TEXTS FOR TRANSLATION STUDIES

Selected by Shi Baohui School of Foreign Languages Beijing Forestry University March 2008

Part Three: Business and Culture

1. Texts for Business [2-12] 1) 可口可乐饮料公司 [2] 2) 深圳大光礼品有限公司 [2] 3) 宝兴塑料食品容器厂 [4] 4) 中国北京同仁堂集团公司进出口公司 [4] 5) 伍思德公司 [6] 6) 海尔集团公司技术中心 [10] 7) 北京林业大学历史沿革 [12]

2. Texts for Tourism [13-39] 8) 北海公园 [13] 9) 天坛公园简介 [14] 10) 颐和园简介 [16] 11) 香山公园 [18] 12) 八达岭历史 [20] 13) 故宫博物院总说 [24] 14) 黄山 [32] 15) 杭州西湖 [34] 16) 苏州古典园林 [36]

3. Texts for Culture [40-57] 17) 中国饮食文化 [40] 18) 中医 [42] 19) 论语 [43] 20) 画蛇添足 [49] 21) 嗟来之食 [51] 22) 明代章回小说 [52]

3. Exercises [58-61]

可口可乐饮料公司

可口可乐饮料公司是 1982 年在美国可口可乐公司协助下, 有广东省食品进出口 集团公司独资兴建的一个独立核算、自负盈亏的中型食品生产企业, 向国家纳税累计 1.7 亿元。 该公司先后从美国、日本、德国等国家引进先进的饮料生产线和附属设备, 由一 条生产线仅生产可口可乐, 发展至现在的 4 条生产线可同时生产可口可乐、雪碧、芬 达橙汁、芬达苹果汁以及国产优质饮料津美乐等产品。同时, 拥有一批生产技术人才 和市场营销专业队伍, 有送货车、现调汽水机和冰柜等销售设备, 直接服务于广东省 内外 3000 多个销售网点。 1993 年该公司与港商成立了中外合资“广东可口可乐饮料食品有限公司”, 为广大 消费者提供更多的优质饮料产品。

深圳大光礼品有限公司

该公司是一家中外合资的综合性经济实体，为国内首家专业生产、经营各类高中

档礼品精品、旅游纪念品、宾馆客房系列用品之企业。 公司规模宏大，技术力量雄厚，机械设备、生产原料进口，产品自行设计生产。

大光礼品，物美价宜。 公司将竭诚为您提供高质量的产品，高质量的服务。大光标志，质量的保证，信

誉的保证。 公司地址：深圳市国际贸易中心大厦 14 层 B 区 电话：6251330，6251329 电挂：3170 传真：6201947 北京办事处地址：北京市崇文门饭店 0512 房 电话：65122211－292

2 Coca-Cola Beverage Company

Coca-Cola Beverage Company is a financially independent medium-sized beverage making enterprise founded in 1982 by Guangdong Foodstuff Import and Export (Group) Corporation with the help of American Coca-Cola Company. Its accumulative tax turnover to the state is now RMB170 million. The company, having successively introduced advanced beverage production lines and accessories from the United States, Japan, and Germany, has developed from the original one Coca-Cola production line to the present four lines capable of making Coca Cola, Sprite, Fanta orange juice, Fanta apple juice, and Jinmeile, a Chinese national quality beverage at the same time. The company also possesses its own team of engineers, technicians, and professional marketing personnel, with delivery vehicles, soda fountains, freezers, and other sales facilities which provide direct service to over 3,000 sales units both inside and outside Guangdong Province. In 1993, the company and its Hong Kong partner started a joint venture—Guangdong Coca-Cola Beverage Co. Ltd.—to provide its consumers with more quality beverages.

Shenzhen Taikong Gift Co. Ltd.

This is a jointly-ventured comprehensive economic entity, and the first domestic enterprise which specializes in producing and dealing with different kinds of highgrade and intermediate choice of gifts and souvenirs, tourist souvenirs and serial appliances for guestrooms in hotels. The Company is broad in scale, and is equipped with solid technical forces. Machines and raw materials are imported, while products are designed and produced by local forces. The Company provides satisfying gifts and souvenirs in appropriate prices. The Company will whole-heartedly provide high quality products and service. Our symbol will guarantee the quality and our prestige. Add: B 14/F, International Trade Centre Bldg., Shenzhen Tel: 6251330, 6251329 Cable: 3170 Shenzhen Fax: 6201947 Beijing Office Add: Room 0512, Chongwenmen Hotel, Beijing Tel: 65122211—292

3 宝兴塑料食品容器厂

宝兴塑料食品容器厂是中外合资企业。该厂于 1988 年引进西德全套聚酯饮料瓶生 产线, 生产优质 1.25 公升 PET 饮料瓶及瓶坯, 适合多种饮料使用。产品质量可靠, 并得 到美国可口可乐公司认可盛装可口可乐系列产品。该厂年生产能力为 1700 万个, 年工 业总产值达 1500 多万元。最近又引进了 0.6 公升矿泉水 PET 饮料瓶生产线, 现已正式 投产。欢迎订购。

中国北京同仁堂集团公司进出口分公司

中国北京同仁堂集团公司进出口公司是中国北京同仁堂集团公司直属全民所有制企业， 为自主经营、独立核算、自负盈亏的企业法人。 “同仁堂”是北京最古老、声誉最高的一家堂号。它创建于公元 1669 年，至今已有三 百多年的历史。其制药宗旨为：“炮炙虽繁必不敢省人工，品味虽贵必不敢减物力”，所制产

品以“配方独特，选料上乘，工艺精湛，疗效显著”而驰名中外。 “同仁堂”商标为国家驰名商标，已在马德里协定国家及其他四十多个国家和地区注册， 受到特别保护。 中国北京同仁堂集团公司进出口分公司主要经营中国北京同仁堂集团公司所属企业自 产产品及相关技术的出口业务，经营生产所需原辅材料、机械设备及技术的进口业务；开展

对外合资经营、合作生产、“三来一补”业务；经贸部批准的其他商品的进出口业务。 目前，经营各类药品三千余种，中药机械十余种。药品行销全国及四十多个国家和地区， 出口额居全国同行之首。 本公司热诚欢迎各国朋友前来洽谈贸易，建立各种形式的经济合作关系。

地址：中国北京丰台区南三环中路 15 号 电话：67620827 传真：67635193 电挂：7654 BMMC 邮编：100075

4 Baoxing Plastic Food Container Factory

Baoxing Plastic Food Container Factory is a Sino-foreign joint venture. In 1988, the factory introduced a complete production line from West Germany to manufacture quality 1.25 liter PET polyester beverage bottles and semi-finished bottles suitable for (holding) different kinds of beverages. Because of their reliability, the bottles are approved by the American Coca-Cola Company for Coca-Cola serial products. The factory’s annual production capacity is 17 million bottles, which brings in a gross value of industrial output of over RMB15 million. The production line introduced recently to manufacture 0.6 liter PET mineral water bottles is now officially in production. Orders are welcome.

China Beijing Tong Ren Tang Holdings Corporation Import & Export Company

China Beijing Tong Ren Tang Holdings Corporation Import & Export Company is a state owned enterprise directly under China Beijing Tong Ren Tang Holdings Corporation. It runs by its own and assumes independent accounting and sole responsibility for its profits and losses. Established in 1669, Tong Ren Tang is the most long-standing and prestigious pharmaceutical factory in Beijing, with a history of over 300 years. It follows the principle of “making the best medicines, irrespective of the cost or materials and time consumed”. Tong Ren Tang’s medicines are famous for unique prescriptions, superior medicinal materials, excellent technology and successful curative effect in the world. The trademark Tong Ren Tang is well-known in the country. Registered in the countries of Madrid Agreement as well as in more than forty other countries and regions, it is under strict protection. The scope of business includes: „ Export of products and technologies from the enterprises under China Beijing Tong Ren Tang Holdings Corporation. „ Import of raw and processed materials, machinery, equipment and technologies needed in production. „ Engaged in joint ventures, cooperative production, compensation trade, processing with customer’s materials, imported materials and assembling with customer’s parts. „ Import and export of other commodities approved by MOFTEC. Now the Company deals in over 3,000 kinds of Chinese medicines and 10 kinds of machinery for manufacturing Chinese medicines. The medicines sell well in China and in more than 40 other countries and regions. The export value of traditional Chinese medicines is the largest in China. We warmly welcome friends from all over the world to do business with us and establish relations in various forms of economic cooperation.

Add: 15 Nansanhuan Zhonglu, Fengtai District, Beijing 100075, China Tel: 0086-10-67620827 Fax: 0086-10-67635193 Cable: 7654 BMMC

5 伍思德公司

1) 业务函

亲爱的 先生：

我们知道贵公司是一家著名的国际性快餐连锁企业，在国际上享有崇高声誉。做为国际

上领先的跨国快餐公司，其有目共睹的发展吸引着众多的投资商与消费者。做为目前世界上

经济发展最活跃的国家——中国，正在吸引世界上越来越多的跨国集团前来合作，我们相信，

机会与好运将永远降临于那些富于战略眼光的开拓者。中国是人口众多，综合实力不断增强

的发展中国家，同时，也是一个极端注重“食文化”的国家，任何具有文化内函的，口感适

宜的，无论是中国的还是外国的食品，均能在中国，特别是在日益发展的大、中城市产生巨

大的规模效益。现代化的中国城市崇尚国际名牌食品，快捷方便、卫生的快餐食品符合中国

百姓不断提高的消费要求，因此，麦当劳、肯德鸡、必胜客等美国快餐公司在中国赢得了市

场，并且在不断地扩大其连锁规模。

同时，随着中国市场经济的不断开放，各类外资企业大量涌入，使得中国主要城市的发

展日趋国际化，这为那些国际性的，以亚太地区为其发展战略的企业提供了越来越广阔的市

场及商业契机。

任何在中国取得成功的企业都懂得，要想在中国获得发展，只有通过中国人去了解中国，

才是最可靠、最准确、最捷径的方式，因为中国的事情只有中国人自己最清楚。

我们——伍思德(Wisdom)公司愿意为您及所有希望进入中国市场的朋友们提供我们最

直接、有效的帮助与咨询。

有关我们的简介，请参见附页。

我们十分感谢并期待着双方的真诚合作，随时恭候阁下来函垂询，并欢迎贵公司来中国

投资建立合资企业。

6

Dear Sir/Madam,

Beijing Wisdom Food and Packaging Market Research Co. Ltd. is here to provide the most direct and efficient assistance and consultation for those who are hoping to open the Chinese market.

We have learned that your company is an internationally renowned fast food chain. As a leading international fast food company, it has attracted numerous investors and customers.

China is developing fast in economy and national strength. Being the most populous nation, it is attracting more and more multinational corporations to set up joint ventures. Meanwhile, it is also most interested in the ‘Food Culture’, and any culture-oriented, tasteful food, Chinese or foreign, will be able to produce great economic benefits in this country, especially in its large and medium-sized cities. The Urban Chinese worship good food and fast, convenient, healthy fast food will just meet the demand of their consumption. Therefore, McDonald, KFC, and Pizza Hut have made big achievements on the Chinese market, constantly expanding their chain enterprises.

With China’s development of market economy, and the pouring in of various foreign investments, its large cities are increasingly internationalized, which provides extensive markets and commercial opportunities for those international corporations that are especially interested in developing their business in the Asian-Pacific Region.

All businesses that have been successful in China understand that to expand their business in this country they must attempt to learn about this country through the Chinese people themselves.

That is the most reliable, accurate and accessible source because it is the Chinese who know most about themselves. And that is why we are here to assist.

We believe that opportunities and fortunes will always belong to those who are far-sighted and pioneering. For details of the Wisdom, please see the attached leaflet.

Thank you for your attention and we are looking forward to further cooperation. In case of any queries, please do not hesitate to contact us. Our aim is to help you invest and establish joint ventures in China.

