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17715 Taukulis Full.Pdf (7.153Mb) Division of Science and Engineering Department of Environmental Biology Diatom Communities in Lakes and Streams of Varying Salinity from South-West Western Australia: Distribution and Predictability Fiona E Taukulis This thesis is presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Curtin University of Technology September 2007 Declaration To the best of my knowledge and belief this thesis contains no material previously published by any other person except where due acknowledgment has been made. This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university. Signature: ……………………………………………... Date: 10 September 2007 Abstract The distribution pattern of diatoms from lakes and streams of varying salinity in the south-west of Western Australia was investigated. A total of 95 water bodies were sampled and separated into freshwater (<3 ppt), hyposaline (3-20 ppt), mesosaline (20-50 ppt) and hypersaline (>50 ppt). The south-west and specifically the inland wheatbelt region has been severely influenced by secondary salinisation, due to clearing of native vegetation for agriculture. There has been little research on diatom communities from salt-affected systems, with this data providing the basis for the development of an inference model based on species optima and tolerance limits to salinity. Physico-chemical variables measured from the study sites were collated and assessed. Salinity ranged from freshwater (0.04) to hypersaline (156.80 ppt), and pH ranged from acidic (2.90) to alkaline (10.51). Dissolved oxygen levels were recorded from 1.11 to 18.67 mgL-1, water temperature from 6.30 to 28.10 °C and peripheral vegetation scores from 1 (little or no cover) to 5 (dense cover). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that salinities were significantly higher in standing waters located further inland, compared to flowing waters in high rainfall areas. Hypersaline wetlands displayed significantly lower dissolved oxygen levels, higher water temperatures and reduced peripheral vegetation, compared to freshwaters. The pH of hypersaline sites was also significantly lower, associated with surrounding land use or underlying geology. The data collected provides important baseline information, with implications for aquatic biota. The community structure of diatoms in relation to varying salinity concentration was explored. An artificial substrate collector (JJ periphytometer) was used to standardise sampling and ensure diatom assemblages were representative of ambient water quality. A total of 217 taxa were identified with the highest diversity observed in freshwater sites (up to 33 species), and limited to less than 15 in hypersaline waters. According to BIOENV, salinity was the key factor influencing diatom community structure. SIMPER analysis found a number of discriminating taxa between salinity ranges, specifically between assemblages from freshwater and hypersaline sites. Taxa such as Achnanthidium minutissimum and Gomphonema parvulum were i indicative of freshwaters. In comparison, Amphora coffeaeformis and Nitzschia ovalis were associated with hypersaline water bodies. Diatom community structure was also examined from 20 hypersaline wetlands in the wheatbelt region with varying pH. Characteristic taxa including Amphora coffeaeformis, Hantzschia sp. aff. baltica and Nitzschia ovalis showed a wide tolerance to salinity and pH, or hypersaline acidic conditions. BIOENV analysis found there were no observable differences between diatom assemblages in relation to salinities above 50 ppt and that pH was highly correlated to species composition. The increasing occurrence of acid saline lakes is of concern and is most likely attributable to deep drainage practices and continued use of fertilisers in agricultural areas. A diatom-based transfer function was developed from the south-west dataset, to document species optima and tolerance limits to salinity. CCA analysis showed that salinity accounted for a significant and independent amount of variation in the diatom data enabling an inference model to be derived. The most successful model was generated using tolerance-downweighted weighted averaging, with a high coefficient of determination and low prediction errors that remained high after jackknifing. The optima of freshwater diatoms were similar to those reported from other regions of the world, although the optima of hypersaline species tended to be higher. Comparatively, the model performed very well, with the potential to be applied in future paleolimnological studies. In conclusion, this study has shown diatoms to be effective biomonitoring tools, providing the basis for future sampling strategies that assess the biodiversity of salt- affected water bodies in Western Australia. Potential