CENSUS OF INDIA 1971
BIHAR SERIES 4
PART VI-B SPECIAL SURVEY REPORTS ON SELECTED TOWNS DUMKA
Field im'estigation and fir.l"t draf! KIRAN KANT VERMA 111l'estigaror
Supervision, guidan.ce alld final draft N. M. ALVI Assistant Director
Editor B. B. LAL Of THB INmAN ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICE Director oj Census Operations, !1ihar 1971 CENSUS PUBLICAnONS, BIHAR (All the Censlls Publications of this State will bear Series 4) PART I-A General Report (Report on data yielded from P.C.A. and Tables on Mother-tongue and Religion)· PART l-B Genera.1 Report (Detai1cd a.na1ysis of the Demo graphic, Social, Cultural and Migration pattern) PART I-C Subsidiary Tables PART II-A General Population Tables (A-I, A-II, A-III &. A-IV and P.C.A.)t PART II-A (Supplelnent) General Population Tables (Standar~ Urban areas)t PORTRAIT OF POPULATIONt P~RT lI-B (i) Gene~al Economic Tables (B-1 Part A and B-II)t PART lI-B (ii) General Economic Tables (B-1 Part B, B-IlI, B-IV and B-VII to B-IX)t PART lI-B (iii) General Economic Tables (B-V and B-VI)t PART II-C (i) Social and Cultural Tables (CVII and C-VIII)t PART H-C (ii) Social and Cultural Tables (C-I to CVI and Fertility Tables)· PART lI-D Migration Tablest PART 1I1-A Report on Establishments and Subsidiary Tables on Establishment Tablest PART IlI-B Establishment Tablest PART IV Housing Report and Tablest PART V-A Special Tables for Scheduled Castes & Sahd. Tribest PART VI-A Town Directoryt PART VI-B Special Survey Reports on selected towns; PART VI-C Survey Report on selected villages PART VIlI-A Administration Report on Enumerationt, For ~ Official PART VIII-B Administration Report on Tabulat:on J use only PART IX Census Atlast PART IX-A (l) Admiaistra:tivc At1as rcillting to Patas a:ad Tirhuc Divisionst PART IX-A(ii) Adm:nistrative Atlas relating to Bhagalpur and Cho tanagpur Divisionst PART X-A 'Distr'ict Census' Handbook (Town and Village Directory)·· PART X-B District Census Handbook (Village and Townwise Primary Census Abstract)·· PART X-C District Census Handbook (Analytical Report and Administrative Statistics and District Census tables)$ ~--=------·In press. tAlrea-dy printed. :j:Present volume (Dumka Town). One volume "Madhupur Town" alreaiy printed. .·District Census Hanjbooks for all 17 districts of Patna, (Jaya, Shahabad, Saran, Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga, Monghyr. Bhagalpur, Saha-sa, Pumea, Santal Pargana~, Palamau, H~zaribagh, Ranchi, I>hanbad and Singhbhum already printed. $District Census Handbooks of 7 districts (Purnea. Santal Parganas. Palamau. Haza"ibagh, Ranchi, Dhanbad, and Singhbhum) already printed and 3 districts (Shahabad, Saran and Monghyr) are in Press. CONTENTS
PAGE
FOREWORD PREFACE VIl CHAPTER I Introduction 1 CHAPTER II History of growth of the town .. 20 CHAPTER 111 Amenities and Services History of growth and pre- sent position 30 CHAPTER IV Economic life of the town 59 CHAPTER V Ethnic and selected Socio Demographic characteristics of the population 96 CHAPTER VI Migration and settlement of families 130 CHAPTER VII Neighbourhood pattern 159 CHAPTER VIII Family life in the town 170 CHAPTER IX Housing and material culture 186 CHAPTER X Slums, Blighted and other areas with sub· standard living conditions .. 198 CHAPTER XI Organisation of power and prestige 200 CHAPTER XII Leisure and Recreation, Social participation, Social awareness, Religion & crime 208 CHAPTER XIII Linkages and Continua 225 CHAPTER XIV Recapitulation and Conclusion 234 MAP-
FACING PAGE
Showing Urban Land Use .. 12
Showing Average Land Value W wards 16
Showing number of houses by wards 17 Showing location of Slum Areas ]8
Showing Peri-Urli!_ftn area 28 Showing Public Utility Services 32
PHOTOGRAPHS Between pages 158-159 FOREWORD
The Census bas become an indiSpensable instrument of policy and deve16pment pTannin.g. It .need hardly be stressed that a c~nsus is fib·t a mere counting of heads. It is a kind of stock-ta1cing as it were, of the nation's bliman ·wealth. Ce-nsns aims at pres~nting as complete a pictur-e df man as may be possible .in his social, cultoral and econofnlc setting.
Recognising that its role is to serve the needs of the planner" policy maker, administrator ana the academician, the census or.ganisation from time to time arranges discussions with the main data users and s€eks guidance in .planning its operations. However, for a further and more realistic apprecia tion of the data thrown up by the census on various aspects of the Ufe of the community, it has been realised that more and more empIrical studies would havt: to be undertaken. this requirement was kept in view even while plann1ng the 1961 Census. 'The studies undertaken as ancillary to It, and parti cularly the sooio-economic survey of nve hundred and odd villages' throughout the country pfbvicled insight into the meaning of the statistical data m terms of real life situations. India is nO doubt predominantiy turat, but urbanisation has been rapidly occutiing. With increasing tempo of economic and industrial development of the country urbanisation would seem inevitable. Urbanisation has become sine qua non of progress. Urban centres aTe undoubtedly' the centr~s of dissemination. of Kl}Qwl~dge; ne'Y ideas,.,tec4nical ~fills al).d ~p on. This influences the life around till more and more , 1"1 r'j 1 ~ '". ,. area$ get·urbanised-. India is at thiS 'interesting transitional stage ans.:l the census org~nisation though it fjt. to ~hdertake studies to get a deeper jnsiglit into the growth of smalI towns which are likely to play an important role in the life 'and economy of the community in the near future. Under the 1971 Census a separate Towu Directory ~ivin& certain ~~siQ data pertainiJ?i !o _~cai:~~ to~n 'in the 'country \Vas brought out. This is b~ing ( +, .. ~) .... ~ "- supplemep.ted by f~irly detailed accounts of 'a few towns selected for study ali over the coUntry wliith tnay help to bring out tJ;te fntenS'Uy a:nd eftect' of the socib-econotriicforqes g'enerat¢d 'by hrb'ariisatio'n as alsb what impact urba!lisa~ion 4as'~aae on' the lrural ireighbouihood. '.I r In? consuitation with' the town ;l~]anneis, ~Ptthr~)'Po}oEists: ,soclologists, ~e6g;d.phers, r. ecoriQ- 111.1sts; gemogrdphers, etc'., the criteria -laid down ~fo:r: sel~ciion o( towns for specfaf studles were, 'sjze; :demographic feature~, such as growth rate,. deJ?sity of popul~tion 'ahd age of tOWh; fU:Q.ctibrtal" type; locatlonaltactors such as' topography anti natural environment, climate, growth pattern of the region, growth history and distance from nearest 1}letro ~oljtan area; nature.of.relation with otp.er towns;
ii concentration of ethnic or religious group, caste or community; and other social and cultural phenomena. Towns with maximum clustering of the different criteria were preferred at the time of the selection, on an all India basis, at the same time ensuring that the various characteristics are represented in one town or the other as finally selected for the study. This study covers, among other things, the (a) growth history of towns including the infrastructure of growth and basic and non-basic economy and concomitant changes in the economic and social relations of the region, (b) growth history of the various servicing institutions in the towns in response to the different factors of change and the concomitant changes in the pattern of distribution of community power and prestige, (c) frequency and pattern of inter-action among the different segments of the population, (d) nature and inten sity of linka ges with other towns of the region on the one hand and the rural hinterland on the other, (e) persistence of the values of traditional society and percolation of technological values of modern civilization in the social complex of towns, and (f) other ancillary matters. A set of schedules was evolved in connection with the present survey by the Social Studies Division of the Office of the Registrar General, Tndia, under the guidance of Dr. B. K. Roy
iii (}3.urman, 'Deputy Registrar General, India '(Social St:udi,es). The Survey of ,individual tQwns has been carried out mainly by the Directors .of CeF1SUS Opera.tions in the va rio u s States and Union Territories, with the technical advjce of tbe Social St:udies Division. Qualified rese.arch personnel have been placed at the dis.posal of the :Directors of Census 'O.perations/Soci~l 'Studies Division of the Office of the Registrar General, India, for carrying out the field investigations and co-ordinating the s.t.udjes of individual towns, etc. It is an encour:aging teilture that .certai.n individual scholar.s and ac.ade mi~ ~nstitutions have come forward to take up the studjes of sO,me towns within the framework of the present scheme. 1 J~el confident, thanks to the. enth\'l.~iasm show:n by my colleagues in the State Census Offices Jlnd the academic world? a cor.p\1s ,of knowJ®ge w,ill he built up which may be useful not only fDr academic purposes but. also .for YariOJ-ls development activIties.
The credit for organising these ,studies rightly 'belpJ'lgs -to my colleagues in the Socjal Studj~s Division. I -am grateful to Dr. B. K. Roy Burman, who -was 'incharge of the Social Studies Divi~don, for stirn'Q)ating his colleagues in the Census Offices to study in depth the specific problems of social change and for developing the necessary tools for the study by devising exhaustive schedules for collecting the requisite data. I am thankful J:o Shri N. O. Nag, Assistant Registrar General, who later took oveT the co-ordination of the programme iv from Dr. Roy Burman. I also acknowledge the important role of Shri C. G. Jadhav, Officer on Special Duty, who undertook the scrutiny of the statistical data and drafts prepared in the census offices in the States with the assistance of Smt. R. Sabharwal and Sarvashri R. K. Mehta and N. P. Jagota. The present monograph is the outcome of the study undertaken by the Directorate of Census Operations, Bihar. The study was conducted by S/Shri Kiran Kant Verma and Rajendra Prasad, Investigators under the supervisIOn of Shri Shahbuddin Mohammad, De-puty Director of Census Operations. Shri N. M. Alvi, Assistant Director of Census Operations, edited the report. I am indebted to my colleagues in the Census Office for their painstaking efforts in the prepara tion of the monograph.
