Plants and Their Active Constituents from South, Central, and North America with Hypoglycemic Activity

Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy 15(4): 392-413, Out./Dez. 2005 Received 08/22/05. Accepted 11/25/05 Plants and their active constituents from South, Central, and North America with hypoglycemic activity

José M. Barbosa-Filho*, Tereza H.C. Vasconcelos, Adriana A. Alencar, Leônia M. Batista, Rinalda A.G. Oliveira, Diego N. Guedes, Heloina de S. Falcão, Marcelo D. Moura, Margareth Revisão F.F.M. Diniz, João Modesto-Filho

Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica “Delby Fernandes de Medeiros”, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Caixa Postal 5009, 58051-970, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil

ABSTRACT: There has been marked interest in recent years in the use of plants for the treatment of diabetes. Plants have been found in many countries which have been indicated as having hypoglycemic activity. The present work is an up-to-date review with 178 references of crude plant extracts and chemically deﬁ ned molecules with hypoglycemic activity from South, Central and North America. The review refers to 224 plants with their families, parts used and type of extract, organism tested and activity. It also includes 40 compounds isolated from those plants. Some aspects of recent research with natural products from plants directed to the treatment of diabetes are discussed.

Keywords: Diabetes, hypoglycemic activity, medicinal plants, natural products.

INTRODUCTION al 2002; Grover et al 2002), referring to a large variety of identifi ed chemical substances (Ivorra et al 1989; Rahman Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not et al 1989; Marles et al 1995; Perez et al 1998b; Lamba et produce insulin or use it properly. Insulin is a hormone al 2000). The discovery of the widely used hypoglycemic needed to convert sugar, starch and other food into energy drug, metformin (N,N-dimethylguanylguanidine) came needed for daily life. The cause of diabetes continues to from the traditional approach through the use of Galega be a mystery, althought both genetic and environmental offi cinalis (Grover et al 2002). factors such as obesity and lack of exercise appear to play In a previous paper this research group has a part. reviewed crude plant extracts and chemically defi ned Worldwide 177 million people suffer from molecules with potential antitumor activity for mammary diabetes. This fi gure is likely to more than double by (Moura et al 2001), cervical (Moura et al, 2002) and 2030 (See Table 1). The greater part of the increase is ovarian neoplasias (Silva et al 2003), as inhibitors of HMG likely to occur in developing countries, which can least CoA reductase (Gonçalves et al, 2000), central analgesic afford it. activity (Almeida et al, 2001), employed in prevention The annual number of deaths in 2000 caused by of osteoporosis (Pereira et al, 2002), for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in Latin America and the Caribbean has Parkinson’s disease (Morais, 2004) and antileishmanial been estimated as 339035. This represents a loss of 757096 activity (Rocha et al, 2005). years of productive life among persons younger than 65 The present work reviews the literature on plants years (Barceló et al 2003). Diabetes is the third leading and plant-derived compounds from South, Central, and cause of death in the United States after heart disease North America with hypoglycemic activity. Those plants and cancer (Acessed from http://www.medicinenet.com/ which are used in the indigenous system of medicine have Diabetes_Mellitus/article.htm in 01/21/2004). not been included, except for those whose hypoglycemic Plants have always been an important source of activity has been scientifi cally established. drugs and many of the currently available drugs have been The search was carred out on Chemical Abstracts, derived directly or indirectly from them. Ethnobotanical Biological Abstracts, Web of Sciences, LILACS (Latin reports indicate about 1200 plants in the world with American and Caribbean literature in Health Sciences) anti-diabetic potential (Alarcon-Aguilara et al 2002c), and the data bank of The University of Illinois in Chicago of which more than three hundred have been reported – NAPRALERT (Acronym for Natural Products ALERT), in the literature (Perez et al 1984; Almeida et al 1986; updated to December 2003, using hypoglycemic activity Bailey et al 1989; Handa et al 1989; Ivorra et al 1989; plus anti-diabetic as search terms. The references found Oliveira et al 1989; Rahman et al 1989; Marles et al 1995; in the search were consulted. Ernest 1997; Pereira 1997; Perez et al 1998b; Volpato et The search for data from different sources led 392 * E-mail: [email protected], Tel. + 55-83-32167364 ISSN 0102-695X Plants and their active constituents from South, Central, and North America with hypoglycemic activity

Table 1. Total of people with diabetes in some countries of South, Central and North America. (Accessed from http://www.int/ncd/dia/databases4.htmin on 01/21/2004)

Country 2000 2030 South America Argentina 1426152 2457044 Bolivia 206824 554527 Brazil 4553003 11305516 Chile 494932 1047405 Colombia 883401 2410362 Paraguay 102237 324326 Peru 754087 1960957 Central America Cuba 479612 875643 Jamaica 80631 197573 Mexico 2178507 6130209 Panama 59220 153308 Trinidad 60259 124780 North America Canada 2006107 3542974 USA 17701942 30312264 World 176525312 370023002

