Description of the Ramsden Circle (Fig. A.1)
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Demoting Pluto Presentation
WWhhaatt HHaappppeenneedd ttoo PPlluuttoo??!!!! Scale in the Solar System, New Discoveries, and the Nature of Science Mary L. Urquhart, Ph.D. Department of Science/Mathematics Education Marc Hairston, Ph.D. William B. Hanson Center for Space Sciences FFrroomm NNiinnee ttoo EEiigghhtt?? On August 24th Pluto was reclassified by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) as a “dwarf planet”. So what happens to “My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas”? OOffifficciiaall IAIAUU DDeefifinniittiioonn A planet: (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, and (c) has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit. A dwarf planet must satisfy only the first two criteria. WWhhaatt iiss SScciieennccee?? National Science Education Standards (National Research Council, 1996) “…science reflects its history and is an ongoing, changing enterprise.” BBeeyyoonndd MMnneemmoonniiccss Science is “ not a collection of facts but an ongoing process, with continual revisions and refinements of concepts necessary in order to arrive at the best current views of the Universe.” - American Astronomical Society AA BBiitt ooff HHiiststoorryy • How have planets been historically defined? • Has a planet ever been demoted before? Planet (from Greek “planetes” meaning wanderer) This was the first definition of “planet” planet Latin English Spanish Italian French Sun Solis Sunday domingo domenica dimanche Moon Lunae Monday lunes lunedì lundi Mars Martis -
Embodied Empiricism
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by PhilPapers Embodied Empiricism CHARLES T. WOLFE OFER GAL It was in 1660s England, according to the received view, in the meetings of the Royal Society of London, that science acquired the form of empirical enquiry that we recognize as our own: an open, collaborative experimental practice, mediated by specially-designed instruments, supported by civil, critical discourse, stressing accuracy and replicability. Guided by the philosophy of Francis Bacon, by Protestant ideas of this-worldly benevolence, by gentlemanly codes of decorum and integrity and by a dominant interest in mechanics and a conviction in the mechanical structure of the universe, the members of the Royal Society created a novel experimental practice that superseded all former modes of empirical inquiry– from Aristotelian observations to alchemical experimentation. It is enlightening to consider that this view is imparted by both the gentlemen of the Royal Society, in their official self-presentations, and by much of the most iconoclastic historiography of our time. Lines like ―Boyle‘s example … was mobilized to give legitimacy to the experimental philosophy,‖1 are strongly reminiscent of Bishop Sprat‘s 1667 eulogy of the ―Lord Bacon in whose Books there are everywhere scattered the best arguments for the defence of experimental philosophy; and the best directions, needful to promote it.‖2 One reason for the surprising agreement is that this picture of openness, benevolence and civility does capture some of the moral-epistemological mores of the empiricism of the New Science, but this very agreement of historians and apologists also harbors a paradox. -
The First Discovery of an Aster Astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi in St
DISCOVERYDOM OF THE MONTHEDITORIAL 27(96), January 1, 2015 ISSN 2278–5469 EISSN 2278–5450 Discovery The first discovery of an asteroid, Ceres by Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi in January 1, 1801 Brindha V *Correspondence to: E-mail: [email protected] Publication History Received: 04 November 2014 Accepted: 01 December 2014 Published: 1 January 2015 Citation Brindha V. The first discovery of an asteroid, Ceres by Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi in January 1, 1801. Discovery, 2015, 27(96), 1 Publication License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. General Note Article is recommended to print as color digital version in recycled paper. Ceres was the first object considered to be an asteroid. The first asteroid discovered was 1 Ceres, or Ceres on January 1, 1801, by Giuseppe Piazzi a monk and astronomer in Sicily. It was classified as a planet for a long time and is considered a dwarf planet later. Asteroids are small, airless rocky worlds revolving around the sun that are too small to be called planets. They are also known as planetoids or minor planets. Ceres is the closest dwarf planet to the Sun and is located in the asteroid belt making it the only dwarf planet in the inner solar system. Ceres rotates on its axis every 9 hours and 4 minutes. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union voted to restore the planet designation to Ceres, decreeing that it qualifies as a dwarf planet. It does have some planet-like characteristics, including an interior that is separated into crust, mantle and core. -