NEW DELHI: P. PADMA'NABHA. October 4, 1978 Registrar General, India
v
PREFACE The present volume, viz., Town Study of Dumka Is'"the second in the series of Special Survey Reports on selected towns published by the Bihar Census Organisation. '''he first such report a1ready' pub 'lished, is the. 'Town "Study of Madhupur. This volume deals ~ith the growth history, economic and social life, ethnic and socib-demographic charac teristics of the hihabitants of Dumka town. Besides, it also gives certain basic detai_ls regarding migr~ ·tion, seitlement and neighbourhood pattern, the growth of slums and related matters. The material used in this volume was collected through field survey conducted by a team consisting of SjShri Kiran Kant Verma, Rajendra Prasad, Investigators and S/Shri B. N. Tripalhi, Sahdeo Prasad, Satrughan Singh and Fekulal Yadav, Assistant Compilers. Shri Shahbuddin Mohammad, 'Deputy Director incharge of Social Studies Section, provided the initial' guidance in the conduct of the Survey. He was later succeeded by S/Shri R. P. Tomar, S. C. Saxena and R. B. Singh, aU Deputy Directors. The basic draft '" as prepared by S/Shri Kiran Kant Verma and Rajendra Prasad~ Investigators. Shri N. M. AJvi, Assistant Director, improved upon the draft by incorporating suitable suggestions. S/Shri Md. Hasan Azad and Sohrai Rajak typed the manuscript. The maps and charts presented in this volume were prepared in the Map Section under the super vision of Shri Md. Abb~s. Senior Geographer, ably assisted by Shri Shaft Ahmad, S.A. The printing was looked after by S/Shri A. L. Das, Investigator', Sheo Prasad, Printing" Inspector, P. P. Sinha, S. A., B. K. Shrivastava, Proof Reader and K. K. Prasad, S. A., under the overall guidance of Shri R. B. Singh, Deputy Director. I am grateful to all the aforesaid offlcers ~nd s.taff who were so helpful in p~eparing this volume. My thanks are also due to the Officer-in-Charge, Government of India Press, Gangtok. for the nice printing.
PJ\TNA : B~a. LAL The 2nd May 1981 Director of Cen.su~ Operatil)m, Bihar, Palna.
viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Location Amongst the 202 towm of Bihar as per 1971 Census, Dumka is a small town situated against a backdrop of hill" in the district of Santal Parganas. Dumka is one of the eleven towns of the district of Santal Parganac; and 202 towns of Bihar State as per 1971 Census. The town is situated against a backdrop of hills which slope down to the river 'Mor'. With a farflung girdle of hills in the background it is one of the most picturesque sta· tions in Bihar. The town has an attractive town... scape "irh undulations, tall trees, terraced cultiva tion and a number of trans-district roads. 1.2. Bounded on the north by the villages of Bagnocha (thana no. 4), Karaya (thana no. 9), Rasikpur (thana. no. 2) and Sonwadangal (thana no. 3), on the south by the villages Murtanga (tha na no. 34), Khajuria (thana no.11) and Bandarjori (thana no. 12), on the east by the villages of Karabarbil (thana no. 14) and Gidhnipabari (thana no. 13) and on the ~est by the villages of Dudhani (thana no. 6), Mahuadangal (thana no~ 26) and Pur ana Dumka (thana no. 10), Dumb i~ one of the t~o district headquarters of the State of Bihar (the other being Hazaribagh town .. the district headquarters of Hazatibagh district) having no direct rail link. The nearest rail head for Dumka is Rampur Hat Railway Station on the loop-line of the Eastern Railway at a distance of 64 km. in the east. Another railway station, Baidyanath Dham, which is connected by a branch line from Jasidih, a railway junction on the main line of the Eastern Railway, is situated 67 km. west of Dumka. •
1.3: The t'own has road connections wi~h impor tant places such as Patna, Bhagalpur, Calcutta and Deoghar: Patna, the State capital, is situated 2'47 km. west of Dumka. 113 km. from Dumka on the west-north direction is Bhagalpur, the nearest city having a populatipn of more than a lakb. Calcutta, the metropolitan city of East India, is ~ituated 320 km. east of Dumka. Dcoghar or Bai dyanath Dharn, famous for the temple of Lord Baidyanath from ancient times is situated 67 km. west of the town. The most important characteristics-or the town 1.4. D.umka is. the headquarters of the,district.- of Santal Parganas as also the Subdiyisional head- quarters. The word Dumka is derived from a Santali word and means the 'Mound'. The town was visited for the first time by one Francis Bucha nan in the year 1810 who had reported it to De a small and a poor village having a cluster of fifty houses and a, 'Modi' (grocery) shop. Since then the town .has, however, developed considerably and is now the nucleus for th~ administration' of Santal i>argailas. A good number of district and subdi'{i- sionallevel offices are located. here.
2 1.5. Industrially, the·town iis not imp·ortant. The wooden furniture made in the town has, however, acquired good market in and around p1aces Hke Calcutta and Asansol. .
Total population 01 the town 1.6. The, town -had a, population of 5-,326 persons in 1901 and was accorded a status of municipality in 1902. In the 1971 C~nsus,)?um~a town,comprised eight municipal wa.rds, 3:067 houses and 3,918 households. and covered an area 0['6.12 sAuare kilp metre. The'population within the .municipal limits according to 1971 Census was 23,1~8 iwhich' includ ed 13,] 38 m~1es ~nd 10,200 females. Of the total population < 12,596 persons were record'e4 literate- 8,349 males qnd 4,247 females: Thef(~ were 6,152 workers of whicli 5,811 were mares and 341 females. or the 1:914 persons belonging to the scheduled casfes there were 1,p33 maies 8Jld 881 females. Again, of the 821 persons belongfng to tbe sch~duled tribes "562 were males. and 259 females. As against this, the toral. population in 1961 Census was 18",720 -which included 10,652 males and ~,068 female~. The literates comprised' 6,994 males 'and 2,969 females and .the workers 5,335 males altd 501 females. There. .were 807 scheduled caste males and 772 females while the humber'of scheouled:tribe males was 514 and scheduled tribe'females 250. Topography ana physical' ~ environment ,including Flora and Fauna . , .. 1.7. Situated against a back4rop or hills, DUlpka is located on 'a picturesque site. Territory of'the 3 tow~ jn~l\lde~ \.1pl~nd&, undulatio'us' .long ridges and ~epression& .. The laud is fartlle in patches. There are several hjlloGks .'which surround the to\\ll' t6 give it a beautiful look. Masanjore hill, an offshoot 'of Rajmahal hill ranges, overlooks the town from south-east. Hijla hill in the west of the town isl ano ther jmportant hjll which adds to 1he' beauty of the town. 1.8. River 'Mol" iunning.in the close proximity of ~he town origipates in the 'Ticur hills of Deoghar sllbd,ivisiop .. It flows through the central portion of Dumk.a s\lbdivision in the south-eastern direction. Its main tributaries are Bhurbhuri, Tipra, Bamri flnp. Sidh rivers. It has assumed special significance after the construction of a concrete dam (Canada dam) at Masanjore. The r_iver is also knoyin by the name of Morakhi or Mayufakshi which m~ap.s the peacock. eye in view of clear lustrous flow of the water in the river. 1.9. Dumka town falls within Dumka-Damin range of the Dwnka,forestdivision. The town once known f'Ot its tlrick ~nd extensive forests is now :t)e:reft of much.of its .forest wealth. There has been lar..ge scale destruction of forests jn the past few ye&I:s. '.Jungles on.plains have almost been (!learcd and the hills have- been denuded. In recent years, how~ye(, the forest.departinent has hiken·afforesta tio;o. wIth the r_esult that small shrubs a~e found growing ~at many p!aces. 1.10 .. forests surr0ll:l1djng tp.e tE>wn'can b.e put under the classi'fication of the "Dry Pepjnsular Sal"
4 tyPe. Sal. (shorea ·robusta), called Sarjom in Santali is the most common trec found in the surround.ings of the town. Teak of inferior variety i5 also found. Other trecs found in the hinterland of the town ill elude jack-fruit, Murga, Sima!, bamboo, JamuTl, /v(ahUIl, Hair, mango, Asall and Satsal. Sal, Sin,wl logs and jack-fruit are transported in large quan tities to the neighboudng districts and to places outside Bihar. Satsal has become rare Hke Teak. Mllrgalt'oodis consumed locally for furniture making. 1.11. As regards arboriculture or road side plantation it may be mentioned that many of the im portant inter-district roads passing through the town have little or uo arboriculture. Some roads, however, have a sporadic distribution of mango, Mahua, jack-fruit, lm!i, Pa/as, Eucalyptus and Neern trees. ] .12. Among the forest products of conse qm:nce are Lac, Sabai grass and Tassal' silk cocoons. Lac is found on Palas, Bair and Pipai trees. Tassar silk cocoons are found mostly on Asan trees. 1.13. The Santal Parganas was a sanctuary of wild animals up to the 19th ccntury. But with the gradual destruction of forests in the past few years, the animals have almost disappeared. . 1.14. Tigers and leopards have vanished. Bears are &een in the hilly region including Dumka-Damin area- where forests are dcep. There arc few wild pigs left now and the survivors keep to the deep forest.;;. They are exterminated by the Santals, who are fond of pork. They hunt them and kill thenl
5 ~hel)ever found-. _In-t.he country inhabited" by abO'ri ginal tribes ~ame bifds have been almost extermillat t:!d.
Climate 1. IS. 'Ihe:climate of the town, like other parts of the district of Santal' Parganas, is :temperate with 'a hot.and dry summer, a good rainyse~s.on ~nd 3 cool wi"nter .. The year may be ~ivided into three-main seCl:sons, the winter season (from November to February), the summer. (from March to May). and the monsoon season (from Junelo September). Octo- ber is a mopth of transWon from monsoon to winter season. The wiilter season starts in ~.ovember wh~n temperature b~gins to drop rapjdly: 'December and January are coldest months when the lowest mini mum temperature sometimes shrinks to lOoe. From the end of F~br,uary ,temperature b«gins-, to rise. April and M~y ,are very hot. Mercury sometimes rises to 38° C. Day temperatures are almost equally high in April and May but the nights are hotter and more sultry in May. 'During.t11c latter part of the summer until the onset of the l):lOnso'on by the niiddle Qf June, days are extr~mely jntolerable, on account of the 'hot dusty whids. Witli the -onset of the monsoon the day t~mperature comes down appreciably. During the monsoon months high humidity prevails. Skies·ar~overcast or heavily cloud ed in the monsoon months as compared to 'usually clear or l~ghtly clo~de9- skies in other months. During the :m~nsoon and post-monsoon months -the
6 whole district of Santal Pargatlas is affected by storms and depressions from the Bay of Bengal resulting in wide spread heavy rains and strong winds. Thunderstorms acco~panjed by severe squalls occur in the pre-monsoon months. l?~t storms also occur occasionally in April and May. Morning fog occasionally occurs in the winter mon ths. 1.16. Tables 1.1 and 1.2 give month\\'ise varia tions of maximum and minimum temperature a.nd rainfall respectively at Dumka town.
TABLE No. 1.1 Monthwise variation of maximum and minimum temperature for the year 1975
Month Temperature (in Centigrade) r-----..A..-----.. Maximum Minimum
January 24.2° 10.3° February 26.9° )3.1~ March 33.4" 19.1 0 April 37.7" 23.2"
0 May 37.4° 25.1 ' Jufli' 35.1° 25.7" July. 31.5" 25.3° August 30.So 24.90 September 31.2° 24.8° October 31.1° 21.3" N0vcmh cr 28.4° 15.2° tDec.mber 24.7° l(}.6°
7 TABLE 'No. 1.2
MQl)thwi~ var~ation in rainfall . and- average number Qf rajny·~ay~ for the.,year ~975.