7 2) 公司简介

北京伍思德(Wisdom)食品与包装市场研究有限责任公司是从事食品及包装行业咨询的

专业公司。本公司以咨询为主业，遵守中国法律，并完全遵照国际经济活动的惯例，坚持以

独立、公正、客观的态度从事工作，对所承担的各项业务，信守合约。

本公司接受中国食品工业协会的领导，伍思德公司秉承一贯推崇的敬业精神，在食品、

包装领域内积极开拓，不断进取。

宗旨：在食品与包装领域内介绍国外优秀企业，进入中国市场，促进中国食品与包装市

场持续、稳定、协调的发展。

业务范围：

1. 帮助外国企业公司进入中国市场进行战略咨询；

2. 有关中国市场的市场调查、投资环境调查及市场研究；

3. 协助外国公司在华的各类业务开发活动；

n 外国公司在华业务代理；

o 外国公司商务专访团，承办各类研讨会、洽谈会、座谈会；

p 外国公司来华参加展览会的展览业务代理；

q 提供营销策划方案；

r 为客户寻找贸易合作伙伴。

北京市翱翔律师事务所将在法律事务上给予我们合作，支持及法律保障。

通讯地址：

邮政编码：

电 话：

传 真：

联 系 人：

8

Beijing Wisdom Food and Packaging Market Research Co. Ltd.

Beijing Wisdom Food and Packaging Market Research Co. Ltd. is a professional company to provide consultations in the food and packaging industry. It is specialized in information services and strictly follows the Chinese law and international conventions in economic activities. It takes an independent, impartial and objective attitude in all its work and observes the terms of all contracted businesses. The Wisdom is under the leadership of the Chinese Food Industry Association. It features professionalism and work ethics and makes every effort to contribute to the field of food and packaging. Mission: To introduce superior international food and packaging businesses into the Chinese market and facilitate the sustained, stable and balanced development of the food and packaging market in China. Scope: 1. Assisting international companies to enter the Chinese market with strategic consultations; 2. Undertaking market research and research in investment environment; 3. Assisting international companies in various businesses and development activities in China. 9 Providing business representatives for international companies; 9 Hosting business delegations organized by international companies for seminars, negotiations and workshops; 9 Providing exhibition representatives for products of international companies in China; 9 Developing marketing strategy plans; 9 Assisting clients to find business partners The Beijing Aoxiang Lawyer’s Office is responsible for assistance in legal matters.

Correspondence: Tel.: Fax.: Contact:

9 海尔集团公司技术中心

海尔集团公司技术中心是经国家经贸委、税务总局、海关总署联合确认的首批国家级企 业(集团)技术中心, 是海尔集团技术创新的管理部门, 该中心为海尔集团科研开发、成果转 化作了大量工作。在 96 年的基础上, 97 年继续设计开发新产品 150 个, 其中 80％投入国内 外市场, 20％成为企业的技术储备。申报专利 515 项, 实现了平均 1个工作日开发一个新产 品, 一个工作日申报 2 项专利的创新实力。 1998 年 5 月 26 日, 由海尔集团承担完成的国家级技术创新项目“变频系列家电的研究开 发”通过了专家鉴定。这一技术成功地应用在电冰箱、空调器、滚筒(波轮)洗衣机等家电产 品上, 技术水平达到了国际领先水平, 标志着中国家电的技术水平又上升到了一个新的水 平。 海尔集团公司研制开发的环保产品－－节能无污染。节能无污染电冰箱是国际上首家在 一种产品上同时使用三种替代方案已满足世界各地不同要求的产品, 该产品具有无 CFC 替 代及超级节能等特点, 比国际上最高节能水平低 0.07Wh/24h/100L, 比欧洲 A 级指标节能 20 ％以上。 加强与科研机构的强强联合, 实现优势互补。通过与中科院化学研究所合资建立“工程 塑料国际工程研究中心”, 海尔集团公司逐渐使企业成为科研开发的主体, 生产力转化的主 体, 科研受益的主体。自成立三个月以来, 已研制取得 26 项科研成果, 其中有 2 项达到世界 先进水平, 应用到家电产品上, 取得显著的经济效益。 98 年 5 月, 海尔集团公司与原广电部科院合资成立了“海尔广科数字技术开发有限公 司”, 作为以资本为纽带、实行科企联合的科研开发实体, 既促进了科研成果及时有效的转化 为生产力, 又实现了科技产业化, 同时增强了海尔集团在数字及时方面的科研开发能力, 使 海尔集团在该领域的技术水平处于全国领先水平, 促进了我国数字化彩电的研制开发步伐 及产业的发展。 98年 6 月与北京航空航天大学及美国第二大专业软件开发商 C-MOLD 公司, 合资组建 了“北航海尔软件有限公司”。

技术中心主任: 张瑞敏 技术中心副主任: 杨绵绵 杜光林 电话: (0532)8938093 传真: (0532)8938555 E-mail: [email protected]

10 The Technological Center

The Technological Center of Haier Group Company is recognized by the State Economic and Trade Commission, the Taxation Head Office, and the General Administration of Customs of the P.R.C. as one of the first state-class enterprise technological centers in China. As the department of technological innovation and administration, the Technological Center has done much work in development, research, and putting research achievements into practice. In 1997 it developed 150 new products, 80% of which have been put onto the market at home and abroad. The others are kept as technical reserve. In the same year it achieved 515 patents. It has the strength of developing one new product and applying two patents on every working day. * The Research and Development of Household Appliances of the Converter Series, a state-class technological project undertaken by the Haier Group, passed the experts’ examination on May 26, 1998. The technology is successfully applied to the household appliances, including the refrigerator, air-conditioner, and front-loading/top-loading washing machines. In terms of commercialization, the domestic household appliances have come up to a new stage and reached international standing. * Haier Group has devoted itself to the development of the series of environment-friendly products and has been the first to launch the energy-efficient and CFC-free products in China. Its energy-efficient and CFC-free refrigerator features three CFC-substitution solutions to meet the different requirements of various regions of the world. These products are 0.07kwh/24h/100L, lower than the highest international energy-efficient standard and lower than the European Class A of that by 20%. * The coalition of the enterprise and scientific research institutions has enhanced a cooperation in the strongly mutual complement of superiority. Through cooperation between the National Engineering Research Center of Engineering Plastic, set up by Haier, and the Chemical Research Institution of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Haier Group has made it true that an enterprise is the main body of scientific research, productivity transformation and the profit of product development. Only three months after its establishment, twenty-six achievements were made, including two up to the advanced world level, and received considerable economic benefit after applied to household appliances. * In cooperation with the Broadcasting Institution of the former Ministry of Broadcasting and Television in May 1998, the Haier Group set up the Haier Digital Broadcasting Technology Development Co. Ltd. As a development and research organization derived from the scientific institution and enterprise linked by the capital, it has promoted the transformation from scientific achievement to productivity and brought about the industrialization of science and technology at the same time. It enables the Haier Group, with a leading position at home, to have more capacity in digital research and eventually promotes the development of digitized television and digital technology in China. * In June 1998, in joint effort with the Beijing Aeronautics and Astronautics University and C-MOLD Company, the second largest special software development group in the U.S., the Haier Group set up the Beijing A&A-Haier Software Co. Ltd. * Slogan: To improve by science to be internationally well-known.

Director of the Technological Center: Deputy-Directors:

Tel.: 0086- Fax: 0086-

11 北京林业大学历史沿革

北京林业大学（原名北京林学院）创建于 1952 年，是新中国成立初期创办的北京八大 学院之一，历史可追溯到清代京师大学堂农科林学目和光绪直隶高等农业学堂林科，合并计 算迄今则有 100 年的历史。 1952 年，根据全国院系调整的部署，教育部和林业部决定，由北京农业大学和河北农 学院两校的森林系合并组建北京林学院。临时校址设在北京妙峰山大觉寺及秀峰寺，1953 年在海淀肖庄现校址正式建校，1960 年被列为全国重点院校。 1969 年全校迁往云南，辗转于丽江、下关、安宁等地，一度改名为云南林业学院。 1979 年经国务院批准返京复校，学校进入一个新的历史时期。1985 年为适应林业教育 发展的形势，经上级批准，校名改为北京林业大学。到 1992 年，学校建设已经初具规模， 成为以森林生物科学为基础，林业资源与环境学科为特色，兼有理科、工科、文科及管理学 科的多科性林业大学。 1992 年春天，邓小平同志南巡讲话发表以后，学校紧紧把握住时代发展的脉搏，犹如 一艘远航的巨轮，驶入了中国高等教育大发展的滚滚洪流之中。在教育部、原林业部（现国 家林业局）、北京市委市政府的领导下，学校结合自身的特点和优势，进一步解放思想，转 变观念，艰苦奋斗，奋发图强，全面深化各项改革，取得了辉煌业绩，为将学校建设成为国 内高水平、多科性、研究型、国际知名大学奠定了坚实的基础。跨入了发展腾飞阶段。

Beijing Forestry University: History

The University (BFU) was founded in 1952 as Beijing Forestry College to be one of the eight specialized colleges established shortly after the founding of the People’s Republic of China. Its history, however, can be traced back to the Qing Dynasty over 100 years ago, with its precedents in Jingshi Daxuetang (the Metropolitan University) and Zhili Agricultural School. In line with the Chinese Government’s scheme for academic restructuring in 1952, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Forestry decided to establish Beijing Forestry College, by merging the Forestry Departments of Beijing Agricultural University and Hebei Agricultural Institute. Its provisional location was then at Dajue and Xiufeng Temples at the foot of Miaofeng Mountain in Beijing. In 1953, the college was formally set up on its present site at Xiaozhuang, Haidian District, and was later designated as a national key university in 1960. In 1969 the College was moved to Yunnan province in southern China and settled in turns at Lijiang, Xiaguan and Anning, with its name changed to Yunnan Forestry College for a period. With the approval of the State Council, Beijing Forestry College moved back to Beijing in 1979, embarking on a journey for unprecedented development. In order to meet the new demands of forestry education, the College was renamed Beijing Forestry University under the approval of the Ministry of Forestry in 1985. By 1992, BFU had developed itself into a reasonably-scaled and multi-disciplinary university, which features forest biology, forest resources and environmental studies, together with an extensive coverage of courses in the field of sciences, engineering, liberal arts and management. Following the speeches and talks delivered by Deng Xiaoping during his inspection tour to southern China in early 1992, BFU seized the opportunity to get itself involved in the sweeping development of China’s higher education. Under the leadership of the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Forestry (now the State Forestry Administration) and Beijing Municipal Government, it made all efforts in carrying out a series of dramatic reforms and witnessed impressive achievements, paving the way for developing BFU into a multi-disciplinary, research-oriented university that is outstanding in China and renowned in the world. (Tr. Shi Baohui)

12

北海公园 About the Park

北海公园位于北京市的中心，是我园现 Beihai Park located in central Beijing, 存最悠久、保存最完整的皇家园林之一，距 今已有近千年的历史。 is one of the oldest and most authentically 北海园林的开发始于辽代，金代又在辽 perserved imperial gardens in China. It has 代初创的基础上于大定十九年（1179 年）建 成规模宏伟的太宁宫。太宁宫沿袭我国皇家 a history of 1000 years. 园林“一池三山”的规制，并将北宋汴京艮 Beihai has existed throughout the 岳御园中的太湖石移置于琼华岛上。至元四 年（ 1267 年），元世祖忽必烈以太宁宫琼华岛 Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. 为中心营建大都，琼华岛及其所在的湖泊被 Most of the buildings now standing were 划入皇城，赐名万寿山、太液池。永乐十八 年（1420 年）明朝正式迁都北京，万寿山、 constructed during Emperor Qianlong's 太液池成为紫禁城西面的御苑，称西苑。明 regin in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911 代向南开拓水面，形成三海的格局。清朝承 袭明代的西苑，乾隆时期对北海进行大规模 A.D.). 的改建，奠定了此后的规模和格局。 Beihai was opened to the public in 辛亥革命后，1925 年北海辟为公园对外 开放。1949 年新中国成立后，党和政府对北 1925 and in 1961 it was one of the first 海公园的保护极为重视，拨巨资予以修葺， 1961 年被国务院公布为第一批全园重点文物 important cultural sites placed under 保护单位。 protection by the State Council. The park 北海是中国历史园林的艺术杰作。全园 占地 69 公顷（其中水面 39 公顷），主要由琼 occupies an area of 69 hectares including a 华岛、东岸、北岸景区组成。琼华岛上树木 39-hectare lake. In the garden, pavilions 苍郁，殿宇栉比，亭台楼阁，错落有致，白 塔耸立山巅，成为公园的标志，环湖垂柳掩 and towers nestle amid the beautiful 映着濠濮间、画舫斋、静心斋、天王殿、快 scenery of lakes and hills,grass and trees. 雪堂、九龙壁、五龙亭、小西天等众多著名 景点，北海园林博采众长，有北方园林的宏 Carrying on the traditions of garden 阔气势和江南私家园林婉约多姿的风韵，并 landscaping of ancient China Beihai is a 蓄帝王宫苑的富丽堂皇及宗教寺院的庄严肃 穆，气象万千而又浑然一体，是中国园林艺 gem of garden art. 术的瑰宝。

http://www.beihaipark.com.cn/about/index.htm http://www.beihaipark.com.cn/en/about/ index.htm