to the elaboration of a list of natural products, evaluated glucose as compared with the STZ-diabetic control, no specifi cally for hypoglycemic effect, of several plants and difference being seen between decoction-treated and - plant-derived compounds, used as anti-diabetic remedies untreated non-diabetic rats. from South, Central and North America (Tables 2-4). It In Venezuela, the aqueous extract of B. should be noted that most of the references cited are not megalandra has been used for diabetes mellitus. It fi rst hand observations, but compilations copied from was shown to inhibit intestinal glucose absorption in a other sources. The original references should be consulted concentration-dependent way and additive to phlorizine for details on the models or mechanism based bioassays (Gonzalez-Mujica et al., 2003). In addition, the Chilean used for testing plant extracts and pure compounds for species B. candicans also used for diabetes, presented a hypoglycemic activity. signifi cant decrease of glycaemia in alloxan diabetic rats (Lemus et al., 1999). Plants and plant-derived compounds with Phyllanthus sellowianus is a plant used in folk hypoglicemic activity medicine in Argentina as a hypoglycemic and diuretic agent. The aqueous and butanolic extract of this plant, In the Americas many plants are used popularly administered at a dose of 200 mg/kg p.o., caused a to control diabetes mellitus. This has caused an increase signifi cant reduction in blood glucose concentration in the number of experimental and clinical investigations after 6 and 9 h in mice, similar to that observed with directed toward the validation of the anti-diabetic glibenclamide (10 mg/kg) which was used as a reference, properties, which have been empirically attributed to while the dichloromethane extract of the same plant was these remedies. ineffective (Hnatyszyn et al., 2002). In Brazil, around 200 plants are used empirically Aproximately 150 plants are used in traditional to control diabetes mellitus. Of these, fi fty two have folk medicine in the treatment of diabetes in Mexico been experimentally studied and hypoglycaemic activity (Alarcon-Aguilar et al., 1998). However, only a small detected in most of them (See Table 2). Bauhinia number of them have been studied scientifi cally. The forfi cata known popularly as “pata-de-vaca” (cows plants most extensively studied are “nopal” Opuntia hoof) is the most studied species. Some studies confi rm streptacantha, “tronadora” Tecoma stans, “Guarumbo” the activity and others do not. This controversy may be Cecropia obtusifolia and “Matarique” Psacalium related to the model employed in the experiments. More decompositum, (see Table 3). The aqueous extract of the recently, Pepato et al. (2002) analysed the effects of a leaf latter species signifi cantly reduced blood glucose in a dose- decoction as a driking-water substitute for about 1 month dependent manner in normal mice after intraperitoneal on streptozotocin-diabetes (STZ-diabetes) in male Wistar administration (P < 0.05) (Alarcon-Aguilar et al., 2000). rats. The STZ-diabetic rats treated with the decoction A menu which includes common culinary herbs showed a signifi cant reduction in serum and urinary and spices with hypoglycemic activity for the control

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 393 15(4):out/dez. 2005 José M. Barbosa Filho at al.

H COOH H COOH HO

HO HO HO 1 2

O OH

H O H H O O H COOH

H 4 3 OMe OH

HO O HO O OH OH HO O MeO OMe HO OH O HO OH OH O

5 6

N N H N O H H N MeOOC N H MeOOC MeO N H OAc

Me HO COOMe 8 7

NH2

COOH

HO 10 9

Figure 1. Representative examples of compounds with hypoglycemic activity.

394 Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 15(4):out/dez. 2005 Plants and their active constituents from South, Central, and North America with hypoglycemic activity and prevention of diabetes mellitus was utilized by This literature review adds more data to that Broadhurst et al. (2000). To evaluate the possible effects previously published, since there are many plants in South, on insulin function, 49 herb, spice, and medicinal plant Central and North America, which present hypoglycemic extracts were tested in the insulin-dependent utilization effects. of glucose using the rat epididymal adipocyte assay. The number of plants described in the literature “Cinnamon” Cinnamomum cassia was the most bioactive as having hypoglycemic activity is more or less the same product followed by witch hazel Hamamelis virginiana, in the three continents. Among the 224 plants studied green and black teas Camellia sinensis, allspice Pimenta 73 (33%) are found in South America, 77 (34%) in offi cinalis, bay leaves Laurus nobilis, nutmeg Myristica Central America and 74 (33%) in North America. The fragans, and cloves Syzigium aromaticum (see Table 4). countries in each continent with the largest contribution A survey of the literature has shown that a large are: Brazil with 52 (23%) of the plants studied, Mexico variety of compounds obtained from several plants of with 54 (24%) and the USA with 70 (31%). None of South, Central and North America were found to possess the plants with hypoglycemic activity was found in all hypoglycemic action. For instance, the triterpenes three continents. The following species stood out for the oleanolic acid (1) and bassic acid (2) from Bouvardia number of citations reported in the scientifi c literature ternifl ora (Perez et al., 1998) and Bumelia sartorum (Naik in each continent: Bauhinia forfi cata with 8 citations et al., 1991) respectively lowered blood sugar in test (Brazil), Opuntia streptacantha with 5 citations (Mexico) animals. Similarly the diterpenes trans-dehydrocrotonin and, Avena sativa (USA) with 3 citations. (3) from Croton cajucara (Farias et al., 1997) and Of an estimated 250.000 higher plants, less than steviol (4) from Stevia rebaudiana (Ishii; Bracht, 1985) 1% have been screened pharmacologycally and very few exhibited similar activity. Certain fl avonoids eg. 5,7,3- in regard to diabetes mellitus. Therefore, it is prudent to trihydroxy-3,6-4’-trimethoxyfl avone (5) from Brickellia look for options in herbal medicine for diabetes mainly veronicaefolia (Perez et al., 2000a) and the glycoside in developing countries because it is a pathological isoorientin (6) from Cecropia obtusifolia (Andrade- condition associated with high morbidity, mortality and Cetto et al., 2001) also showed hypoglycaemic effects. economic impact. None of the plants used in traditional A number of alkaloids isolated from Vinca rosea medicine, should be used until safety studies have been (Catharanthus rosea) with antitumor activity (Svoboda completed. et al., 1964) were submitted for assay for hypoglycemic effects. The results indicated that catharantine, leurosine ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (7), lochnerine, tetrahydroalstonine, vindoline and vindolinine (8) produce varying degrees of blood-sugar The authors wish to express their sincere thanks reduction. For Otholobium pubescens this property was to the College of Pharmacy of the University of Illinois attributed to a phenolic compound bakuchiol (9). The at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, U.S.A., for amino acid hypoglycine A (10) isolated from Blighia helping with the computer aided NAPRALERT and sapida was particularly effective against diabetes (Kean, CNPq/FAPESQ-PB/Brazil for fi nancial support. 1975; Mills et al., 1987) (Figure 1). The great variety of chemical classes indicate that a variety of mechanisms of action are involved in reduction of the glucose level in blood. The information recorded in Tables 2-4, has been assembled by continent (South, Central and North America), with the name of the country, plant in alphabetical order, scientifi c name, family, part used, organism tested, activity and reference. This study has enumerated 224 plants and 40 compounds for which hypoglycemic activity has been reported, as a result of pharmacological studies carried out in various research centers in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile Colombia, Cuba, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico Trinidad and the USA. The ten principal families in which such activity has been reported are Fabaceae (25), Asteraceae (25), Myrtaceae (11), Labiatae (10), Cucurbitaceae (8), Solanaceae (7), Anacardiaceae (6), Euphorbiaceae (6), Rubiaceae (6), and Liliaceae (5).