M~mtb ~infal1 _.Average !!o. of ralEY days (in millimetres)
January 16,0 1.3 February 24,9. 2.0 Mark 21.1 1.6 . - April 26.9 2.,2 'f May 85.9 5.2 June 244.9 11.9 July 357.9- 18.2 August 339.1 17.7 Septembel ~if.5 12J1 October 103.6 4.8 November 15.5 0.9 December 3.8 0.3
Communication with other places 1.17. Extensive network of roads, both inter:'dis trict and intra-district, keep the town in touch with the important places of the district and the State. The town is well connected "jth all the other subdi visional towns of the district, viz., Deoghar, Godda, Jamtara) Rajmahal and Pakaur by good metalled roads. No national highways, 110\\ ever, pass through Dumki town and the town is also 110t con nected by rail,. Deoghar, which lies to the west of Uumka is a place of pilgrimage for Hindus and is connected to' Dumka by,-_a 67 km. long m~t~~led
8. road. Situated 73.6 km. north of Dumka, Godda, another sutdivjsional town, is connected with the town by a 75 k111. long metalled road. Dumka.-Jama Jamtara-Rupnarainpur road which rtms to the south of Dumka, ..:onnccts it with Jamtara. The distance from Dumka to Jamtara by ron,d is 70 bn. After Jalll tara this road turns ea<;tward to reach Rupnarainpur ria Mihijam and terminates nCRr the border of West Bengu l. II connects the district of San tal Par ganCI,s 10 the Grand Trunk Road ncar Barakar. Tbe length of the road from Dumka to Rup narainpur is ~8 km. The Subdivisional town of Rajmahal is connected with Dumka by a 150 km. long metalled road which runs north of Dumka. A 64 km. long meta lled road called Dumka-Rampur Hat road connects Dumka with Rampur Hal, 1he ncarc~t railway station from Dumka, ~jtualcd 011 the loop-line of the Eastern railway. The other railway s1ation Baidyanath Dham \'vhich is cOllllected by a branch )ine from Jasidih, it railway junction on 111:; main ]ine of the Eastern railway is situated 67 k111. west or Dumka. Rampur Hat is 216 km. from Howrah by rail. Dumka has two road links with Cal cutl a, one l'ia Jam1.ara and Jhc other 1'ia Scud. Patntl., the Slate capj lal. is conncclcd both ria Bhagalpur and Chakai. lamtarR-Dumka-Sa hjbganj road provides a link with Assam. 1.18. Passenger bus services of the Bi hal' State Road Transport Corpora1ion ply regularly from Dumka to Bhagalpur, Patlla, Godda, Jasidih, Deo ghar. Pakaur, Rampur Hat and vice I'ersa.
9 1.19. The town is 'devoid of any 'waterway .con hection as no navigable river rUllS 'in the vicinify of the town. Though .there js no regular air trans port services, but there is one landing ground at Dumka which is occasionally'used by small planes belonging" to' the State"Govcrt1ment for official pur p~es~
~orpbQlo~y including streets 1.. 20. The map of Dtlmka towrt gives an im pression bf a' headless horse with hoofs up. The t6wn, has narrow neck in the north, becomes fia~ and broad in the- middle and gets thinner in the .souih. The ;middle portion is densely p0pulated. Important administrative offices as also commercial centres are situated here.
1.21. The to~vn is dispersed in the east along the Rampur Hat road, in the west along the tIijla Road, in the north along the Blu~galpur road' and in the south along the cemetery road.
1.22. The town with an area df 6.12 square kilometre is divided into eight mUl?-icipal wards. The municipal area is well served with municipal roads. The Dumka mun:cip:llity maintains 12.06 km: of pitched road, 42:81 km. of gravelled and 2.00 km. of katclta road. Besides these, P.W.D. pitched roads run through the municipal area connecting it to the subdivisiol1al headquarters as also.to Bhagal pur, Rampur Hat, a subdivisional town Qf West Bengal, SeuTi and SiinthiA.
10 1.23. The lanes. by-lanes and streets in the town arc 1110:,t of the time dry and clean. Even in rainy season water does not accumulate on the streets. It is because the nature of soil which being s3.ndy absorbs rain water immediately.
1.24. Lanes and by-lanes in Dumka town are well connected with main roads. Important roads in the town are Sonua Darigal Road, Dumka Rasikpur Road, Telipara Road, Mistrypara Road. LaI Bihari Bhandari Road, Khairapara Road, Goala para Road, Mochipara Road, Rakhabani Road, Siva Sundri Road, Kumharpara Road, Scroop Road, Dabupara Road. New 13apupara Road, Sri Rampara Road, Baraipara Road, Ttn Bazar Road, Dharmas than Road, Dumka-Bhagalpur Road (part), Library Road, Zila School Road, Simal Pokhar Road, Sau talpara Road, Dumka-Pakaur Road, Shiva Pahar Road, Dumka-Gando Road, Fa~ia Dangal Road, Napitpara Road, .Tail Road, Main Bazar Road, Thaknrbari Road, Kuldip Si.ngh Road, Thana Road, Maszid Hotel Road, Harisabha Road. Navin Madhav Road, Sarai Dharmashala Road, Trenching Ground Road, New Colony Road, Gilanpara Road. Dis tillery Road, Sarai Nayapara Road, Dhannashala Road. S. C. Choudhury Road, Dangalpara Road, Musalmanpara Road. Kandupara Road, Argara Road, Hizla Road, Kachahari Road, Phuta Bandh Road, Club Road, Grant Estate Road, Dumka Rampur Hat Road, Chur~h Road, Bandarjori Road, Aerodrome Road and Cemetery Road. The total road coverage in the town is 56.87 km.
11 Functional areas and land use pattern 1:25. there has been a lop sided growth of the t{)wrt as there has not Deen mucn of planning. The .result is that it is veryrctifficult to d.raw spcdfic 1jnes of demarcation for different areas on.. functional basis. Commercial and residential areas are u1mo&t interlocked whereas admjnistr~,tive and educational instjtutiollS are·scattered throughout the town." F'or the-operational purposes~ ho~cv~r, town ~n be di vided intp-:four functional areas, 1'iz, {i} commercial, (2.}residential, p) administrative and (4) educational. 1 :26. Markets along the main Bazar Road, Chowk or the cross road of main Bazar Road, Dumkll-Bhagalpur Road, Dumka-Rasikpur Road and Scud Roaa at)d Tin Bazar 011 the eastern side of Dmhka-Rasikpur Roaa are the important com mercial centres in the town. C~mPJercial establjsh ments dealing with wholesale and' ~etail sale of a.l,most aU essential, commoditie5 arc loc~,tcd in
these three areas in the tpwlr. t There arc good nU1l1beJ: of grocery, cloth, mcdi~ine and hardware shops and misceJlaneous stor'es' }oca~cd in these areas. In addition, small shops .dealing ill various articles of ~aily usc are scattered throughout the -t.own. Small tea sttl.lls,- betel, shops, sweet-ll~cat shops allQ.. small eating houses. are found. along the roadside. throughout the town . 1.27. Residentiat and commercial areas are almost intcrlock.ed. There arc a number of residen tial houses ib the vicinity of' Main Bazar and Tin Bazar. Recently, ne,\' residential houses have been 12 DUMKA TOWN
URBAN LAND USE
N t
~ 8USlNESSARfjA
~ ADMINISTRATIVE ARl~
~ RESU)ENTIAL ARiA
_ I:DUCA'tIOtiAL AREA
D AGRICULTURAL AREA o UNClASSFFllD AREA Cl ~ 8UIUAl GilOUND huilt in and Mound Tin Bazar and f\m]apara Road. ()11 (he lll}l'(lu;rn end of Gilanparu Road a new rl:~idclltjal colony is being developed. The settle ment pallcfn Df houses is contiguous and consjsts hLrgdy or sjngh: ston:yed hOllsc') with either linteled or tiled roof::. and ".alb usually built of hurnt brjcks and L'cmcn1. Some or ibt: \wuses recently bujl\. as abo old onC's in the Main Bazar, New Habllpara and on Duntka-Bhagalpur road an: double s.tor~yt:d math: (,f bri(;k~, cement and sand. 1.2R. The residential pattern is pntiscworthy. l J'ilL~ lly the houses are open and well ventilated. Houses made of mud walls and tIWlchcd with bam hou ... n nd straws arc no exception. Such houses are <>c.:attcred throughout the (OWI1. Houses in Main Bazar, Tin Ba7ar and also in the Nc\v colony arc lI!:.tlally of modern design with almost all rnodcrn amenities fitted like clectricity, water-taps and septic tatrines. There arc good number of houses of old cit;!>igns in Dudhani, Rasikpur and Dangalpara. These hOLLses usually have service latrines. Some of tht:m have no eh.:ctric connection. Still houses in these: areas arc fairly open and well ventilated.
1.29. Almu!-.t all important administrative oHlccs arc located in tb~ court compound. In the comt t:l)mpoltnd oiliccs namely Deputy Commissioncf's OUice, Superintendent of Police Ofi1cc, Subdivisional Offi.l'cr's Otficc, Land Acquisition Office, Election OUi.l'C, Panchayat OUice, Treasury Office, Sub-Regis trar's OUice, Excise Oflke, Distrlct and Sessions Judges Court, District Co-operative Office and S.D.O.,
13 Education Office li:r0 ,lo.cated. IA 'few administrative offices are located outside the court >compound and s.cattered in different areas. P. W. D. office is situated .on the southern side of .the court com lJo.und. Municipal Office anq f)istrict Board Office are:Iocated on the.. western flank of Kachahari Road. Police line is sittlated on the eastern ,side of Rampur: Hat Road at BandaI' Juri. Town Police Station is shuated on the meeting point of Thana Road and Dumka-Bhagalpur Road. Employment Exchange ana Public Health and Engineering Department offiee$ are' loeatcq. in the Main Bazar. Post and Tele graph offic,e and ,b~l1nka Telephone Exchange arc in the south' of the thana on the Post Office Road. 1.30.· There is nothing like educational, area in p_artiquJar in the town. Educational instit\.ltiollS are scattered throughout the town. The only coilege, S,antal. Parganas. College, Dumka established in 1954 is located on the. outskirt ·of the_ town· on Dllmka -:Pakaur Road. National High School for 'boys is .located at Mahua Dangal along with Dumka-Deo ghar Road. ,one can go to this school by taki~~ either to Distillery Road or Waterfall Road. Mar wari High S~hool is located just on the wester'l1 side 9f Main ~azat Ro'ad. Government Zila School is located in the western side of Zila School.Road and northern side of Chhota Thakur Bari Road. High School for girls is situated 011 the ~a~tern side of Gilanp~ra RtJad. Muni~ipal Schools are scattered tproughout the:: towp. 'I ] .31. There is ,not much of statistics available ~60ut .the land use pattern in the town.. It: is 'clear
14 from the abo've discussion -that the settlement pattern of the town is -very Simple. Most of the land withiIi the town is used.eitber for residential/ir for commercial purpdses. Open space, within the coinp0!lnd of residential houses .and vacant plotli within the town arc used -{or .gr0wing gre~n vege tables.