13 天坛公园简介

天坛是明、清两代皇帝“祭天”“祈谷”的场所，位于正阳门外东侧。坛域北呈圆形，南为

方形，寓意“天圆地方”。四周环筑坛墙两道，把全坛分为内坛、外坛两部分，总面积 273 公

顷，主要建筑集中于内坛。

内坛以墙分为南北两部。北为“祈谷坛”，用于春季祈祷丰年，中心建筑是祈年殿。南为

“圜丘坛”，专门用于“冬至”日祭天，中心建筑是一巨大的圆形石台，名“圜丘“。两坛之间以

一长 360 米，高出地面的甬道——丹陛桥相连，共同形成一条南北长 1200 米的天坛建筑轴

线，两侧为大面积古柏林。

西天门内南侧建有“斋宫”，是祀前皇帝斋戒的居所。西部外坛设有“神乐署”，掌管祭祀

乐舞的教习和演奏。坛内主要建筑有祈年殿、皇乾殿、圜丘、皇穹宇、斋宫、无梁殿、长廊、

双环万寿亭等，还青回音壁、三音石、七星石等名胜古迹。

天坛始建于明永乐十八年(1420)，又经明嘉靖、清乾隆等朝增建、改建，建筑宏伟壮丽，

环境庄严肃穆。新中国成立后，国家对天坛的文物古迹投入大量的资金，进行保护和维修。

历尽沧桑的天坛以其深刻的文化内涵、宏伟的建筑风格，成为东方古老文明的写照。

天坛集明、清建筑技艺之大成，是中国古建珍品，是世界上最大的祭天建筑群。1961

年，国务院公布天坛为“全国重点文物保护单位”。1998 年被联合国教科文组织确认为“世界

文化遗产”。

(http://www.tiantanpark.com/cn/)

14 The Temple of Heaven

The Temple of Heaven was the place where the Emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties would worship Heaven and pray for bumper crops. The northern part of the outer surrounding wall is semi-circular in shape while the southern part square, a pattern symbolic of the ancient belief that Heaven was round and the earth square. The double surrounding wall separates the temple into two parts—the inner and outer temples with the main structures in the inner one, covering a space of 273 hectares in all. The inner temple is also partitioned by a wall into two groups of buildings. The north structure is the Altar of Praying for Bumper Crops with the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests as the principal building used to pray in spring for a bumper harvest in the year. The south structure is the Circular Mound Altar used to worship Heaven at the winter solstice where the principal construction is a large round marble terrace named the Circular Mound. The two altars, connected by a 360-metre-long raised walk called the Red Step Bridge, are arranged in a line forming a north-south axis 1,200 metres long, and flanked by century-old cypresses in a spacious area. To the inner south of the West Celestial Gate is the Abstinence Hall where the feudal emperors observed abstention before the rituals. In the western part of the outer temple is located the Divine Music Office, which was in charge of the teaching and performance of the ritual music. In the Temple of Heaven are situated such main buildings as the Hall of Prayer for Good harvests, the Hall of Heavenly Emperor, the Circular Mound, the Imperial Vault of Heaven, the Abstinence Hall, the Beamless Hall, the Long Corridor, the Longevity Pavilion in a double ring shape as well as the Echo Wall, the Three Echo Stones, and the Seven Meteoric Stones. Built first in 1420(the 18th year of Emperor Yongle’s reign of the Ming Dynasty), and then expanded and reconstructed during the Ming Emperor Jiajing’s reign and Qing Emperor Qianlong’s reign, the Temple o0f Heaven is a grand and magnificent masterpiece of architecture with a formal and solemn environment. Since the founding of New China, the government has allotted a great sum of money to protect and restore the cultural monuments there. The Temple of Heaven with its long history, deep cultural content and magnificent architectural style mirrors the ancient culture of the Orient. A masterpiece of the Ming and Qing architectural art and a precious example of China’s ancient architecture, the Temple of Heaven is the largest architectural group for worshipping Heaven in the world. In 1961, it was listed by the State Council as “one of the key monuments under the state protection”. In 1998, it was recognized by the UNESCO as “one of the human heritages of the world”.

(http://www.tiantanpark.com/en/)

15 颐和园简介

颐和园，位于山水清幽、景色秀丽的北京西北郊，原名清漪园，始建于公元 1750 年，时值 中国最后一个封建盛世——“康乾盛世”时期；1860 年的第二次鸦片战争中，清漪园被英法联 军烧毁；1886 年，清政府挪用海军军费等款项重修，并于两年后改名颐和园，作为慈禧太后晚 年的颐养之地。从此，颐和园成为晚清最高统治者在紫禁城之外最重要的政治和外交活动中心， 是中国近代历史的重要见证与诸多重大历史事件的发生地。1898 年，光绪帝曾在颐和园仁寿殿 接见维新思想家康有为，询问变法事宜；变法失败后，光绪被长期幽禁在园中的玉澜堂；1900 年，八国联军侵入北京，颐和园再遭洗劫，1902 年清政府又予重修；清朝末年，颐和园成为中 国最高统治者的主要居住地，慈禧和光绪在这里坐朝听政、颁发谕旨、接见外宾……。 1924 年，颐和园辟为对外开放公园。颐和园是中国近代历史的重要见证！ 颐和园集传统造园艺术之大成，借景周围的山水环境，饱含中国皇家园林的恢弘富丽气 势，又充满自然之趣，高度体现了“虽由人作，宛自天开”的造园准则。万寿山、昆明湖构 成其基本框架，占地 2.97 平方公里，水面约占四分之三，园中有点景建筑物百余座、大小 院落 20 余处，3000 余间古建筑，面积 70000 多平方米，古树名木 1600 余株。其中佛香阁、 长廊、石舫、苏州街、十七孔桥、谐趣园、大戏台等都已成为家喻户晓的代表性建筑。 园中主要景点大致分为三个区域：以庄重威严的仁寿殿为代表的政治活动区，是清朝末 期慈禧与光绪从事内政、外交政治活动的主要场所。以乐寿堂、玉澜堂、宜芸馆等庭院为代 表的生活区，是慈禧、光绪及后妃居住的地方。以长廊沿线、后山、西区组成的广大区域， 是供帝后们澄怀散志、休闲娱乐的苑园游览区。万寿山南麓的中轴线上，金碧辉煌的佛香阁、 排云殿建筑群起自湖岸边的云辉玉宇牌楼，经排云门、二宫门、排云殿、德辉殿、佛香阁， 终至山颠的智慧海，重廊复殿，层叠上升，贯穿青琐，气势磅礴。巍峨高耸的佛香阁八面三 层，踞山面湖，统领全园。蜿蜒曲折的西堤犹如一条翠绿的飘带，萦带南北，横绝天汉，堤 上六桥，婀娜多姿，形态互异。烟波浩淼的昆明湖中，宏大的十七孔桥如长虹偃月倒映水面， 涵虚堂、藻鉴堂、治镜阁三座岛屿鼎足而立，寓意着神话传说中的“海上仙山”。阅看耕织 图画柔桑拂面，豳风如画，乾隆皇帝曾在此阅看耕织活画，极具水乡村野情趣。与前湖一水 相通的苏州街，酒幌临风，店肆熙攘，仿佛置身于二百多年前的皇家买卖街，谐趣园则曲水 复廊，足谐其趣。在昆明湖湖畔岸边，还有著名的石舫，惟妙惟肖的铜牛，赏春观景的知春 亭等点景建筑。 多年以来，颐和园管理处以“文化建园”为宗旨，用“一种精神五种意识六个一流”的企 业文化统领职工，深入挖掘文化内涵，大力推进颐和园的保护、管理和研究工作，以借景环境、 山形水系、文物古建、植被景观为颐和园的核心保护内容，建立了完整的颐和园保护管理体系。 特别是改革开放以来，颐和园加快了建设和保护的步伐，先后投入巨资恢复了四大部洲、苏州 街、景明楼、澹宁堂、耕织图等景区，积极参与周边环境改造，延续颐和园的历史人文环境， 恢复了文化遗产的完整性和原真性，建设了国内园林系统内最先进的文昌院博物馆。 1961 年 3 月 4 日，颐和园被公布为第一批全国重点文物保护单位。1998 年 12 月 2 日， 颐和园以其丰厚的历史文化积淀，优美的自然环境景观，卓越的保护管理工作被联合国教科 文组织列入《世界遗产名录》，誉为世界几大文明之一的有力象征。近年来，颐和园先后获 得了首批全国文明风景旅游区示范点、全国精神文明建设先进单位、首批国家 AAAA 级景 区等诸多荣誉称号，2000 年顺利通过国际标准化的 ISO9000 和 14000 质量环境管理体系认 证，使颐和园的管理、保护、研究迈上了规范、科学、法制的管理轨道。

(http://www.summerpalace-china.com/)

16 The Summer Palace: A Brief Introduction

The Summer Palace landscape, dominated mainly by Longevity Hill and Kunming Lake, covers an area of 2.9 square kilometers, three quarters of which is under water. Its 70,000 square meters of building space features a variety of palaces, gardens and other ancient-style architectural structures. Well known for its large and priceless collection of cultural relics, it was among the first group of historical and cultural heritage sites in China to be placed under special state protection.

The Summer Palace, originally named Qingyi Yuan or the Garden of Clear Ripples, was first constructed in 1750. It was razed to the ground by the Anglo-French Allied Forces in 1860. The Government of the Qing Dynasty started to rebuild it in 1886 with funds that it had misappropriated from the Imperial Navy and other sources. Renamed two years later as Yihe Yuan or the Garden of Health and Harmony, it was supposed to serve as a summer resort for the Empress Dowager Cixi. Known also as the Summer Palace, it was ravaged by the Allied Forces of the Eight Powers that invaded China in 1900. The damage was repairedin 1902. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the Summer Palace has undergone several major renovations. Its major attractions such as the Four Great Regions, Suzhou Street, the Pavilion of Bright Scenery, the Hall of Serenity, the Wenchang Galleries and the Plowing and Weaving Scenery Area have been successively restored.

The Summer Palace is a monument to classical Chinese architecture, in terms of both garden design and construction. Borrowing scenes from surrounding landscapes, it radiates not only the grandeur of an imperial garden but also the beauty of nature in a seamless combination that best illustrates the guiding principle of traditional Chinese garden design: “The works of men should match the works of Heaven”. In December 1998, UNESCO included the Summer Palace on its World Heritage List with the following comments:

1) The Summer Palace in Beijing is an outstanding expression of the creative art of Chinese landscape garden design, incorporating the works of humankind and nature in a harmonious whole;

2) The Summer Palace epitomizes the philosophy and practice of Chinese garden design, which played a key role in the development of this cultural form throughout the east;

3) The imperial Chinese garden, illustrated by the Summer Palace, is a potent symbol of one of the major world civilizations.