indicator species from different salinity ranges were identified and the sensitivity of diatoms allowed for the development of a statistically robust inference model for the south-west. The reported optima and tolerance limits of important taxa may be further explored to evaluate the success of remediation measures implemented for secondary salinised systems in this region. ii Acknowledgements There are many people and organisations that I am grateful to for providing support throughout the research project. Firstly, to Curtin University for their financial assistance in the form of a CUPS scholarship. To the Department of Environmental Biology, for providing teaching and consulting opportunities. To my supervisor, Associate Professor Jacob John and associate supervisor Dr Lynne Jones for their guidance, particularly Jacob, thankyou for your valuable advice and encouragement. To the friends and colleagues that volunteered their time and assistance in the field including Peter Mioduszewski, Erin Thomas, Troy Taukulis and Elizabeth and Robert Barnes. Rain, hail, shine and 1 in 100 year floods, your commitment never wavered. To Brad and Jim from the DEC, for their help generating site maps and to Karina Hanssen and Laura Cunningham for their advice on statistical procedures. In addition, I would like to thank Steve Juggins, John Tibby and Jane Reed for their suggestions with regards to the development of the transfer function. To Veronica Campagna and Elaine Miller, for their assistance with scanning electron microscopy techniques. Also to Pia Scanlon, for her skill in digital image manipulation and her help with the collation of diatom plates. To the people involved in the reviewing process including Associate Professor Jacob John, Dr Lynne Jones, Erin Thomas, Veronica Campagna, Melanie Ward and Stacey Gregory, I am eternally grateful for your feedback. I would also like to thank the reviewers of papers that have resulted from this research; the constructive comments were most appreciated. Finally, to my devoted husband, family and closest friends (you know who you are), my heartfelt thanks, if it wasn’t for your tireless love and support I could not have completed this challenging journey and dedicate this thesis to you. iii Table of Contents Abstract i Acknowledgements iii Table of Contents iv List of Tables vii List of Figures viii List of Appendices x Chapter 1: General Introduction 1 1.1 Scope and Structure of Thesis 1 1.2 Global Salinisation 2 1.3 Salinisation in South-West Western Australia 3 1.3.1 Rainfall and climate 5 1.3.2 Soils and topography 6 1.3.3 Riparian vegetation 7 1.3.4 Salinisation of flowing and standing waters 8 1.3.5 Ionic concentration of water bodies 9 1.3.6 Biodiversity and salinity 11 1.4 Biological Monitoring of Aquatic Systems 12 1.4.1 Diatoms as biological monitors 13 1.4.2 Diatoms and salinity 15 1.4.3 Artificial substrates and diatom sampling 17 1.5 Diatom-Based Inference Models 18 1.6 Objectives of the Research 20 1.7 References 21 Chapter 2: Study Sites 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Description of Study Sites 35 2.2.1 Freshwater sites 38 2.2.2 Hyposaline sites 38 2.2.3 Mesosaline sites 39 2.2.4 Hypersaline sites 39 2.3 References 41 Appendices 43 Chapter 3: The Relationship of Salinity to Water Quality and Peripheral 45 Vegetation in Lakes and Streams of South-West Western Australia 3.1 Abstract 45 3.2 Introduction 45 3.3 Materials and Methods 47 3.3.1 Environmental variables 47 3.3.2 Data analysis 48 iv 3.4 Results 50 3.4.1 Univariate analysis 50 3.4.2 Multivariate analysis 52 3.5 Discussion 55 3.5.1 Salinity in the south-west 55 3.5.2 Salinity of standing and flowing waters 55 3.5.3 Salinity in relation to water quality and peripheral vegetation 57 3.5.4 Salinity and multivariate analysis 59 3.6 Conclusion 60 3.7 References 60 Appendices 66 Chapter 4: The Response of Diatom Community Structure to Varying 67 Salinity from Lakes and Streams in South-West Western Australia 4.1 Abstract 67 4.2 Introduction 67 4.3 Materials and Methods 69 4.3.1 Environmental data 69 4.3.2 Collection and preparation of diatom samples 69 4.3.3 Enumeration and taxonomy of diatoms 72 4.3.4 Analysis of diatom community structure 72 4.4 Results 73 4.4.1 Diversity indices 73 4.4.2 NMDS, ANOSIM and BIOENV analysis 76 4.4.3 SIMPER results 78 4.5 Discussion 81 4.5.1 Species indices 81 4.5.2 Multivariate differences in species composition 82 4.5.3 Discriminating taxa 84 4.5.4 Comparisons in community structure 86 4.6 Conclusion 87 4.7 References 88 Appendices 97 Chapter 5: Diatom Assemblages in Hypersaline Water bodies of Varying 106 pH from the Wheatbelt Region of Western Australia 5.1 Abstract 106 5.2 Introduction 106 5.3 Materials and Methods 108 5.3.1 Study sites 108 5.3.2 Sampling procedure and
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