I!11portant public pla~es 1.32. Dumka is a very small town and as such there is not much to describe about its important public places. There are good number of temples and mosques in the town where town dwellers con gregate without much reference to their caste and creed. There is one Goddess Durga-asthan in Ragi kpur Babupara on the northern flank of Sonua Dangal RO,ad where large number of Hindu devotees congregate during Dussehra festival,for worshipping Goddess Durga. On the western 'Side of Dumka Pal 16 DUMKA TOWN AVERAGE LAND VALUr; BY WARDS MEn." 250 soo MUllin N t AVERAGE LAND VALUE PER SQ. YARD IN RUPEES _ ABOVE 60·00 _ 41.00"'~0·OO § 21.00 _ 40 .00 ITIIl BELOW 21 ·00 TOWN BOUNDARY WARD BQUNDARY DUMKA TOWN NUH'EII Of HOUSES 'V WAIlDS OUTRE! 1So 100 ... 1T.1 ... ! NUM8!R OF tiOUSES IV WARDS AaGVE 450 lS' 4st lSI lSO 81LOW HI _. _. - TDWN BOUNDARY - _.- - WAItD BOUNDAAY ..,. [j 0 r-- Ii) <' OJ rt:i t- I'l e;> '" 0 ID Lf1 l- M '" \0 CJO Ie -i [.~ ~n ..... <:'I ..,. oq. §. -'" c ~ - .... ""'". 0 ~ ~ - - ... £ "1 ~ M -.t \0 QO 0. .., Or) l- ;!; I- M 00 0 '" a-, - ~ 0. ~ ,... ::l 0. "l <-f- N "\.'" - J -M .- :J ~ ~ - ~ Q € l:- .:0 M ..,. .... 00 00 QO 00 'It 2:: ...., N .., l-'" I- :Zn 8. ..,. 0."" t- ~ t"i I <"i N ..; ..,. N ... £ C"f .... .-i ~ •1. r l! j r ~ u ~ 0 M ..., ...., ...... ,. t"- oo .,.., r- (Ill .~..., M ..,. on.., ~ ...... ,. ... ~ o - '"N on \0 ~ ~ i2 . Z.c._8 '" I'Pl .;:t ~~ N Ie N N ..., 0 Ii'l Ii'l l~j o 6 0 ~.,.. ",. r- on cr...., 1 z~ .., (::l N on ';J in .; '" .... it '! ~ ...... 0.0 ,...... ci til := ::: ~ > > > > '0' ~ - 'E '0 'E ] ~ ~ -Iii i ~ " - 11 ~ ~ ] :: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 11 1.38. Table at page 17 shows that large number of Scheduled Caste population in the town is concen trated in wards II, V, VI and VIII. In all other wards their representation is meagre. In Dumka town, there are mohallas like Telipara, Mochipara and Kumharpara. All these names of mohallas start with various castes. Teli is a caste dealing with oil and oil products. Mochf is a scheduled caste, also called Chamar, dealing with shoe making and tanning. J<.um}?ar is a caste dealing with making of clay pbt and pottery. It was observed dt1;ring the field investigation that the areas having different castes' names were mostly occupied by the people of the respective castes. In other areas, however, population belonging to different castes and creed live together. 1.39. The 'scheduled tribes' population in .th~ town is concentrated mostly in wa,rd nos. Vand VII. It indicates that residential pattern in Dumka town refers to a large extent in terms of ethnic simi larity. Location of slums and other named areas- 1.40. It has already been discussed: that the topography of the town is 'fairly open. Further, surface material of the town is sandy which does not allow rain water to accumulate and create slum problem. The result is that even the slum areas like Mochipara in ward no. VIII on the eastern side of Dumka-Rasikpur Road and Mehtarpara in ward II on Hijla Road behind" the Municipality do not 18 DUMKA TOWN LOCATION OF SLUM AREAS I =4 METRES ~ o 2S0 500 METRES I"~ N I I ' i ! .'" J , } I ,,,, i (J ,, ,..J _ SLUM AREA ...... I') ..... \ ---.-... --~ - • -. - T&WN BOUNOARY -- q.'- WAllO aOUNDARY give ::I very bad look. No doubt, these areas arc dirty but they are so largely because of the living pattern and unhygienic habits of the inhabitants of these areas. Houses in these areas are built of mud and thatched with bamboo and straw but they do not have problem of fresh air and sunlight. 1.41. 1t has already been discussed 1hat the town has different areas named after different castes. This docs not destroy the wholesome character of the town. In~tead, people from different castes and creed assemble together and enjoy festive occasions jointly. Durgu~asthan and Mahabir-asthan are visi ted by Hindus from all localities without any res triction of castc and creed. The mosque on the north of Thana road is visited by the Muslims or the entire town. 19 CHAPTER, n HISTORY OF GROWTH OF THE TOWN Myth, legend and history c()flnected with the growth of tJie town Dumka, the town's name, is a Santhali word meaning thereby 'mound'. It well signifies its name as the town is- situated against a backdrop of hills. An elderly person of the to'Yn informed that Dumka was formerly known as Dumktl.-Koh, D\lm-koh, a Persian word means tail of hill. Stjll people from Birbhum district of West Bengal call it Dum koh. 2.2. Swami Adwaitanand Saraswati in his book "Shree Bas h uk ina t h Jyotirlingam Mahatmya" has mentioned that the to\\'n's name Dumka is derived from Daruka, a forest described in Shiv Puran. According to him, a ,...female demon named Daruka was living near the sea in the west. She had the blessings of Goddess Parvati to fly anywhere from her abode and vicinity. Once being afraid of Deotas (Gods) the demon left her abode with its vicinity and came down to Nishedh Desh (Santal Parganas) to live. The forest areas occupied 20 by the demon came to he known as Daruka-Van (Daruka fores1) on her name. Later on with passage of time Daruka became Dumka. 2.3. The town has developed in the recent years. In November, 1810, when Francis Buchanan visited Dumka, it was a small village having only 50 houses and one modi shop. The area was under the Zamin dari of the Nabab of Rajnagar. During those days the Glza{w{[ls (h111 chiefs) were living in its vicinity and controlled the jungles and business in stone chips. 1n 1855 it was selected as the headquarters and wa') called Naya Dumka to distinguish it from the yiUa!!c of the same name. Before 1855, it was spclt as 'Doomka' in official correspondence and in j he map of 1769 it occurs as 'Duncaw'. Muslim rulers called it 'Dumkoh'. 2.4. The District Gazetteer of Santal Parganas mentions; "Act III (B.C.) of 1884 (since replaced by Bihar a nd Orissa Act VII of 1922, with effect [(om 1st January, 1923) was extended to Dumka lown under Bengal Government Notification No. 2809, dated the 15th-November, 1902 and the number of commissioners was fixed at 9 under mhar and Orissa Government Notification No. R432- M, datcd thc 31sl July, 1913. The municipality was, ror the purpose of the election of commISSIOners, 11 divided 1nto 7 wards. The total number of commissioners was .alt«red to 12 undei notification no. 8433-M, dated the 3-1st J1l1y, 1913. Under 'Bihar and Orissa Government Notification No. 1199-M, dated the 8th 'Feb~yary'~ !9-19.?~ the, boundaries of municip3:lity were extepded by,tije inclusion of. an ~rea contiguous tq i~ and: 'lomprising portions of villages Rasikpur" I?umka~ 1 Gidhnipahari and' BanparJori. The boundaries of wards II; V'and VII were revised under notification -no. 12Q8-M, dated the 11th July: 1919, the Ra~ikpur portions being included in ward II and tlie other portion in wards I an~ VJI. ':Under notification tio. 4387-L. S. p., dated the 16th April, 1923 the number of commi sSioners was fixed at 15, of whom 12 should be elect ed by tax-tfayers and three appointed by local gover1)meJit .. Under Government NOtification No. 4388-L.S.G., dated the 16th April, 1923 the munici pality was divided into 8 wards (the northern portion of Rasikpur being numbered ward VII~. WarQ.s 'I, III"I¥ and YIn having t",o commissioners each and other wards, one commissioner each. The area of the munlc(pality is 1 square !nile and 585 acres with a population of 9',471 according to the 1931 Census."1 2.5 .. The municipality was, more or less, an offi~ial body in 1902 with Mr:. Thompson,. Supdivi sionalOfficer, Dumka as the Chairman who had _------_.------lThe District Gazetteer of Santal }larganas (1933), Mukherj~. S.C. 22 oocupied a·'Corrierdfl the Deputy Gommissioner's Office. The 'nrst town planfiing scheh1e was tatetl up' by the iirst chairman Mr. Tnompson. S'everai "j ...... ~ miles of Pucca ro"ad t were constructed _ OIl land I l .. J t gifted by the. Zamindar Mr. Malong G:c()nt. Eyents, coqne~ted mtlt the g~owth of the to~n 2.6. Evehts connected with the growth of. tIle town can well be und(jTstood in' the light =Of the histo(y 'of the region, the Santal Parganas. The Chinese pilgrim, Hiuen Tsiang who visited "Inaia in about 645 A. D. records that he visited the king dom ef Champa, northern boondary of which extended 'albng the Ganga froth Lakrusa rai to Rajmahal, while the soutliern boundary of it passed through desert. Here he found wild elephahts ~nd savage beasts that roamed in herds. -To th'e"easi ''of Champa lay ~he kingdom of.kie:chu-u-khi-lo or kie ching-kie-lo, which, according to General Cunning ham, was the tract of ;cout1try ·included in the present Santal ~Pargam15. 2.7. After ~his for maQ.y centuries till the Turko Afghan rule and Mughal rule in India, the areas t lying within t~e p{e~ent district of Santal Parganas remained it;1 darkness with thick forests- inhabited by dexterous bO'Ymen. The almost inaccessible cliffs of the Rajmahal hills, and the mighty Ganga kept the areas completelY alcwf from the outer world. 23 2.8. An important event in tIie history' of the district of Santal Parganas was the establishment- of Rajmahal as the capital of Bengal in 1592. Sher shah had selected it as the seat of Government about half a century before, but it. wasJe(t to Man Singh, Akqar's viceroy in '~engal, -to' carry out this measure. In May 1594, Akbar sent Man Singh as Governor of Bengal. Man Singh took great care to irtiprove Rajmahat. But Rajmahal did not remain the capital of Bengal for a long'time. In 1612 Islam Khan shifted the .capital to Dacca. How~ver, the importance of the area was not much reduced and it continued to develop. 2.9. Rajmahal remaineq important for the English who establisned their trade in Bengal. The town continued to be a mint town as is evident from early eighteenth century records of the east India company. 