ISSN 2372-2517 (Online), ISSN 2372-2479 (Print) METALEPTEAMETALEPTEA THE NEWSLETTER OF THE ORTHOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

* Table of Contents is now clickable, which will President’s Message take you to a desired page. By ALEXANDRE V. LATCHININSKY President [1] PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE [email protected] [2] SOCIETY NEWS ear Society members, [2] The 2017 Theodore J. Cohn Research Grants Funded by M. LECOQ [2] Meeting on the locust situtation The first months of in South America and the OIRSA region by M. A. POOT-PECH 2017 were very excit- [4] Locust scouts benefit from FAO trainings ing for our Society. As by A. V. LATCHININSKY ET AL. D you know, during the [5] “Jago’s of East and North D East Africa” now available! Congress in Brazil, the goal was set [6] OSF GRANT REPORTS to attain higher status and earn a solid [6] Type diversity of II: impact factor for our main outlet, Genève, Zürich, Wien, Stockholm, Uppsala and København by R. MARIÑO-PÉREZ Journal of Research. Af- [10] Report for the first stage (2016) of ter a series of negotiations conducted grant “Orthoptera of the Eastern Balkans and the Carpathian Basin (Bulgaria, Mace- by the JOR editor Dr. Corey Bazelet donia, NE Greece and Romania): a database with several big publishers, the OS of collections, literature, and digital data in Board made a unanimous decision your 2017 dues! ☺ Non-members the Orthoptera File” with additional data for Kazakhstan by D. CHOBANOV to pursue the open access model will be able to publish at a nominal [12] T.J. COHN GRANT REPORTS of publication and associate it with page charge, which will be set later. [12] Testing for reductions in age-associated Pensoft Publishers (http://pensoft. damage upon dietary restriction and RNAi- mediated knockdown of neuropeptide F in net/). Pensoft currently publishes over On a different subject, I am very Romalea microptera by M. HECK 20 different biology-related journals, happy to report that the Theodore [14] Adaptive behavioral plasticity in the J. Cohn Research Fund was able to calling song of Teleogryllus oceanicus by including the Journal of Hymenoptera J. C. TANNER & M. ZUK Research, and provides an attractive support 11 proposals in 2017, total- [16] Development and identification of the format, website design, and high-level ing over $16,000. The award-winning different post-embryonic nymphal instars of plorans ibandana Giglio-Tos, editorial services. It was very excit- proposals came from seven differ- 1907 in southern Cameroon by ing to discuss different options for ent countries: India, Bulgaria, Czech C.O. NGOUTE the JOR and website layout. Corey, Republic, U.S.A., Serbia, South [20] Diet nutrient composition affects devel- opment and life history traits of a wing-poly- thanks a lot for all your great work Africa, and Argentina, which is great morphic , Gryllus lineaticeps by towards raising the status of JOR, and evidence of the international nature L. A. TREIDEL ET AL. of our Society. Many thanks to Dr. [22] CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES thanks to the OS Board for construc- [22] Embarking on a new career: a brief his- tive discussions and attention to detail Michel Lecoq for chairing the Fund’s tory of rangeland management during the negotiations with Pensoft. selection committee (see his article in in the U.S. from the perspective of a new member of the United States Department of this issue) and warmest congratula- Agriculture by D. A. WOLLER Certainly, moving to Pensoft is a tions to all the awardees! [24] Visit to China to Discuss Furthering huge step, and such a big move comes the Use of Biopesticides against Locusts and Grasshoppers by D. HUNTER at a cost; however, the Society’s Once again, I would like to wish all [24] Edible Orthoptera from Africa: preser- investments continue to produce solid Society members and their families vation and promotion of traditional knowl- peace, great health, prosperity, and a edge by S. TCHIBOZO & M. LECOQ income sufficient to cover those costs. [29] Book Review: Acridofagia y otros insec- Our plan is to keep publishing in JOR fruitful 2017 year! tos by R. MARIÑO-PÉREZ free of charge for the Society’s mem- [30] Miniature Melanoplinae by DEREK A. WOLLER bers, so please don’t forget to pay [31] EDITORIAL

Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 1 METALEPTEA The 2017 Theodore J. Cohn Research Grants Funded By MICHEL LECOQ Chair, Theodore J. Cohn Research Fund Committee [email protected] f the 14 research pro- • Gabrielle A. Gurule-Small • Ryan Selking (U.S.A.) - Radio posals submitted this (U.S.A.) - Effects of anthropo- telemetric analysis of diurnal and year from 7 countries genic noise on mating decisions nocturnal activities of the leaf- (India - 1, Bulgaria - 1, and fitness masquerading true-leaf katydid Czech Republic - 2, • Claudia Hallagan (U.S.A.) - The genus Mimetica Pictet, 1888 OO U.S.A - 6, Serbia - 1, effects of advanced maternal age • Sonu Yadav (India) - Under- South Africa - 1, and Argentina - 2), on multiple generations of off- standing the adaptive capacity of the jury selected 11 projects receiving spring immunocompetency alpine grasshoppers under climate a total of $16,094 USD. • Maxine Laubscher (South Af- change rica) - A morphological, acoustic, • Mariottini Yanina (Argentina) - Here is the list of the successful can- and genetic comparison of blad- Bio-ecological studies of Bu- didates (alphabetical order) and the der grasshopper species from the fonacris claraziana (: title of their research project: Eastern Cape Province of South ) and susceptibility to Africa the biocontrol agents Paranosema • Simeon B. Borisov (Bulgaria) - • David Musiolek (Czech Repub- locustae and Beauveria bassiana Temporal and spatial evolution of lic) - Tolerance of groundhoppers’ the Poecilimon jonicus-group in eggs to dehydration – why do Congratulations and our best wishes southern Greece females of genus Tetrix search for for the success of your work. • Emma Colosi (U.S.A.) - Selec- mossy patches? tion and hybridization in a field • María Celeste Scattolini (Ar- The Committee appreciated all cricket contact zone gentina) - Ecological and evolu- submitted projects and, of course, I • Cody Gale (U.S.A.) - Investigat- tionary diversification in Scotus- encourage unsuccessful applicants to ing a photolytic metabolite in the sae genus group (Melanoplinae: submit new proposals to the next call nocturnal grasshopper Schistocer- Dichroplini). for projects in early 2018. Once again, ca ceratiola Hubbell and Walker I strongly encourage students from (Orthoptera: ) African countries to submit proposals to the committee. Meeting on the locust situtation in South America and the OIRSA region By MARIO ANTONIO POOT-PECH Coordinator of the Locust Campaign in Yucatan, MEXICO [email protected] he locust is one of the others). These locust species occur the countries of the International plagues whose mere cyclically at a given time causing Regional Organization for Plant and mention causes us panic, damage to crops, which requires close Health (OIRSA) and coun- probably because it is coordination between countries for tries in South America. The objective generally associated with the exchange of information, experi- was to better understand the locust TT periods of food shortage, ence, and knowledge of their manage- situation in Argentina, Bolivia, and hunger, and drought. In the Americas, ment. Paraguay and to do a general analysis two species of locusts are reported: in the Americas region. The meeting Schistocerca piceifrons (Central Meeting was conducted using 26 connected America and NW of South America) On Wednesday, March 24, at 10:00 computers, each accompanied by 3-10 and S. cancellata in South America am, Central America time, a meet- people, and the 14 participating coun- (Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, among ing was held via the web between tries were: Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia,

Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 2 METALEPTEA per year. and much-needed event. There were 4 Paraguay. Now, important aspects to consider: the locust is in low density and A) Information in real time. Al- is under constant though locusts are a migrant plague, monitoring by capable of invading different regions the departments or countries, there is no informa- of Boquerón and tion about the locust situation in real Alto Paraguay, time, and this is an important aspect and current train- in making decisions. ing and control of B) Training. Constant training is small patches is required on different locust-related carried out with- topics: identification, sampling, con- out presenting a trol, and diffusion focused primarily risk to agricultural on preventive strategies. production. C) Documentation (handbooks, Bolivia. At the emergency plan, and diffusion). end of January This requirement is due to having 2017, the first re- solid information for development ports of the plague activities in the field to make deci- were reported in sions too. the Municipal- D) Research. This is a necessary ity of Cabezas, component for efficient locust man- Figure 1. Distribution of the two most important locust species in the Department of agement, from aspects of biology, Americas. Source: Cressman and Dobson. 2001. Desert Locust Guide- Santa Cruz. At habits, forecast, control, and new lines. FAO. present there is a alternatives in ecological manage- high infestation of ment. Peru, Paraguay, Chile, Nicaragua, the pest (swarms), El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, and an aerial form has been used to 2. Challenges Panama, Dominican Republic, Belize, control 9,635 ha of and 12,822 ha in The first step for regional locust and Mexico. terrestrial application. Control work coordination has already taken place The locust situation was reviewed continues to reduce the population. with this meeting and the important by the countries of Argentina, Ing. Advisory services have been received thing is to give it continuity, the chal- Héctor Emilio Medina, Bolivia, Ing. in the management of the pest from lenges being: Luis Sánchez Shimura and Paraguay, the Acridids Program of Argentina. Ing. Carmen Berni. I also gave a pre- At the end of each presentation, the A) Continuity of the Locust Techni- sentation about “Outbreak and Coor- speakers were asked questions and cal Group dination for Locust Management” on comments were also given on the B) Creation of a regional strategy for behalf of the Plant Protection Com- locust situation in the region. the surveillance of locusts. mittee of Yucatan, Mexico. C) Training of human resources in Results locust management. The situation, in summary form, is as D) Elaboration of a contingency follows: 1. Analysis of the problem plan. Argentina. The years with outbreaks The meeting was a very important E) Creation of a periodical bulletin were 1954, 1961, 1989, 2010, and 2015. Currently, the pest is in low densities, however, controls are per- formed in certain areas, and the main provinces with constant monitor- ing are San Miguel de Tucuman, La Rioja, and Cordoba. The locust in this country typically has two generations but it is reported that the populations Figure 2. S. cancellata (photo by Héctor Medina) and chemical control in Bolivia (Luís Sánchez). presently have up to three generations Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 3 METALEPTEA that updates the situation of locusts the schedule. The attendees will send to the group for analysis. in the Americas and indicates what is proposals for the organization of the D) Elaboration a proposal to con- occurring with the pest at any given schedule that they believe is the most centrate information for the “Locust time. important to be addressed. Bulletin”, which indicates the status B) OIRSA will receive the proposals of the locust on the continent. 3. Next actions and prepare the agenda, and also re- E) A face-to-face meeting will be Within the framework of the OIRSA ceive the research and training topics held in the context of some other meeting and South America the fol- that are deemed relevant for analysis. phytosanitary meeting, with the state lowing actions were proposed: C) An emergency plan will be devel- of Yucatan, Mexico proposed as a oped. I will be the person responsi- site, and at a date to be defined. A) A next meeting with proposals for ble for the and this plan will be sent Locust scouts benefit from FAO trainings By A.V. LATCHININSKY University of Wyoming, [email protected] D.N. GOVOROV n the framework of the Food participated in week-long courses Russian AgroCenter and Agriculture Organization’s presented by two FAO International F.A. GAPPAROV (FAO) Programme to improve Consultants, Nadiya Muratova (GIS Uzbek Institute for Plant Protection national and regional locust Expert) and Alex Latchininsky (Se- D. SULTANOV management in Caucasus and nior Locust Expert). Azerbaijan Ministry of Agriculture Central Asia (CCA), a series During the theoretical part of the N. R. MURATOVA II FAO Consultant of trainings on locust monitoring trainings, participants learned about and information management were biology, ecology, and population Hands-on portions of the trainings conducted in March and April of dynamics of the three locust species were devoted to practical methods of 2017. The trainings took place in present in CCA: the Italian locust locust species and age identification, Bukhara (Uzbekistan), Stavropol Calliptamus italicus (L., 1758), egg-pod, nymph and adult density (Southern Russia), and Baku (Azer- the Moroccan locust Dociostaurus assessment and survey implementa- baijan). Over 50 locust specialists maroccanus (Thunberg, 1815), and tion. Participants learned to use GPS from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, the Asian migratory locust Locusta devices for measuring areas and dis- Russian Federation, and Uzbekistan migratoria migratoria L., 1758. tances in addition to marking survey locations. Special attention was given to standardizing locust information. For these purposes, standard FAO survey and spray monitoring forms were adapted to CCA and translated into 10 national languages. During the trainings, participants learned to fill out paper and electronic versions of these forms. For the latter type, FAO provided the countries with tablet computers with Automated System of Data Collection (ASDC) software. FAO has developed the ASDC in order to unify locust information col- lection and sharing across all CCA countries. Based on ASDC, a locust GIS with forecasting and map- ping capabilities is currently being developed in CCA. At the trainings, Figure 1. Alex Latchininsky teaches the basics of acridology to Uzbekistan trainees in Bukhara. participants took part in practical exercises on ASDC usage in the field Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 4 METALEPTEA during locust surveys. Participants also learned to use entomological survey and collecting equipment pro- vided for the trainees by FAO. All three trainings were a big suc- cess and contributed to strengthening capacities of national locust man- agement services in CCA countries. Feedback from the participants was very positive. Pre- and post-training tests revealed that trainees signifi- cantly increased their knowledge of locust biology and monitoring. For example, in Uzbekistan, the participants assessed their locust knowledge at an average of 6.6 before training and 9.2 after training on a 10-point scale, which is a 39% increase. FAO launched the CCA locust Pro- gramme in 2011. It has an estimated Figure 2. Damed Sultanov, the Acting Director of Plant Protection Department of Azerbaijan $7.8 million budget and covers ten Ministry of Agriculture (second left) explains the local specialists how to use the ASDC on tablet countries: Afghanistan, Armenia, computer. Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russian Federation, and intensity of locust outbreaks in regional locust management in ten Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uz- CCA, thus limiting threat or dam- countries of CCA and adjacent areas. bekistan. The main donors are Japan/ age to crops and rangelands, and To learn more, visit the FAO “Locust JICA, USAID, Turkey, and FAO safeguarding rural population food Watch – CCA” website http://www. (Regular Programme and Technical security and livelihood, as well as fao.org/ag/locusts-CCA/en/index. Cooperation Programme). The strate- minimizing impact on human health html available in English and Rus- gic objective is to reduce occurrence and the environment. The immediate sian. objective is to improve national and “Jago’s Grasshoppers of East and North East Africa” now available! he second volume of Volume 1: http:// “Jago’s Grasshoppers www.blurb. of East and North East com/b/7826846- Africa” by Hugh Row- jago-s-grasshop- ell and Claudia Hemp pers-of-east-and- TT is now available to north-east-africa purchase from on-demand printing site Blurb. This volume focuses on Volume 2: http:// various subfamilies of Acrididae and www.blurb. it represents an important contribu- com/b/7789277- tion to our field. For the rationale jago-s-grasshop- and history behind this publication, pers-of-east-and- please see Hugh Rowell’s article in north-east-africa Metaleptea 35(3).