(http://en.summerpalace-china.com/)

17 香山公园

香山公园位于北京西北郊小西山山脉东麓，距城 20 公里，占地 160 公顷，是一座著名

的具有皇家园林特色的大型山林公园。

香山公园始建于金大定二十六年（1186 年），距今已有 800 多年历史。元、明、清都在

此营建离宫别院，为皇家游幸驻跸之所。清乾隆十年在此兴建亭台楼阁，殿宇廊轩，共成名

噪京城的二十八景，后筑围墙并赐名“静宜园”，名列京西“三山五园”。后遭英法联军和八

国联军的焚掠。1956 年开辟为人民公园，经过近半个世纪的建设，现已成为中外闻名的北

京十大公园之一。

香山公园文物古迹丰富珍贵，亭台楼阁似星辰散布山林之间。这里有燕京八景之一“西

山晴雪”；这里有集明清两代建筑风格的寺院“碧云寺”；这里有国内仅存的木质贴金“五百

罗汉堂”；这里有迎接六世班禅的行宫“宗镜大昭之庙”；这里有颇具江南特色的古雅庭院“见

心斋”；这里有世纪伟人毛泽东和中共中央进驻北平最早居住和办公的地方——双清别墅；

这里有世纪伟人孙中山先生灵柩暂厝地——碧云寺金刚宝座塔。

香山公园地势崛峻，峰峦叠翠，泉沛林茂。主峰香炉峰（俗称鬼见愁）海拔 557 米。园

内各类树木 26 万余株，仅古树名木就达 5800 多株，约占北京城区的四分之一，森林覆盖率

高达 98%，近年被有关部门测定为北京负氧离子最高的地区之一。公园内人与自然和谐相

处，鸟啼虫鸣，松鼠嬉闹于沟壑林间。这里春日繁花似锦、夏时凉爽宜人、冬来银妆素裹。

尤其是深秋时节，10 万株黄栌如火如荼，气势磅礴，曾被评为“北京新十六景”之一。

香山公园旅游服务设施齐全。游，可乘大型吊椅式游览索道（全长 1400 米，落差 431

米），西山美景、北京城廓尽收眼底。吃，松林餐厅环境优美，昆虫野菜、泉水煮饭，别具

风味。住，香山别墅功能齐全，是观光旅游、洽谈会议、度假休闲的理想场所。住在这里，

悠闲散步即可到达中国科学院植物园、北京植物园、卧佛寺。向东数公里便是驰名中外的颐

和园。往南还有八达处、世界公园等旅游景点。 

http://www.bj-xiangshan.com.cn/docc/gyjs.htm

18 The Fragrant Hills Park

The Fragrant Hills Park, about 30 kilometres northwest of Beijing, is one of the most favourite resorts in the city’s outskirts. As the most beautiful sight in autumn Beijing, the park has won its fame all over the world with its maple leaves. The park has a long history of over 800 years. In 1186, in the Jin Dynasty, the Fragrant Hills Temple was built, and later during the Yuan and Ming dynasties several constructions were added to it. During the reign of Qianlong in the Qing period, it was extended to a larger royal garden and given the beautiful name “Garden of Tranquility and Pleasure”. In the 10th year of the Qianlong Era of the Qing Dynasty, Jingyi Garden was set up here which consists of 28 scenic sports and was known as the famous “three hills and five parks” in the suburbs of the city. But the park was looted and burned down by the Eight-Allied Invasion Powers in the early 20th century. In 1956 the Garden first opened to the public. After nearly half a century’s construction, the park has been successfully restored its elegance and beauty. It is now worldwide noted as one of the 10 best parks in Beijing. There is plenty to see in the park. Some well-noted spots include: Zhaomiao (Bright Temple), which was built in 1780 as a residence for the Sixth Panchen Lama. Right behind the Temple is a seven-storey, glazed-tile octagonal pagoda. Bronze bells hanging from the eaves tinkle in breeze. Next to it lies the Studio of Viewing Heart and Spectacles Lake. A small bridge over the lake divides the lake into two parts, resembling a pair of glasses, hence the name. To the south part, you may see Baisongting (The Lacebark Pine Pavilion), the Jade Flower Villa, the Ruins of Xiangshan (Fragrant Hills), Xianglufeng (Incense Burner Peak), Shuangqing Villa—a temporary residence of central leaders before they moved to Zhongnanhai, and Diamond Throne Pagoda (Jinggang Baozuo Ta), an ever resting place of Sun Yat-sen, founder of the Chinese Republic. Fragrant Hills are densily covered by ancient trees. Thus, spring arrives late in the area and summer days are always pleasantly cool. The main peak of Xiangshan Park, Worried Ghost Peak had an elevation of 557 meters. Clouds and mist often engulf its precipitously angled cliffs, which give the two large stone excrescences of the peak a resemblance to incense burners. Nearly 260,000 trees were planted in the park, over 5,800 were years-growing trees, taking account 1/4 of the total number of ancient trees in Beijing. The green coverage is approximated to 98%. According to the report from the local meteorologic bureau, the park is one of those places where the concentration of negative oxyanion was the highest. The Fragrant Hills boasts of its beautiful landscape and tourists through out the four seasons. The most beautiful sight here is the maple leaves. They grow on the smoke trees and turn red after frosts in late autumn. Then all the hills are attired in these maple leaves which seem to reach the rosy clouds in the sky. There are also groves of apricots, pears, peaches and lilacs adding their fragrance, and the more solemn evergreens, whose contribution to the local beauty is unrestricted by seasonal changes. The park was selected one of the 16 most beautiful scenaries in New Beijing. Tourists can take either a Cable Car or Chairlift to the summit (Incense Burner Peak). Also Fragrant Hills Hotel in the park offering Standard Accommodations and Food. Other scenic spots, like Summer Palace, Beijing Plant Garden and the Temple of the Sleeping Buddha (Wo Fo Si) are all within walking distance. http://www.bj-xiangshan.com.cn/doce/gyjs.htm

19 八达岭历史

八达岭位于北京西北 60 公里处，东经 116°65’，北纬 40°25’，是峰峦叠嶂的军都山中的 一个山口。明代《长安客话》说，“路从此分，四通八达，故名八达岭，是关山最高者”。 八达岭这名，最早见于金代诗人刘迎的长诗《晚到八达岭下，达旦乃上》和《出八达岭》。 元代，这里称“北口”，是与南口相对而言。南口在北京北郊昌平县境内，从南口到北口，中 间是一条 40 里长的峡谷，峡谷中有万里长城的著名关口“居庸关”，这条峡谷因此得名叫“关 沟”。八达岭高踞关沟北端最高处。这里，两峰夹峙，一道中开，居高临下，形势极其险要。 自八达岭下视居庸关，如建瓴，如窥井。“古人有居庸之险，不在关城，而在八达岭”之说。 八达岭山口的特殊地形，成为历代兵家必争之地，一向驻以重兵把守。八达岭成为军事战略 要地，可追溯到春秋战国。据《史记》记载和近年来文物工作者普查，都证明八达岭一带在 战国时期筑有长城，而今仍见残墙、墩台遗存，其走向，与今明长城大体一致汉习记载：曾 设军都、居庸两座关城。北魏《水经注》说：“居庸关在居庸界，故关名也，南则绝谷，垒 石为关址，崇墉峻壁，非轻功可举……其水历山南，迳军都界……，”因此，有专家认为汉 置居庸关，关址在八达岭。“居庸”之名从何而来？是秦始皇筑长城，从南迁徙一批贫苦农民 和囚徒，到军都山妫川小盆地定居，称为庸徒居处。汉武帝时，将妫川置居庸县（仿延庆）。 《水经注》所记载的关址地形地貌和山水流势，与八达岭的地理环境相同。 一千五百年前的北魏，曾在八达岭一带修筑长城。据《魏书世祖本纪》记载，北魏拓跋 氏太平真君七年（446 年），在国都平城（今大同）以北，修筑长城，名叫“畿上塞围”，东 起上谷军都山（即八达岭一带），西至黄河岸。后来到北齐王朝天保六年（555 年），又修筑 长城，西起大同，经军都山东去，把长城延长到了海边。 八达岭长城在明朝重新修筑。 明太祖朱元璋深知城墙在军事上的重要，当了皇帝后，即“高筑墙”，设防备战，其时各 州府县，也纷纷兴筑城池。朱元璋派大将军徐达、冯胜等率军在北方筑关制塞，修筑长城， 加紧练兵屯田，以防元残余势力南侵。 1403 年，明王朝第三位皇帝明成祖朱棣即位。1420 年，他把都城从南京迁到北京。朱 棣决心统一中国，先后五次御驾亲征，大军深入蒙古高原，最远到达现在苏联境内的鄂嫩河 附近。（1488 年以后），才开始进行浩大而全面的修筑长城工程。经过 270 年的漫长岁月， 先后共有 18 次大规模的修筑工程终于建成一道高墙，东起辽宁省的鸭绿江边，西止于甘肃 省嘉峪关以西的布隆吉，这便是我们通常说的现在还能看到的万里长城。明长城全长 14600 多华里，经过我国北方七个省、市、自治区。无论从工程技术水平和设防的严密程度，都是 以前的长城无法比拟的。在此意义上，可以这样说：我们今天看到的万里长城，始建于春秋 战国，连结于秦始皇时期，完善于明王朝。 明代万里长城，再不是单一的一道高墙，而是修筑成“层层布防”的纵深防御体系，重点 地区还修筑了多道城墙、关隘。宁夏、陕西、山西、河北等地，都修筑了长城复线，山西设 置的长城复线就有四条这多。在重要的交通军事要地，修筑多座关城和多道较短的墙，如雁 门关的十里山谷，有 28 道石墙，可谓“寸土设障，步步为营”。

20 The History of Badaling Great Wall

The Badaling Great Wall locates the northwest of the Beijing, its position is longitude 116 degrees 65 cents east and latitude 40 degrees 25 cents north, it's a pass of Jundu mountain. It extends in all directions which is the reason it be called Badaling. The name of Badaling, can be read in the oldest poem "Visit Badaling in the Night" that wrote by Jin dynasty poet LiuYing and "Come out Badaling". In the Yuan Dynasty, it was called as "North mountain pass", which is comparative to the "South mountain pass". The South mountain pass locates in the Changping county, between them is a gorge which extends 20 kilomitres and be called "Juyong Gate", this gorge is called "GuanGou". The Badaling Great Wall locates on the ridge of the northern part of the GuanGou. Here, Two peaks face to face, there is a alley between them two, it's a very strategic place. Look down the JuYong Gate from the Badaling, it looks like a well. The ancients said "The risk of The JuYong Gate is not the Guan city, but the Badaling". Because of the importance of the Badaling, it has being the place that the military fight against for. The Badaling became the martial strongpoint from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. According to the "Shi Ji" and the work of the archaeologists, we can prove that there is The Great Wall in the Warring States Period in the Badaling. It also consistent with what we can see today. The "Shui Jing Zhu" of North Wei records:"JuYong Gate locates in the JuYong place, there a vertical gorge in the south of it ……" So, the experts Badaling is just the Guan Zhi. The name of "JuYong" comes from a story, Long time ago, the Qin Shi Huang force a group of farmers build The Great Wall, and these farmers dwelled in a country, later the country was named Ju Yong country by the Han Wu Di. 1500 years ago, North Wei built a strap of Great Wall in the Badaling. According to the "Wei Shu Shi Zhu Ben Ji", in the 446 year, at Datong, the emperor built the Great Wall whose name is "Sai Wei", The eastern part be in the Badaling and the western part be in bank of The Yellow River. Since to the 555 year, the Great was extended to the sea. The Badaling Great Wall was rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Tai Zhu Zhuyuan Zhang understood the importance of the Great Wall, after his ascending the throng, he repaired or rebuilt the Great Wall. Zhuyuan Zhang commanded the general XuDa and FengSheng lead the army to guard on the Great Wall to guard against the force of the Yuan. 1403 year, the 3th emperor of Ming Dynasty ZhuLi ascent the throng. 1420 year, he move the capital from the Nanjing to Beijing. He decided to unify the whole China. 1488 year, he began the vast project of building the Great Wall. Pass through 270 years, The Great Wall was linked one chain. It begins from the Yalu River and end on the Bulongji in the Ganshu province, that is The Great Wall we now refer to. The Ming Great Wall extends more then 7300 kilomitres, passages 7 provinces,citys and municipalitys. Its level of project and recovery extent are both best with the old Great Wall. Now we can say,The Great Wall was built in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period; linked in the Qin Dynasty; perfected in the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Great Wall, is no longer a simple high wall, but a rigorous recovery system. Ningxia, Shanxi, Shangxi, Heibei all have the parts of the Great Wall. Many Guan citys and short walls were built in this important place,for instance Yanmen Gate etc.