Why Was There No Controversy Over Life in the Scientific Revolution? *
Why was there no controversy over Life in the Scientific Revolution? * Charles T. Wolfe Unit for History and Philosophy of Science University of Sydney Well prior to the invention of the term ‗biology‘ in the early 1800s by Lamarck and Treviranus, and also prior to the appearance of terms such as ‗organism‘ under the pen of Leibniz in the early 1700s, the question of ‗Life‘, that is, the status of living organisms within the broader physico-mechanical universe, agitated different corners of the European intellectual scene. From modern Epicureanism to medical Newtonianism, from Stahlian animism to the discourse on the ‗animal economy‘ in vitalist medicine, models of living being were constructed in opposition to ‗merely anatomical‘, structural, mechanical models. It is therefore curious to turn to the ‗passion play‘ of the Scientific Revolution – whether in its early, canonical definitions or its more recent, hybridized, reconstructed and expanded versions: from Koyré to Biagioli, from Merton to Shapin – and find there a conspicuous absence of worry over what status to grant living beings in a newly physicalized universe. Neither Harvey, nor Boyle, nor Locke (to name some likely candidates, the latter having studied with Willis and collaborated with Sydenham) ever ask what makes organisms unique, or conversely, what does not. In this paper I seek to establish how ‗Life‘ became a source of contention in early modern thought, and how the Scientific Revolution missed the controversy. ―Of all natural forces, vitality is the incommunicable one.‖ (Fitzgerald 1945: 74) Introduction To ask why there was no controversy over Life – that is, debates specifically focusing on the status of living beings, their mode of functioning, their internal mechanisms and above all their ‗uniqueness‘ within the physical universe as a whole – in the Scientific Revolution is to simultaneously run the risk of extreme narrowness of detail and/or of excessive breadth in scope. -
Montesquieu Charles-Louis De Secondat
EBSCOhost Page 1 of 5 Record: 1 Title: Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de. Authors: Robert Shackleton Source: Britannica Biographies; 2008, p1, 2p Document Type: Biography Abstract: (born January 18, 1689, Château La Brède, near Bordeaux, France— died February 10, 1755, Paris) French political philosopher whose major work, The Spirit of Laws, was a major contribution to political theory. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER] Copyright of Britannica Biographies is the property of Encyclopedia Britannica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all abstracts.) Lexile: 1240 Full Text Word Count:2611 Accession Number: 32418468 Database: MAS Ultra - School Edition Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de (born January 18, 1689, Château La Brède, near Bordeaux, France—died February 10, 1755, Paris) French political philosopher whose major work, The Spirit of Laws, was a major contribution to political theory. Early life and career. His father, Jacques de Secondat, belonged to an old military family of modest wealth that had been ennobled in the 16th century for services to the crown, while his mother, Marie- Françoise de Pesnel, was a pious lady of partial English extraction. She brought to her husband a great increase in wealth in the valuable wine-producing property of La Brède. -
Volta, the Istituto Nazionale and Scientific Communication in Early Nineteenth-Century Italy*
Luigi Pepe Volta, the Istituto Nazionale and Scientific Communication in Early Nineteenth-Century Italy* In a famous paper published in Isis in 1969, Maurice Crosland posed the question as to which was the first international scientific congress. Historians of science commonly established it as the Karlsruhe Congress of 1860 whose subject was chemical notation and atomic weights. Crosland suggested that the first international scientific congress could be considered the meeting convened in Paris on January 20, 1798 for the definition of the metric system.1 In September 1798 there arrived in Paris Bugge from Denmark, van Swinden and Aeneae from Germany, Trallès from Switzerland, Ciscar and Pedrayes from Spain, Balbo, Mascheroni, Multedo, Franchini and Fabbroni from Italy. These scientists joined the several scientists already living in Paris and engaged in the definition of the metric system: Coulomb, Mechain, Delambre, Laplace, Legendre, Lagrange, etc. English and American scientists, however, did not take part in the meeting. The same question could be asked regarding the first national congress in England, in Germany, in Switzerland, in Italy, etc. As far as Italy is concerned, many historians of science would date the first meeting of Italian scientists (Prima Riunione degli Scienziati Italiani) as the one held in Pisa in 1839. This meeting was organised by Carlo Luciano Bonaparte, Napoleon’s nephew, with the co-operation of the mathematician Gaetano Giorgini under the sanction of the Grand Duke of Tuscany Leopold II (Leopold was a member of the Royal Society).2 Participation in the meetings of the Italian scientists, held annually from 1839 for nine years, was high: * This research was made possible by support from C.N.R. -