To order, please visit Blurb. Each volume is priced at $130.19.

Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 5 METALEPTEA The Orthoptera Species File Grant Reports Type diversity of Pyrgomorphidae II: Genève, Zürich, Wien, Stockholm, Uppsala and København By RICARDO MARIÑO-PÉREZ Department of Entomology Texas A&M University [email protected] n June of 2016, thanks to the OSF Grant “Supplement to Enhancing digital content for Pyrgomor- OO phidae (Orthoptera: ) in the Orthoptera Species File”. I visited the next six European museums:

1. Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle (MHNG), Genève, Switzerland. 2. Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETHZ), Zürich, Switzerland. 3. Naturhistorisches Museum (NMW), Wien, Austria. 4. Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet (NHRS), Stockholm, Sweden. 5. Museum of Uppsala University (UZIU), Sweden. Figure 1. Pyrgomorphidae types from MHNG. A. Dyscolorhinus squalinus Saussure, 1899 (♀, 6. Zoological Museum of the Uni- LT) Madagascar; B. Ichthyotettix mexicanus (Saussure, 1859) (♂, LT) Mexico; C. Geloius nasutus Saussure, 1899 (♀, LT) Madagascar; D. Sphenarium mexicanum Saussure, 1859 (♀, LT) Mexico; versity of Copenhagen (ZMUC), E. Greyacris profundesulcata (Carl, 1916) (♀, HT) Australia; F. synonym Pyrgomorpha capensis Denmark. Bolívar, 1904 (♀, HT) South Africa; G. Pyrgomorpha inaequalipennis Bolívar, 1904 (♀, PT); H. Neorthacris acuticeps nilgirensis (Uvarov, 1929) (♂, HT) India. Table 1 is a summary of the Pyrgo- morphidae photographed. In the col- For each specimen, three images 1. Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle umn of Pyrgomorphidae, both valid were obtained: lateral and dorsal (MHNG), Geneve, Switzerland species and synonyms are included. I views plus labels. In the case of the Founded in 1820 and with more photographed both sexes when avail- five fossils from ETHZ, only labels than 15 million specimens, MHNG able. In some cases, when there was and a single image from above were is the largest collection in Swit- enough time, I photographed non- captured. zerland. The collections of Louis Pyrgomorphidae material, mainly Jurine of Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Mexican and Schistocerca types. Lepidoptera, and Hemiptera are held in the museum. Concerning Orthop- Table 1. Summary of the images obtained. tera, type material of 963 species Specimens Images (both valid and synonyms) are held Museum Pyrgomorphidae Non-Pyrgomorphidae Fossils Total Total here mainly through the efforts of MHNG 31 17 48 147 ETHZ 6 5 11 28 H. Saussure (1829-1905), C. Brun- NMW 40 2 42 126 ner von Wattenwyl (1823-1914), L. NHRS 84 1 85 255 Redtenbacher (1814-1876), and F.J. UZIU 21 4 25 75 Pictet (1809-1872), among others. ZMUC 6 1 7 21 Although worldwide in scope, 346 188 25 5 218 652 out of 963 type species are from the

Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 6 METALEPTEA

Figure 2. Dictyophorus cuisinieri (Carl, 1916) (♀, HT) Guinea Figure 3. Pyrgomorphidae types from ETHZ. A & B. Schulthessia biplagiata Bolívar, (MHNG). 1905 (♀, LT) Madagascar; C. Miopyrgomorpha fischeri (Heer, 1865) (♂, HT) Ger- many (Miocene). such as Madagascar, Asia, South America, and Africa. Hollier & Hol- lier (2013) provided a very complete history of Saussure that helps to understand the collection of Geneve. For Pyrgomorphidae, there is type material from 24 species (both valid and synonyms) (Figs. 1 & 2). I am especially indebted to Peter Schwendinger and John Hollier for all their help and assistance during my visit.

2. Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETHZ), Zürich, Swit- zerland The Entomological Collection of ETHZ holds more than 2 million specimens, including 5,200 pri- mary types specimens. Concerning Orthoptera, it holds type material of 21 species (both valid and syn- onyms). Regarding Pyrgomorphidae, there is type material of six species (both valid and synonyms) (Fig. 3). Among them, one of particular importance is the fossil Myopyrgo- morpha fischeri, which is currently Figure 4. Pyrgomorphidae types from NMW. A. Algete bunneri Bolívar, 1905 (♀, HT) Brazil; B. placed as Pyrgomorphidae, but was Chlorizeina unicolor unicolor Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 ♂( , ST) Myanmar; C. Kuantania originally described as Oedipoda aptera Kevan, 1963 (♀, HT) Vietnam; D. Maura bolivari modesta Bolívar, 1904 (♀, HT) Tanzania; fischeri. The types are mainly E. Orthacris filiformis Bolívar, 1884 (♂, LT) Sri Lanka; F. Stenoscepa picta (Bolívar, 1884) (♂, LT) Ethiopia; G. Sphenacris crassicornis Bolívar, 1884 (♀, HT) Mexico; H. Zarytes squalinus squalinus from species described by A. V. th (Saussure, 1884) (♀, HT) India. I. Uhagonia sphenarioides Bolívar, 1905 (♀, HT) Madagascar; J. Schulthess-Rechberg (end of 19 - Tagasta insularis Bolívar, 1905 (♂, LT) Indonesia. beginning of 20th centuries) and I. Bolívar (1850-1949). It is precisely Americas; this is mainly due to the However, the networking of Sau- Bolívar in 1905 who dedicated to expedition of Saussure to Mexico ssure allowed him to describe spe- Schulthess the Malagasy pyrgomor- and the West Indies (1854-1856). cies from other parts of the World, phid Schulthessia biplagiata. I thank

Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 7 METALEPTEA

Figure 5. Parapetasia femorata Bolívar, 1884 (♀, HT) Gabon (NMW).

the curator Rod Eastwood for all his assistance, especially for helping me to obtain the fossil material of differ- ent species of Oedipoda.

3. Naturhistorisches Museum (NMW), Wien, Austria The collection of NMW holds more than 10 million speci- Figure 6. Pyrgomorphidae types from NHRS. A. Rubellia nigrosignata Stål, 1875 (♀, HT) Mada- mens. Regarding Orthoptera, prima- gascar; B. Maura rubroornata (Stål, 1855) (♂, ST) South Africa; C. Spinacris viridis Willemse, 1933 (♀, HT) Philippines; D. Meubelia atriantennis (Willemse, 1932) (♂, HT) Philippines; E. ry type material of 1,664 taxa (both Phymateus morbillosus sjostedti Bolívar, 1904 (♂, HT) South Africa; F. Parasphena nairobiensis valid and synonyms) are deposited Sjöstedt, 1933 (♂, HT) Kenya; G. Tagasta hoplosterna (Stål, 1877) (♀, HT) Philippines. here. This was due primarily through the efforts of C. Brunner von Wat- tenwyl (1823-1914) (594 taxa) and onyms) are deposited here. This col- berg (1743-1828). Wallin (2001) L. Redtenbacher (1814-1876) (199 lection is very historical and world- and Wallin & Wallin (2001) treated taxa). Type material is worldwide in wide in scope thanks to the efforts of with detail both Linnean and Thun- scope: 545 taxa are from Central and C. De Geer (1720-1778) (42 taxa), berg types deposited at UZIU. For South America, 388 from Tropical C. Stål (1833-1878) (407 taxa), B.Y. Pygomorphidae, there are 14 taxa Asia, 169 from Africa, 126 from Sjöstedt (1866-1948) (412 taxa), with primary types. It was a plea- Temperate Asia, 110 from Europe, and L. Chopard (1885-1971) 62 from Australasia, 52 from Pa- (55 taxa), among others. cific, and 39 from North America). Concerning Pyrgomorphi- Concerning Pyrgomorphidae, there dae, there is type material of is type material of 32 species (both 64 species (both valid and valid and synonyms) (Figs. 4 & 5). synonyms) (Figs. 6 & 7). I Several types that I did not find in want to acknowledge Niklas BMNH, London, UK, were found Apelqvist for his assistance. here. I thank Sussane Randolf and Ulrike Aspöck for their help during 5. Museum of Uppsala Uni- my short stay. versity (UZIU), Sweden This museum holds more 4. Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet than 2 million insect speci- (NHRS), Stockholm, Sweden mens. For Orthoptera, there The Entomological Collection of are 119 taxa (both valid and NHRS holds more than 3 million synonyms) deposited here. specimens. Regarding Orthoptera, 17 of them are from C. Lin- Figure 7. Phymateus baccatus Stål, 1876 (♂, HT) Namibia 1,062 taxa (both valid and syn- naeus (1707-1778) and 98 of (NHRS). them are from C.P. Thun- Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 8 METALEPTEA