2.10. The other important event iri the history of the district of Santal Parganas Was the Santal rebel lion of 1855. As meI1tioned in the District Gazetteer of Santal Parganas the SantaIs seem to have settled first in the di~tr:jct b€?tween 17,90 and 1810. They made their way northwards from Birbhum, where they had been brollght to clear jungle and drive out ~he wild "easts' which had then infested the country. The exact date when the first body of immigrants ~ame is not known but the unpublished manuscript of Buchanan Hamilton shows that a number of them had settled in Hie Dumka Subdivision by 1809, having come last from Birbhum in consequence of 24 the annoyance whjch they r.eceived from zamm· dars. 2.11.. Extortion by the)mahajans, corruptiqp of the amla 3:nd oppressiolt by the policy mad~ the Santal settlers futious. As 11 result Santal rebellion of 1855 took place tHroughout the Damjn~i-k6h area and parts- of Dum-ka Subdivjsion. Though the exransion of'the British empire in India was follow ed by ·the gradual consolidation of an Intlo-Brjt~sh administrative system' in. :different parts of ~the country from the days of Warren Ha~tings and Cornwallis ye.t 1here were certain corners (e.g., the hilly region between Bhagalpur ~md BirbhUl1l) left u.ntouchep,. Socio-economic conditions in thi~ area were in a state of flux, and the unscrupulus ele ments like :the Mphajans, the traders, etc., exploited the resources of the industrious people of the loca lities to their advantage,. thus inflicting immense hard ships on the ~ocal people. Exploitation of thIS mag nitude was~, clear symptom of the then prevailing ~aladies in the area. In iact, such happenings open ed a new chapter in the hj&tory of Bihar and Bengal. It ·made the Brjtish .Government, then engaged. in the work of str~ngthening its hold on India, realise the need of taking adequate steps to bring the Santali areas under their effective administratIve con trol. 2.12. The District Gazetteer pf Santal Pqrgan(js 2S mei1ti~ns-"'It . was '(lecid~d t·nit. a special' system of administration should be introduced, and the'te~ fore, ~ct XXXVII ~f 1855 was l?ass~d, which ~emov ed fi6m the operaticnl of tne ge'rl.etal laws' and reguiatlonsl". Subsequently the'~jsttict was called as Daniin'-i.:kol1 and other districts 'which were inhabit ed· cniefly' lfy the uncivilized race' of people ~called 'Scrntals'. -This -area was separat~d from"!lft.llistricts of B'h~galpur and Birbhutn and formed" into b: sepa rate district of Santal Farganas with four Sub districts c5f Dumka, Gonda, Deoghar and· Rajmahal under one "Deputy Golnniissionet afld fOl1r ASSlslalit Commissioners with tcivil and 'criminal jutisdiction over the area. 'This step' of the Briti'Sh Government sta'Tted giving shape to 'Dumka town as it 'was selected to be the headquarters statjon of the new district. The town has been developing. since then. . 2.13. In the beginning tJlere was pot much of town planning and as such the town developep. 111 the most unplanned way. iThere' was' a'lmost' no control over tlie land 'use 'pattern ']n the to~b till 1902. ·it was in the year 1901 that the {own got 11a municipality and'the land' use p?ttern ;tartei under " t· .." the laws and by-laws of the plunicipality.. The municipality (ram~d some la\\Ts·~ap.~ by-la.ws for the control of land 'lise- and construction of the build ings, etc. -i~icboJ,C1hary. P. c. The District Gaktt~; ~f S~ps. b965) Population growth 2.14. Following table gives the population and the corresponding rate pf growth for Dumka town since 1901 : TABLE No. 2.1 Population and the corresponding rate of gro'wth from 1901 to 1971 Census Year Persons \'ariation Percentage dccadal \ 1901 5,326 1911 5,629 -to 303 + 5.69 1921 7,396 + 1,767 + 31.39 1931 9,471 ~ 2,075 1",28,06 1941 10,811 + 1,340 + 14,15 1951 13,582 ~ 2,771 + 25,63 196\ 18,720 T 5,138 .f 37,83 J97J 23,338 + 4,618 + 24,67 2.] 5. The foregoing table reveals that there waS a phenomenal ri se in the growth rate duri ng 1911-· 21, whereafter the rate declined gradually to be the least for 1931-41. It picked up again reaching the unprecedented decadal growth rate of 37.83 per cent during the decade 1951-61. Thc years 1905-08 witnessed famine conditions whieh resulted in emigration of a large mass of population from the whole of Dumka subdivision. From 19rI to 1921 events, however, followed in a fairly normC'.l course-· 27 fair seasonal conditions, normal aitd public liealtli condition.s except for one OF two severe outbreaks of cholera. The two cliffe,rent conqitions between 1901 and 19(1 and between 1911 and 1921 favoured outmigration at the former time and inmigration at the latter yielding a higher plus growth rate for 1911-21. The other reason for the higher growth rate for the town during 1911-21 was to(£t the boundaries of the town were 'extended by the inclu sion of portions of villages Rasikpur, Purna Dumka, Gidhni pahari and Bandarjori vide Bihar and Orissa Government Notification No. 1119-M, dated the 8th February, 1919. The reasons for fall in the growth rate of the population in the district of Santal Parganas during 1931-41 as compared with that of 1921-31 stand good in case of Dumka town also. The 1951 Census report clearly mentions that "there was a larger fall in the birth rate-than in the death rate as a result of which the survival rate dropped from 11.5 in the preceding decade (i,e., 1921-30),to 7.7 in this decade (i.e., 1931-40)." This may well be the true explanation, for the male ratio in 1941 was higher thaR in 19,31 and there is nothi,ng to show that the balance of migration in 1941 was .more adverse than in 1931. In any case, the difference in the balance of migration could not have been so large as to account fully for the substantial decline in tile ·rate of lncrease during 1931-40 decade. As in the rest' of·couqtry,steps were taken in Dumk<~. also for' socio-economic development through planning after India gained independence in the year 28 OUMKA TOWN PERI-URBAN AREA -1',1'1 I"'" ell '(OCl IOUtllO ...1' CI~Cll 01 IUN~Aj,OW IOl/WO'_' "" .. VIU,"Gil IOIJNOAaT ~;.c:LI C~e.'lO \0"0\_ !'IIlAl..lUUU"",""HUitl )1 JtrhfllJo,.4 RIYU !oQ_ICf STAno" "n KOI".'n "OI'"' ..... 'OIlI'lN"".' Jt "~k 0, ~ """'~ ... " ~OST OFfICf Pon & TfLliGIIA'.... OHI'! , 0 , T 0 , S. DU,",,"" 10WN l" ..... ~. l~ym.)II.,h ...... ) 1947. Expansion of medical and health facilities and spread of education brought down the death rate in the town. As the birth control measures could not keep pace with these measures the decade 1951-61 witnessed a phenomenal rise in population in Dumka. 29 CHAPTER III AMENITIES AND SERVICES-HISTORY OF GROWTH AND PRESENT POSITION The town of Dumka does not only provide a socio-cultural bearing to the local inhabitants but also caters to the economic and other needs of the people. The amenities and services have kept pace \\'ith socio-political and economic growth of the town and conversely the growth of the town has provided an impetus to better amenities and services. Need for amenities and services was immensely felt immediately after the town was notified -as the district headquarters in the year 1855. After acquir ing the said status it attracted affluent persons from different urban areas. A good number of adminis trative officers including many Englishmen were posted at Dumka and consequently the demand for amenjties and services increased. 3.2. Dumka being the district headquarters of Santal Parganas became the seat of a good number of civil, judicial and administrative offices. There is an office of the Deputy Commissioner which is headed by an officer of the Indian Administrative Service. The Deputy Commissioner looks after the general administration of the district of Santal Parganas. For the convenience of civil 'administration the district is divided into six subdivisions, viz., Dumka, Deoghar, Godda, Jamtara, Rajmabal and Pakaur. Eacb sub- 30' division is headed by a Subdivisional Officer. The subdivisional officers are directly under the control and supervision of the Deputy Commissioner. 'The Deputy Commissioner's office has a strength of two hundred and fifty six employees belonging to differ ent categories. The Deputy Commissioner's office had started functioning in the year 1855 with the notification of the town as the district headquarters. 3.3. The Subdivisional Officer is responsible for maintaining law and order ~s also looking after the revenue and developmental administration in the entire subdivision of Dumka under the Circle Offil:c, Sonuwa Darraal 1955 Dumka Reg(strotion Court compound N.A. 9ffice, Dumka District Judge's Court area 1947 Court or' Civil Court.,Dumka District. Education, Near Court compound N.A. Of}ice, J?umka District Animal Near Court compound 1957 Husbandry Office, Dumk.i' , Dumka Post and Thana Road N.A, Tel~&raph Office District Statistical CQurt Area 1961 Office,,.oumka. Public Worq Court compound· N.A. Department, Dumka PUblic Health Main Bazar 1968 E~eting. DqJartmept, Dupl~a Subdivisional CO}ltt },t,rea 1957 Educiiion office, Dumka Telephone' Thana Road N,-A. Exchanie, Dumka Employment Main Bazar N.A. Eichanje, Dumka • 32 DUMKA TOWN PUBLIC UTILITY SERVICES N 1 II _CTlOftWIWAl,OW 01 OtoM eUH4AI,.OW C::H ClilCUIf II'OU$I. '.&.TI'M"_ol'f'lQl PS fOUC~ n"''fON .. Ie LiftlHIUIU.NQlCOAPOAoIIflOH $ HIQH$CIIg.OL l~lOna~OUNG • Ttl...... uu" .. Fire-fighting 3.22. There, is no fire. briga4ejn Dumka town. In case of -the outbreak offtre, people. take recourse to the indjgenous methods of extinguishing fire,. They get the fire under control generally bY.throwing water. or sand if easily available.. 3.~3. The ~anagement and services of the municip~Ijty have 'bec::n divided into the following operative. sectjons . . Department Activity (i) Gerre:I=al~ Gen~r~l admi~istration , , - . (ii) Collection Collection of-municipal taxes' .. (iii). Public health and ... Prophylactic measures sanitation against epidemics and _s.anitation: 40 -(iv) Public works Maintenance of roads, Pu blic builaings and schools. (v) Li ghting Maintenance of road lights. (vi) Water-supply Insure water facilities to town people. (vii) Sanction of build- '" Control on construction ing plan of building without propel' sanction of the municipality. (viii) Registration Of birth and death Ox) Mutation Of land and building. (x) Medical Maintenance of AyuT vedic, Unani and homeopathic dispensa ries. Health Department of the State Govern ment runs the Sadar Hospital, DUlllka for allopathic treatment. (xi) Education Maintenance of schools upto middle standard. 3.24. For the above mentioned activities the municipality has to expend a lot of money. The table on next page gives an idea about the extent of income & expenditure of the municipality. ~41 01) ..... t- 10 ~ t- .,., "., N vi ~.,., on~ ;q ...., ~i~ 8_ VI 0'. .5: ~ R ~ .,., . t'\. a: 00_ 8. ~ ~ g ~ N N N <'i ~...... :s IN _ t-'" t-: 0 1I"l g ~J~! 