CONCLUSION

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 395 15(4):out/dez. 2005 José M. Barbosa Filho at al. Reference 1941 Gallo, 1993 Basnet, 1993 Basnet, 1926 al., et Gonalons 1997 al., et Hnatyszyn 2002 al., et Hnatyszyn 2002 al., et Hnatyszyn 2001 al., Aybar et 1989 Saiko, Oliveira; 1951; Soares Arduino; 1989 Saito, Oliveira; 1958 Lins, Aguiar; De 2002 al., et Neves 2001 al., et Provasi 2002ª al., et Damasceno 1989 Saito, Oliveira; 1931 Juliant, 1989 Saito, Oliveira; 1990 al., et Russo 2002 al., et Pepato 1986 Agra, Almeida; 1999 al., et Volpato 2002 al., et Silva 2002a al., et Sousa Activity Active Inactive Active Active Active Active Inactive Active Active Active Active Active Inactive Inactive Active Active Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Organism tested Dogs Rats Rats Rats Rats Mice Mice Rats Humans Humans Rats Mice Rats Rats Humans Humans Humans Rats Rats Rats Rats Rats - O Part used Part used Aqueous extract the of leaves Aqueous extract the of leaves Butanol extract the of leaves Aqueous extract of the bark Aqueous extract the of stem bark Aqueous and butanol extract bark stem the of of extract Dichloromethane the stem bark Aqueous extract the of leaves Bulb powder Tincture of the bark Tincture of the bark extract of type Partand used stated not leaves the of extract Ethanol Aqueous extract the of leaves aerial the of extract Aqueous parts Aqueous extract the of leaves leaves the of extract Aqueous Aqueous extract the of leaves leaves the of extract Ethanol Aqueous extract the of leaves Butanol extract the of leaves Kaempferol-3,7- dirhamnoside dirhamnoside Family Family Fabaceae Moraceae Euphorbiaceae Asteraceae Liliaceae Anacardiaceae Annonaceae Oxalidaceae Asteraceae Fabaceae

Plant and plant-derived compounds with hypoglycemic activity from South America. Plant and plant-derived compounds with hypoglycemic activity from South Place and Plant Argentina candicans Bauhinia insignis Morus sellowianus Phyllanthus sonchifolius Smallanthus Brazil cepa Allium occidentale Anacardium muricata Annona carambola Averrhoa trimera Baccharis forficata Bauhinia

Table 2. Table

396 Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 15(4):out/dez. 2005 Plants and their active constituents from South, Central, and North America with hypoglycemic activity Ribeiro-da-Silva et al., 1990 1990 al., et Ribeiro-da-Silva 1993 Prado, Ribeiro-da-Silva; 2003 al., et Pepato Inactive Carvalho et a., 2002 a., et Carvalho Inactive -glucosidase Guinea pigs Active Cardoso et al., 2002 Rats Active Farias et al., 1997 1997 al., et Farias Active Rats Rats Active Almeida et al., 1985 1985 al., et In vitro α Almeida Active Rats 2001 Mori, Active Rats 1979 Sampaio, Active Mice Rats Active Cardoso et al., 2002

-dehydrocrotonin -Sitosterol -Sitosterol not stated stated not of the aerial parts parts aerial the of bark stated β stated not Trans Fabaceae Fabaceae leaves the of extract Aqueous Rats Active 2001 al., et Vale Alismataceae Orchidaceae Myrtaceae Ethanol extract the of leaves Aqueous Rats extract Labiatae seeds the of extract Ethanol Asclepiadaceae Humans powder Leaves Rats Active leaves the of extract Aqueous Ethanol extract the of leaves Rats Active leaves the of extract Aqueous Rats Humans Sapogenin Camargo etal., 2002 Rats 1989 Saito, Oliveira; Active Active Inactive Inactive Novaes Rats et al., 2001 Inactive 2001 al., et Pepato Oliveira; Saito, 1989 2002a al., et Damasceno 2003 al., et Galletto Inactive 2002b al., et Damasceno Poaceae Fabaceae Aqueous extract the of leaves extract of type and used Part Rats Inactive Souza etal., 1986 Fabaceae Fabaceae Moraceae Sapotaceae the bark of extract Aqueous Ethanol extract the of bark Humans Ethanol extract the of stem Fabaceae Rats Active Chrysobalanaceae Canatoxin Cucurbitaceae acid Bassic leaves the of extract Aqueous 1979 Vitaceae Mice Inactive the bark of extract Aqueous powder 1989 Saito, Oliveira; fruits the of Pulp Humans Mice Vitaceae Manrique Sampaio, al., et 2002 Active Protein Leaves - Type extractof not Active Seed Rubiaceae Rats Rats Active Humans Euphorbiaceae Aqueous extract the of leaves leaves the 1987 of Pereira, Presta; extract Rats Aqueous Rats extract 1989 of Saito, type Oliveira; and used Part Active Active Active Mice 1999 Araújo, Active 1990 al., et Naik 1986 al., et Silva da Ribeiro Active Active Barbosa et al., 2002 2001 al., et Beltrame 1999 al., et Oliveira Asteraceae Aqueous andmethanol extract Fabaceae stems the of extract Ethanol Rats Inactive 1986 Agra, Almeida;

spp spp Rutaceae pectin fiber Soluber Rats Active 1987 al., et Derivi Bidens pilosa Bauhinia ungulata ungulata Bauhinia Echinodorus macrophyllys macrophyllys Echinodorus nonsenii Epidendrum Eugenia jambolana hederaceae Glechoma Gymnema sylvestre Cymbopogon citratus citratus Cymbopogon subynosa Dalbergia

Bowdichia virgilioides virgilioides Bowdichia acutifolium Brosimum sartorum Bumelia ferrea Caesalpinea ensiformis Canavalia icaco Chrysobalanus vulgaris Citrullus sicyoides Cissus verticillata Cissus Citrus arabica Coffea cajucara Croton