Figure 8. Original boxes used by Thunberg at UZIU.

sure to see that Concerning Orthoptera, there are 57 historical material taxa (valid and synonyms) deposited and even more here. For Pyrgomorphidae, there are because it was in five species, mostly from Fabricius the original boxes (Fig. 10). I thank Henrik Enghoff for (Fig. 8). In Figure his help in accessing the collection. 9, I selected some lateral views, plus In total, for the six museums: 652 the labels of this photographs were taken of 218 type historical material. specimens and are in the process of Although relative- being uploaded to OSF. A special ly little material, it acknowledgment is given to Isabel required extra time C. Velásquez de la Cruz for her help to carefully take in obtaining images and specimens the images due to manipulation. its age. I want to thank Hans Me- References Figure 9. Pyrgomorphidae types from UZIU with their respective labels. jlon for his help Hollier, A. and J. Hollier. 2013. A re- A. Zonocerus variegatus variegatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (♂, NT) Africa; B. during my stay. evaluation of the nineteenth-century Zonocerus elegans elegans (Thunberg, 1815) (♂, HT) Africa; C. Dicty- naturalist Henri de Saussure. Archives ophorus spumans spumans (Thunberg, 1787) (♂, LT) South Africa. of natural history. 40(2): 302-319. 6. Zoological Mu- Wallin, L. 2001. Catalogue of type speci- seum of the Uni- mens. 4. Linnean specimens. Version 6. versity of Copen- Uppsala University, Museum of Evolu- hagen (ZMUC), tion, Zoology Section (UUZM). 128 pp. Denmark Wallin, L. and H Wallin. 2001. Catalogue The entomologi- of type specimens. 1. C.P. Thunberg cal collection of (1743-1828), Insecta. Version 6. Up- this museum holds psala University, Museum of Evolution, more than seven Zoology Section (UUZM). 66 pp. million specimens both pinned and in ethanol. There are about 10,500 primary types, including nearly Figure 10. Pyrgomorphidae types from ZMUC with their respective labels. A. Poekilocerus pictus (Fabricius, 1775) (♀, HT) India; B. Atracto- 8,000 described morpha crenulata crenulata (Fabricius, 1793) (♀, ST) India. by J.C. Fabricius (1745-1808). Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 9 METALEPTEA Report for the first stage (2016) of grant “Orthoptera of the Eastern Balkans and the Carpathian Basin (Bulgaria, Mace- donia, NE Greece and Romania): a database of collections, literature, and digital data in the Orthoptera Species File” with additional data for Kazakhstan

By DRAGAN CHOBANOV Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Bulgarian Academy of Sciences BULGARIA [email protected] I. Trips in Bulgaria stones and chopping wood with ant nests (Figs. 1 and 2). We got used to The team undertook two trips to carrying an axe and being frequently Bulgaria to collect photos and sound covered by biting ants. As a result, recordings.The first trip took place in from two reported (and an additional the period May 12th-16th with the par- one expected, but unpublished) taxa, Figure 5. Gryllomorpha dalmatina. ticipation of D. Chobanov, I. Iorgu, we now can say that at least four and S. Borisov as the team members. species of Myrmecophilus occur We also got help from a colleague in Bulgaria. Possibly, in terms of altitude in the Pirin Mountains. The second trip took place in the from Romania, Liviu. The trip was elevation, this is the second highest th th specially designed to acquire data on locality of ant crickets of this genus period July 17 -27 with the partici- the genus Myrmecophilus (ant crick- in Europe (after Southern Greece), pation of D. Chobanov and I. Iorgu ets) from Bulgaria. Therefore, we with M. hirticaudus (Fig. 3) and M. as the team members. We travelled mostly spent our time busily turning acervorum (Fig. 4) found at 1650 m to the Black Sea and the mountains of Rila and photographed various bush-crickets, crickets, and grass- hoppers, including rarely-photo- graphed species (Fig. 5).

II. The trip to Kazakhstan

The trip to Kazakhstan took place between June 7th and July 11th. Preparing for the trip, I, and my two companions, Maya and Boyan, stuffed our big car with a lot of Figure 1. Looking for ant crickets under stones. Figure 2. Looking for ant crickets equipment (including PC’s, sound under bark of a dead tree. recorders, light traps, electric genera- tor, additional big batteries, a tent, sleeping bags, barrels with altogether 50 liters of water for drinking and washing, canned and fresh food, cages for live specimens, tubes and boxes for dead specimens, etc., etc.), so that three people could hardly fit inside. We started from Sofia, Bulgaria, driving through Bucha- rest (Romania; to meet the project co-workers, Ionuţ and Elena Iorgu), Moldova, Ukraine, and Russia. Driv- Figure 3. Myrmecophilus hirticaudus. Figure 4. Myrmecophilus acervorum. ing for over 3400 km from Sofia to

Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 10 METALEPTEA Dossor in western Kazakhstan (our first collecting area) with only two stops for sleeping took about 100 hours. After that, each day we followed more or less the same schedule. Af- ter finding a place to sleep, we would set up a tent and, simultaneously, started preparing the light traps (Fig. 6) and light dinner (both for us and our temporary pets collected as nymphs or still refusing to sing) Figure 6. The author is checking the light Figure 7. Cooking the dinner. (Fig. 7). After that, Boyan and Maya tower for crickets. perched around the light and I started wandering in the surroundings with a head light to look for crickets and bushcrickets. About midnight or later, after the hunt was over, I would sit in the car surrounded by cages with crickets waiting to record their songs and in the meantime fixing the already recorded ones for future studies on their morphology, chromosomes, and DNA. After a few hours of sleep, with the first hot Figure 8. Arranging the material from the last night. sun rays, we packed the tent, set an awning, and started organising the material from the previous night (Fig. 8), fixing additional until the heat would become unbear- able. Then, we packed and headed to the next evening stop some 300-600 km ahead. Figure 9. Sampled localities at two different scales (left – Kazakhstan in the northern part of the Altogether we drove about 18 000 Eastern Hemisphere as seen in Google Earth; right – Kazakhstan itself). km, of which some 11 500 km was in Kazakhstan. Though we expected the bad roads, some surprises arose, for example driving on a dirt road about 400 km between Atyrau and Aktobe for almost two days chang- ing between only first and second gear! However, no matter the poor conditions and the corruption, we were lucky to see such nice views in this country of eagles and camels! This way, we sampled some 30 sites (Fig. 9) and photographed and col- lected many beautiful orthopterans, Figure 10. Phytomastax ro- busta, male. including some interesting and less known species of the genera Glypho- notus, Bergiola, Lithoxenus, Mon- tana, Gomphomastax, Phytomastax, Figure 11. Oscillogram (first and third from top) and spectro- gram (second and fourth from top) at two different speeds of Ptetica, Dociostaurus, etc. (Fig. 10). the song of Glyphonotus coniciplicus. I recorded over 120 WAV files of the Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 11 METALEPTEA calling/courtship songs of about 25 As a result of the first year of the of those represent poorly-known spe- species (mostly ) that project we uploaded 206 photos and cies with no image or locality data in will contribute to the OSF database corresponding locality data of 99 OSF. Uploading of more photos and and to the knowledge of these in- taxa of orthopterans from Kazakh- recordings of male calling songs is in triguing taxa (Fig. 11). stan, Bulgaria, and Romania. Many preparation. Theodore J. Cohn Research Grant Reports Testing for reductions in age-associated damage upon dietary restriction and RNAi-mediated knockdown of neuropeptide F in Romalea microptera By MATTHEW HECK University of North Florida, USA [email protected] on-model organisms play an integral role in the investigation of evo- lutionarily conserved responses to nutrient NN deprivation and envi- ronmental stress. The eastern lubber grasshopper (Romalea microptera (Palisot de Beauvois, 1817)(Ro- maleidae)) is a large and abundant generalist that is typically considered Figure 1. A close-up of a colorful lubber grasshopper used in our experiments. Eastern lubbers a prolific pest throughout Florida and collected in Miami, FL have little melanin deposition relative to their darker Jacksonville neigh- the southeast (Fig. 1). In contrast to bors that we collect near the University of North Florida. those conventional views, Dr. John Hatle, myself, and the rest of the malnutrition, consistently extends team in the Hatle lab at the Univer- lifespan in short-lived organisms sity of North Florida see the lubber while slowing the onset of age-relat- grasshopper as a perfect candidate ed disease in longer-lived animals. for inexpensive and novel biomedi- Interestingly, more permissive and cal research. With increasing eco- practical versions of dietary restric- nomic and moral imperatives forcing tion, such as amino acid restric- the paradigm away from reactive tion and intermittent fasting (i.e., medicine and towards preventa- regimens that limit aspects of diet tive healthcare, understanding how outside of pure caloric intake), have lifestyle decisions like the composi- demonstrated an almost equally tion and timing of diet influence the potent benefit to weight loss and aging and the onset of age-related disease resistance as total caloric disease is an important and open restriction, even in the absence of question. Unlike the fruity fly or any reduction in calories whatso- other small insect research models, ever. These findings underscore the our lubber’s large size allows for importance of a sensation of food individualized tracking of important Figure 2. After animals completed their daily metrics, such as feeding rate and meal, grasshoppers on restrictive diet regi- fecundity, while providing an abun- mens were injected with a feeding stimulant (or milli-Q H2O) and access to food was dance of tissue for multiple organ- suspended until the following day. In contrast, ism-wide, tissue-specific analyses. animals on ad libitum diets were injected at Caloric restriction, a significant the same time, but access to food was never reduction in caloric intake without restricted. Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 12 METALEPTEA Along with an NPF-injected animals were given injection of a trun- free access to food (e.g., NPF + ad cated NPF peptide lib, known as NPF-AD) or restricted (or milli-Q water to the same amount as the baseline as a control), ani- ad libitum fed controls (NPF + mals were given full diet, known as NPF-FD; data either unlimited not included). This allowed for the access to food or analysis of NPF signaling across a a 40% restricted full spectrum of dietary intake and meal based on peptide supplementation, and pro- a sham-injected vided a direct diet-matched compari- control group. son of peptide-injected animals to Hence, while sham-injected animals independent the NPF peptide of food intake. After a prolonged would promote diet and injection regimen, animals feeding (see Fig. were dissected and individual tissues 4) in animals on were isolated and flash-frozen for dietary restriction analysis. In addition to several physi- (NPF-DR), those ological metrics taken throughout Figure 3. Adult grasshoppers were isolated and housed in separate animals were not the experiment (such as reproductive containers in order to track individual feeding rate, fecundity, and injec- given additional investment), tissue-specific analy- tion timing. access to food that sis of oxidative damage provided a would ‘satisfy’ snapshot of somatic integrity across withdrawal and the stimulation of the supplemented treatment groups. appetite in promoting the benefits of hunger signals (stopping them from Interestingly, while unbridled feed- dietary restriction, while highlight- taking in more of the calories than ing induced by neuropeptide injec- ing the counter-balanced perils of sham-injected animals on 40% tion and free access to food resulted unrestricted eating and near-constant dietary restriction). In contrast, other in a significant increase in age- satiety to promote mortality (Fig. 2 & 3). Building off of these observa- tions, recent genetic knockdown of the appetite-stimulating hormone Neuropeptide Y (NPY) (and its functional invertebrate counterpart, Neuropeptide F (NPF)) identified the potent peptides as important players in promoting the salutary effects of dietary restriction on longevity (see Chiba et al. 2015). This was certain- ly a surprise to researchers familiar with orexigenic hormones like NPY and NPF, as these appetite stimulants play very detrimental roles in the promotion of gorging, obesity, and mortality upon an excess of food. Nevertheless, differential down- stream responses to factors such as energy balance and hormone con- centration were clearly suggested, so we set out to investigate how supple- Figure 4. In addition to altering organ growth and reproductive physiology, neuropeptide F menting the peptide hormone across injections stimulated food intake relative to sham-injected controls. Top: Feeding rate of NPF- various nutritional states would injected animals after standardization of feeding-state according to protocols created by the VD Broeck lab – see Van Wielendaele et al. 2013). Bottom: Long-term changes in feeding rate of impact physiology and healthspan. ad-libitum fed animals from the general experiment. Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 13 METALEPTEA related oxidative lab continues to analyze several damage (shown in aspects of maintenance and gene ex- fat body tissue), pression in additional tissues, build- the opposite effect ing an organism-wide analysis of was observed when maintenance upon these treatments. supplementing While the simple answer to pre- NPF upon dietary ventative medicine has always been restriction (Fig. to eat healthier and be more active, 5). While sham- widespread nutritional ignorance injected animals on and a highly stimulatory industrial dietary restriction environment leaves a much more still exhibited re- nuanced problem for current gen- ductions in fat body erations of aged adults. Even so, if protein carbonyl- scientific research (with the help of ation, a much more grasshopper physiology!) can lay the profound enhance- groundwork for understanding how ment of mainte- diet and exercise alter regulation and nance was observed promote maintenance and tissue in- upon the combi- tegrity, a promising bridge to preven- nation of dietary tative medicine could be constructed restriction and ad- by instilling a stronger understanding ditional NPF. These of nutrition and metabolism in future results support the generations. idea that many of the beneficial adap- References tive responses to Chiba T, et al. 2015. A key role for neuro- dietary restriction peptide Y in lifespan extension and are not necessar- cancer suppression via dietary restric- tion. Scientific Reports 4(4517): 1-10 ily directly tied to Van Wielendaele P, et al. 2013. Regula- amounts of food tion of feeding by Neuropeptide F in intake, but rely Figure 5. Tissue-specific fingerprints of oxidative damage (e.g., the desert locust, Schistocerca gregar- protein carbonylation) were analyzed across treatment groups via im- upon the activation ia. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular munoblot. Animals injected with neuropeptide F and fed unrestricted and reinvigoration Biology 43: 102-114 diets exhibited disproportional damage relative to sham-injected of processes tied controls, while neuropeptide F-injected animals on dietary restriction to nutrient-sensing showed a significant reduction in damage relative to sham-injected controls. and signaling. Our Adaptive behavioral plasticity in the calling song of Teleogryllus oceanicus By JESSIE C. TANNER AND MARLENE ZUK University of Minnesota, USA [email protected] eleogryllus oceanicus hardt and Huber 2002). In addition represents a novel selection pres- (: Gryllinae), to intended receivers, these signals sure against sexual signaling for T. the Pacific field cricket, attract gravid female O. ochracea, oceanicus in Hawaii, the only place is native to Oceania and which infest calling male crickets in the world where they co-occur. introduced to Hawaii, with larvae (Cade 1975; Zuk et al. On three islands of Hawaii, popula- TT where it co-occurs with 1993). The larval flies burrow into tions of T. oceanicus have recently an acoustically orienting parasitoid the cricket host and subsist on his acquired single-gene, sex-linked fly, Ormia ochracea. Male T. oceani- tissues until emerging to pupate 7-10 mutations, collectively called “fla- cus produce calling song by stridula- days later, killing him in the process twing”, that destroy the wing struc- tion, which females use to identify (Wineriter and Walker 1990; Adamo tures males use to produce song (Zuk and localize appropriate mates (Ger- and Hoy 1995). Ormia ochracea et al. 2006; Pascoal et al. 2014). The Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 14 METALEPTEA (i.e., respond in- long chirp in the calling song that T. discriminately) to oceanicus experience during devel- calling song than opment. Individuals will experience females who are one of three percentages of long exposed to song chirp beginning at the fourth instar during develop- when their auditory organs are func- ment (Bailey tional, and continuing through the and Zuk 2008; first few days after eclosion. We will Swanger and Zuk then record the calling song produc- 2015). Moreover, tion of males and measure the per- gravid female Or- centage of long chirp produced. We mia preferentially will use a within-individual design infest males with to assess the mating preferences of Figure 1. An adult female T. oceanicus photographed in the field on the the same trait val- females with regard to percentage of island of Oahu. Photo by JC Tanner. ues females prefer long chirp using a series of phono- (Wagner 1996). taxis tests. Taken together, While it has been shown that these results sug- phenotypic plasticity is ubiquitous, gest that 1) there is whether it facilitates or hampers natural selection in adaptive evolution remains con- these populations tentious (West-Eberhard 2003). against not just Controversy arises partly because singing, but sing- many studies demonstrate seem- ing preferred songs ingly non-adaptive environmentally- in particular; and induced variation, while few show 2) female selectiv- how plasticity has caused adaptive ity with regard to differentiation in the wild (Ghalam- preferred signal bor et al. 2007). When organisms traits, such as the enter new environments, novel percentage of long selection pressures, including preda- chirp in male call- tors, competitors, and biophysical ing song, may be environments, can precipitate rapid plastic. Based on evolution (Reznick and Ghalambor Figure 2. (a) Proportion of flatwing males present on three islands of these observations, 2001); these events create natural Hawaii. (b) Examples of normal (left) and flatwing (right) wing venation. we are investigat- experiments, offering an opportu- Flatwing males lack stridulatory structures and are therefore incapable of producing song. Photo from Bailey and Zuk (2008). ing the idea that nity to observe evolution in action. sexual selection While most studies of sexual signals mutant phenotype has attained a on male signal- investigate trait elaboration, evolu- different frequency on each island: ing should be relaxed following the tion is not inherently directional and approximately 96% on Kauai, 46% introduction of flatwing. Our central traits may also be lost. This work on Oahu, and 2% in Hilo (Figure 2; hypothesis is that adaptive plasticity will elucidate the role of adaptive Zuk et al. 2006; Tinghitella 2008). initiates a negative feedback loop be- plasticity in the differentiation of Although the flatwing phenotype tween experience of preferred sexual wild populations. protects males from the fly, it poses signals and the expression of mating serious problems for mate attraction preferences that exert selection in the References and courtship. Previous work in the signaling system. Adamo, S. A., & Hoy, R. R. (1995). Effects Zuk lab has suggested that plasticity To test this hypothesis, we collect- of a tachinid arasitoid, Ormia ochracea, on the behaviour and reproduction of in female behavior has accommo- ed eggs from wild, mated females in the field in Hawaii and raised two its male and female field cricket hosts dated this new trait. We know that (Gryllus spp). Journal of Insect Physiol- filial generations in the lab to control mating behaviors in T. oceanicus ogy, 41(3), 269–277. are plastic because female crickets for maternal effects. We recently Bailey, N. W., & Zuk, M. (2008). Acous- reared in silent environments that began the acoustic experience phase tic experience shapes female mate mimic an all-flatwing population are of our experiment, in which we choice in field crickets. Proceedings less selective and more responsive are manipulating the percentage of of the Royal Society B, 275(1651), Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 15 METALEPTEA 2645–2650. ogy, 24(12), 1369–74. tal Plasticity and Evolution. Oxford: Cade, W. (1975). Acoustically orienting Reznick, D. N., & Ghalambor, C. K. Oxford University Press. parasitoids: Fly phonotaxis to cricket (2001). The population ecology of con- Wineriter, S., & Walker, T. (1990). Rear- song. Science, 190(4221), 1312–1313. temporary adaptations: What empiri- ing phonotactic parasitoid flies [Dip- Gerhardt, H. C., & Huber, F. (2002). cal studies reveal about the conditions tera: Tachinidae, Ormiini, Ormia spp.]. Acoustic communication in that promote adaptive evolution. Entomophaga, 35(4), 621–632. and anurans: Common problems and Genetica, 112–113, 183–198. Zuk, M., Rotenberry, J. T., & Tinghitella, diverse solutions. Chicago: The Univer- Swanger, E., & Zuk, M. (2015). Cricket R. M. (2006). Silent night: adaptive sity of Chicago Press. responses to sexual signals are influ- disappearance of a sexual signal in a Ghalambor, C. K., McKay, J. K., Carroll, S. enced more by adult than juvenile parasitized population of field crickets. P., & Reznick, D. N. (2007). Adaptative experiences. Journal of Insect Behav- Biology Letters, 2(4), 521–4. versus non-adaptative phenotypic plas- ior, 28(3), 328–337. Zuk, M., Simmons, L. W., & Cupp, L. ticity and the potential for contempo- Tinghitella, R. M. (2008). Rapid evo- (1993). Calling characteristics of para- rary adaptation in new environments. lutionary change in a sexual signal: sitized and unparasitized populations Functional Ecology, 21(3), 394–407. genetic control of the mutation “fla- of the field cricket Teleogryllus oceani- Pascoal, S., Cezard, T., Eik-Nes, A., twing” that renders male field crickets cus. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiol- Gharbi, K., Majewska, J., Payne, E., … (Teleogryllus oceanicus) mute. Hered- ogy, 33(5), 339–343. Bailey, N. W. (2014). Rapid convergent ity, 100(3), 261–7. evolution in wild crickets. Current Biol- West-Eberhard, M. (2003). Developmen- Development and identification of the different post-embry- onic nymphal instars of ibandana Giglio-Tos, 1907 in southern Cameroon By CHARLY OUMAROU NGOUTE Laboratory of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences University of Yaounde I, CAMEROON [email protected] yprepocnemis plorans and popula- (Charpentier 1825) (Ac- tion dynamics rididae: Eyprepocnemi- of this pest. E. dinae) is a polyphagous plorans is a pest of crops, including polymorphic EE potatoes, beans, beets, species with radishes, and spinach (Harrat and two sub-species Moussi 2007). This species is present in Cameroon, in agricultural production systems Eyprepocnemis in southern Cameroon (Mestre and plorans or- Chiffaud 2006), including manioc, natipes (Walker, groundnut, corn, and other green 1870) in the vegetables. There are limited options Sahel regions for the control of this grasshopper and Eyprep- Figure 1. E. plorans Ibandana habitus. in southern Cameroon. Apart from ocnemis plorans chemical control, which is heav- ibandana sible seasonal migrations between ily criticized today for its multiple Giglio-Tos, 1907 in the forest area complementary zones. In Sahel adverse effects on the environment, (Dirsh 1958). Only a few studies, environments, this species may be there is no other effective means such as those of Descamps (1953, encountered throughout the year as of treatment for this species in the 1956), have dealt with some bio- nymphs and adults (Lecoq 1988), wild. The development of alterna- logical aspects of this species in the while in Spain it has either a single tive methods, biological or ecologi- Sahelian regions of northern Camer- generation per year (Hernández and cal, therefore becomes a necessity oon. In rainforest areas, its life cycle Presa 1984) or two (Olmo-Vidal for a better conservation of forest has not been studied and needs to be 1990). In the laboratory, up to four ecosystems in southern Cameroon. examined. Elsewhere, studies on this generations can be produced per year However, the implementation of a subject led to different results, prob- (Schmidt et al., 1996). This work on better control strategy first requires ably related to the specific ecological the morphology and development of good knowledge on the bio-ecology conditions of each zone and to pos- Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 16 METALEPTEA Table 1. Duration of the development of each nymphal instar of E. plorans ibandana in the laboratory.