00 r-- "'; ~ 00 -~ 8 .. .~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ IS'- e -..., to-...... , ~ .~ o-: "., \0 00 10 !Q ~ ,;, oJ:, '9'" ~ ~ I,Q ~ ~ e: ~ ~ - ~ .... 42 3.25. From the preceding paragraphs it is clear that most of the amenities and services available in the town are provided by the municipality. The municipality has provided 85 road side hydrants for which it pays to P. H. E. D. Ii has employed 181 con~ervancy staff for cleaning the town. It bears the cost" of toad lighting which comes to nearly Rs. 1,500 per month. Maintenance and construction of roads further adds to the expenditure of the munici pality. In lieu of the expenditure which the IT).uni cipality has to incur on account, 9f the amenities and services·-provided to die t.owri dweUirs;: th,e. munici pality enforces holding, latrine, water taies, etc., to ease its burden of payment. '. . . 3.26. These taxes are enforced at the rate of n per cent, 6i per cent and 12i per cent respectively on annual evaluation of the holdings as such. The incidence of taxation per head of popu lation is 6 per cent. The tax on trades, professions, employment, etc., is according to the fourth schedule of the Municipal Act. 3.27. Besides these, the following taxes and licence fees are also levied by the muniCipality: Taxes Rate - (:I) Offensive and ..... The rate is prescribed dangerous trade~. by the Governmerit. (2) Temporary land Rs. 4 per square feet. Settlement. (3) Cycle Rickshaw Rs. 10 annually. (4) Ek ka Licence Rs. 2 annually (5) Cycle registration Rs. 1.12 half yearly. (6) Cart registration Rs. 4.12 half yearly. 43. ~ '!:: 1,0 1:1 ,;;. 0' 0- .,., 0. 0.':- 0 1:1 0 §. ~ 1:1 1:1 ~ 0 ~~~ -=,:0 ~ 8~ II"> q '1">' ~ ,00 -"l:c ::;1: ...., 1:1 ~ 0 0 00- ;D ..; ;,,- 1,0 ICl .(")1 \.C &' o.l:l "'l ~ .,..;. IX . ...:'" ...... -_ .;, .;. 1:'6 .,; ~~ ~ ti IX, ~ ~ ~ p:: ,..0 ~ ~ i2 ~ 1:1 0 ..;:. 00 >. II"> ;\i "'" q ..... ~ \C) """. .:.. '"' ...... 0 'tl ,... .::; N - 00 ~ .!:' ~ i =o:5! Z Z i 'i: ",. i ",;' . ... s~ ~ .,; z i2 ~ ~ j 1 0) ... E ~ 'fl.0) ; ..."'. '" o TABLE No. 3.6 No. of literates and percentage of literacy by sex in Dumka town. Sex Year ,------"------., 1961 1971 ,----"----. ",r---___"'__---~ Number Percent Number P~rcent 2 3 4 5 Males 6,994 65.65% 8,349 63.55% Females 2,969 36.80% 4,247 41.64% Total 9,963 53.22% i2,596 53.97% 3.31. The table above sbows that the literacy rate for Dumka town has 'gone up from '53;22 per 'cent in 1961 to 53.97 per -cent in f97i. The percentage ;s a,lmost at palf with the urban literacy rate for IIl(lia which'was 52.49 per cent in, 1971. -But li'ter.acy per centa,ge of Du~a to~n is mu~h higher when com pAred with 44.9.2 per cent urban llter:acy rate for 4S Bihar. It 'shows. the extent of educational facilities 'avaihible arid availed of. in the' town:' Good and continuous eff~·tts by the Christian Missionaries for tne,"spread of education in tIie area is· the main factor for liigner percent~ge of literacy in the town. In urbaI). areas pf .Bihar ,thy_literacy rate for fema:les has,gone:up frol,11 2.8 per cent in 1961 to 31.9 per cent iI.1 197~ whereas the lite.r~cy rate for males, has come down from 56 per cent in 1961 tp 55.4 per ce,nt in 1971. It is obvious from the table given above that the' ~ame has happened in case of Dumka town 'also. In the town the literacy rate for fem.ales has gone up' from 36.80 per cent in 1961 to '41.64 per cent jn 1971 whereas the 'literacy rate for 'males' has come down from 65.65 per cent in t961 to 63.55 per cent in 1971,.. Thus it,is seen, tha~ t~e town do~s not lag behind in the field' of education whtm compared with the other urban areas in the State. Instead, the town has registered better percentage of literacy rate. It is.aJfd~e to fairly good e,ducational facilities avail able in the town. The town has got one well estab lis,he4 degree college,. on~ .w~ll equipped Govt. Pgly technic institute, two Higher Secondary Schools including one for gIrls,' two High Schools 'llpto Matric standard, six Middle Schools including four r~n 1?y. the municipality" four Upper Primary .schools. and 1wo Lower ,Prim~r~ Schools . . '3.32'. Out of -the four degree colleges 'affiliated :to'the 'Bhagalpur University in the 'district of Santal Pargarias'one, ~jz, ,Santal Parganas College.is'located. 'at Dufnka. Started 'in the year 1954·the college Was -in" rf:ui- begmning only up to the Intemiediate 46 standard. N DW it runs up to. the degree stamJ,ard, bDth in Arts and Scie-nce; and has its Dwn plagnifi cent building at Karharbil abDut 2 miles frDm "Dumka HistDry and PhilDSOphy~ > In Science the cDlleg~ im parts e4up.atiDn UptD pass CDurse in B. Sc. and fDr honD~~. in '~hy~i~§, QJemistry, ¥ath~~atics ZDolqgy apd Botany: TIle strengt~ D(~he students during thi!"!sessipn' 1970-71 was ),152 bDYS .'and 49 girls. The college has a NatiDnal Cadet CDrps in three' platDDns . con~jsting of 600 cadets. - Seeing the ihcreasing tendency 6"[ the 'females'towarils education, the el~tes. Dr-the tD~ri' s~~rted"'a cDl~~ge. fDr WDmen (Stmta1,l'drgahas Girls' C()lle'ge, DU#lka},in 1967 'in the biiildint.-Of the" Incal Cott.· Girls;' High SchDul. This was tipto B:A. -and 'the ·das'Ses~ wire held "in the, -mDr.ning hDurs frDm 6 A.. M. to. 10.3.0 A. M. and in; "the- ev~nidg 1)DJ,lrs" frDm 2 P. M. to.. 6.30 J,l. M. during ,the summer withDUt disturbing 'the usual sei_ii~~~ ~f th~" s..cnDpl "stqdents. . Though the college has been functiDning ·since ·19~7.,"b\l~ it got affiliatiDn to the Bhagalpur -Univer sity up' to. I.~. stflndard D,nIy. ~~sent~y a ne", building fDr, tIre' cDllege is.,under~constru~tion near the D;. C. 's reSidence-:on the Aerodrome-:Road. The land was settled by the D. C. him'Self. Due to paucity -of funds the constfuction work is going on slowly. The feeaer institutions of this: college are four ,l<:>cal school~, ~iz., ,Governm<;nt Girls' High School Dumka, Marwari Girls' >school,. Dumka, St. Teresa. .Girls' H1gh S~hool, D~hani (Dum~a) and ;the Mah.aro MissiGn Girls' High School, Maharo (Bumk~. lJesides the principal who js a local.retired Dy. Collector and rendei'jng free .§ervices to this. college, there ~r.e 8 local !eachers wbo get nominal remuhe- ration. The strel1,gth of the students was recorded 711n the year 197~-73, 72 in 1973-74, 66'1n 19}4-75, 65 in 1915-76 and 79 in the year 1976-77. As reported' oy the prindpal of tne con~ge, '82 "per c~nt stqdeiits, pas,sea, the 1. A. examination ih the year 1974; 92 per cent in the year 19z5 and.93 per cent in .th~ year 1976. Simjlilrly, 80' per, cent students passe.d the B. ,A. degree in the year 1'914, 100 p~t£ent ,e.ach in th~ years 1~75 and '1976. '3.'3.3~ With t11e expan~ion of the educationai institUtions and de.velopment 'Works the necessity for 'professiortai ahd) technical, education. was felt. Further, there is a great demand for skilfeti artisans, caIpente~s, elec]:ricians, etc. In order to impart trai1iing 'in- various crafts, Polytechnic School was established in·.the year 196~.· The schoei is located at_, Kliuta ~andh area in' .fli~ ·town. The ittstitute prov.ktes '~bste1~facUities. It} 'l91.o,,-7J~ the"iliostet was acaonnnodating; !Seven. -.Students. The ailstUute is staffed with 47 Bihar Government's employees including the principal, workshop superintendents, teaching and non-teaching personnel. 3.34. Dumka Commercial Institute for typing and shorthand was started for providing facilities to those educated persons who wanted to learn type writing and shorthand. The institute provides training both in Hindi and English languages. Situated on the main road, the institute was started in the year 1960 by one Sri Amar Nath Chakra vorty. It is a private commercial institute which, during the field investigation, was found imparting training in typing and shorthand. The institute functions daily from 7 A. M. to 11 A. M. in the morning and from 4 P. M. to 9 P. M. in the evening shift. 3.35. The development schemes for Community Development Blocks require a large number of village level workers. For training the future Village Level Workers and others an Agricultural Training School was started at Dumka in 1954 which accom modates 80 trainees. The school is under the charge of a superintendent who is an employee of the Agriculture Department of the State Government. 3.36. There is one Multipurpose Zila School at Dumka. The school was originally started in the year 1864. In the beginning the school used to impart· education upto Matriculation standard. But with the inauguration of the Multipurpose and Higher Secondary Schools from 1958-59 a reorienta tion in the system of secondary education was 49 mage. T 3.37. Multipurpose Govt. Girls' SchOOl, Dumka situated at School Para ",as originally started in the year 1~53. - The school .knoVvn as Rajkiya K:anya Vldyalaya u~ed to fa;ciJitate education upto secon dary (eJeventh cl~ss) stage during'1953-59~ It· has already be~n discu~sed that with the inauguration ~f Multipurpos~ and, the Higb.er· Secondary Schools from. 1958-59 a reorientation in the system of secon daryeducation was lntr~duced in Blhar.-As a res'uit, the status of Rajkiya Kanya Vid'yalaya was changed' from -Seco:pqary School to M1Jltipl}Tpo~e' H~gher Secondary.school. I.n conf9rmity with othe~ Mul~i.: purf}ose schools this. sY.hool.als~ st-arted giving p:r.~ univer.sit~.":,>e!ilJC;ltipp!' ,,:q.ere are 23 !eachers. (~l( females) jnc1n:din"g:the·pri.ncipat ~nd t4e vice-prin'c~- pal in'the.: M-qttipurp9Se_ -G~vt. Girls~:.SchQPl. Tcacp:-· ing faciliti~s~. path ·in- Arts and Science are availahle· 50 jn this school. Total strength of students during the investigation period was 730 including students from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. 3.38. Besides, the town has got two private Secondary Schools, viz., National High School and Marwari School. Both the schools are exclusively for male students. There are 19 teachers an.d 439 students in NatIOnal High School. During the inves tigation, Mar\\-ari School was found to be run by 17 teachers. There were 413 students on roll in the school. 