Dwarf Planet Ceres
Dwarf Planet Ceres drishtiias.com/printpdf/dwarf-planet-ceres Why in News As per the data collected by NASA’s Dawn spacecraft, dwarf planet Ceres reportedly has salty water underground. Dawn (2007-18) was a mission to the two most massive bodies in the main asteroid belt - Vesta and Ceres. Key Points 1/3 Latest Findings: The scientists have given Ceres the status of an “ocean world” as it has a big reservoir of salty water underneath its frigid surface. This has led to an increased interest of scientists that the dwarf planet was maybe habitable or has the potential to be. Ocean Worlds is a term for ‘Water in the Solar System and Beyond’. The salty water originated in a brine reservoir spread hundreds of miles and about 40 km beneath the surface of the Ceres. Further, there is an evidence that Ceres remains geologically active with cryovolcanism - volcanoes oozing icy material. Instead of molten rock, cryovolcanoes or salty-mud volcanoes release frigid, salty water sometimes mixed with mud. Subsurface Oceans on other Celestial Bodies: Jupiter’s moon Europa, Saturn’s moon Enceladus, Neptune’s moon Triton, and the dwarf planet Pluto. This provides scientists a means to understand the history of the solar system. Ceres: It is the largest object in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. It was the first member of the asteroid belt to be discovered when Giuseppe Piazzi spotted it in 1801. It is the only dwarf planet located in the inner solar system (includes planets Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars). Scientists classified it as a dwarf planet in 2006. -
Readingsample
Evolutionary Theory and the Creation Controversy Bearbeitet von Olivier Rieppel 1st Edition. 2010. Buch. x, 204 S. Hardcover ISBN 978 3 642 14895 8 Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 1060 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Chemie, Biowissenschaften, Agrarwissenschaften > Biowissenschaften allgemein > Evolutionsbiologie Zu Inhaltsverzeichnis schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. Chapter 2 The Problem of Change An evolving world is a world of change. A created world does not change. It just is. Or if it seems to change, the change is only apparent, as it is preconceived and preordained by the blueprint of Creation. Change is paradoxical: how can something change and yet remain the same? How much remodeling can be done to a house before we no longer call it the same house, but a new and different one? Some Ancient Greek philosophers solved the ‘problem of change’ through the concept of dynamic permanence: planets are in constant motion, continuously changing their position relative to other heavenly bodies, but they travel in immutable, eternal orbits. These orbits can be described in terms of universal laws of nature, which in turn can be expressed in the timeless language of mathematics. The concept of dynamic permanence is less easily applied to organisms. The developing chicken appears to change continuously, but here, organs such as the heart, the brain, and the limbs seem to come into existence without having been apparent before. -
Discovery of the First Asteroid, Ceres Historical Studies in Asteroid Research Discovery of the First Asteroid, Ceres
Cliff ord Cunningham Discovery of the First Asteroid, Ceres Historical Studies in Asteroid Research Discovery of the First Asteroid, Ceres Clifford Cunningham Discovery of the First Asteroid, Ceres Historical Studies in Asteroid Research Clifford Cunningham Ft. Lauderdale , FL , USA ISBN 978-3-319-21776-5 ISBN 978-3-319-21777-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-21777-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015950473 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Cover illustration: Ceres, picture taken February 19, 2015, by NASA’s Dawn spacecraft, from a distance of nearly 29,000 miles (46,000 km). -
NASA Spacecraft Nears Encounter with Dwarf Planet Ceres 4 March 2015