room temperature, with the tempera- ture and humidity controlled using a thermohygrograph. During the study, temperatures and humidity varied respectively between 21-29 °C and 61-95%. Male and female adults of E. plorans ibandana captured in the field were paired in type “1” cages: transparent boxes of 24 cm high and 25 cm in diameter with a lid made of a fine mesh of 1 mm, and filled mid- way with sand sterilized by the wet heat of an autoclave (121°C and 1.5 Pa) for 30 minutes. After adult mat- ing, egg laying in the sand, and incu- bation and egg hatching, each nymph was placed in type “2” cages: trans- parent boxes of 9 cm height and 13 cm in diameter with a lid made of a Figure 2. Study site. fine mesh of 1 mm, and arranged on E. plorans ibandana is a preliminary acterized by an alternation of hills shelves in the laboratory. Each cage, work necessary to the study of popu- and swampy lowlands (Bachelier of type 1 and 2, contained a dry stem lation dynamics and the life cycle of 1959), located in a semi-deciduous of Chromolaena odorata (L.) King this sub-species in Cameroon forest forest zone where the vegetation is & Rob used as support for nymphs. areas. The objective of this study degraded because of urbanization. Observations were made every two was to determine and characterize The climate is of the Guinean type, days to look for exuvia and note the various post-embryonic nymphal sub-equatorial at four seasons: a whether the nymphs were dead or instars and to precisely determine short rainy season (April to June), alive, and the cage was also cleaned their development times. a long rainy season (September to and food changed. All individuals mid-November), a long dry season were fed with a fresh leaf of Manihot Materials and Methods (mid-November to March), and a esculenta (Crantz 1766). In total, The adult specimens of E. plorans short dry season (July to August). the development of 420 nymphs ibandana (Fig. 1) used in the labo- Average rainfall is about 1600 was monitored. The morphological ratory were caught in a net in the mm per year and temperatures are (pterotheca, external genitalia, anten- locality of Nkolbisson (Fig. 2), a dis- between 19-33°C (Suchel 1987). In nae) and morphometric studies of the trict of Yaounde, between July and the laboratory, the development of E. different post-embryonic nymphal November 2016. This area is char- plorans ibandana was carried out at instars of E. plorans ibandana were

Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 17 METALEPTEA of E. plorans according to the envi- ronment. The duration of nymphal development was 86.23 ± 11.53 days in the male, and 85.26 ± 7.94 / 88.35 ± 9.22 days, respectively, in the females with 7 and 8 instars (Table 1). Jago (1963), in Ghana, obtained 55.3 and 59.5 days, respectively, for males and females. These differences may be due to differences of the sub- species studied and also differences in temperature and humidity between Cameroon and Ghana (lower tem- peratures in southern Cameroon).

Identification key of nymphal instars of E. plorans ibandana in South Cameroon (Figs. 3 and 4) 1 - Wing buds (pterotheca) very small, nervation absent; male sub- genital plate indented …….……….2 1’- Wing buds more visible, nerva- tion present; male subgenital plate not indented……………………….3 2(1) – Antenna with 11 articles and reaching dorsally half of the length of pronotum; eye with one weakly longitudinal stripes; male sub-genital plate conical, not exceeding the half of the paraproct, with a deep inden- tation in the posterior base; ventral Figure 3. External genitalia of nymphal instars of E. plorans Ibandana in ventral view. a : male, ovipositor valves very small, not 1st instar; b : male, 2nd instar ; c : male, 3rd instar ; d : male, 4th instar; e : female, 1st instar; f th : female, 2nd instar; g : female, 3rd instar ; h: female, 4th instar ; i : female, 5th instar (female reaching the 9 abdominal sternite with 6 nymphal instars); j : female, 5th instar (female with 7 nymphal instars); k : female, 6th nor half of the length of the parapro instar (female with 6 nymphal instars); l : female, 6th instar (female with 7 nymphal instars); m ct...... 1st instar : female, 7th instar (female with 7 nymphal instars); Ce : cercus; Ep: epiproct; Pap: paraproct; 2’- Antenna with 11 articles and Sgp: sub-genital plate; 9stn : sternite 9; Dva : dorsal ovipositor valve; Vva: ventral ovipositor reaching dorsally half of the length valve. of pronotum; eye with two weakly made under a binocular lens, on tal instars in the male (6 nymphal longitudinal stripes; male sub-genital plate with a shallower indentation specimens previously fixed with instars and 1 adult) and 7 (6 nymphal st 70% alcohol. Means were compared instars and 1 adult) or 8 (7 nymphal than that of the 1 stage nymph; ven- using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann instars and 1 adult) in the female. tral ovipositor valves exceeding the Withney tests (PAST 2.17 software). Our results corroborate those of 9th abdominal sternite and reaching half of the length of the paraproct ..... All probabilities were assessed at 5% Jago (1963) in Ghana on E. plorans nd of error risk. meridionalis and those of Hernan- ...... 2 instar dez and Presa (1984). Nevertheless, 3(1’) - Antenna with 17 or 19 Results and Discussion the work of Schmidt et al. (1996) in articles, shorter or reaching dor- Number and duration of post- Germany on the same species show sally the 3/4 of the length of prono- embryonic nymphal instars of E. 6 development instars in the male tum…………...... …4 plorans ibandana and only 7 in the female. All these 3’ - Antenna with 21 to 24 articles, The post-embryonic develop- observations indicate that there is a exceeding 3/4 of the length prono- ment of E. plorans ibandana in the variation in the number of male and tum and reaching dorsally almost to laboratory involves 7 developmen- female nymphal instars in subspecies the posterior margin of the pronotum ………………………………...... 5 Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 18 METALEPTEA 3rd abdominal segment in male and reaching the posterior margin of 2nd abdominal segment in female; ventral ovipositor valves exceeding clearly 3/4 of the length of the dorsal valves ………...... …6th instar 8’ - Metathoracic pterotheca reach- ing dorsally half of the first ab- dominal segment; ventral ovipositor valves exceeding slightly 3/4 of the length of the dorsal valves… …...... 6th instar (only in females with 7 nymphal instars)

References Bachelier G. 1959. Etude pédologique des sols de Yaoundé contribution à la pédogenèse des sols ferrallitiques. Figure 4. Pterotheca of nymphal instars of E. plorans Ibandana in lateral view. a : 1st instar; b : 2nd instar; c : 3rd instar; d : 4th instar; e : 5th instar (female with 6 nymphal instars); f : 5th Agron. Trop. 25: 280-305. instar (female with 7 nymphal instars); g : 6th instar (female with 6 nymphal instars) ; h : 6th Descamps M. 1953. Observations rela- instar (female with 7 nymphal instars) ; i : 7th instar (female with 7 nymphal instars) ; Pnt : pro- tives au criquet migrateur africain et notum; Meso Pt : mesothoracic pterotheca; Meta Pt : metathoracic pterotheca. à quelques autres espèces d’Acrididae du Nord Cameroun. Agron. Trop. 8 : 567-613. 4(3) - Antenna with 17 articles and racic pterotheca reaching or exceed- Descamps, M. 1956. Insects nuisibles dorsally reaching 1/3 of the length ing dorsally half of the metathoracic au riz dans le Nord Cameroun. Agron. of the pronotum; eye with three pterotheca; mesothoracic wing buds Trop. 11: 732-755. weakly visible longitudinal stripes; covering the metathoracic one; Dirsh V.M. 1958. Revision of the genus Eyprepocnemis Fieber 1853 (Orthop- pterotheca reaching the anterior base ventral ovipositor valves exceeding tera, Acridoidea). Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. of the 1st abdominal segment; male clearly the half of the length of the 27: 33-45. sub-genital plate reaching half of the dorsal valves ………...... ….6 Harrat A. Moussi A. 2007. Inventaire de length of the paraproct; ventral ovi- 6(5’) - Antenna with 21 to 22 articles la faune acridienne dans deux biotopes positor valves reaching half of the 9th …...... …7 de l’Est Algérien. Sciences & Technolo- abdominal sternite …...... …3rd instar 6’ - Antenna with 24 articles gie C 26: 99-105. 4’ - Antenna with 19 articles and and reaching dorsally the poste- Hernández F. Presa J.J. 1984. Sobre la dorsally reaching 1/3 of the length rior margin of pronotum; eye with biología de Eyprepocnemis plorans of the pronotum; Eye with four seven clearly visible longitudinal (Charpentier, 1825) (Orthoptera: weakly visible longitudinal stripes; stripes; ventral ovipositor valves Acrididae), en la huerta de Murcia (S.E. España). Bol. Serv. Plagas 10: 245-249. pterotheca slightly exceeding the almost as long as the dorsal valves th Jago N. D. 1963. Sone observations on anterior base of the first abdominal ………...... …7 instar (only the life cycle of Eyprepocnemis plorans segment and reaching the anterior in female with 7 nymphal instars) meridionalis Uvarov, 1921, with a key margin of the tympanic orifice; 7(6) - Eye with five longitudinal for the separation of nymphs at any male sub-genital plate reaching the stripes; metathoracic pterotheca instar. Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond (A) 38: 3/4 of the length of the paraproct; reaching dorsally half of the 1st ab- 113-124. ventral ovipositor valves exceed- dominal segment; ventral ovipositor Lecoq M. 1980. Biologie et dynamique ing half of the 9th abdominal sternite valves exceeding half of the length d’un peuplement acridien de zone …………………...... …4th instar of the dorsal valves…..……5th instar soudanienne en Afrique de l’Ouest 5(3’) - Pterotheca not returned; me- 7’ - Eye with six longitudinal (Orthopt., Acrididae). Note complé- mentaire. Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (N.S.) 16: sothoracic pterotheca reaching dor- stripes; metathoracic pterotheca 49-73. sally almost half of the metathoracic reaching or exceeding dorsally half Mestre J. Chiffaud J. 2017. Grasshop- st pterotheca; ventral ovipositor valves of the 1 abdominal segment; ventral pers of West and North-Central Africa. reaching half of the length of the ovipositor valves exceeding 3/4 of On line : http://acrida.info/PDF2006/ dorsal valves …...... 5th instar (only the length of the dorsal valves …....8 Introduction.pdf [Consulted on in female with 7 nymphal instars) 8(7’) Metathoracic pterotheca 26/04/2017]. 5’- Pterotheca returned; mesotho- reaching the posterior margin of Olmo-Vidal, J. M. 1990. Atlas of the Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 19 METALEPTEA Orthoptera of Catalonia. Atlas of Biodi- the haemolymph and growth of the Entomol 93: 131-144. versity 1: 337-458. terminal oocyste throughout three Suchel J.B. 1987. Les climats du Camer- Schmidt G. H. Katja F. Heinz R. (1996). consecutive gonadotrophic cycles in oun. Thèse de doctorat d’état. Univer- Studies of the size of the corpora al- Eypeprocnemis plorans (Orthopteroi- sité de Bordeaux III, France. lata, the juvenile hormone III titre in dea : Caelifera: Acrididae). Eur. J. of Diet nutrient composition affects development and life history traits of a wing-polymorphic cricket, Gryllus lineaticeps By LISA A. TREIDEL, REBECCA M. CLARK, AND CAROLINE M. WILLIAMS University of California, Berkeley, USA [email protected]