21 八达岭是历史上许多重大事件的见证。第一位帝王秦始皇东临碣石之后，从八达岭取道 大同，再驾返咸阳，而肖太后巡幸、元太祖入关、元代皇帝每年两次往返北京和上都之间、 明朝帝王北伐、清代天子亲征……八达岭都是必经之地。到于历代皇亲贵族、文人墨客吟诵 八达岭的诗文更是数不胜数，最早留下诗章的是唐代诗人高适，他诗中写到“绝坡水连下， 群山云共高”。至于在那些民族纷争、金戈铁马的岁月，八达岭上更是上演过一幕幕恢宏的 史剧。而今，旧中国的苦难，两千年的历史诸侯争霸，朝代更迭的往事，都已经成为遥远的 过去。长城十万里，文化五十年，时代赋予了八达岭长城以新的使命。它像一座宝贵的历史 丰碑，矗立在万山之巅，闪烁着中华民族文明和智慧的光彩，也现出中华民族坚韧不屈、百 折不挠的伟大品质和精神。它成为联系我国各族人民、海外侨胞、国际友人的友谊纽带。它 是人类珍贵的文化遗产。 新中国成立后，1952 年，担任国务院副总理兼文化教育委员会主任的郭沫若同志提议 修复八达岭长城，接待国内外游人。 清代以来，八达岭长城已日渐荒废。关城西边“北门锁钥”的城台，残毁过半；东边“居 庸外镇”城墩摇摇欲坠；长城城墙的墙身、宇墙、垛口、墙台、敌楼等已是断壁残垣。国务 院作出修复的决定后，有关部门立即行动，尔后又曾进行多次修缮。 1961 年，国务院确定八达岭关城和城墙为全国重点文物保护单位。1984 年，在邓小平 同志“爱我中华，修我长城”的倡议下，古老雄关更换新颜，先后修复敌楼 19 座，城墙全长 3741 米，使游览总面积达到 1.9 万平米。1986 年，八达岭被评为新北京十六景之一。1987 年，联合国接受万里长城为“世界文化遗产”。1991 年 8 月，八达岭作为万里长城的精华， 在北京故宫博物馆，接受了联合国教科文组织颁发的人类文化遗产证书。1991 年 12 月，在 珠海举行的中国旅游胜地四十佳评选活动揭晓命名大会上（全国候选景点 94 个，回收有效 选票 48 万张），八达岭因其景点著名，以 37 万张的绝对多票数，成为中国旅游胜地四十佳 之首。 八达岭长城驰名中外，誉满全球。它是万里长城向游人开放最早的地段。“不到长城非 好汉”。迄今。八达岭已接待中外游人一亿三千万，先后有尼克松、里根、撒切尔、戈尔巴 乔夫、伊丽莎白、希思等 372 位外国首脑和众多的世界风云人物，登上八达岭观光游览。这 种情况，在世界风光名胜景点中，实属罕见。八达岭长城给来访者，留下了深刻的印象和无 穷的回味。 八达岭长城，作为万里长城的精华，正以古老而年轻的雄姿，迎接慕名而至、纷至沓来 的天下游人。登过长城的人，莫不叹为观止。

(http://www.badaling.gov.cn/Docc/ls_zw.htm)

22 The Badaling is the testimony of the fatal historical events. The first emperor Qinshihuang came back to Xianyang, Xiao queen mother went on a tour of inspection, Yuantaizhu enter the Chian etc. The poems and articles are without number. The great historical dramas about the disputes between nations are also without number. Now these things have been become the history. Age endow The Great Wall with the new meaning and mission. It is a historical monument, which stands tall and upright in mountains, materialize the Chinese civilization and sapiential. It has become the bridge between us and foreign people.It is the Oriental culture inheritance belongs to the whole human being. After the People's Republic of China coming into existence, 1952 year, Guomoruo associate premier suggested rehab the Great Wall to welcome the visitor that come from domestic and fremdness. Since the Qing Dynasty, the Badaling Great Wall has been becoming deserted. The city towers to west of Guan city had been destroied severity, the body of the city wall, buttress, wall, fight building etc had been destroied severity too. After the State Department decided to repair it, The Great Wall had been rehabilitated several times. 1961 year, the State Department confirmed the Badaling Great Wall was the significant cultural relic unit to be protected in China. 1984 year, Dengxiaoping called people "Loving our China, repairing our Great Wall". Now The Great Wall is becoming more and more beautiful and gallant. 1986 years, the Great Wall was choosed one scene of the sixteen scenes in Beijing. 1987 year, the U.N. accept it as the "Oriental culture inheritance of the whole world". 1991 year, 1992 year, etc. The Badaling Great Wall resound in the whole world, it is the first part which open to tourist of the Great Wall. Heretofore. It has welcome tourists more than 130000000. Nixon, Riken, Sarchel, Mikhail Gorbachev, Yilizabor etc, 372 mugwumps visited the Great Wall. The Badaling Great Wall is the soul of the whole Great Wall, it is welcoming the tourist come from the whole world. The man who has visited The Great Wall are all acclaimed as the peak of perfection.

(http://badaling.gov.cn/english/history/history03.htm)

23 故宫博物院总说

故宫博物院是在明、清两代皇宫及其收藏的基础上建立起来的中国综合性博物馆。其位

于北京市中心，前通天安门，后倚景山，东近王府井街市，西临中南海。1961 年，经国务

院批准，故宫被定为全国第一批重点文物保护单位。1987 年，故宫被联合国教科文组织列

入“世界文化遗产”名录。

依照中国古代星象学说，紫微垣（即北极星）位于中天，乃天帝所居，天人对应，是以

故宫又称紫禁城。明代第三位皇帝朱棣在夺取帝位后，决定迁都北京，即开始营造这座宫殿，

至明永乐十八年（1420 年）落成。1911 年，辛亥革命推翻了中国最后的封建帝制--清王朝，

1924 年逊帝溥仪被逐出宫禁。在这前后五百余年中，共有 24 位皇帝曾在这里生活居住和对

全国实行统治。

紫禁城，四面环有高 10m 的城墙和宽 52m 的护城河。城南北长 961m，东西宽 753m，

占地面积达 780,000 ㎡。城墙四面各设城门一座，其中南面的午门和北面的神武门现专供参

观者游览出入。城内宫殿建筑布局沿中轴线向东西两侧展开。红墙黄瓦，画栋雕梁，金碧辉

煌。殿宇楼台，高低错落，壮观雄伟。朝暾夕曛中，仿若人间仙境。城之南半部以太和、中

和、保和三大殿为中心，两侧辅以文华、武英两殿，是皇帝举行朝会的地方，称为“前朝”。

北半部则以乾清、交泰、坤宁三宫及东西六宫和御花园为中心，其外东侧有奉先、皇极等殿，

西侧有养心殿、雨花阁、慈宁宫等，是皇帝和后妃们居住、举行祭祀和宗教活动以及处理日

常政务的地方，称为“后寝”。前后两部分宫殿建筑总面积达 163,000 ㎡。整组宫殿建筑布

局谨严，秩序井然，寸砖片瓦皆遵循着封建等级礼制，映现出帝王至高无上的权威。在封建

帝制时代，普通的人民群众是不能也不敢靠近它一步的。

24 The Palace Museum: A General Survey

The Palace Museum, historically and artistically one of the most comprehensive in China, was established on the foundation of a palace of two dynasties, the Ming and the Qing, and their collection of treasures. Designated by the State Council as being among China’s foremost protected monuments in 1961, the Palace Museum was also named as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1987. Situated at the heart of Beijing, the Palace Museum is approached through Tiananmen; immediately behind it is Prospect Hill, while on the east and west are Wangfujing and Zhongnanhai. It is a location endowed with cosmic significance by ancient China’s astronomers. Correlating the emperor’s abode, which they considered the pivot of the terrestrial world, with the Pole Star (Ziweiyuan), which they believed to be at the centre of the heavens, they called the palace Zijincheng. Zijincheng was built in 1420 by the third Ming emperor Yongle who, upon usurping the throne, had decided to move his capital north to Beijing. In 1911 the last feudal dynasty, the Qing, fell to the republican revolutionaries. The last emperor, Puyi, continued to live in the palace after his abdication until expelled in 1924. Twenty-four emperors lived and ruled from this palace during this 500-year span. The Forbidden City is surrounded by 10-metre high walls and a 52-metre wide moat. Measuring 961 metres from north to south and 753 metres from east to west, it covers an area of 720,000 square metres. Each of the four sides is pierced by a gate, the Meridian Gate on the south and the Gate of Spiritual Valour on the north being used as the entrance and exit by tourists today. Once inside, visitors will see the layers of halls and palaces spreading out on either side of an invisible central axis. It is a magnificent sight, the buildings’ glowing yellow roofs against vermilion walls, not to mention their painted ridges and carved beams, all contributing to the sumptuous effect. Known as the Outer Court, the southern portion of the Forbidden City centres on the halls of Supreme Harmony, Central Harmony and Preserving Harmony. These are flanked by the halls of Literary Glory and Military Eminence. It was here that the emperor held court and conducted his grand audiences. Mirroring this arrangement is the Inner Court at the northern end of the Forbidden City, with the Palace of Heavenly Purity, the Hall of Union and the Palace of Earthly Tranquillity straddling the central axis, surrounded by the Six Palaces of the East and West and the Imperial Garden to the north. Other major buildings include the halls for Worshipping Ancestors and of Imperial Splendour on the east, and the Hall of Mental Cultivation, the Pavilion of the Rain of Flowers and the Palace of Benevolent Tranquillity on the west. These contain not only the residences of the emperor and his empress, consorts and concubines but also the venues for religious rites and administrative activities. In total, the buildings of the two courts account for an area of some 163,000 square metres. These were laid out very precisely in accordance with a feudal code of architectural hierarchy which designated specific features for reflecting the paramount authority and status of the emperor. No ordinary mortal would have been allowed or even dared to come within close proximity of these buildings.