NASA spacecraft nears encounter with dwarf planet Ceres 4 March 2015 of 590 miles (950 kilometers), makes a full rotation every nine hours, and NASA is hoping for a wealth of data once the spacecraft's orbit begins. "Dawn is about to make history," said Robert Mase, project manager for the Dawn mission at NASA JPL in Pasadena, California. "Our team is ready and eager to find out what Ceres has in store for us." Experts will be looking for signs of geologic activity, via changes in these bright spots, or other features on Ceres' surface over time. The latest images came from Dawn when it was 25,000 miles (40,000 kilometers) away on February 25. This image was taken by NASA's Dawn spacecraft of dwarf planet Ceres on February 19, 2015 from a The celestial body was first spotted by Sicilian distance of nearly 29,000 miles astronomer Father Giuseppe Piazzi in 1801. "Ceres was initially classified as a planet and later called an asteroid. In recognition of its planet-like A NASA spacecraft called Dawn is about to qualities, Ceres was designated a dwarf planet in become the first mission to orbit a dwarf planet 2006, along with Pluto and Eris," NASA said. when it slips into orbit Friday around Ceres, the most massive body in the asteroid belt. Ceres is named after the Roman goddess of agriculture and harvests. The mission aims to shed light on the origins of the solar system 4.5 billion years ago, from its "rough The spacecraft on its way to circle it was launched and tumble environment of the main asteroid belt in September 2007. -
GSAS Dissertation Kurianowicz Letzte Version
The Unknown Future: Premonitions between Prophecy and Pathology, 1750 to 1850 Tomasz Kurianowicz Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2020 © 2020 Tomasz Kurianowicz All Rights Reserved Abstract The Unknown Future. Premonitions between Prophecy and Pathology, 1750 to 1850 Tomasz Kurianowicz My dissertation The Unknown Future examines the notion of Ahnung or Ahndung (in English: premonition) in German literature, philosophy, anthropology, and the sciences around 1800. Focusing on the heated debates among philosophers, writers and intellectuals as to whether humans can attain knowledge about the future, I trace the notion of Ahnung as it traverses various discourses. In doing so, I draw on Stephen Greenblatt’s idea of a new historicism and expand studies written by Stefan Andriopoulos, Joseph Vogl, Eva Horn, Michael Gamper and other scholars, explicitly referring to and expanding the literary theory concerning “poetologies of knowledge.“ Specifically I show how after 1750 religious models of prophecy were no longer easily accepted. At the same time, new statistical and mathematical models of prognosis were rising -- even as doubts remained about their ability to fully grasp the progression of time. Within these conflicts between traditional religious models and the new exact sciences, the concept of ‘premonition’ seemed to offer various thinkers and writers evidence for a prognostic capability of the soul that challenged rational, mathematical and statistical models of probability as the sole means for predicting the future. The hope was that premonitions could provide a supersensory knowledge based on fleeting, opaque glimpses into the progression of time. -
The Astronomical Work of Carl Friedrich Gauss
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector HISTORIA MATHEMATICA 5 (1978), 167-181 THE ASTRONOMICALWORK OF CARL FRIEDRICH GAUSS(17774855) BY ERIC G, FORBES, UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH, EDINBURGH EH8 9JY This paper was presented on 3 June 1977 at the Royal Society of Canada's Gauss Symposium at the Ontario Science Centre in Toronto [lj. SUMMARIES Gauss's interest in astronomy dates from his student-days in Gattingen, and was stimulated by his reading of Franz Xavier von Zach's Monatliche Correspondenz... where he first read about Giuseppe Piazzi's discovery of the minor planet Ceres on 1 January 1801. He quickly produced a theory of orbital motion which enabled that faint star-like object to be rediscovered by von Zach and others after it emerged from the rays of the Sun. Von Zach continued to supply him with the observations of contemporary European astronomers from which he was able to improve his theory to such an extent that he could detect the effects of planetary perturbations in distorting the orbit from an elliptical form. To cope with the complexities which these introduced into the calculations of Ceres and more especially the other minor planet Pallas, discovered by Wilhelm Olbers in 1802, Gauss developed a new and more rigorous numerical approach by making use of his mathematical theory of interpolation and his method of least-squares analysis, which was embodied in his famous Theoria motus of 1809. His laborious researches on the theory of Pallas's motion, in whi::h he enlisted the help of several former students, provided the framework of a new mathematical formu- lation of the problem whose solution can now be easily effected thanks to modern computational techniques.