3.39. For primary education the town has got six middle schools, four upper primary schools and two lower primary schools run by the municipality of the town. As in the State of Bihar, primary educa tion is free at Dumka also. TABLE No. 3.7 No. of schools, students and teachers in Dumka town No. of School schOOl for No. of Students No. of Teachers Remarks ~_~_~ ~_--A-__ ~ ~--~-__ ~ Boys Glrls Boys GirlS Total Males Females 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Upper PrImary 15 394 250 644 19 8 Middle 10 2 1,765 802 2,567 85 11 High 3 1,984 475 2,459 51 Total 28 4 4,143 1,527 5,670 155 19 51 T~ tahle at page 51' shews tharthere-are altog~ the~ 32 .schQQls in the-murucipai,a.re&Qf tIre t-own,to() cater to the educational ne~ds 0.( t~ le~l people: Of these, 16 are upper primary schQQls, 12 middle and 4.high schools in the. t 3.42. Boys' hostels are. available for students of S.P. College, D~mka and Zila School, Dumka. TheIejs...no. .girls' .hostel in the town. Situated in the ·college compound itself Welfare Hostel of S.P. Coll~ge, Dumka provides baarding and. dodging "facilities to one hundred students. Ibis hQstel,_~ is specially meant ,for students coming from scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other .backward ·com munities. Students from other castes ~et accom modation in this hostel depending on lheravailability. of .vacant rooms. The hostel facilities are available free of cost to the scheduled caste/trme and other back\\'.ard class student~. Students q,f .other castes are, however, charged 'fees. 3.43. In f865: the Dumka Sadar Hospital was opened and was main1ameG.py the Dumka Municipality. It was-provincialised in 1945 and is now .tmrilita:ined-bythe State 'Go:v'et-nmertt. It ·has 45 beds for males and:32·for_fenndes. It has a T. B. Ward of 10 beds and has an X-ray plant. It has a pucca separate building for the treatment-of jnfec':. tious cases. -TIi.~reTSa: separat~ arrangement for outdoor and. 'ihdoor female patients within the compound. The hospital is sfaffed with one civil sur-geon, 9 doctors and () nuFses. Surgical operation facilities are llvailable-rln theiliQspital. The following table.shows numl?er ~nd iyp~ of diseases treated by operations during 1970: TABLE No. 3.8 Type of diseases and number of pattents opera ted at'Dumka Ifospital Number oj .A.--cases operateti__..... Type of disease Indoor Outdoor 1. Diseases of Digestive.system :is 126 2. Diseases of the Genito-urinary System - 1,393 3. Diseases of the "Bones and Orgalls of Movement 69 1,951 4. :<\ccidents, Poisoning and ·V'iolence ~3 Total 513 3,470 3.44. Sadar Hospital is well eq.uipped and properly managed. Following fable gives the number of patiep.ts treated in the hospital i.n 1970 TABLBNo. 3.9 Total no. of cases treat~d during 1970 at Dumka Sadttr Ho.sJ)ital Type,.. of treatment. Total no. of cases treated ~------~-~------~ 'Men Women ~Children Total - Indoor J.,657 1,480 503 3,640 Gutdoor 2.0,088- '._. 8,.i1-14. 6,"21-05 3~,907 Total' 2.1.745~ 9;894 6,908" 38;S47 54 3.45. Further, it was reported during the field investigation that out of 3,640 indoor patients admitted in the hospital 2,042 w~rc CL!fcd 2.nd only ] 62 (4.4 per cent) died. The hospital provides free medical treatment to nIl. 3.46. Almost all types of diseases arc treD/.cd in the Sadar Hospital. Following table shows types of diseases treated in the hospital during 1970: TABLE No. 3.10 Tfpes of diseases treated in the Sadar Hospital during 1970 Type of di5casc No. of cases tr;:ated ,..-______A ______-, Outdoor fndoor Total 2 3 4 1. Tnfectl\c and Parasitic Dis.::!'\c 2,791 100 2.891 2. NeoplaslT's 7 7 3. Allergic. Enuocnn~ system, Metabor c anl Nutritional 3.642 100 3,742 Disc:;tsc,\ 4. DIseases of the Nervous ~stem and Sen,se Organs 2.663, 15 2. 6. Dh..:a"es of the Respirator~ System 4,')17 400 5,327- '-55 ·;r'ABLrE ·No. 3.fl-{)-ctmtld. 1. "'2 3 ~ 7. Diseases 'of the Digestive System :14,523 ~80' lS~50j 8. Diseases ofthe Genito- nrinafy'Sys{efn' 1;423" :"385 l,608 9. Delilldies alfd'compiicatiahs cf.. Pregnancy .child·birth and the Puerperium S3 573 o2li 10. Diseases of the Skin and cellular Tissue 2,759 35 2,794 11. Diseases of the Bones and organs of Movement S6 12 68 12. A-ecident, 'Poisoning and Violence 1~&5l 256 2,101 13. General 2,357 710 3,067 Total 38,079 3,593 41,671 3.47 There is another Police Hospital at Dumka. Tliere are 15 beds in thii hospital which is specially meant for police personnel and undertrial prisoners. The.hospital is not open Ite :all. 3.48 There is one veterinary hospital in-Dumka town located at Sonua Dangal on .D.wuka-Pakur Road. Different kinds ef animal -diseases ~lre treated in this hospital. Animals from Dumka~wn and other neighbouring areas are brou..gbt for tretttment in this hospital. 'The hospital is ·situated in a pucca building in front of which·thet_els.enollgh. open space. The:table orrthe next page shows.:na.ture and extent of service provided by this hospital during 19~69 and 1969-70. 56 TARLE -No . .3.n -Types,d diseases..aDd.no .. llf.animals k.eated at V.eterinar:v ~Ual, Dunykll Animal Diseases -No, qf animalstireated r- __.A.. !J968:..w '196'P10- B.olIinc (cattle .and Gen.etal 27,19 .1.-772 buffalo) Parasitic .d6 4- Protoroam 27 12 Equine (horse, General 18 14 mules, donkey) Canine (dog General 16 36 and cat) Others (sheep, Parasitic 306 136 goats, etc.) 3.49. There are also the Family Planning Centre and Maternity & Child Welfare Centre in the town. The Maternity & Child Welfare Centre which is attached to Sadar Hospital, provides care and medical attention to mothers in both pre and post-natal stages and also to the infants. The Centre runs under the supervision of the Senior Executive Medical Officer, i.e., the Civil Surgeon. The Centre has got one Health Visitor and one trained D~i to conduct labour cases. The Centre had frequently organised baby shows and distributed prizes to the winner babies. But such a show has not been held since 1969, 51 3.50. As a result ~of .family planning drive throughout th~ Si~te ~everal.famlly pl~nning centres were 6peiied in numka ··town" also. FirsC such centre attaclfea lbv"ih~~Sitdar Hospita1 is functioning well. Another Family Planning Centre was establi shed 'fn~:tlie=Year 1965 at DttffiKa town. This centre is.l :tem. awayJrom Dunika Sadar Hospital. The Centre has got three doctors including three lady doctors and five nurses. Various-contraceptives ~Iike. condpm, jelly and oral pills are distributed by the centres free of cost. 58 CHAPJ'ER IV .Ec.onomic l,ife of th~ I'own With-the becoming of Dumka as' a 'disttict hea-d-: quarlers ,town of Sant~l Parganas, the ~areas 'once surrounded by dense forests were cleared:ta- aCcOrii= modate as" many administrative structures' as needed for the administratimi-of the distrret. IiI tHe pro,: cess, the pastoral and agricJlltufai economy ui-" fue area 'Was transformed' into service .. cum:.c6mmertial economy. It is due fo this 'process' of .change thift only 7.02 per ceneof the total workers eilUmerated· in 1971 Ce1!Su~ 1iJ:e found. to be in primary sectors, i. e., cultivators" vgricultural labourers; livestock, for~st~y,. h~ntit?g" plantations,_ Ol;chards and. allied activities and, .mining & quarrying. Of tht? .total wQrkers which constitute 26t 36'per cent.of th~' j'otal pop\llati,on at. DumKa ~3.19 per cent o~ the .J71.a_1e workers and. 75. 7 p~r c~nt of the~fe111ale 'Y_or,lsers ~re fo~nd to be either. engage.d in trade )lnd comm,er.ce or in other services. AcC"ordingly~j.n the! 1971 G~n S\lS this. town has bee.h classified to pe 11 service-cum commercfal type town. 4.2.' Th~ w~rkers "pQPul.ation i11; the-fown; when compa~ed wii"h the population of workers' in the distriCt of Santal'Parganas arid the State of Bihar, is found to be lower. The corresponding figlites f-or the State and .the district are 3 L03 'and 32.69 per cent respectively w1;_lereas for the town ibs only 26.36.per cent. The lower-.,perce.nt~ge 9f workers in 59 the town can well be attributed to the fact that the town itself was developed in a way to accommodate as many persons of service ...class as needed to run the administration of the district. There is not much scope for the expansion df·the -ser,Vice -sector in the town. ~:A:s :a.'reaillt, ihe ·town mas ,got minimum scope .m~.the Jield~of :business And- other activitjes. I'iris oonibined ~w.ith und~rdewloped means iIfllommunil:ation--_OOth wjthin;a1id outside.the lOwn ~s ~pt:ne.nt a1most static. :Fu1ftlier~ there is nCitlim an.yiarge industry nor much 'Sm:rp.e of agri cultural ~elnpmeht· in arid. m'mlnd _~1:he iown. 1ihese'MCithe lactors ~onttj buting;to:fue lower :per aentage'mrworkersJin 'tihe town: 5fhe :table giN'en -on page~ shows1he-dlassHication -.of~populat1on (1f-the to,W1UtS 'Workers;and-nQ11"Wbrkers' by~iY~'()f :activity. ~-.S/ !_If corisrtlered:i-n terms'ofma1es abd:fcimites ~ately, 1t is ftmnd''fl:rat 44.2~ -per cent 'Of the male population 'in the t-own and "3.341'er 'cent Of the fePla1e..P9"pulation are workers. Tlili.disparjty in the participation rate of males ana females. ih the econo mic.-1JuM>f the tQwn was. inquired i.nto dutillg .t4e field. &llfxey. and :it -was . .found that lllO.Bt of the females preferred to be engaged in Jlollsehold.activj ties. Fmther,.Liue to·thelack .ofJ:Ildustrlal de:velop ment ;as . ..also . ..the predominant .agr.a:uian charac te~ rof -the ~'->lVn, Jilier.e' i s .pallcit~ of ;j.o bs ·tor f-emales. 4.4. It tan:be 'obserNcd.tfrom.the- t-able on'the qext page:tlrat ..of-tire tatal !pOpu1ation 'Of·,the 1town q~i64~t cinrt~ ntm~,kers, i:e., who;actuaRy.do ....;;.-. ~ .-1:S (1$ Ij..o 0 ~ ...... ~ .c... 0 t -t:0 ~ I 0== ..... == 'C - =(1$ 0... -..¢ ~ ~ 0 0 Z ~ r.f.! ~ ~ ....0= ....(1$ ~ "9go =- ~ 0 :Q= (1$ ....u =~ (1$ -U ~ oS ell .-C ~ 53 91 x <\{u- .so ~ ..... >- >- 62 not contribute anything to the economic stock jn the town. This is further elaborated in the Table 4.2 which deals with persons classified as non-workers according to the main activity, sex, age-groups and type of activity. 4.5. Table no. 4.2 on the next page shows that of the total non-workers' population in the town 34.18 per cent are full-time students, 26.65 per cent are engaged in household duties and 33.48 per cent a.re dependents and infants. The total percentage of non workers under the above three categories coI11es to 94.31. Then, there are 0.49 per cent retired, rentier and persons of independent means who may be said to be forced non-workers as they are the persons., who have already contributed their might to the economic stock. 