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Segregation and Environmental Policies in Miami from the New Deal to The

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Segregation and Environmental Policies in Miami from the New Deal to The Greenlining: Segregation and Environmental Policies in Miami from the New Deal to the Climate Crisis Rosalind Donald Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2020 © 2020 Rosalind Donald All Rights Reserved Abstract Greenlining: Segregation and Environmental Policies in Miami from the New Deal to the Climate Crisis Rosalind Donald What do people talk about when they talk about climate change? This dissertation sets out to answer this question by focusing on local understandings of climate change and the policy priorities that result from them in Miami. Through a historical study that spans from the 1920s to today and 88 hourlong interviews, I demonstrate that climate change is a historically contingent, contested, and localized concept defined by power relationships. Through a historical investigation of the narratives that connect environmental policies with segregation and efforts to displace Miami’s Black residents over more than 80 years, I show how historic understandings of race and the environment inform debates about what climate change means and what to do about it today. This investigation shows how Miami’s current response to climate change has been shaped by its history as a colonial city built on the maximization of land value and exclusionary planning and policies. I find that dominant understandings of climate change in Miami have been rooted in concern for the effects of sea level rise on property prices, directing policy money toward shoreline areas while continuing to encourage a building boom that is accelerating gentrification. This set of responses is not haphazard. As my research shows, it represents a continuation of local and international patterns of exploitation. In recent years, however, a coalition of activist groups mounted an unprecedented campaign to force the city to include social and environmental justice concerns in its policy agenda. This coalition mobilized Miami’s history of environmentally-justified urban removal as a key counternarrative to policies that have historically ignored the problems of low-income areas, especially in Miami’s historically Black neighborhoods, to demand a coordinated response to environmental and social vulnerability. Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... iv Dedication ..................................................................................................................................... vii Preface............................................................................................................................................. 1 1. Introduction: Environmental anxieties and racial discrimination in the Magic City .............. 7 1.1 The Bright Plan and green displacement .............................................................................. 7 1.2 The New Deal, the environment, and racial discrimination ............................................... 27 1.3 Miami in context ................................................................................................................. 44 1.4 Methods............................................................................................................................... 65 1.5 Subsequent chapters ............................................................................................................ 66 2. Environmental segregation ....................................................................................................... 69 2.1 Environmental segregation and the reform movement ....................................................... 76 2.2 Displacement and the promise of a greener environment ................................................... 83 2.3 Environmental segregation in the Second Ghetto ............................................................... 95 2.4 Environmentalism, transportation, and the oil crisis ........................................................ 105 2.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 113 3. Making Hurricane Andrew: Sprawl, Smart Growth, and Displacement ................................ 115 3.1 The growth before the storm ............................................................................................. 118 3.2 Finding a narrative ............................................................................................................ 123 3.3 Meteorologists, journalists, and the boundaries of expertise ............................................ 124 3.4 Finding the culprits ........................................................................................................... 141 i 3.5 We Will Rebuild’s business-friendly recovery ................................................................. 146 3.6 An unequal recovery ......................................................................................................... 170 3.7 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 181 4. Competing dreams of a green city .......................................................................................... 184 4.1 The battle for Overtown .................................................................................................... 187 4.2 Miami’s chief architect ..................................................................................................... 192 4.3 Power U’s case for environmental justice ........................................................................ 202 4.4 Hegemonizing is hard work .............................................................................................. 213 4.5 The Right to the City......................................................................................................... 217 4.6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 224 5. Miami through the lens of climate gentrification ................................................................... 226 5.1 Evolving understandings ................................................................................................... 230 5.2 The rise of resilience ......................................................................................................... 234 5.3 Climate change in the “Third Miami” .............................................................................. 244 5.4 Climate gentrification ....................................................................................................... 249 5.5 Communicating in a fractured space................................................................................. 257 5.6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 266 6. Conclusion: Life at the Limits ................................................................................................ 267 6.1 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 269 6.2 Life at the Limits ............................................................................................................... 278 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 286 ii List of Figures Figure 1: Miami remains one of the most deeply segregated cities – by race and ethnicity - in the United States ................................................................................................................................... 3 Figure 2: A map of Miami Dade County and the city of Miami’s neighborhoods ......................... 6 Figure 3: The Bright Plan ............................................................................................................. 11 Figure 4: A redlining map of Greater Miami ................................................................................ 33 Figure 5: Artist’s rendering of Liberty Square ............................................................................. 69 Figure 6: Comparing slum housing to new public developments................................................. 87 Figure 7: A ‘Clean-up, Paint-up, Fix-up’ parade through Miami ............................................... 103 Figure 8: A page from the Magic City ‘concept book’ showing the planned development’s location on the coastal ridge ....................................................................................................... 252 Figure 9: Slide from an Urban Land Institute presentation encouraging Miami Beach to adopt a blue-green infrastructure approach ............................................................................................. 281 iii Acknowledgments My sponsor, Richard John, is the best mentor I could have imagined for this project: funny, deeply kind, and ready with brilliant feedback and encouragement. His suggestion that I think about landscape and infrastructure in the study of communicating climate change
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