25 辛亥革命后，这座宫殿本应全部收归国有，但按照那时拟定的《清室优待条件》，逊帝

溥仪却被允许“暂居宫禁”，即“后寝”部分。当时的政府决定，将热河（承德）行宫和盛

京（沈阳）故宫的文物移至故宫的“前朝”部分，于 1914 年成立了“古物陈列所”。溥仪居

宫内，一直与亡清残余势力勾结，图谋复辟，且以赏赐、典当、修补等名目，从宫中盗窃大

量文物，引起了社会各界的严重关注。1924 年，冯玉祥发动“北京政变”，将溥仪逐出宫禁，

同时成立“清室善后委员会”，接管了故宫，对宫内文物进行清点。又经过一年的紧张筹备，

于 1925 年 10 月 10 日在乾清门前广场举行了盛大的建院典礼，并通电全国，宣布故宫博物

院正式成立。开放的第一天，人们以争先一睹这座神秘的皇宫及其宝藏为快，北京市内万人

空巷，交通为之堵塞，此亦成为当天各大报纸的重大新闻。

经初步清点，清代宫廷遗留下来的文物，据 1925 年公开出版的二十八册《清室善后委

员会点查报告》一书所载，计有一百一十七万余件，包括三代鼎彝、远古玉器、唐宋元明之

法书名画、宋元陶瓷、珐琅、漆器、金银器、竹木牙角匏、金铜宗教造像以及大量的帝后妃

嫔服饰、衣料和家具等等。可谓金翠珠玉，奇珍异宝，天下财富，尽聚于此。除此之外，还

有大量图书典籍、文献档案。为此故宫博物院下设古物馆、图书馆、文献馆，分别组织人力

继续对文物进行整理，并就宫内开辟展室，举办各种陈列，还编辑出版多种刊物，公开资料，

进行宣传。各项工作开展得有声有色，人文荟萃，极一时之盛。

第二次世界大战全面爆发前夕，日本帝国主义鲸吞了中国东北领土，步步进逼华北，形

势危急。为了保护故宫文物不至遭战火毁灭或被日本帝国主义掠夺，故宫博物院决定采取文

物避敌南迁之策。从 1933 年 2 月至 5 月，宫内重要文物被装成 13,427 箱又 64 包，分五批

先运抵上海，后又运至南京。遂于南京建立文物库房，并成立了故宫博物院南京分院。1937

年，“七·七卢沟桥事变”爆发，抗日战争全面展开。南迁文物又沿三路辗转迁徙至四川，

分别存于四川省的巴县、峨嵋和乐山。直到抗日战争胜利后，三处文物复集中于重庆，于

1947 年运回南京。在中国人民解放军即将渡江之际，自 1948 年底至 1949 年初，南京国民

党政府从南京库房中挑选出 2,972 箱文物运往台湾，后于台北市士林外双溪建立新馆，公开

对外展出。余下的大批文物，在 1949 年以后陆续运回故宫博物院一万余箱，但至今还有 2,221

箱仍封存于南京库房，委托南京博物院代为保管。

26 After the republican revolution, this Palace as a whole would have been sequestered by the Nationalist government were it not for the “Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Qing House” which allowed Puyi to live on in the Inner Court after his abdication. Meanwhile, all the imperial treasures from palaces in Rehe (today’s Chengde) and Mukden (today’s Shenyang) were moved to the Forbidden City for public display in an Antiquities Museum established at the Outer Court in 1914. While confined to the Inner Court, Puyi continuously used such vestiges of influence as still remained to plot his own restoration. He also systematically stole or pawned a huge number of cultural relics under the pretext of granting them as rewards to his courtiers and minions or taking them out for repair. In 1924, during a coup launched by the warlord Feng Yuxiang, Puyi was expelled from the Forbidden City and the management of the palace fell to the charge of a committee set up to deal with the concerns of the deposed imperial family. The committee began a sorting and counting of the imperial treasures. A year of intense preparations later, its members arranged a grand ceremony on 10 October 1925 in front of the Palace of Heavenly Purity to mark the inception of the Palace Museum. News of the opening flashed across the nation, and such was the scramble of visitors on the first day that traffic jams around Beijing brought the city almost to a standstill. According to a 28-volume inventory published in 1925, the treasure trove left by the Qing numbered more than 1,170,000 items including sacrificial vessels and ancient jade artefacts from the earliest dynasties; paintings and calligraphy from the Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties; porcelain from the Song and Yuan; a variety of enamelware and lacquerware; gold and silver ornaments; relics in bamboo, wood, horn and gourd shells; religious statues in gold and bronze; as well as numerous imperial robes and ornaments; textiles; and furniture. In addition, there were countless books, literary works and ancient records. All these were divided into separate collections of antiquities, library materials and historical documents and placed under teams of staff to sort and collate. Exhibition halls were opened to display some of the treasures, while writers and editors worked away at publishing in book or journal form all the new areas of research and academic inquiry that the establishment of the museum had ushered in. The Palace Museum was soon a hive of activity. Shortly before the outbreak of World War II, the Japanese, having annexed territory in China’s northeast, proceeded to march on Beijing. With this looming crisis, the museum authorities decided to evacuate its collection rather than let it fall into enemy hands or risk destruction in battle. For four frantic months between February and May 1933, the most important pieces in the collection were packed into 13,427 crates and 64 bundles and sent to Shanghai in five batches. From there they were dispatched to Nanjing where a depository was built and a branch of the Palace Museum established. On 7 July 1937 shots fired around Marco Polo Bridge west of Beijing heralded the eruption of the Sino-Japanese War. Within a year, the Japanese had penetrated to most of eastern China. Now the treasures stored in Nanjing had to be moved again, this time by three routes to Sichuan, where they were secreted in three locations, Baxian, Emei and Leshan. Only at the end of the war were they consolidated in Chongqing, whence they were returned to Nanjing in 1947. By then the Nationalists were considerably weakened, and with the imminent takeover by the Communist armies of areas south of the Yangtze, they began their retreat to Taiwan. Between the end of 1948 and the dawn of 1949, the Nationalists picked relics to fill 2,972 crates for shipping across the Strait. A rival Palace Museum was set up in Taipei to display these antiquities. Most of what were left were gradually returned to Beijing, although to this day 2,221 crates remain in safe-keeping in the store in Nanjing.

27 在这场长达十余年的惨烈的战争期间，由于故宫博物院的工作人员不畏艰难险阻，尽职 尽责，南迁文物数量虽巨，却没有一件丢失和损伤，故宫人员的精神、事迹，可歌可泣。可

又是因为这场战争，致使故宫的文物分处异地。这份祖国传统文化之珍藏应是一个整体，而

尤与紫禁城建筑不可分离，人们相信，终有一日，其终将得以完璧。

中华人民共和国成立后，故宫博物院的职工以崭新的精神面貌投入工作。拔除杂草，疏

通河道，清理垃圾。50 年代初，从宫内清除出去的上百年的垃圾竟达 250,000 立方米，自此 院容焕然一新。故宫博物院制定了“着重保护、重点修缮、全面规划、逐步实施”的古建维

修方针，经过几十年的努力，许多残破、渗漏、瀕临倒塌的大小殿堂楼阁得到了修复和油饰，

愈显金碧辉煌。院内各处高大宫殿都安装了避雷设施，又以巨额投资建设了防火防盗监控系

统和高压消防给水管网，使这座古老的宫殿建筑得到了更加有效的保护。特别是改革开放后，

在人民政府的大力支持下，彻底整治了环绕故宫的筒子河，更好地凸现了昔日皇城的风貌。

在文物工作方面，五六十年代的重点是对故宫博物院旧藏的清宫文物重新清点核对，登

记造册，进行鉴别、分类和建档，纠正了过去计件不确之处并增补了遗漏的文物，例如从杂

物堆中发现了用草帘裹着的象牙席、修复漱芳斋戏台时发现在地板下存放的传为唐代卢棱伽

的《六尊者像》册等。通过长达十余年的工作，总计清理出清宫旧藏文物七十一万余件。与

此同时，还通过国家调拨、向社会征集和接受私人捐赠等方式，新入藏文物达二十二万余件

之多，大幅度地填补了清宫旧藏文物时代、类别的空缺和不足，诸如石器时代的彩陶，商、

周时代的青铜器、玉器，汉代的陶俑，南北朝时代的石造像，唐代的三彩等。而新入藏的古

代法书名画尤为大宗，为世所注目。如晋代陆机《平复帖》、王珣《伯远帖》、顾恺之《洛神

赋图卷》，隋代展子虔《游春图卷》，唐代韩滉《五牛图卷》、杜牧《张好好诗卷》，五代顾闳

中《韩熙载夜宴图卷》，宋代李公麟《临韦偃牧放图卷》、郭熙《窠石平远图》、张择端《清

明上河图卷》等，均是人间瑰宝。此项工作数十年坚持不懈，近年还从市场上以巨资购回宋

代张先《十咏图卷》，元代迺贤《城南詠古诗》，明代沈周《仿黄公望富春山居图卷》，清代

石涛《高呼与可图卷》等，尤其前两件是溥仪以赏溥杰为名从宫中盗出而流散民间的，今日

复归宝藏。

为保护好这批数量巨大的古物瑰宝，从五六十年代起对原有库房进行了大规模的修整， 采取了防潮、防虫的各种措施。九十年代后又建立了新的文物库房，可入藏文物六十余万件。

新库房恒温、恒湿，防火、防盗，并采用现代化技术自动控制，可保文物安全无虞。自 1950

年开始，组建了文物修复工厂，1980 年扩建为文物保护科学技术部，继承、利用传统工艺 技术和引进自然科学新成果，对残损的文物进行修复，数十年来为本院及兄弟单位累计修复

文物达十一万余件。

28 During this tumultuous decade of war and revolution, not one item of the treasures was lost or damaged even though the sheer volume involved was so enormous. This was largely due to the dedicated energy of the Palace Museum staff, whose achievement in preserving these treasures was nothing short of heroic. But it was also as a result of this long period of upheaval that the treasures have been dispersed. Yet the rationale for keeping the collection together, representative as it is of the motherland’s traditional culture, seems so incontestable that most people believe the treasures will be re-united one day. In the early 1950s, shortly after the establishment of the People’s Republic, the Palace Museum staff worked with a new will and enthusiasm to return the Forbidden City to its former glory. Where previously the dirty and dilapidated halls and courts lay under weeds and piles of rubbish, some 250,000 cubic metres of accumulated debris were now cleared out, giving the place a sparkling fresh look. A policy of comprehensive rehabilitation was also launched, and in time the crumbling palace buildings, repaired and redecorated, looked resplendent once more. All the tall buildings were equipped with lightning conductors, while modern systems of fire protection and security were installed. It has been a priority with the People’s Government, particularly since the beginning of the reform era in the early 1980s, to keep the surrounding moat dredged and clean. As for the collection of antiquities, a systematic inventory was completed during the 1950s and 1960s, redressing the legacy of inaccurate cataloguing of former times. The collection was moreover augmented, for example by the salvage of a number of precious artefacts from a jumble of apparently worthless objects. After more than a decade of painstaking effort, some 710,000 relics from the Qing palace were retrieved. At the same time, through national allocations, requisitions and private donations, more than 220,000 additional pieces of cultural significance were added, making up for such omissions from the original Qing collection as coloured earthenware from the Stone Age, bronzes and jades from the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, pottery tomb figurines from the Han Dynasty, stone sculpture from the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and tri-colour glazed pottery from the Tang Dynasty. The ancient paintings, scrolls and calligraphy added to the collection were particularly spectacular. These included, from the Jin Dynasty, Lu Ji’s “Ping fu tie”, Wang Xun’s “Bo yuan tie” and Gu Kai Zhi’s “Luo shen fu tu juan”; from the Sui Dynasty, Zhan Zi Qian’s “You chun tu juan”; from the Tang Dynasty, Han Huang’s “Wu niu tu juan”, Du Mu’s “Zhang hao hao shi juan”; from the Five Dynasties, Gu Hong Zhong’s “Han xi zai ye yan tu juan”; from the Song Dynasty, Li Gong Lin’s “Lin wei yan mu fang tu juan”, Guo Xi’s “Ke shi ping yuan tu”, Zhang Ze Duan’s “Qing ming shang he tu juan” and so on-all gems of art without exception. Unremitting though this attempt at recovery has been, however, there have been further exertions in recent years to acquire such works as Zhang Xian’s “Shi yong tu juan” (Song Dynasty), Nai Xian’s “Cheng nan yong gu shi” (Yuan Dynasty), Shen Zhou’s “Fang huang gong wang fu chun shan ju tu juan” (Ming Dynasty), Shi Tao’s “Gao hu yu ke tu” (Qing Dynasty). The first two were in fact spirited out of the palace by Puyi on the excuse of bestowing them on his brother Pu Jie; they fell into the hands of others and are only now returned to their rightful place in the Palace Museum collection. From the 1950s onwards, the museum’s existing storehouses were completely overhauled to provide a damp-proof and insect-proof environment for the treasures. In the 1990s a new storehouse with a capacity for over 600,000 items was built, equipped with controls for maintaining a constant temperature and humidity, as well as safeguards against fire and theft. A workshop was established in the 1950s and extended in the 1980s to encompass a scientific and technological restoration department. These not only carried forward the traditions of craftsmanship, but also drew upon the discoveries of natural science to facilitate the restoration of damaged relics which have numbered as many as 110,000 pieces in the last decade.

