES 209 APPENDICES 236 Appendix 1. Ethics Approval Forms 236 Appendix 1a. Ethics Application Number 10/184 236 Appendix 1b. Ethics Application Number 10/183 238 Appendix 1c. Ethics Application Number 12/220 240 Appendix 1d. Ethics Application Number 12/213 242 Appendix 2. Consent Forms 244 Appendix 2a. Validation of Wireless Accelerometry 244 Appendix 2b. Reliability of Lower Body Ballistic Profiling 245 Appendix 2c. Reliability of Upper Body Ballistic Profiling 246 Appendix 2d. Complex Strength and Ballistic Training Intervention 247 Appendix 3. Study Information Sheets 248 Appendix 3a. Validation of Wireless Accelerometry 248 Appendix 3b. Lower Body Ballistic Profile 251 Appendix 3c. Upper Body Ballistic Profile 253 Appendix 3d. Complex Strength and Ballistic Training Intervention 256 Appendix 4. Abstracts of Chapters as Published, In Press or In Review 259 Appendix 4a. Chapter 2: Sports Medicine 259 Appendix 4b. Chapter 3: Sports Medicine 261 Appendix 4c. Chapter 4: Sports Technology / SPRINZ Conference 263 Appendix 4d. Chapter 5: Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 265 Appendix 4e. Chapter 6: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 266 Appendix 4f. Chapter 7: Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 267 Appendix 4g. Chapter 8: Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning 268 Appendix 4h. Chapter 9: Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning 269 V Appendix 4i. Chapter 10: National Strength and Conditioning Association Conference / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 270 Appendix 5. Copyright Permissions 273 Appendix 5a. Chapter 3 Copyright Permission 273 Appendix 5b. Chapter 4 Copyright Agreement 275 VI ATTESTATION OF AUTHORSHIP “I hereby declare that this thesis submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person (except where defined in the acknowledgements), nor material which to a substantial extent has been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma of a university or other institution of higher learning.” Daniel Travis Williams McMaster VII DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to the life and memory of Dr. Melanie Morgan Williams Mother, fighter and pioneer for veterinarian ophthalmology 25th of September, 1949 to 3rd of May, 2013 VIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first off like to thank the Sports Performance Research Institute of New Zealand at AUT University; and more specifically, Dr. Nicholas Gill for giving me the opportunity to continue my studies in a field I love. You have been an unbelievable supervisor, motivator and friend; your commitment to my research has been immense. I would also like to thank Dr. John Cronin for your tireless work ethic, constructive feedback and much needed guidance and friendship over the years.