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 397 15(4):out/dez. 2005 José M. Barbosa Filho at al. Oliveira; Saito, 1989 1989 Saito, Oliveira; 2001 al., et Novaes Active Active Rats Inactive Almeida; Agra, 1986 Agra, Almeida; Inactive Rats Humans Rats Active Humans 1989 Saito, Oliveira; Active Active 2000 al., et Gomez 1989 Saito, Oliveira; Mice Human Inactive Active 2003 al., et Oliveira Alvares al., et 1981 Mice Mice Rats Active 2002 al., et Neves and stems plant and stems parts powder parts not stated stated not Chrysobalanaceae Aqueous extract theAnacardiaceae of leaves Labiatae Myrtaceae Aqueous extract the of leaves RatsMyrtaceae Cruciferae Aqueous extract Aqueous extract the of leaves Fabaceae Humans Aqueous extract the of leaves leaves the of extract Loranthaceae Aqueous Humans Humans Inactive the entire of extract Aqueous Euphorbiaceae Aqueous extract the Active Rats of leaves roots the of extract Ethanol leaves the of extract Asteraceae Aqueous Rats Teixeira etal., 1998 Inactive Inactive Punicaceae Ethanol extract the of aerial Humans Cyperaceae Euphorbiaceae Oliveira; Saito,Rosaceae 1989 1998 Ethanolal., et extract the Teixeira of leaves Russo et al., 1990 Ethanol extract the of Active fruits Active Mice Rubiaceae Aqueous Aqueous extract extract Active of the leaves Mice HumansLabiatae Solanaceae Aqueous extract Novaes et 1989 al., Saito, Oliveira; 2001 Asteraceae 1993 al., et Pepato Ethanol extract the of leaves Active Active Rats Rats Aqueous Starch extract from theunripe fruits of the Active leaves roots the of extract Methanol Humans Rats Aqueous Rats extract the of aerial Longhi et al.,2003 Oliveira; Saito, 1989 Pereira, 1997 Inactive Active Inactive Active Active Novaes et al., 2001 Silveira et al., 2001 Oliveira; Saito, 1989 2002 al., et Kanegusuku Novaes et al., 2001 Myrtaceae Myrtaceae extract Aqueous extract the of bark Magnoliaceae leaves the Fabaceae of extract Rats Aqueous Rats Verbenaceae and isoesteviol Steviol extract of type and used Part leaves the of Asteraceae extract Ethanol Aqueous leaves the Rats of extract Aqueous Humans Rats Ethanol the bark of extract extract Aqueous the of leaves Inactive Rats Rats Inactive Inactive Inactive Miron et al., 2002 Active 1977 Schmeling, Von 2000 al., et Teixeira Inactive Active 1989 Morato, 1985 Bracht, Ishii; 2002 al., et Reis Sousa et al., 2002b Myrtaceae leaves the of extract Aqueous Humans Inactive 1990 Teixeira, vulgare Marrubium sphaerocarpa Myrcia uniflora Myrcia officinale Nastutium mediterranea Periandra acutifolius Phrygilanthus Phyllanthus niruri sonchifolia Polymnia granatum Punica gardneriana Rheedia communis Ricinus imperialis Rubus viburnioides Rudgea officinalis Salvia lycocarpum Solanum rebaudiana Stevia Licania rigida rigida Licania indica Mangifera cumini Syzygium jambos Syzygium malaccense Syzygium ovata Talauma macrocarpa Vatairea megapotamica Vitex paludosa Wedelia

398 Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 15(4):out/dez. 2005 Plants and their active constituents from South, Central, and North America with hypoglycemic activity Rats Equivocal Tomas et al., 1999 al., et Tomas Equivocal Rats Rats Active Tomas et al., 1999 al., et Tomas Active Rats Rats Active Tomas et al., 1999 al., et Tomas Active Rats Rats Active Rodriguez et al., 1992 Rats Rats Active 1995 al., et Ospina Rats Inactive Rodriguez et al., 1994 Rats Inactive Rodriguez et al., 1994 Humans Equivocal Diaz et al., 1990 1990 al., et Diaz Humans Equivocal Rat Active Rodriguez et al., 1994 and stems theroots and stems and stems and stems bark plant plant not stated stated not plant Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Bakuchiol leaves the of extract Aqueous Rats Rats Active 2003 al., et Gonzalez-Mujica Active 1999 al., et Krenisky Methanol extract of theroots Dichloromethane extract of of extract Dichloromethane Asteraceae Liliaceae Cucurbitaceae Gentianaceae Aqueous extract the of leaves Humans leaves the of extract Aqueous Rats leaves the of Juice roots the of extract Aqueous Active Rats Active Oviedo et al., 1970 1994 al., et Valencia Active 1994 al., et Valencia Myrtaceae Myrtaceae leaves the of extract Aqueous Mice Ethanol extract the of leaves Aqueous extract the of leaves Monkeys Active Inactive 2000 al., et Matsumura Ferro et al., 1988 Rosaceae Rosaceae Anacardiaceae leaves the of extract Aqueous Chloroform extract Rats of the Active 1999 al., et Lemus Plantaginaceae Ethanol extract the of whole Moraceae Moraceae Oxalidaceae leaves the of extract Aqueous Ethanol extract Rats the of whole Active 1999 al., et Lemus Fabaceae Fabaceae extract of type and used Part Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Geraniaceae leaves the of extract Aqueous Rats leaves the of extract Aqueous Ethanol extract the of whole Rats Active Active 1999 al., et Lemus 1999 al., et Lemus Chile Otholobium pubescens pubescens Otholobium Venezuela megalandra Bauhinia

Stevia rebaudiana rebaudiana Stevia Peru vera Aloe pedata Cyclanthera thyrsoides Gentianella Paraguay Paraguay uniflora Eugenia edulis Hexachlamys Rubus ulmifolius ulmifolius Rubus Colombia americana Curatella Plantago major major Plantago Morus alba Morus rosea Oxalis Lupinuse hilli Lupinuse Bauhinia candicans candicans Bauhinia officinalis Galega core-core Geranium

