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Species Composition and Spatial Ecology of Amazonian Understory Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2014 Species Composition and Spatial Ecology of Amazonian Understory Mixed-Species Flocks in a Fragmented Landscape Karl Mokross Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Mokross, Karl, "Species Composition and Spatial Ecology of Amazonian Understory Mixed-Species Flocks in a Fragmented Landscape" (2014). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 674. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/674 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. SPECIES COMPOSITION AND SPATIAL ECOLOGY OF AMAZONIAN UNDERSTORY MIXED-SPECIES FLOCKS IN A FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPE A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The School of Renewable Natural Resources by Karl S. Mokross B.S., Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2001 M.S., Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, 2004 December 2014 Dedicado a Thomas C. e Marina. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Aos mateiros do PDBFF; poucas pesquisas na Amazônia teriam sido realizadas sem sua ajuda. Vocês merecem uma enorme parcela de crédito neste trabalho. Jairo Lopez e Léo Marajó foram grandes professores, obrigado por me ensinarem a caminhar pela mata. À todos que me ajudaram em campo, muito obrigado por sua ajuda. Elton Lima Retroz, Pablo Hendrigo, Beatriz Souza, Ana Carlena Vilela, Angelica Nunes e Marconi Campos. À equipe do PDBFF por toda a ajuda logística: motoristas, limpadores de trilhas e gambiarras com pouco equipamento, mas muito talento. Rosely, Batatinha, Seu Martins, Ari, Cabocão, Juninho, Josimar, Adriane e Zé Luiz. Ao meu orientador Phil Stouffer; obrigado por me passar um projeto que abriga tantas perguntas interessantes e pela interminável paciência. À equipe administrativa da School of Renewable Natural Resources: William Kelso, Allen Rutherford, Nedra Ghoram e Karen Chambre. À minha banca examinadora que me acompanhou durante o desenvolvimento de minha pesquisa e me deu excelentes sugestões e críticas: James Van Remsen, Thomas Sherry, Thomas Dean e Christopher Carlton. Aos meus orientadores passados por terem investindo em uma criatura desprovida de quaisquer talentos acadêmicos: Tania Sanaiotti, Carlos Roberto Sousa e Silva, e Luiz Eduardo Anelli. Aos amigos de Manaus, Sergio Marquez, Manoela Borges, Gabriela Zuquim, Jonas Gebara e Fábio Rohe. Aos colegas de laboratório e vizinhos: Emma deLeon, Erik Johnson, Luke Powell, Sinead Borchert, Angelica Hernandez Palma, Falyn Owens, Matt Brooks, Jean Elbers, Kristin Brzeski, Robert Bab e Blain Cerame. Jared Wolfe foi um excelente amigo e uma das pessoas mais interessantes que conheci durante o doutorado. Aos professores da LSU e seus insights inspiradores: Kyle Harms, Bruce Williamson, e Michael Kaller. Ao povo do Bird Lunch por contribuir com ótimas discussões, grande parte do meu crescimento acadêmico aconteceu nas Sextas entre as 12:00 e 13:00. Aos doutores Scott Saleska e Michael Lefsky por cederem os dados de Lidar. À National Science Foundation, assim como a American Ornithological Union pelo financiamento desta pesquisa. Ao passarinho com mais personalidade da Amazônia, o ipecuá. Que seu canto ainda anime muitos bandos pela Amazônia. À minha família pelo apoio Beverly, Jenny, Thomas, Bernhard, Glaucia, Karen, Barbara e Ervino. À Marina Corrêa Côrtes, pelos conselhos, amizade e carinho. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................. iii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 LITERATURE CITED ............................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 2: SPATIAL BEHAVIOR OF AMAZONIAN UNDERSTORY MIXED-SPECIES FLOCKS IN A HETEROGENEOUS LANDSCAPE .................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 7 METHODS ................................................................................................................................ 12 Study Site ............................................................................................................................... 12 Data collection ....................................................................................................................... 14 Trajectory analysis ................................................................................................................. 14 Home ranges next to secondary forests ................................................................................. 16 Home range layout in the landscape ...................................................................................... 18 RESULTS .................................................................................................................................. 18 Trajectory analyses ................................................................................................................ 20 Home range analyses ............................................................................................................. 23 Home range layout in the landscape ...................................................................................... 26 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................... 27 Trajectory analysis ................................................................................................................. 30 Home range layout................................................................................................................. 33 Concluding remarks ............................................................................................................... 33 LITERATURE CITED ............................................................................................................. 35 CHAPTER 3: MODELING THE SPATIAL BEHAVIOR OF UNDERSTORY MIXED- SPECIES FLOCKS ....................................................................................................................... 41 LITERATURE CITED ............................................................................................................. 46 CHAPTER 4: DECAY OF INTERSPECIFIC AVIAN FLOCK NETWORKS ALONG A DISTURBANCE GRADIENT IN AMAZONIA ......................................................................... 49 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 49 MATERIAL AND METHODS ................................................................................................ 53 Study site and data collection ................................................................................................ 53 Habitat and vegetation characterization ................................................................................ 54 Network and statistical analyses ............................................................................................ 55 RESULTS .................................................................................................................................. 58 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................... 60 Species-level and flock-level changes in network structure .................................................. 64 Habitat and the consequences of changes in social structure ................................................ 66 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 67 LITERATURE CITED ............................................................................................................. 68 iv CHAPTER 5: HOW AMAZONIAN MIXED-SPECIES FLOCKS BREAK UP AND RECOVER IN FOREST FRAGMENTS: A 30 YEAR ANALYSIS............................................................... 74 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 74 MATERIALS AND METHOD ................................................................................................ 77 Study area .............................................................................................................................. 77 Data collection ....................................................................................................................... 77 Data structure ......................................................................................................................... 78 Analyses................................................................................................................................
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