ll organisms must acquire nutrients from the environment and invest resources in the physiological pro- AA cesses that define an individual’s life history, including growth, reproduction, and mainte- nance. Limitations in energy acquisi- tion result in trade-offs or negative functional associations between life history traits. As a result, changes in resource acquisition can either exacerbate or ameliorate trade-offs (e.g. increased energy acquisition will reduce limitations on allocation Figure 1. Development time in number days from the start of last juvenile stage to the first between competing traits) (Zera and day of adulthood. Numers above the bars denote the number of juveniles that molted to the Harshman 2001). In conjunction respective morph. with caloric or total energy intake, macronutrient composition of the (long-winged: LW) or reproduction mental demands. We further tested diet may be an additional environ- (short-winged: SW) (Roff 1984; how the morphs cope with diets that mental factor mediating life history Zera and Harshman 2001). A disper- do not meet demands. We predicted trade-offs (Clark et al. 2015). Differ- sal morph (LW) develops functional that the LW morph would modulate ent physiological processes require flight muscles during its last juve- nutrient preference between last in- different macronutrient inputs. For nile instar prior to adulthood. These star and adult stage from favoring a example, both growth and reproduc- muscles are maintained in adulthood, protein-biased diet to support muscle tion involve building new tissues, which is when lipids are accumu- growth, to a carbohydrate-biased and thus may require a correspond- lated to fuel flight. In contrast, the diet to promote production of lipids ingly protein-rich diet. In contrast, reproductive morph (SW) does not to fuel flight. We also predicted that somatic maintenance involves man- develop its flight muscles during its LW adult dispersal capability would agement of long-term energy stores, last instar. Instead, during the first be negatively impacted by a protein- primarily derived from carbohydrate five days of adulthood, SW females biased (carbohydrate-limited diet). intake. Consequently, throughout a invest heavily in ovary growth and Meanwhile, we predicted no shift in life cycle, individuals will experi- reach reproductive maturity earlier nutrient intake across life stages in ence ontogenetic shifts in the energy than LW adults. the SW individuals and that, across and macronutrient demands. We hypothesized that these al- life stages, a carbohydrate-biased Wing-polymorphic crickets in the ternate life history strategies are diet would negatively affect perfor- genus Gryllus (Gryllidae: Gryl- associated with specific nutrient mance compared to a balanced or linae) exhibit divergent life history requirements across development. protein-biased diet. strategies: morphs of Gryllus crick- We investigated the extent to which ets specialize either in dispersal morphs adjust dietary macronutrient Methods intake to meet changing develop- During either the last juvenile Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 20 METALEPTEA muscle masses and a higher frequency of healthy and functional pink muscles com- pared to white, non- functional muscles at adult day five (Figure 2a, χ2=14, df=4, P = 0.0073). In contrast, SW adults provided with a choice of diets had larger ovaries than adults given either the protein-biased or carbohydrate-biased Figure 2. Adult investment in life history traits; A) Flight muscle status frequency of one week old LW adults (W = white and non-functional, LP = light pink, P = pink and functional); B) Ovary mass of one week old SW adults diets (Figure 2b). This suggests that they ef- fectively selected a diet stage or early adulthood (first 5 morph. In fact, when given a choice, to optimize reproduc- days), crickets were randomly as- both morphs preferred a slightly tion. Additionally, ovary size was signed to one of three ad libitum carbohydrate-biased diet regard- significantly reduced when SW artificial diet treatments that were less of age. However, juvenile LW were fed a carbohydrate-biased isocaloric (equal energy content) individuals ingested a larger total (protein-limited) diet, supporting the but differed in macronutrient com- amount of food than juvenile SW in- importance of protein acquisition position: 1) choice between protein- dividuals (MANCOVA: F2,73= 7.45, for reproductive maturation (Figure and carbohydrate-biased diets, 2) p= 0.001). This higher consumption 2b, ANCOVA: F2,26=17.588, P= protein-biased diet (2P:1C), or 3) may be necessary for LWs to meet <0.001). Taken together, this experi- carbohydrate-biased diet (1P:4C). both energy and protein demands ment demonstrates that bulk nutri- We monitored food intake and of flight muscle building. During ent intake influences physiological growth (mass gain) of crickets adulthood, no morph differences in performance in a manner specific to throughout each life stage. When total food consumption were evident particular life history strategies. provided a choice, crickets can (MANCOVA: F2,73= 1.06, p= 0.35). modulate feeding to optimize nutri- Second, based on performance References ent intake, allowing us to quantify measures of individuals fed imbal- Clark, R. M., Zera, A. J., & Behmer, S. dietary preference. To assess dif- anced diets, diet composition does T. 2015. Nutritional physiology of ferences in performance when fed differentially affect individuals that life-history trade-offs: how food pro- different diets, we measured key life possess different nutrient demands. tein–carbohydrate content influences history traits for individual perfor- For instance, when fed a carbohy- life-history traits in the wing-polymor- phic cricket Gryllus firmus. Journal of mance, including development time, drate-biased (protein-limited) diet, Experimental Biology, 218, 298-308. morph determination (LW or SW) juveniles took longer to develop into Roff, D. A. 1984. The cost of being able of juveniles, and adult investment adults (Figure 1, Log-rank χ2=55.9, to fly: a study of wing polymorphism in in either dispersal (muscle mass and df=2, p=<0.001), and approximately two species of crickets. Oecologia, 63, status) or reproduction (ovary mass). 80% of juveniles fed a carbohydrate- 30-37. biased diet emerged as SW adults Zera, A. J., & Harshman, L. G. 2001. The Results and Conclusions (Figure 1, X2=7.13, df=2, p=0.028). physiology of life history trade-offs in Preliminary results from this ex- Thus, dietary protein consumption animals. Annual review of Ecology and periment indicate that both the quan- prior to adulthood is important for Systematics, 32, 95-126. tity and quality of what an individual development, especially for LW. eats are important components of Finally, in early adulthood, life life history specialization. In con- history traits were maximized for trast to our predictions, there was no each morph on different diets. LW evidence of switches in the selected adults fed a carbohydrate-biased diet dietary nutrient balance between ju- invested in maintenance of flight venile and adult life stages for either muscles, as reflected by both larger Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 21 METALEPTEA Embarking on a new career: a brief history of rangeland grasshopper management in the U.S. from the perspective of a new member of the United States Department of Agriculture By DEREK A. WOLLER USDA: APHIS, PPQ,CPHST-Phoenix Lab, AZ, USA [email protected] n January of this year I embarked on a new career as an Entomologist with the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) as part of II the Rangeland Grasshopper/ Mormon Cricket Management Team (Fig. 1) within the Phoenix Lab (part of the USDA’s division of Science and Technology) in Arizona. This is my first federal position and I am excited to utilize my knowledge in a helpful, public-oriented capacity. The position is a successional one, which means I am currently in the role as an “apprentice” learning all I can from the current team leader, Larry E. Jech (Supervisory Entomol- Figure 1. The members of the USDA Rangeland Grasshopper/Mormon Cricket Management ogist: field operations organizer and Team outside their Science and Technology lab in Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.A. data analysis), who plans to retire within two years. I thought a brief grasshopper was the most abundant also around the time that entomolo- history of the grasshopper issues in it ever had been, resulting in mile- gists began noticing sharp declines the U.S. and our team might be of long swarms that would blot out the in population levels of M. spretus interest. sky, with the devastation of every with almost none found at the turn As we all know, grasshoppers have edible thing within visual range. of the century. Amazingly, 1902 was been flying thorns in the sides of For these reasons, in 1877, the U.S. the last reported collection of this farmers and ranchers worldwide for established the Entomological Com- species in the wild and occurred in as long as human civilization has mission to study the locust in-depth southern Canada. existed. In the U.S., though, their re- at the urging of Charles V. Riley. The incredible decline of this corded history is much shorter with Riley was an enterprising entomolo- locust species, however, was not the an outbreak in New England in 1797 gist from Missouri who made his last of the grasshopper problems in being one of the earliest mentions name nationally-known due to his the U.S. In the 1930’s, 17 western of crop destruction by grasshoppers. great interest in assisting rangeland states had infestations by a number As many of you also probably know states with their locust issues. In fact, of species taking over millions of (perhaps from Jeffrey A. Lock- Riley became so well-known nation- acres of both federal and private wood’s interesting book from 2005 ally that he was invited to become land, and control efforts at the local on the subject, Locust), the Rocky Federal Entomologist (the second level were consistently failing. A Mountain locust (Melanoplus spretus one ever) in 1878, but resigned in regional approach was determined to Walsh, 1866 - currently thought to be 1879 to continue doing field work be the solution, so, in 1934, the U.S. extinct) was one of the worst plague with the Commission until 1881. Congress mandated the USDA with species in the world and caused Then, he joined the Division of rangeland grasshopper management significant agricultural woes in the Entomology of the USDA as chief under the auspices of the division western U.S.. From 1874-1877, this until 1894. Coincidentally, this is now known as the Animal and Plant Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 22 METALEPTEA Health Inspection Service (APHIS). the USDA since 1979 and with the ninsky), Utah State University (the Despite several agency shifts in team almost since its inception, and lab of Donald W. Roberts), New organization over the years, this is Lonnie Black (Biological Science Mexico State University (e.g. Ellis still the same mandate and division Technician: equipment specialist Huddleston and many more), South that our team is operating under and problem solver) who joined in Dakota State University (e.g. David today and, over the years, it became 1991 and swiftly became an integral Walgenbach and many more), Stefan what we now call the Rangeland member. Jaronski’s ARS lab, PPQ’s many Grasshopper and Mormon Cricket The primary reason our team were State Plant Health Directors and Suppression Program. After 1934, established was to fill in the field- Field Operations personnel who have grasshopper management was based gap between pesticide testing been invaluable local resources and largely undertaken by the APHIS di- at the lab level and implementation field partners, and the many Native visions placed in each state known as at the state level. In other words, American tribes that have allowed us Plant Protection Quarantine (PPQ). we spend over two months in the access onto their lands. Additional support came from the field in various rangeland locations I have joined the team at an es- USDA’s Agricultural Research Ser- every summer undertaking a variety pecially exciting time because we vice (ARS) (particularly the lab that of field experiments to test applica- are trying many new things while used to be in Bozeman, Montana) tions developed by ARS and others. also continuing the legacy of good whose primary responsibility was In fact, we often play a critical role field science that Foster began. For developing and testing chemical ap- in methods development as well as instance, we recently spearheaded plications for adequate control. in the improvement and innovation an initiative to place a portion of Despite these great strides in of equipment and techniques. Our our many thousands of grasshop- grasshopper management, problems results are then compiled and dis- per specimens (currently residing un- continued to persist at undesirable tributed to our state cooperators and pinned in frostless freezers), collect- levels, which led to the establish- federal partners, so they can, in turn, ed during field experiment sweeps, ment of a new USDA unit to combat use this new knowledge to better into insect collections, such as Ari- the threat in a different way. The control local and regional outbreaks. zona State University’s Hasbrouck Phoenix Lab’s pink bollworm unit In addition to refining the use of Insect Collection and Colorado State has had much success in reducing known chemical technologies, we University’s C.P. Gillette Museum of the presence of this cotton pest in are always on the look-out for new Diversity. These speci- the field. This is why, in 1976, this things to try (e.g. biopesticides like mens represent dozens of rangeland same lab was chosen to be the home fungal pathogens) in order to man- species (mainly Gomphocerinae, base of another unit that would age grasshoppers more efficiently, Melanoplinae, and Oedopodinae) also have a specific focus: the team effectively, and inexpensively. from many U.S. states, span more to which I now belong. R. Nelson Since 1976, our team has con- than 30 years of field collection, and Foster (retired Supervisory Ento- ducted 157 intensive and encom- contain a wealth of ecological and mologist), who was working for the passing field trials across a majority geographical information. If your pink bollworm unit at the time, was of the 17 western states, resulting collection or research could benefit assigned the task of building the unit in great advances in how chemi- from the acquisition of some of these and leading the team to many victo- cal applications should be applied specimens, please write. Another ries over their saltatorial adversaries to increase efficacy. Foster would thing we are exploring is the use of until his retirement in 2014. Some of be the first to point out that these Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) you may be aware of Foster’s efforts successes have only been achieved to assist with remote sensing, an because our Society awarded him the through the assistance of a plethora especially helpful tool for areas that Sir Boris Uvarov’s Award in Applied of cooperating federal, state, tribal, are difficult to access. Our search Acridology during the 2013 Con- university, and private entities. A also continues for reliable ways to gress of Orthopterology in China. short list of these allies includes the forecast outbreaks to better prescribe Since Foster’s retirement, Jech has National Grasshopper Management pesticide application regimes and been in charge after first working Board (a group that includes mem- better prepare ranchers. So far, I’m for the team from 1989-1994 and bers of many different backgrounds enjoying the position quite a bit, I’m then re-joining in 2008. The other interested in the management of enthused about the opportunity to two team members are K. Chris U.S. rangeland grasshoppers), the continue to contribute to a successful Reuter (Biological Science Techni- University of Wyoming (e.g. Lock- legacy of grasshopper management cian: grasshopper identifier and data wood and the lab of our very own by the USDA, and I’m excited about management) who has been with Society President, Alexandre Latchi- this upcoming field season! Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 23 METALEPTEA Visit to China to Discuss Furthering the Use of Biopesticides against Locusts and Grasshoppers By DAVID HUNTER Executive Director and President Elect [email protected] etween 25 March and 5 of locust and grasshopper April, I had the privilege treatments. Long Zhang, of visiting Dr. Zhang of who has been instrumental the China Agricultural in the introduction and use University, Beijing and of these biopesticides, dis- BB taking part in a training cussed aspects of the locust course on locust control in Tai’an problem and outlined some in Shandong province. There were of his latest research on the more than 100 participants in this subject. pre-season training course where The next morning, Long preparations were made for the Zhang and I climbed the coming locust season. I gave a talk famous Tai Shan (Mount on the Integrated Pest Management Tai), which is the most sa- of Locusts with emphasis on Man- cred mountain in China. In agement programs in Australia and the afternoon, Long and I China. This talk included the latest gave seminars at Shandong techniques in ensuring locusts are University. After returning found in a timely manner, so that to Beijing, I gave a seminar resources can be allocated such that on the use of biological most locusts are treated before they pesticides against locusts can reach crops. Various aspects and grasshoppers in vari- of treatment were outlined, includ- ous countries in the world. ing the use of biopesticides, which Overall, a most fruitful in China include both the fungus trip as China plans to use Metarhizium acridum and the mi- non-chemical control crosporidian Paranosema locustae. methods for over half of its Figure 1. Long Zhang (top) and David Hunter (bottom) In the past few years, more than treatments of locusts and discussing about locust control at Tai’an, China. 100,000 ha per year have been treat- grasshoppers by the year ed with these biopesticides in China, 2020. which account for more than 30% Edible Orthoptera from Africa: preservation and promotion of traditional knowledge n response to population and micronutrient deficiencies. En- By SÉVERIN TCHIBOZO growth, limited natural tomophagia - the practice of eating Centre de recherche pour la gestion de la biodiversité, Bénin resources, and food security insects - is already widely-practiced. [email protected], [email protected] problems in many low-income For a long time, and in many coun- MICHEL LECOQ regions of the world (particu- tries of the world, insects have been Montpellier, France II larly in the least-developed traditionally eaten by humans for [email protected] countries), insects (often considered their food. Currently, over 2 billion 2,140 edible species have been as nuisances or pests) have emerged people worldwide are consuming recorded (Mitsuhashi, 2016), mainly in recent years as a possible response them traditionally (van Huis et al., Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenop- to malnutrition, protein shortages, 2013, Niassy & Ekessi, 2016). Some tera, Isoptera, Hemiptera, Odonata, Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 24 METALEPTEA Table 1. The main species of Orthoptera consumed in Africa for human food.

Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 25 METALEPTEA loi/jiff), The Univer- ciplinary project launched in 2009 sity of Wageningen also by the Biodiversity Management maintains a site with the Research Center, an NGO based in World’s Edible Insects Benin (http://www.crgbbj.org/). The List (http://www.wur.nl/ aim was to collect the knowledge on en/Expertise-Services/ edible insects of French-speaking Chair-groups/Plant-Sci- West and Central Africa and dis- ences/Laboratory-of-En- seminate it as widely as possible. A tomology/Edible-insects/ participatory website was created Worldwide-species-list. (http://gbif.africamuseum.be/lincaoc- htm), and FAO has net/) through a collaboration with the maintained a website on Royal Museum for Central Africa in edible insects since 2010 Belgium, and data has been gath- (http://www.fao.org/ ered regularly since then. This site edible-insects/en/). constitutes a source of information In Africa, where mal- allowing for the gradual improve- nutrition problems are ment of the scientific knowledge for probably more acute than a better alimentary use of insects. In elsewhere, insects often this inventory, Orthoptera occupy a occupy a prominent special place. place in human nutrition, as in the myths of vari- Methodology ous ethnic groups (Sei- The collection of field data, from gnobos, 2016). Insects the local populations who consume are not only consumed insects, was carried out by one of in times of scarcity, but the authors (ST) with the support of often because of their a network of partners in each vis- taste and their estab- ited country. The countries visited lished place in the local were: Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, food culture (van Huis, Cameroon, Central African Repub- 2003). They are a highly lic, Congo, Democratic Republic nutritious food source, of Congo, Gabon, Guinea Conakry, rich in protein, iron, and Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Niger, vitamin A. Senegal, and Togo. However, there is a sig- Initially, through a literature search nificant risk that cultural and information from local partners, and ecological knowl- a list of major areas of insect con- edge about entomophagy sumption was established as well will be lost because in a as, for each country, the periods globalized world newer of presence and abundance of the Western dietary pat- various species. Field missions were terns are gradually being then carried out to collect data on Figure 1. Sale of dried grasshoppers on the Niamey market in adopted (van Huis et al., these edible insects. Local communi- Niger (a, b) and fresh grasshoppers on a Congolese market (c). 2013). Therefore, it is ties were asked to obtain information necessary to safeguard on the various insects used in their and enhance this tra- diets. Specimens were collected, Diptera and…278 species of Orthop- ditional knowledge at a time when photographed, and identified. For tera (Jongema, 2017). humanity is increasingly in need of each observation, a record has been Work on the use of insects in it. In Francophone Africa, this was created that includes a photograph human and animal foods is increas- the objective of the international of the insect, its common name and ing and a scientific journal is now project LINCAOCNET (funded by scientific name, pronunciation in devoted to the subject: the Journal the International Organization of the local language (recording of the of Insects as Food and Feed (http:// La Francophonie and the Belgian name given by local volunteers), www.wageningenacademic.com/ development agency), a multidis- habitat, locality, information on Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 26 METALEPTEA the method of harvesting, culinary recipes, conservation techniques, and certain therapeutic uses. The insects’ host plants have also been collected and placed in an herbarium. Finally, inventories of marketed Orthoptera, and their selling price, were made from visiting the markets, in collabo- ration with local sellers.

Results Table 1 provides a country sum- mary of the various species used for human consumption in Africa. Up to fifteen species of Orthoptera are con- sumed in Benin (but obviously it is the country of the first author and it was therefore better prospected), and 25 in DR Congo. But, quantitatively, Niger is probably the country where the most grasshoppers are consumed, even if the diversity of species is more important elsewhere. The local names are, of course, multiple according to the ethnic Figure 2. Grasshoppers fried and spiced (1), scalded and dried (2), bulk or in individual sachets groups. For some, a name exists (3) are frequently marketed in African markets for human consumption. Grasshopper flour (4) for each species consumed. For (here prepared at CRGB but not yet marketed) may be incorporated into feed composition for poultry, livestock, etc. others, the Orthoptera are simply designated by one or a few generic tree, Coco nucifera, pre-cut from the the variegated grasshopper, which, names. Thus, the Bambaras in Mali trunk. In the Democratic Republic of despite its a priori repulsive name in have only one name, Nton, for the Congo, in the peri-urban areas, french (“stinking grasshopper”), is various species of locusts, including some species of the genus Ruspolia highly appreciated by the local com- angulifera, Cataloipus are caught under neon public light- munities of Togo and Cameroon. In cymbiferus, and others. The Hausa in ing (Malaisse, 1997). Unfortunately, Mali, the Bambara remove the head Niger designate all locusts as Maï- some populations sometimes take and wings of grasshoppers and crick- Akoyé. The Sipyeres in Mali use the advantage of insecticide treatments ets, fry or grill them, and eat them term Kanpeinthian. Conversely, the to collect dead insects that are then directly without storing them. There, variegated grasshopper Zonocerus found in markets. Analyses carried the grasshoppers are eaten almost variegatus L., has a distinct name in out on locusts bought on the market in all the villages, especially by the many ethnic groups: in Cameroon, of Niamey some twenty years ago children. In Senegal and Niger, vari- Nadoisc in the Baya-Dokai language revealed some traces of insecticide ous species of grasshoppers are eaten and Babati in Fulfulbe language; in (ML). It may be hoped, without be- like biscuits as an aperitif. Burkina Faso, Sabinnin in the Bobo ing certain, that these practices have Grasshoppers can be eaten im- language; in Togo: Agboblomi in the now disappeared. mediately after preparation or kept Ewe language; etc. There are many recipes. Fre- for sale on the markets, sometimes Capture techniques are simple. quently, once collected, grasshop- in bulk and exposed to the open air, Orthoptera are collected or cap- pers are scalded, dried in the sun sometimes packaged in small sachets tured with bare hands, sometimes until well-dehydrated, or fried and containing only a few insects. As an by shaking vegetation, very early eaten directly, or seasoned with chili anecdote, one of the authors (ML) in the morning or at nightfall when powder. Sometimes the wings are one day received a trainee from the temperatures are low and insects removed and the grasshoppers are Congo who had brought with him to are not very mobile. Some small skewered and grilled before immedi- France, in a plastic bag, some dozens Tettigoniidae are sometimes picked ate consumption. This is the case for of grasshoppers prepared by his fam- up on the dry palms of the coconut ily and which he consumed with de- Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 27 METALEPTEA also locally in the African coun- tries. The most popular events were those associated with insect tasting, attracting many schoolchildren, but also many curious adults.