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 399 15(4):out/dez. 2005 José M. Barbosa Filho at al. Bressler, 1976 Bressler, 1987 al., et Mills Dogs Active Morrison et al., 1985 al., et Morrison Active Dogs Dogs Dogs activity Weak 1982 al., et Morrison Mice andrats Active Perez et al., 1996 seeds seeds parts bark Fagasterol Mice Active Cuellar; Estevez, 1980 1980 Estevez, Asteraceae Cuellar; Nyctaginaceae Labiatae Phytolacaceae leaves the of extract Ethanol leaves the of extract Ethanol Rats Active Rats Ethanol extract the of leaves leaves the of Euphorbiaceae extract Ethanol Mice Mice Fagasterol Rats 1975 Anacardiaceae Aqueous ext. powder of the Inactive leaves Inactive Bixaceae Ethanol extract the of roots Humans Mice the bark of extract Active Aqueous Ethanol Active extract the of stems Kean, Active Mice 1997 al., et leaves Arrilus the Salvado Sapindaceae of extract Aqueous Dogs Mice 2001 Guerra, Humans the of extract Chloroform Lores et al., 1990 Active 1997 1988; al., et Deas-Rodriguez Inactive Inactive activity Week Active the seeds ext. of Aqueous 1982 al., et Morrison Cuellar;Estevez, 1980 2002 al., et Rojo-Domínguez powder Dogs Fruits Lores et al., 1990 Lores et al., 1990 Active Humans 1982 al., et Morrison Active 1954 Stuart, Jelliffe; Hypoglycine A Rats Active Kean, 1975 1975 Kean, Active Rats A Hypoglycine Canabaceae Solanaceae Fabaceae Apocynaceae resine the of extract Aqueous Arecaceae Dogs Araceae seeds the of extract Aqueous Dogs Dioscoreaceae leaves the of extract Aqueous leaves Dogs the of extract Aqueous Asteraceae Dogs shell the of extract Aqueous tuber the of extract Ethanol Dogs activity Weak tuber the of extract Ethanol Rats aerial the of extract Aqueous Active Rats 1982 al., et Morrison Active Active activity Weak 1982 al., et Morrison activity Weak 1982 al., et 1982 al., Morrison et Morrison 1982 al., et Morrison Active 2002 al., et Grindley 2002 al., et Grindley Cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae Anacardiaceae Boraginaceae fruits the of extract Aqueous Dogs fruits the of extract Aqueous Asteraceae Dogs Palmae leaves the of extract Aqueous Dogs Ericaceae roots the of extract Aqueous rabbits Liliaceae and Rats activity Weak activity Weak roots the of extract Aqueous Active 1982 al., et Morrison activity Weak Rats the of extract Chloroform 1982 al., et Morrison 1982 al., et Morrison stems the of Juice Coyolose 1997 al., et Alarcon-Aguilar Active Rabbits 1984 al., et Perez Mice Active 1991 al., et Roman-Ramon Active Perez et al., 1997 Plant and plant-derived compounds with hypoglycemic activity from Central America. Plant and plant-derived compounds with hypoglycemic activity from Central

Bougainvillea spectabilis spectabilis Bougainvillea Ocimum sanctum Petiveria alliaceae embira Phyllanthus Jamaica occidentale Anacardium orellana Bixa Blighia sapida Cuba Cuba alba Bidens sativa Cannabis frutescens Capsicum alata Cassia roseus Catharanthus nucifera Cocos esculenta Colocasia cayenensis Dioscorea Mikania micrantha Momordica charantia charantia Momordica dulcis Spondias officinale Symphytum Mexico thurberi Acourtia Acrocomia mexicana mexicana Agarista vera Aloe Place and Plant Family Partused Organismtested Activity Reference

Table 3. Table

400 Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 15(4):out/dez. 2005 Plants and their active constituents from South, Central, and North America with hypoglycemic activity illa et al., 2002 al., illa et Mice Mice Active 2000a al., et Perez Rats Active Andrade-Cet; Wiedenfel, 2001 Mice Inactive Perez et al., 2001 Rabbits Inactive Guerra, 1947 Guerra, Inactive Rabbits Humans Active Rev Active Humans Rats Active Andrade-Cetto et al., 2000 Rats Active Andrade-Cetto et al., 2000 Rabbits Rabbits Active 1998 al., et Alarcon-Aguilar -D-glucoside -D-glucoside β trimethoxyflavone the leaves extract of the leaves leaves the of extract not stated stated not parts the aerial parts parts aerial the 4’-O- plant plant Fabaceae Fabaceae Papaveraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Rubiaceae Aqueous extract powder of the Seeds flowers Dogs Aqueous extractof entireplant 5,7,3´-trihydroxy-3,6,4´- Asteraceae Mice Aqueous extract entire of plant Mice stems the of extract Chloroform Mice Inactive Humans acid Oleanolic Active Active acid Ursolic Active Meckes-Lozoya et al.,1986 Inactive Perez et al., 1984 Perez et al., 1984 1998a al., et Perez Mice 1991 al., et Frati-Munari Mice Active Active 1998a al., et Perez 1998a al., et Perez Asteraceae Labiatae Srophulariaceae Cecropiaceae leaves the Aqueous of extract extract Aqueous theroots of Mice Mice Aqueous extract theroots of Aqueous extract the of leaves Mice Mice Active leaves Active the of extract Aqueous Rabbits Aqueous extract the of leaves Active Active Aqueous and butanol extract of Mice 1984 al., et Perez Perez et al., 1984 actitity Weak Mellado etal., Perez 1984 et al., 1984 1991 al., et Roman-Ramos Active Perez et al., 1984 Chloroform and methanol and Chloroform acid Chlorogenic Isoorientin Rats Rats Active Active 2001 Wiedenfel, Andrade-Cet; Andrade-Cet; Wiedenfel, 2001 Rubiaceae Rubiaceae extract of type and used Part Cucurbitaceae Equisetaceae fruits the of Juice Aqueous extract the of aerial Aqueous ext. the of leaves Rabbits Juice of the fruits Mice fruits the of Juice Active Mice Humans Active 1991 al., et Roman-Ramos Perez Active et al., 1984 Active 2001 al., et Acosta-Patino Alarcon-Aguilar et al.,2002a Aqueous and butanol extract of Kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside- Rosaceae Rosaceae Myrtaceae Euphorbiaceae leaves the of extract Aqueous Aqueous extract of the entire Rabbits Aqueous extract the of leaves Mice activity Weak 1991 al., et Roman-Ramos Active Perez et al., 1984 Asteraceae Hexane extract the of leaves Mice Active Perez et al., 2001 Arachis hypogaea hypogaea Arachis Argemone mexicana Bidens leucantha leucantha Bidens pilosa Bidens terniflora Bouvardia veronicaefolia Brickellia Cacalia decomposita decomposita Cacalia Calamintha macrostema macrostema Calamintha biflora Capraria obtusifolia Cecropia

pascuarense Cirsium Coutarea latiflora latiflora Coutarea

Cucurbita ficifolia ficifolia Cucurbita myriochaetum Equisetum

Eriobotrya japonica japonica Eriobotrya Eucalyptus globulus globulus Eucalyptus prostata Euphorbia