29 为了使院藏瑰宝和广大观众见面，在陈列展览方面，除了保存和复原三大殿、后三宫和

西六宫等处的原状陈列之外，又不定期开辟了青铜、陶瓷、工艺、书画、珍宝、钟表等专馆，

供参观者欣赏。还开设有临时展厅，举办各种主题性展览，如近年来的《古书画真伪对比展》、

《古陶瓷真仿品对比及古窑址资料展》、《清代宫廷包装艺术展》、《五十年入藏文物精品展》

等，都是广受社会各界欢迎的展览。同时也引进国内各兄弟博物馆和国外的收藏文物展。为

满足广大群众的要求，故宫博物院还组织小型文物展到各省市博物馆展出，并应邀到国外举

办各种形式的展览，特别是改革开放以来，此类展览愈见频繁。曾赴展的国家有英国、美国、

法国、前苏联、德国、奥地利、西班牙、澳大利亚、日本、新加坡等，所到之处，无不引起

当地观众的极大兴趣，使异国的人民得以了解中华民族悠久的历史和光辉灿烂的民族文化艺

术，为促进我国与世界各国人民的友好关系和文化交流作出了应有的贡献。

近十几年来，故宫博物院平均每年接待中外观众 600-800 万人次，而且，随着旅游事业

的发展，观众的人数有增无减，可见人们对紫禁城的兴趣长盛不衰。

除了直接面向观众之外，故宫博物院同时组织编辑出版各种图书画册和定期刊物，向社

会各界广泛介绍故宫的宫殿建筑和文物收藏。已出版的大型图册有《故宫博物院藏历代名画

集》、《故宫藏瓷选》、《国宝》、《紫禁城宫殿》、《清代宫廷生活》、《国宝荟萃》、《故宫博物院

藏珍品文物全集》（共 60 卷，已出版 18 卷）等等，不胜其数。定期刊物有《故宫博物院院

刊》、《紫禁城》两种。

从 1997 年起，为了适应故宫博物院深化改革开放的需要，院内组织机构又进行了重大

的改革，将原先分置的保管、陈列和研究三个部门进行改组，成立了古器物部、古书画部、

宫廷部和展览宣教部。新组建了资料信息中心，专司推进故宫博物院的信息化工作。陆续投

入资金，引进现代科学技术，开通了故宫院内的计算机光纤网络系统和各类管理用数据库，

又利用联通世界的国际互联网建立了故宫博物院的网站。现在展示在各位面前的这个网站将

使远在异地的人们也可通过互联网畅游这座神秘的宫殿，一窥故宫雄奇瑰丽的建筑和琳琅满

目的文物收藏。

建立一个全新意义上的数字故宫已不再是梦想。

——杨新

(http://www.dpm.org.cn/China/default.asp)

30 Besides its continuous refurbishment of the main courts and halls, the museum has opened galleries to display bronzes, porcelain, crafts, paintings and calligraphy, jewellery and clocks to expand the scope of its exhibitions. A number of thematic shows have been held in galleries devoted to temporary exhibitions; in recent years these have included such acclaimed ones as “A Comparison of Authentic and Counterfeit Paintings and Calligraphy”, “Genuine and Imitation Examples of Ancient Porcelain and Materials from Ancient Kilns”, “The Art of Packaging in the Qing Court” and “Selections from the Finest Acquisitions of the Last Fifty Years”. Moving exhibitions have also graced various provincial museums and museums abroad. In fact, since the beginning of the economic reform era, an increasing number of exhibitions have been mounted in countries such as Britain, the USA, France, the former Soviet Union, Germany, Austria, Spain, Australia, Japan and Singapore, among others. All of them have aroused great interest and admiration and played a key part in the promotion of international understanding and cultural exchange. Visitor numbers to the site itself has also risen along with the growth of tourism, in the last decade reaching an average of six to eight million a year. General interest is further stimulated by the Palace Museum’s range of publications touching on both the architecture of its buildings and its vast cultural holdings.Published works encompass Famous Historical Paintings in the Palace Museum Collection, Selected Porcelain from the Palace Museum Collection, National Treasures, Palaces of the Forbidden City, Daily Life in the Forbidden City, A Collection of National Treasures, and The Complete Palace Museum Collection (in 60 volumes, of which 18 have been published so far). There are also two periodicals, The Palace Museum and The Forbidden City. Moving with the times, the Palace Museum’s internal administration has been significantly reorganised since 1997. Where previously there were three departments covering conservation, exhibition and research, these have now been split up into the department of antiquities; the department of paintings and calligraphy; the palace department; and the exhibition, promotion and education department. With substantial investment, the latest technology was deployed by the newly established resources and information centre to set up the Palace Museum website. The website you are now browsing enables all, even those in distant lands, to enjoy a sightseeing tour of this mysterious palace and feast their eyes on its splendid treasures. The creation of a technologically state-of-the-art virtual Imperial Palace is no longer just a dream. By Yang Xin

(http://www.dpm.org.cn/english/default.asp)

31 黄 山

黄山位于安徽省南部, 是国家重点风景名胜区。

黄山占地约 154 平方公里, 有 72 个重要山峰。自古以来, 无数参观游鉴的旅客被她的美

丽和惊奇所吸引, 人称“天下名景集黄山”, “黄山归来不看岳”。

黄山前山以三主峰为首, 分别是莲花峰、光明顶和天都峰。黄山后山诸峰林立, 秀美多

姿。

天都峰是最险峻的山峰, 最险处在“鲫鱼背”, 它实是一块狭长石岗, 长约 20 米, 宽约 1

米。纯石无土, 中央隆起, 形如鱼背。岗上山风强劲, 两侧万丈深渊, 时有迷雾扑来, 颇多险

中之趣。登顶可见大字石刻: “登峰造极”!

莲花峰海拔 1,873 米, 是黄山最高峰, 此峰状如莲花, 登上峰顶, 直觉顶天立地。

光明顶海拔 1,841 米, 是黄山第二高峰, 山顶平旷, 视野开阔, 幸运之时可看到“日华”奇

观—— 云海之上, 一轮内紫外红的美丽光环显现在太阳周围, 由于这轮光环, 光明顶也因此

得名。

狮子林、始信峰和西海群峰是黄山后山诸山峰中最精彩的景点。狮子林好象是上帝的杰

作, 有“天然图画”、“面面受奇”的石刻, 有“说也不信, 到者方知”的名联, 有“不到狮子峰, 不

见黄山踪”的评语。始信峰小巧秀丽, 奇松挂壁, 云飘谷底, 脚下群山。西海群峰千姿百态, 云

雾飘渺, 万壑幽深, 似有群仙游荡, 变幻莫测。

黄山还以奇松、怪石、云海、温泉“四绝”闻名中外。

32 Huangshan Mountain

Huangshan Mountain, located in southern Anhui Province, is a major nationally registered scenic spot. Famed as the “No. 1 Mountain Under Heaven”, Huangshan has 72 peaks in an area of 154 square kilometers. Since ancient times, numerous visitors have been attracted by the mountain’s beauty and wonders. A popular saying goes: “Having seen Huangshan, you will never be interested in other mountains however famous they may be.” The southern face of the mountain has three major lofty peaks: Lianhua, Guangming and Tiandu, which add grandeur, while the northern face has numerous minor peaks, which add beauty. Tiandu Peak is the most perilous. Its most dangerous point, called “Jiyu Bei (back of the carp)”, is a rectangular protruding stone hillock in the shape of a carp’s back. The hillock is 20 meters long and one meter wide. Strong mountain breezes are constantly whipping the hillock, which has abysses on both sides. The hillock is sometimes shrouded in fog. On the top of the peak, visitors can see a stone carved with large characters: “You have reached a perfect state of being”. Lianhua Peak, 1,873 meters above sea level, is the highest peak of Huangshan Mountain. The peak is shaped like a lotus flower. On reaching the summit, one may feel a sense of achievement in having scaled such a height. Guangming Peak, 1,841 meters above sea level, is the second highest peak. Its flat and vast top provides a wide view, and you may be lucky enough to see the wonder of a corona light, a beautiful ring of purple and red light, refracted around the sun, above the sea of clouds. From this light the peak got its name, Guangming (“brightness”). Shizi, Shixin and Xihai are the best among the peaks on the northern face of the mountain. On Shizi Peak, a masterpiece made as of by God, there are many carved stone inscriptions such as “natural wonders” and “marvels everywhere”. There are many famous couplets and quotations, with two of them reading “seeing is believing” and “no one can fully appreciate Huangshan without coming to Shizi”. Shixin Peak is a place of unique beauty, with mysterious pines, floating clouds on three sides of the peak and in the valley, and attractive hilltops below the peak. “Shixin” means that one is “finally convinced” of the mountain’s beauty when standing on the peak. The summits, valleys and clouds give one a feeling of being in a fairyland when he stands among Xihai Peaks. Huangshan Mountain is also famous for its “four marvels” — the fantastic pines, grotesque rocks, sea of clouds and hot springs. 注: 原译文问题较多, 这里的译文是经过外国专家修改的。

33 杭州西湖

杭州是全国重点风景旅游城市和历史文化名城。 杭州历史悠久，名胜古迹众多，是我国六大故都之一。远在四五千年以前，我们的祖先 就在这里创造了以黑陶为特征的“良渚文化”。从秦朝至今已有 2020 多年的历史。杭州素有 “上有天堂，下有苏杭”的美称。早在 13 世纪，意大利旅行家马可·波罗也曾把杭州描绘 为当时世界上最美丽和最繁华的城市。 为便于管理，杭州的行政区划有“小西湖”、“大西湖”和“小杭州”、“大杭州”之称。 “小西湖”面积为 5.7 平方公里，包括周围风景区，共 49 平方公里。“大西湖”则包括 “三江两湖”，即钱塘江、富春江、新安江和千岛湖、西湖。“小杭州”指现在的城区，面积

为 430 平方公里，120 万人口。“大杭州”包括市属七个县，面积 1600 平方公里，有 530 多 万人口。 杭州以风景优美的西湖著称。西湖面积 5.66 平方公里，平均深度 1.5 米，名胜有三潭印 月等。西湖原为与钱塘江相通的浅海湾，后由于出口处泥水分淤塞，逐步成了内湖。 第一条堤于公元 821 年为唐代白居易所筑。1090 年前后北宋（960－1127）诗人苏东坡 （1037－1101）任杭州知州时开浚西湖，又沿两岸起一堤。今天这两条堤——白堤和苏堤— —仍然存在，并将湖面分成五个部分。 1130 年以后，西湖地区成了南宋皇帝的住地。清代（1644－1911）时又对西湖加以扩 建，奠定了目前的规模。 西湖有四岛，最大的是西北面的孤山。平湖秋月就是岛上一座园林的名称。岛上有玲珑 的亭阁，曲折的小桥，此外还有迷人的假山以及各种花草树木。据说，有一座唐代修建的亭 子是著名诗人白居易喜爱的地方。每当他痛饮之后，就要来这里休息，观赏平静湖面上的明

月。因此这个地方就叫“平湖秋月”了。 三潭印月是西湖的第二大岛，实际上它是由许多环形堤防组成的，给人以“湖中之湖” 的印象。在岛南边的湖面上有三座石塔。之所以这样称呼这个地方，是因为每年中秋节晚上， 杭州居民喜爱到这里来，他们在每座塔身上的洞里点上蜡烛，然后用白纸封上洞口。这样，

塔四周的水面上映出明月一样的倒影，构成一幅神奇的画面。 断桥残雪是西湖最迷人的景色之一，每当雪后显得格外美。称之为断桥确实名不副实， 因为桥并没断。对这个名称有多种解释，其中之一是说，这座桥截断了白堤。民间故事（白