Conclusion The information collected, which here complements previous in- ventories of Tchibozo (2015) and Tchibozo et al. (2005, 2016b), are available for free online at the LINCAOCNET project website. This project ended in 2011, but activities are continuing, both for the collection of new information (which can be added to the site), for public awareness, and for mount- ing new projects. Sustainable use of edible insects, while taking care not to endanger their wild popula- tions and habitats, is undoubtedly a significant part of a long-term strategy to overcome food security problems in Africa and elsewhere in the world. However, the obstacles to the development of sustainable Figure 3. Some edible locust and grashopper species from Africa. From top to bottom and from entomophagy are still numerous, left to right: (1)Zonocerus variegatus, (2) Schistocerca gregaria, (3) Hieroglyphus africanus, (4) and they are particularly cultural and Ornithacris turbida cavroisi, (5) , (6) Nomadacris septemfasciata, (7) Cyrta- related to eating habits, especially canthacris aeruginosa, (8) Locusta migratoria (photos: S. Tchibozo, except M. Lecoq 2 and 8). in western countries (Riggi et al., 2013). Knowledge about indig- light during his stay. Niger seems to it contains about 32% total crude enous practices, though, can help to be the only country in French-speak- protein. Regular consumption could refine current research activities and ing Africa where you can buy and help reduce child malnutrition in stimulate the development of appro- eat scalded and dried grasshoppers Africa (Tchibozo et al., 2016a). The priate technologies to guide research all year round. In Benin, a Nigerian consumption of these orthopterans and policy for the development of woman who has lived for several obviously depends on the life cycle entomophagia in Africa and around years in Cotonou imports grasshop- of the various species and their abun- the world (Niassy et al. 2016). The pers from Niger and sells them fried dance in the field. Species of locusts, Orthoptera will undoubtedly have a and seasoned with chili pepper. The such as the migratory locust and the place of choice in this adventure. majority of her clients are obviously desert locust, are mostly consumed from Benin’s Nigerian community. in times of invasion when swarms Acknowledgments Some crickets are also widely- offer a large amount of available Our thanks to Didier Morin for some identifications, and to Nyembo Mukena consumed. This is the case of the insects. These crop pests can then be Christophe, J.M. Vassal, Linda Bougues- cricket Brachytrupes membranaceus both a source of food for the family sa, Leïla Allal-Benfkih, Rémi and Guy Drury, which is consumed almost all and a source of income that is not Pinault, Hanem Makni, Michel Yapo, over Africa and is highly-appreciated negligible. Pierre Silvie, and Christian Mikolo Yobo by children. Arboreal species ap- Finally, public awareness was also for various information on entomophagy pear to be the most consumed, an important part of the LINCA- in Africa. mainly for their taste qualities. The OCNET project. Information days nutritional intake is obvious and a (seminars) have been organized in References chemical analysis of scalded and different places, such as in Europe, Jongema Y. 2017. World list of edible dried grasshoppers revealed that in the United States, in China, and insects. Wageningen University, the Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 28 METALEPTEA Netherlands. Seignobos C., 2016. Consommation de Géographie et d’Ecologie Tropicales Malaisse F. 1997. Se nourrir en forêt criquets, sauterelles et autres insectes 40(2) : 105-114. claire africaine. Approche écologique dans le nord du Cameroun. In : E. Tchibozo S., van Huis A. & Paoletti M.G., et nutritionnelle. Les presses Motte-Florac & P. Le Gall. (eds.). Savou- 2005. Notes on edible insects of South agronomiques de Gembloux, Belgique reux insectes : de l’aliment traditionnel Benin: A source of protein. In : M.G. et CTA. 384 p. à l’innovation gastronomique. Tours, Paoletti ed.). Ecological Implications of Mitsuhashi J. 2016. Edible Insects of the Rennes, Marseille : PUFR, PUR, IRD, Minilivestock. Role of Rodents, Frogs, World. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA. 119-128. Table des Hommes. ISBN 978- Snails, and Insects for Sustainable De- 296 p. 2-7535-5142-8. velopment. Enfield : Science Publish- Niassy S. & Ekesi S. 2016. Contribution Tchibozo S., Meura J., & Mergen P., ers, 246-250. ISBN 1578083397. to the knowledge of entomophagy in 2016a. Protéines d’insectes et biscuits Tchibozo S. 2015. Entomophagy among Africa Journal of Insects as Food and fortifiés pour les enfants souffrant the Ngbakas in the Central African Feed, 2(3) : 137-138. de malnutrition en Afrique [on line]. Republic and the Komas in the Alantika Niassy S., Fiaboe K.K.M., Affognon Sceaux, France : Formation perman- Mountains, Cameroon: another sus- H.D., Akutse K.S., Tanga M.C. & Ekesi ente Développement et Santé (ed.). tainable food option in Africa. Nature S. 2016. African indigenous knowledge URL : https://devsante.org/articles/ & Faune 29(2) : 55-58. on edible insects to guide research and proteines-d-insectes-et-biscuits- van Huis A., 2003. Insects as food in sub- policy. Journal of Insects as Food and fortifies-pour-les-enfants-souffrant- saharan Africa. Insect Sci. Applic. 23 : Feed 2 (3) : 161 – 170. de-malnutrition-en-afrique [accessed 163–185. Riggi L., Veronesi M., Verspoor R., 26/04/2017]. van Huis A., van Itterbeeck J., Klunder MacFarlane C., 2013. Exploring Ento- Tchibozo S, Malaisse F & Mergen P. H., Mertens E., Halloran A., Muir G., mophagy in Northern Benin -Practices, 2016b. Edible insects by Human in Vantomme P., 2013. Edible insects - Perceptions and Possibilities. Bugs for Western French Africa. Geo-Eco-Trop : Future prospects for food and feed Life, London (www.bugsforlife.com). Revue Internationale de Géologie, de security. FAO Forestry Paper 171.

Book Review: Acridofagia y otros insectos / Acridophagy and other insects By RICARDO MARIÑO-PÉREZ Department of Entomology Texas A&M University [email protected] t was a pleasure to receive this species of the genera Sphenarium, book as a gift some months Melanoplus, Schistocerca, Boope- ago. For more than forty don, Rhammatocerus, Abracris, years, the first author, Dr. Taeniopoda, and Xyleus (among Julieta Ramos-Elorduy has others) are reported to be consumed II been studying edible insects in in Mexico. Across the world, Or- Mexico and this book is a culmina- thoptera species represent 13% of tion and compilation of several of the insects consumed, surpassed by the studies that have been published Hymenoptera (14%), Lepidoptera together with the book’s other two (18%), and Coleoptera (31%). Fol- authors, Pino and Van Huis. After the lowing this overview, the authors introduction to the topic, the authors focus on the history of entomophagy define entomophagy and provide in Mexico and provide several sta- examples from different parts of the tistics. Among them, one Orthoptera world. Currently, there are 1,900 genus (Sphenarium spp.) is in the species recorded that are consumed top ten species of insects consumed by humans. They are mainly from in Mexico. Due to historical rea- Africa, China, Laos, Myanmar, Thai- sons (heritage of several indigenous Acridofagia y otros insectos / Acridophagy land, Vietnam, Brazil, and Mexico. and other insects. Julieta Ramos-Elordy, Ar- groups living in those regions before nold Van Huis & José Manuel Pino. Conaculta, The latter is considered to be the the Spanish Conquest), the States of Trilce ediciones & Universidad Autónoma del most entomophagous country in the Hidalgo, Mexico, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Estado de Hidalgo. 2015. 319 pp. Paperback. world with 549 species reported so and Veracruz in the Central and ISBN 978-607-7663-98-0. In Spanish. $25 USD. far. In the case of Orthoptera, 60 Southern parts of Mexico are the Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 29 METALEPTEA areas where the most insects are Interestingly, a section on pairing pers, grasshopper flour, scrambled consumed. In another chapter, the insects with wine is also provided. eggs with grasshoppers, grasshopper topic of entomophobia is covered For example, apart from the very orange cake, Cantonese-style fried with a special emphasis on the role well-known pairing of mezcal with locusts, etc. Despite the fact that the that movies have played. Later in the Sphenarium spp., other pairings book is written in Spanish, it is pro- book, a chapter about the insects in are suggested, such as crickets with fusely illustrated and full of images the arts covers the history since the Albariño, locusts with Moscatel, and graphics that can be enjoyed and first honey extraction was recorded and grasshoppers with Champagne understood without the knowledge of at Spider Caves, Spain (17,000 years Brut. Finally, a section on recipes Spanish. To purchase the book you ago) through the present day, with using different insects closes out the can visit: https://www.educal.com. special emphasis on the last two cen- book. Regarding Orthoptera, several mx/0500-ciencias-puras/096214- turies. In the chapter “Acridophagy”, recipes are provided, like grasshop- acridofagia-y-otros-insectos.html a detailed explanation of grasshop- per quesadilla without tortilla, risotto I want to thank Isabel C. Velásquez per harvesting is provided, together with escamoles (edible larva and de la Cruz for giving me this book as with instructions on how to breed pupae of the ant Atta mexicana) with a present. them, cook them, store them, etc. Sphenarium spp., garlic grasshop- Miniature Melanoplinae By DEREK A. WOLLER USDA: APHIS, PPQ CPHST-Phoenix Lab, AZ, USA [email protected]

his miniature adult acridid is Melanoplus forcipatus Hubbell, 1932, a Florida-based member of the southeast- TT ern U.S.’s Puer Group. As you can see, it’s not much bigger than a European honeybee, Apis mellifera L., 1758, and, in fact, I did not even notice it when I first started shooting photos of these scrub flowers at the Archbold Biological Station. M. forcipatus is one of the many brachypterous species found in scrub habitats that are associated with ridge systems, which were once ancient islands in Florida. (Photo credit: Derek A. Woller using a Pen- tax WG-3 GPS.)

Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 30 METALEPTEA me why there are no students working I’d be very interested in working with Editorial on these groups. Perhaps, because them as well. By HOJUN SONG there is no specific lab focusing on the I would like to thank all those who Editor, Metaleptea systematics of these orthopterans, it have contributed to this issue as well [email protected] may be difficult for budding orthop- as our Associate Editor, Derek A. terists to figure out where to start even Woller, for his continued assistance in here are more than if they might be interested in these the editorial process. 27,700 species of Or- insects. Sure, grasshoppers, katydids, To publish in Metaleptea, please thoptera that are cur- and crickets are really interesting send your contribution to hsong@ rently described. This and I recognize why many research tamu.edu with a subject line starting figure is probably an programs focus on these groups. But, with [Metaleptea]. As for the format, T underestimate of the T if we are serious about understanding a MS Word document is preferred and true diversity, considering the fact the biodiversity of Orthoptera, we will images should be in JPEG or TIFF that there are still many places that need to pay more attention to less fa- format with a resolution of at least have not been explored thoroughly. miliar, yet, interesting groups. I don’t 144 DPI. The next issue of Metalep- Understanding biodiversity is the know anything about gryllacridids or tea will be published in September cornerstone of understanding biology, chorotypids, but what I do know is of 2017, so please send me content but, presently, we are suffering from that they are incredibly awesome and promptly. I look forward to hearing major taxonomic impediments in if there are students willing to invest from you soon! Orthoptera. I would like to highlight time and effort to learn these groups, two groups in particular, which are in a direr situation than other groups. The first group is the superfamily Officers of the Orthopterists’ Society . Commonly known as monkey grasshoppers, this superfam- President: Alexandre Latchininsky, Department of Ecosystem Science ily includes 7 families and more than and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA. 1,000 described species mainly dis- [email protected] tributed in the tropics. They are never President-Elect: David Hunter, Locust and Grasshopper Control, abundant like acridids, but they can be 125 William Webb Drive, McKellar ACT 2617 Australia. locally numerous. In the Neotropics, [email protected] many species are brightly colored, Executive Director: David Hunter, Locust and Grasshopper Control, and collecting them is like picking up 125 William Webb Drive, McKellar ACT 2617 Australia. little pieces of jewelry. They also have [email protected] incredibly complicated male genitalia, Treasurer: Pamm Mihm, 2417 Fields South Drive, Champaign, IL 61822 often quite enlarged. Some species USA. [email protected]. of Chorotypidae in Asia are even Managing Editor JOR: Corinna S. Bazelet, Department of Conservation remarkable mimics of dead leaves. Ecology & Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South The second group is what I call the Africa. [email protected] basal ensiferans, including Rhaphido- Editorial Assistant JOR: Nancy Morris, Department of Biology, University phoridae, , Anostosto- of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada. matidae, and . These [email protected] families collectively include more Manager Orthopterists’ Society Website: Piotr Naskrecki, Museum of than 1,600 species and show amaz- Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. ing diversity in life history traits and [email protected] mating biology. I recently learned that Associate Manager OS Website: David C.F. Rentz, 19 Butler Dr., Kuranda, cave crickets are critical components Queensland, Australia. [email protected] of small karst fauna without bats be- Editor Metaleptea: Hojun Song, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M cause they roost in the cave during the University, College Station, TX, USA. [email protected] day and their guano basically sustains Associate Editor Metaleptea: Derek A. Woller, USDA: APHIS, PPQ, the obligate cave dwelling . CPHST-Phoenix Lab, AZ, USA. [email protected] Isn’t that amazing? The Eumasta- Orthoptera Species File Officer: María Marta Cigliano, División coidea and the basal ensiferans are Entomología, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, biologically and evolutionarily fas- La Plata, Argentina. [email protected] cinating groups and it really escapes The Ted Cohn Research Fund Manager: Michel Lecoq, CIRAD, France. [email protected] Volume 37 (2) / May 2017 31