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 401 15(4):out/dez. 2005 José M. Barbosa Filho at al. Mice Mice Activa Perez et al., 1984 Active 1991 al., et Roman-Ramos Mice Mice Inactive 2001 al., et Roman-Ramos Mice Active Perez et al., 1984 Humans Humans Active 1989 al., et Frati-Munari Mice Active Alarcon-Aguilar et al.,2000 -methylacrylate -methylacrylate Rats Active 2000b al., et Perez O plant plant parts aerial the of methanol andaqueous ext of the flowers plant plant parts the roots Lotoidaceae Asteraceae Sterculiaceae Cucurbitaceae Aqueous extract the of entire Lamiaceae Aqueous extract Aqueous extract of the the of flowers leaves Aqueous extract the of roots Dogs Rabbits Mice andrats Aqueous andmethanol extract Active Active Weak activity Meckes-Lozoya et al.,1986 Alarcon-Aguilar et al.,2002b Alarcon-Aguilar et al.,1998 Hexane, methylene chloride, methylene Hexane, Polemoniaceae Aqueous extract the of entire Aqueous ext the of leaves Rabbits Active Alarcon-Aguilar et al.,1998 Musaceae Cactaceae Cactaceae Aqueous ext the of leaves powder Leaves Rabbits Aqueous extract the of aerial Humans Active Active Alarcon-Aguilara etal., 1998 1991 al., et Frati-Munari Poaceae Bignoniaceae Lactucin-8- powder Stem Aqueous ext. theroots of stems the of Juice powder Seed Sap powder the of stems Leaves Mice powder Dogs Rabbits Humans Humans Inactive Rats Active Active Inactive Inactive Perez et al., 1984 1991 al., et Active Roman-Ramos 1990 Ibanez-Camacho al., et Frati-Munari et al., 1983 1991 al., et Frati-Munari Ibanez-Camacho et al., 1979 Fabaceae Fabaceae Plantaginaceae Asteraceae Mucilage pods the of extract Aqueous Rabbits Chromatographic fraction of activity Weak Humans 1991 al., et Roman-Ramos Active 1985 al., et Frati-Munari Asteraceae Loranthaceae Rizophoraceae Nyctaginaceae Aqueous extract of theroots Aqueous ext. theroots of Aqueous extract of theroots Aqueous extract the of flowers Rats andrabbits Aqueous extract Hexane the of extract leaves the of roots Mice Mice Rats Aqueous andrabbits Cacalol, extract cacalone the of Rabbits flowers andmaturin Mice Active Mice Mice roots the of ext. Aqueous Active Rabbits Active Active Alarcon-Aguilar Active et al.,1997 Active Alarcon-Aguilar et al.,1997 Inactive Inactive Active Perez et al., 1984 Alarcon-Aguilar et al.,1998 Alarcon-Aguilar et al.,2000 Alarcon-Aguilar Perez Alarcon-Aguilar et al., 1984 et al.,2000 et al.,2000 1991 al., et Roman-Ramos sp sp Cactaceae powder Stem Humans Inactive 1987 al., et Frati-Munari Eysenhardtia polystachya polystachya Eysenhardtia semiamplexicaule Gnaphalium Guazuma ulmifolia ulmifolia Guazuma sonorae Ibervillea caulescens Lepechinia

Loeselia mexicana mexicana Loeselia Musa sapientum sapientum Musa Opuntia ficus-indica ficus-indica Opuntia Opuntia streptacantha Opuntia

sativa Oryza edulis Parmantiera Phaseolus vulgaris vulgaris Phaseolus Plantago psyllium psyllium Plantago decompositum Psacalium

peltatum Psacalium calyculatus Psittacanthus mangle Rhizophora arenarius Salpianthus

402 Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 15(4):out/dez. 2005 Plants and their active constituents from South, Central, and North America with hypoglycemic activity Mice Mice Active 1985 al., et Bailey Rabbits Weak activity Roman-Ramos et al., 1991 1991 al., et 1991 Roman-Ramos al., activity et Weak Rabbits Roman-Ramos Active Rabbits Rabbits Weak activity Roman-Ramos et al., 1991 1991 al., et Roman-Ramos activity Weak Rabbits Rabbits Inactive Guerra, 1946 Guerra, Inactive Rabbits Mice Active Perez et al., 1984 Rabbits Weak activity Roman-Ramos et al., 1991 1991 al., et Roman-Ramos activity Weak Rabbits flowers and stems extract not stated stated not extract and stems and stems not stated stated not plant plant and stems Cucurbitaceae leaves, the of extract Aqueous Alkaloid fraction Rabbits Inactive Rivera, 1942 1942 Rivera, Inactive Rabbits fraction Fabaceae Fabaceae Asteraceae Cucurbitaceae Alkaloid Aqueous extract the of leaves Aqueous vine the extract of extract the of Aqueous leaves Rats Ethanol extract the of leaves Rats Rabbits Mice Active Active Active Active 1942 Rivera, Avellar etal., 1991 Avellar etal., 1991 Guptaal., et 1984 Nyctaginaceae Caprifoliaceae Solanaceae Leaves and stemsType of - Solanaceae flowers the of extract Aqueous Dogs powder Tuber Aqueous extract the of leaves Inactive Humans 1986 al., et Meckes-Lozoya Inactive 1991 al., et Frati-Munari Bignoniaceae Aqueous extract the of leaves leaves the of extract Aqueous Rats extract of type and used Part Active 1993 al., et Aguilar entire the of extract Aqueous Lamiaceae Aqueous extract the of leaves Poaceae Seed powder Humans Inactive Frati-Munari et al., 1991 al., et Boraginaceae Fabaceae Turneraceae Frati-Munari powder leaves the of extract Aqueous Inactive Valerianaceae Rabbits Humans Valerianaceae Asteraceae leaves the of extract Aqueous Aqueous extract the of leaves Rabbits Asteraceae Aqueous Mice extract the of roots Aqueous extract the of roots Seed Poaceae Mice Active Mice Aqueous extract the of flowers Aqueous extract Mice the of leaves Aqueous extract the of leaves Active Rabbits Mice Active 1998 al., et Alarcon-Aguilar Active Active 1998 al., et Chloroform Alarcon-Aguilar extract the of bark Active Mice andrats Active Perez et al., 1984 Active Perez et al., 1984 Active Perez et al., 1984 Perez et al., 1984 Alarcon-Aguilar et al.,1998 Perez et al., 1984 Perez et al., 1996