蛇传）中的白娘娘和许仙在这里相遇。 “欲把西湖比西子，淡妆浓抹总相宜”。西湖确实像西施姑娘一样美丽。

34 The West Lake of Hangzhou

Hangzhou is one of China’s major scenic wonders as well as a famous cultural city with a long history. One of the six renowned ancient capitals in China, Hangzhou teems with scenic spots and historical sites. It was here that about four or five thousand years ago our ancestors created the “Liangzhu civilization” characterized by a kind of black porcelain. Hangzhou has been a city since the Qin dynasty some 2,200 years ago. A popular Chinese saying goes, “There’s paradise in Heaven and Suzhou and Hangzhou on earth.” That’s how the ancients described the beauty of these two famous cities of East China. In the 13th century, Italian traveler Marco Polo also described Hangzhou as the most beautiful and prosperous town in the world. For the convenience of administration, Hangzhou is subdivided into “Small West Lake” and “Big West Lake”, and “Small Hangzhou” and “Big Hangzhou”. “Small West Lake” is composed of the 5.6 square-kilometre West Lake and its surrounding areas, totaling 49 square kilometres in area. “Big West Lake” encompasses three rivers and two lakes, namely, the Qiantang River, the Fuchun River, the Xin’an River, Qiandao Lake and West Lake. “Small Hangzhou” refers to the urban district of Hangzhou which has an area of 430 square kilometres and a population of 1.2 million. And “Big Hangzhou” comprises seven rural counties around the city, with a total area of 16,000 square kilometres and a population of 5.3 million. Hangzhou is famous for its West Lake, an area of striking beauty. Covering 5.66 square kilometres, the West Lake is about 1.5 metres deep on an average, and has such places of interest as Three Pools Mirroring the Moon. Originally a shallow bay adjoining the Qiantang River, it was gradually transformed into an inland lake by the silting-up of the outlet. The first dike was built by Bai Juyi (772－846 A.D. ) in 821 A.D. during the Tang dynasty. About 1090 A.D., the poet Su Dongpo (1037－1101) who served as the prefect of Hangzhou during the Northern Song dynasty (960－1127), had the lake bottom dredged and a second dike built along the western margin. These two dikes—the Bai and the Su—still stand today, and serve to divide the lake into five parts. After 1130 A.D., the West Lake area became the residence of the southern Song emperors. During the Qing dynasty (1644－1911) the lake was expanded to its present proportions. There are four islands on the West Lake, the largest of which is Gu Shan (Solitary Hill), in the northwest. Autumn Moon over the Calm Lake is the name given to a park on Gu Shan with delicate pavilions, zigzag bridges, fascinating rocks, and various kinds of trees and flowers. It is said that a pavilion built in the Tang dynasty used to be the favorite place for the famous poet Bai Juyi. After drinking a bit too much, he would take a rest here, watching the moon over the calm lake. For this legend, the place was named Autumn Moon over the Calm Lake. Three Pools Mirroring the Moon is the second largest island in the Lake. It is really a series of circular embankments, creating the impression of a “lake within lakes”. There are three stone dagobas south of the island. It is so called because on the night of the Moon Festival the inhabitants of Hangzhou love to come here. They would light a candle, put it into each of the holes in the bodies of the stone dagobas and seal the holes with white paper, Moon-like reflections appear on the water around the dagobas creating a magical picture. The Remaining Snow on the Broken Bridge is one of the most attractive spots of the West Lake. It’s extremely beautiful when the bridge is covered with stray. Its name is a misnomer as the bridge is not broken at all. One of the many explanations for its name is based on the fact that the Bai dike ends by the bridge. Here Goddess Bai and Xu Xian met each other is the folk story “The Story of the White Serpent”. “The West Lake is comparable with the girl Xi Zi, always charming with either light or heavy make-up.” Indeed it looks beautiful as the girl Xi Shi.

(Trs. Wu Yangcai & Wu Yangman)

35 苏州古典园林

苏州是一座具有 2500 余年历史的文化古城，地处长江下游的太湖之滨，自然条件和地

理环境十分优越。自公元前 514 年建城，这里一直是江南地区的重镇；特别是明清以来，工

商繁荣，人文荟萃，成为中国经济文化中心，尤其是建筑、绘画、戏曲、工艺美术和文学创

作等方面，水平高超，名家辈出。

在优越的自然条件、地理环境和浓郁的文化氛围中，苏州产生了如诗如画的古典园林。

其数量之多，艺术之精，文化内涵之丰，不仅独步江南，而且誉满中外，是我国传统文化中

的瑰宝。

苏州古典园林的历史可上溯至公元前 6 世纪吴王的苑囿。私家园林最早见于记载的是东

晋(4 世纪)的辟疆园。16 世纪至 18 世纪，苏州造园达到全盛时期，私家园林遍布古城内外。

据记载，当时有园林二百余处，现保存完好的尚有数十处。

苏州古典园林运用中国独特的造园手法，在城市住宅旁有限的空间里，通过叠山理水，

栽植花木，营构建筑，创造出充满诗情画意的文人写意山水园林。这些充满自然意趣的“城

市山林”，在都市内营造了人与自然和谐相处的环境，表现出古人崇尚自然、回归自然的愿

望。今天，我们从园林的山水花木中，从园林的景点题名上，仍能看到造园者追崇自然的文

化心态。

苏州园林是中国园林历史的实证，是中国造园艺术的典范，是中国园林理论研究的重要

范本。“中国是世界造园之母，苏州园林是中国园林的杰出代表”，这一古人留下的财富，经

一代代先人的努力保护，经今人的精心管理，其多重价值，正为人们日益深刻地认识。

1997 年 12 月 4 日，联合国教科文组织遗产委员会第 21 届会议批准，以拙政园、留园、

网师园、环秀山庄为典型例证的苏州古典园林列入《世界遗产名录》。1998 年 12 月，经中

华人民共和国国务院批准，沧浪亭、狮子林、艺圃、耦园、退思园作为世界遗产——苏州古

典园林的增补名单，正式呈报联合国教科文组织。

（苏州市园林管理局编《苏州古典园林》，上海三联书店 2000 年出版）

36 The Classical Gardens of Suzhou

With favorable natural and geographic conditions and a history of more than 2,500 years, Suzhou is a historic and cultural city situated in the Lower Yangtze basin by the side of Lake Tai. Founded in 514 B.C. Suzhou has been an important metropolis in the area south of the Lower Yangtze. Ever since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Suzhou, noted for its well-known scholars, great artists, outstanding architects, prominent playwrights and literary men, has beheld the prosperity of its industries and commerce, becoming the economic and cultural center of China. Under these advantageous circumstances, the classical gardens of Suzhou came into being. Famous at home and abroad, they are poetic, picturesque, numerous, exquisite and rich in literary connotations, and represent themselves as a brilliant gem of Chinese cultural heritage. The earliest gardens of Suzhou, which belonged to the King of Wu, can be traced far back to the 6th century B.C. The Pijiang Garden was recorded as the earliest privately-owned garden dating from the 4th century Eastern Jin Dynasty. Historical records show that the classical gardens of Suzhou reached their apogee in a period of time from the 16th to the 18th century and more than 200 gardens were built in the city of Suzhou and its environs. Dozens of them have survived to the present day and are kept in a good state of preservation. Laid out within a limited area by the house, a classical garden of Suzhou is a microcosm of the world made of the basic elements of water, rocks, vegetation and various kinds of buildings. Like the freehand brushwork in traditional Chinese painting, it is the creation of “urban scenery” or an amicable environment that brings man into harmony with nature. The Chinese ancients held Mother Nature in reverence and had a desire to return to her arms. Today, we can discover these cultural mentalities by observing the landscapes, waterscapes, vegetation and inscriptions of the existing gardens. The classical gardens of Suzhou, bearing unambiguous evidence of the evolution of Chinese gardens, are excellent examples of Chinese landscape gardening and important models for garden theoretical researches. “Chinese gardens are the mother of gardens on earth and Suzhou gardens are the brilliant representatives of Chinese gardens.” Viewed in broad perspectives, people are becoming aware of the value of these treasures handed down from the past generations to the present with protective measures and great care. On Dec. 4, 1997, the 21st session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee was unanimous in support of the decision of inscribing on the World Heritage List the classical gardens of Suzhou with the Humble Administrator’s Garden, the Lingering Garden, the Master-of-Nets Garden and the Mountain Villa with Embracing Beauty as the finest specimens. In Dec. 1998, the State Council of the People’s Republic of China approved of putting the Canglang Pavilion, the Lion Forest Garden, the Garden of Cultivation, the Couple’s Garden Retreat and the Retreat & Reflection Garden on A Supplementary List of the Classical Gardens of Suzhou—the World Heritage and officially submitted it to United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

(Tr. Dong Xiaoming)

37 沧浪亭

沧浪亭地处苏州城南，是苏州现存最古老的园林，占地面积 1.1 公顷。五代时，是广陵 王钱元璙近戚中吴军节度使孙承佑的池馆，百年后渐废。 北宋庆历四年（1044 年），文人苏舜钦遭贬谪流寓吴中，见孙氏遗址高爽静僻，野水萦 回，遂以四万钱购得。并在北倚筑亭，由感《孟子》一书中，“沧浪之水清兮，可以濯我缨； 沧浪之水浊兮，可以濯我足”之歌，名“沧浪亭”。自号沧浪翁，作《沧浪亭记》。自后潜心 读书，发奋歌诗。其中以与欧阳修对吟的联句“清风明月本无价，近水远山皆有情”，犹为

人们传咏。从此沧浪之名，常藉藉于人口。 越四年（1048 年）苏舜钦卒后，园屡易主，后为章壮敏、龚熙仲各得其半。章申公扩 大花园，建大阁，又在山上起堂，动土时，发现北面跨水一座洞山，地下由嵌空大石，传为

五代广陵王时所藏，益加扩展，两山相对，遂为一时雄观。园亭之胜，名甲东南。 沧浪亭，自南宋以后，经元、明、清，历代迭有兴废，已非宋时初貌。唯丘山古木，苍 老郁森，还保持旧时风度，反映出宋代园林的格局。其虽没有金碧辉煌，雕栋画梁，却有朴 实厚重的滋味，与苏舜钦退隐诗人的身份相称。园内以山为主，建筑环山布置；随地形高低， 绕以走廊，配以亭榭。借助“积水弥数十亩”的水面为外景。河流自西向东，绕南而出，流

经圆周的一半。 在河北岸设花岗石围栏数十档，种植碧桃、垂柳，树荫下设置石凳。在河南岸，沿水驳 岸叠石五百块，传说为五百罗汉像，古趣盎然。临水山石嶙峋，其后山林隐现，彷佛高山余 脉延伸到水边，这是宋代园林的艺术特点。用临水的建筑群，融园内外为一体，这与高墙围 绕，自成丘壑的封闭式苏州古典园林有别。其特色是一泓清水绕园过，未入园林先成景。隔 河而望，古台芳榭，廊阁起伏，波光倒影，浮影成趣。隔水迎人，给人以身到园外，似入园

中的感受。

（邵忠编著《苏州古典园林艺术》，中国林业出版社 2001 年出版）

38 The Surging Waves Pavilion

The Surging Waves Pavilion, located at the south of Suzhou city and occupying an area of 1.1 hm2, is the oldest of existing gardens in Suzhou. During the Five Dynasties period (907-960), it was once the garden of Military Official Sun Chengyou, and was abandoned a hundred years later. In 1044, Scholar Su Shunqin was banished to Suzhou and bought the garden. He then built a pavilion at its northern side, naming it ‘the Surging Waves Pavilion’. He called himself ‘the Old Man of Surging Waves’ and wrote an essay on the pavilion. After his death in 1048, the garden was sold and resold several times until Zhang Zhuangmin and Gong Xizhong bought it in two halves. After the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279) and all through the Yuan (1271-1368), Ming and Qing dynasties, it rose and fell many times with the owners and is now no longer what it was in the beginning. The only trace of the early Song lies in the mountains and the old trees, which still reflects the style and arrangement of the Song gardens. The simple style is in accordance with Su Shunqin as a poet in retreat. The garden is centered round the mountains, with the buildings, walkways and pavilions all built according to the terrain of the mountains. The large lake is used as a foreground of the garden and half of its circumference is a river that flows from west to east to leave it in the south. On the northern bank of the river, there are fences made of granite. Flowering peach and willows are grown, with stone benches under the shade. On the southern bank, there are 500 stones, representing 500 arahats and adding a sense of quaintness to it. Grotesque rocks by the river shadow the mountain forest behind them, as if the mountain ranges flow into the riverside, which is typical of the gardens of the Song dynasty. The groups of buildings by the river merge the inner and outer parts of the garden: this is different from the walled-in Suzhou classical gardens. It is distinct in that a clear river surrounds the garden and the scenery begins to formulate before one enters the garden. Seen from the other side of the river, the old terraces, houses and pavilions flow like waves, making it still more interesting by their reflections in the water waves. Meeting the guests beyond the river creates a feeling of entering the garden even from outside.

(Tr. Shi Baohui)

39