Momordica charantia charantia Momordica Cajanus cajan cajan Cajanus Cassia fistula lobata Neurolaena charantia Momordica Trinidad Solanum tuberosum tuberosum Solanum verbascifolium Solanumm Salpianthus macrodontus macrodontus Salpianthus mexicana Sambucus Tecoma stans stans Tecoma

Teucrium cubense cubense Teucrium Tournefortia hirsutissima hirsutissima Tournefortia foenum-graceum Trigonella Turnera diffusa officinalis Valeriana procera ssp. edulis Valeriana crocata Verbesina persicifolia Verbesina mays Zea Panama

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 403 15(4):out/dez. 2005 José M. Barbosa Filho at al. Inactive Inactive Inactive 1971 al., et Podolsky 2000 al., et Broadhurst Inactive Inactive Active 2000 al., et Broadhurst Active Dubin al., 1928 et 2000 al., et Broadhurst cells cells activity Weak 2000 al., et Broadhurst cells cells Inactive cells cells Inactive 2000 al., et Broadhurst cells Inactive cells 2000 al., et Broadhurst activity Week cells 2000 al., et Broadhurst 2000 al., et Broadhurst activity Week 2000 al., et Broadhurst Inactive 2000 al., et Broadhurst Rabbits Rabbits Active 1938 al., Large et In vitro In vitro In vitro In vitro In vitro In vitro In vitro cells In vitro Humans In vitro cells cells In vitro Rats cells In vitro rootbark stated not stated not stated not stated not stated not stated not stated not stated not not stated stated not parts stated not Araliaceae Araliaceae Anacardiaceae roots the of fraction Saponin Malvaceae Rats extract Aqueous Liliaceae roots the of extract Aqueous ration powder in Seeds Humans Ginsenoside ration in powder Bulb dogs and activity Rats Weak Rats 1984 al., et Martinez Active Rats Active extract of type and used Part Humans 1949 Fortier, Active 2000 al., et Vuksan Inactive Inactive 1990a al., et Dugan 1982 al., Chi et 2003 al., et Sievenpiper Solanaceae extract of type and used Part Poaceae Araliaceae powder Gum Aqueous extract the of Humans Liliaceae Umbelliferae Umbelliferae Active extract of type and used Part powder Leaves Fabaceae extract of type and used Part Fabaceae 1991 al., et Braaten Chenopodiaceae extract of type and used Part Rats Poaceae extract of type and used Part extract of type and used Part powder Brun Inactive 1998 al., et Herlihy Brun powder extract of type and used Part Pigs Humans Active Active 1995 al., et Knudsen 1993 al., et Hopewell Cannabaceae Leaves - Smoking Smoking Cruciferae Brassicaceae - Theaceae extract of type and used Part aerial the of extract Ethanol Leaves Cannabaceae Partused andtype of extract Plant and plant-derived compounds with hypoglycemic activity from North America. Plant and plant-derived compounds with hypoglycemic activity from North Panax quinquefolius quinquefolius Panax typhina Rhus USA theophrasti Abutilon Allium sativum annum Capsicum Place and Plant Canada sativa Avena horrida Fatsia Family vera Aloe Partused graveolens Anethum graveolens Apium hypogaea Arachis membranaceus Astragalus Organismtested Atriplex halimus Activity sativa Avena Reference Brassica nigra nigra Brassica oleraceae Brassica sinensis Camellia sativa Cannabis

Table 4. Table

404 Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 15(4):out/dez. 2005 Plants and their active constituents from South, Central, and North America with hypoglycemic activity Inactive Williams et al., 1959 1959 2002 al., al., Inactive 1983 Inactive et 2001 2000 al., et et Broadhurst Inactive Smith, Active 2000 al., et Broadhurst Williams Inactive 1923 Kudolo, Active 1931 al., et Cartland Konno Active activity Week 2000 al., et Broadhurst Menaul, Active Inactive Active 2000 al., et Broadhurst 2000 al., et Broadhurst cells cells Inactive cells 2000 al., et Broadhurst cells Active cells Active Inactive 2000 cells al., et Broadhurst 2000 cells al., et Broadhurst activity Week 2000 al., et Broadhurst 2000 al., et Broadhurst Inactive 2000 al., et Broadhurst Dogs Dogs Humans Rats Humans Humans Ewes In vitro In vitro In vitro In vitro In vitro In vitro cells In vitro cells In vitro cells In vitro cells In vitro cells In vitro not stated stated not stated not stated not stated not stated not stated not stated not stated not stated not stated not stated not Caricaceae Caricaceae Juglandaceae powder Fruits extract of type and used Part Rabbits Inactive extract al., et 1929 Bischoff Araliaceae Asteraceae Araliaceae caplets Aqueous extract of type and used Part Ginkgoaceae Basidiomycete Polysaccharide Fluid extact the of aerial parts Fabaceae Aqueous extract the of bark extract Aqueous Malvaceae Asclepiadaceae extract of type and used Part Hamamelidaceae Partused andtype of extract seeds the of powder Pulp extract of type and used Part Caffeine Humans Active Kerr et al., 1993 al., et Pyrolaceae Kerr leaves the of Lauraceae extract Buthanol Rats Lauraceae Active Rubiaceae extract of type and used Part Cystine acid Humans Caffeine Indole-3-acetic Inactive extract of type and used Part Zingiberaceae extract of type and used Part Asteraceae 1959 al., et Williams extract Rats of type and used Part Zingiberaceae extract of type and used Part Rats extract of type and used Part Inactive Inactive 1959 al., et Williams 1959 al., et Williams sp. Rubiaceae Quinine Humans Inactive Taylor et al., 1988 al., et Taylor Inactive Humans Quinine Rubiaceae sp. Eleutherococcus senticosus senticosus Eleutherococcus urticaefolium Eupatorium horrida Fatsia biloba Ginkgo frondosa Grifola Glycine max Gossypium herbaceum Gymnema sylvestre virginiana Hamamelis Carica papaya papaya Carica illinoensis Carya Chimaphila umbellata umbellata Chimaphila Cinchona cassia Cinnamomum verum Cinnamomum arabica Coffea longa Curcuma purpurea Echinaceae cardamomum Elettaria

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 405 15(4):out/dez. 2005 José M. Barbosa Filho at al. Active Luthy; Martinez 1964 cells cells cells Active activity Week 2000 al., et Broadhurst 2000 al et Broadhurst In vitro In vitro Rats Inactive cells In vitro cells In vitro 1959 al., et Williams Active cells In vitro Inactive Organism not Active 2000 al., et stated Broadhurst cells In vitro 2000 al., et Broadhurst cells In vitro Active 2000 al., et Broadhurst activity Week cells In vitro 2000 al., et Broadhurst 2000 al., cells et In vitro Broadhurst activity Weak cells In vitro 2000 al., et Broadhurst Inactive cells In vitro Active cells In vitro 2000 al., et Broadhurst Inactive Inactive 2000 al., et Broadhurst 2000 al., et Broadhurst 2000 al., et Broadhurst not stated stated not stated not plant stated not stated not stated not plant stated not stated not stated not stated not stated not stated not stated not Cannabaceae Cannabaceae Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae Lauraceae powder Seeds Colupulone powder Seeds extract of type and used Part Rats Cucurbitaceae Mice Rats MC-6 peptide Fraction Moraceae Myristicaceae Active Active Rats Active Labiatae extract of type and used Part Aqueous extract of the Labiatae MC-6.1 leaves peptide Fraction 1990 al., et Dugan Humans 1994 al., MC-6.2 et peptide Mannering Fraction 1990 al., et Dugan MC-6.3 Labiatae peptide Fraction Rats Active Partused andtype of extract Rats Labiatae Rats extract of type and used Part Active Araliaceae 2000 Nag, Aqueous extr. the of entire Araliaceae Active extract of type and used Part Active Andallu et al., 2001 Active extract of type and used Part Umbelliferae roots the of fraction 2000 Saponin Nag, Myrtaceae Rats 2000 Nag, 2000 Nag, extract of type and used Part Umbelliferae extract of type Piperaceae and used Part extract of type and used Part extract of type and used Part activity Weak 1984 al., et Martinez extract of type and used Part Linaceae Linaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae extract of type and used Part Aqueous extract the of seeds Humans Aqueous extract of the entire Inactive Tsiodras et al., 1999

sp Ipomoea lacunosa lacunosa Ipomoea nobilis Laurus charantia Momordica indica Morus fragans Myristica cataria Nepeta basilicum Ocimum sanctum Ocimum vulgare Origanum ginseng Panax quinquefolius Panax crispum Petroselinum Pimenta officinalis anisum Pimpinella nigrum Piper Humulus lupulus lupulus Humulus hederaceae Ipomoea Linum usitatissimum usitatissimum Linum Lupinus sativa Medicago

406 Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 15(4):out/dez. 2005 Plants and their active constituents from South, Central, and North America with hypoglycemic activity Watters et al., 1989 2000 al., et Broadhurst 2000 al., et Broadhurst 2000 al., et Broadhurst 1990a al., et Dugan 1994 al., et jr White 2000 al., et Broadhurst 1958 Nash, 1981 al., et Keller 1995 McLaughlin, Witherup; 1995 McLaughlin, Witherup; 1995 McLaughlin, Witherup; 1927 Allen, 1927 Allen, 1927 Allen, 2000 al., et Broadhurst 1964 al., et Svoboda 1964 al., et Svoboda 1964 al., et Svoboda 1964 al., et Svoboda 1964 al., et Svoboda 1964 al., et Svoboda 1964 al., et Svoboda 1964 al., et Svoboda 1964 al., et Svoboda 1964 al., et Svoboda 2000 al., et Broadhurst 1974 al., et Turner 2000 al., et Broadhurst Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive activity Week Active Inactive Active Inactive Active Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive activity Week Inactive Questionable act. Moderated activity Slight Inactive Inactive Questionable Inactive activity Slight act. Moderated Inactive Active activity Week

cells cells cells cells cells cells cells cells Mice In vitro In vitro In vitro Rats Dogs In vitro Mice Mice Mice Mice Mice Dogs Dogs Dogs In vitro Rats Rats Rats Rats Rats Rats Rats Rats Rats Rats In vitro Rabbits In vitro -D- β - O Seed Seed husks in ration extract of type and used Part stated not extract of type and used Part stated not extract of type and used Part stated not Seeds powder Leaves - Type extractof not stated extract of type and used Part stated not extractAqueous entire the of extract Aqueous plant 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaric acid Succinic acid 4’,5,7-Trihydroxy-3,3’,5’,6- tetramethoxy-7- Ethanol extract the of leaves Ethanol ext. the of leaves Aqueous extrac the of leaves extract of type and used Part stated not Ajmalicine Catharantine Leurosine Lochnerine Perivine Sitsirikine Tetrahydroalstonine Vincathicine Vindoline Vindolinine extract of type and used Part stated not entire the of extract Ethanol plant extract of type and used Part stated not glucoside glucoside Plantaginaceae Plantaginaceae Rosaceae Labiatae Labiatae Solanaceae Asteraceae Myrtaceae Bignoniaceae Bromeliaceae Ericaceae Ericaceae Ericaceae Orchidaceae Apocynaceae Solanaceae Asteraceae Zingiberaceae Plantago ovata ovata Plantago dulcis Prunus officinalis Rosmarinus officinalis Salvia nigrum Solanum rebaudiana Stevia aromaticum Syzigium stans Tecoma usneoides Tillandsia corymbosum Vaccinium myrtillus Vaccinium pennsylvanicum Vaccinium planifolia Vanilla rosea Vinca somnifera Withania strumarium Xanthium officinale Zingiber

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 407 15(4):out/dez. 2005 José M. Barbosa Filho at al.

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