0.17 per cent and 1.30 per cent are beggars/vagrants and inmates of penal, mental and charitable institutions respectively who may be said to be unfit for their involvement in economic pursuits. Thus, only 3.73 per cent of the non-workers returned under the head whlle others can be said to be the persons forming the unemployment pool in the town. In this category also 105 persons ln the age-group 0-14 and 15 persons in the age-group 60 L may not be said to be unemployed in view of their age. 4.6. It has been discussed earlier that only 3.34 per cent of the total female population of the town are workers. It is observable in the Table no. ':4.2 given on page 63 that of the total female non-workers, 46.42 per cent are engaged in household duties. Persons engaged in household duties 'may not be fit 63 N N ... e (~ ~ :; "" ..."'" ~ '" .8 N N ..,. 0 ..,. (5 i ~ 01 on ~ ; '""...... ""'"...... 'S l .., ~ S ..;~ ! '" {U. oc- • Al . C .... I.,f! '3.;:.~.g 1 \0 .... 111 ~ s:: "'..2 =' ~,.._ ~ .... N ;;; ~ ~ ~""' u..c .Q::: ..... - '" ~""C ..... oEQos...... -- 'C - ("" '00 III N <>0 N ,.., i lIe-dlt!1s~ - .... I ~i ... ;a> . .,., :;0. ... l2 ~ CIO N ... &1 '" =U . . . i r ..,. ... - "t)~8:-1C1~. 0 1""- '" g,e N ...>C> ~~ l§l~~ll~ !:) ~ r.~ 0\ ...... IX> t"l t- 0- CIO ~ I(") ... QQ N !l~ r • ~ - ti~I"'!:!M .... - ~a "0 'a '.Q OCI I(") a- t- ~-s '0 ..., ...... , ~ ~ 00 1~~..... 12 - ~..,. ~" Q ...(; ...."N N 61: ..., I(") IC),., ..., ...,a- ~ ~ ...... II'T or. $ .. ~B - '" ~ - 't~ h{"s~=,::1 10 N ~ = :f:l :s 1:7\ ,., ....I:t~ 00 OC> I"' ~ ~'" '" ~ I g ~"'f"" co ~ ~ S." .l:j :,; = M t::! Noc ~ Nk .... I- m ~ ~ ;e= l~ ~ ~ ;1.1 ...... , ...... ~ ." .... $ $ >Q_ ~ '.(1 ...... a<")" ~ E .. t- t ...!!: ...., t- O'> Q t~r ~ ~ N .... 100 ..., .... ~ ~ 00 t- ..., .. ~ ... • _&~L ~ '" ~.,.; ~ - ! !!. OC 0- '"C\ N ~ ~ go .... ~ ""... ~ ~ ; ... ::; lo. .... rt ~ t"!. """! ~ J M -r.:' ..... - vi - c:t\ ='3 CtI ~ ~ ~ + ~ i~ ~t ... - 1 $ ~ l .r .j ':l J .... ~ ~ l l ~ < ~ ; ! i .. f. r+~ ~ s:: '" J ~J ~ 64 in the frame of the definition of-workers but in the case of females it can safely be said that they do support the economy and constitute the working force. During the field study it ",as found that many of the females were treated as non-workers because of their being housewives. Survey data collected from 199 sampled households substantiates this fact. The Table no. 4.3 given below gives the number of workers and non-workers in sampled household by age;.group and sex. TABLE No. 4.3 'Vorkers and non-workers in sample household by age-group and sex Aae. Total Population Males Females sroup ,----.Jo..-_"""\ r---A--.. -~ r--"~.--'" Per- Males Fe- Total Wor- Non- Total War- Non- son.. males ken War- kers workers kers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0-14 607 267 240 267 2 265 240 240 IS-59 731 394 U7 394 124 270 337 5 332 60+ 68 33 35 33 9 24 35 3S Total 1,306 6!U 611 694 lSI 413 612 5 607 Total workers-21.90 per cent Total male workers-40.49 per cent Total female workers-O.82 per cent 4.7. It is evident from the above table that the pattern and range of the working force of Dumka town corroborates what has been described in the fore going paragraph. During the field survey, altogether 199 households of different communities and relj .. gious groups covering 1,306 individuals were studied. It was found that out of 1,306 persons only 21.90 per cent individuals constituted the werking force and rnt were l1oil-W(lfkers. The bulk of the working force in the sampled households came from the age group 15-59 years. Furt_her, male-female participa tion rate in the economic activities remarkably differed from each other. While male working population was 40.49 per cent it accounted for only 0.82 per cent in case of females. This vast dis parity in the participation rat~ of the males and females in the economic pursuit cannot be said to be unusual. This is very much in conformity with the general pattern of the State as a whole. Social forces were found to be responsible for this disparity between the two sexes. Among the advanced communities and also the middle income group population it [is considered below their dignity and honour to allow their womenfolk to do outdoor work. Further, as discussed earlier most of the females, in the age-group of 15-59 years which cons titute the "Working force in economic activities, were found to be married and working as housewives. 4.8. Coming to workers' population in the town it is discernable from the Table No. 4.1 given earlier in this chapter that 38.25 per cent of the total workers' population are engaged in other works under category IX of the industrial classification adopted for the purpose of 1971 Census. This cate gory includes other services not elsewhere classified. Government servants come under this category of workers ..Next is the category of workers engaged in trade and commerce under category VII. Their per centage in the total workers' population is found to be 66 25.58. Highest percentage of workers found in these t\\oo categories has allowed the town to be described as a service-cum-commercial town. 4.9. 8.82 per cent of the total workers in the town are found to be engaged under category IX (other services), category VII (trade and commerce) and category V (manufacturing, processing, servicing and repairs other than household industry). Only a marginal percentage of persons depend on agri culture or support their livelihood by engaging them selves as agricultural labour . Due to lack of agricultu ral pursuits and almost nil industrial development the town has been in the state of severe backwardness since long. The town's total economy is based on petty businessmen and service class people. Table no. 4.4 given below will fUIther clarify the positi on of working force in the town. TABLE No. 4.4 Occupational classification of persons at work according to main activity otber than cultivation classified by sex DUMKA TOWN (on 80% count) Occupational Total workets divilions ~,------~~------~ PersoDs Malell Females 1 3 4 Division 0-1 Professional. TecJmi~l and 588 529 59 Related workers 12.~8% 11.96~~ 23.~1 % 67 TABLE No. 4.4-concld. 1 2 3 Division 2 Administrative, Executive and 163 158 5 managerial workers 3.49 % 3.57% 1.99% Division 3 139 732 7 Clerical and Related workers IS.81 % 16.55% 2.78% Division 4 1,020 1,005 15 Sales workers 21.82% 22.73% 5.98% Divisicm 5 786 661 125 Service workers 16.82% 14.94% 49.S0% Division 6 Farmers, Fishermen, Hunters, 87 87 Loggers and Related workers 1.86 % 1.97% Division 7 Production and Related 277 267 10 workers, Transport equipment 5.93 % 6.04% 3.98% operators and Labourers. Division 8 Production and Related 623 595 28 workers, Transport equipment 13.33 % 13.45% 11.16% operators and Labourers Division 9 Production and Related 391 389 2 workers, Transport equipment 8.36 % 8.79% 0.80% operators and Labourers Division 10 Workers not classified by occupations All Divisions 4,674 151 68 4.10. The Table at page 67 shows that the highest percentage, (21.82) of the total workers' population in the town are workers under occupational division 4, i.e., sales workers. Next to this, i.e., 16.82 per cent of the workers have been found to be returned un· der occupational division 5, i. e., service workers. Third place in this ladder is occupied by workers under occupational division 3, i. e., clerical and related workers with 15.81 per cent return. Thus in conformity with the nature of the town it is found that 54.45 per cent of the workers are directly engaged in service or business (divisions 3, 4 and 5). Further, lowest percentage (1.86) returned under occupa tional division 6, i. e., farmers, fishermen, hunters, loggers and related workers shows lack of agriculture and allied activlties including fishery, hunting, etc., in the town. A bifurcation of occupational divisions 3, 4 and 5 in occupational groups will fur ther clarify the position of workers into respective trade and business in which they are actually engag ed. For the purpose the following three tables viz., Table nos. 4.5, 4.6 and 4.7 which deal with workers under occupational divisions 3, 4 and 5 into groups of occupation are given below : TABLE No. 4.5 Workers under Occupational Division 3 in the town ~Clerical and related workers Groups Persons Males Females Group 30 37 36 Clerbal and other 5.01 % supervisors 69 TABLE No. 4.S-concld. Groups PeI'SOlls MalCIII Females Group 31 14 11 3 Village officials 1.90% Group 32 41 41 Stenographers, S,SS% Typists and Card and Tape punchina operators Group 33 50 50 Book.keepers, 6.16% Cashiers & Rolated workers Group 34 3 3 Computmg Machine 0.41 % Operators Group 35 514 S11 3 Clerical and 69.55% Related workers Group 36 15 15 Tran~port and 2.03% Communication Supervisors Group 31 46 46 Transport conduc- 6.22% tors & auards Group 38 15 15 Mail distrIbutors and Related workers 2.03 % Group 39 4 4 Telephone and O.~4% Telegraph operators Total '139 7)2 7 70 TABLE No. 4.6 Workers under Occupational Division 4 in the town-Sales Workers Groups Persons Males Females Group 40 889 87S 14 Mel chants and 87.16% Shop keepers whole- sale &. Retail Trade Group 41 3 3 Manufacturers, Agents 0.29% Group 42 2 2 Technical Sales- men and Com- mercial Travellers 0.20~~ Group 43 91 90 Salesmen, Shop 8.92% Assistants and Related workers Group 44 21 21 Insurance, Real 2.06% Estate, Securities and business service salesmen and aucrioneers Group 45 8 8 Money lenders and 0.78% Pawn brokers Group 49 6 6 Sales workers, 0.59% n. e. c. Total 1,020 1,005 15 71 TABLE No. 4.7 Workers u~der Occupational Division S in the town-Service workers Groups Penons Males Pemales Group 50 81 liZ Hotel and R.estau- 10.43% rant keepers Group 51 2 2 House keepers, 0.25% Matron and Stewards (Dome- stic and Institu- tional) Group 52 12 10 2 Cooks, Waiters, 1.53% Bartenders and Related women (Domestic and Institutional) Group S3 229 153 76 Maids and other 29.13% House keeping service workers, 11.( c. 72 TABLE No. 4.7--concld. Groups Persons Male!! Females Group S4 10 36 3" Building careta- 8.91% kers, Sweepert, CleaneH &; Rela- ted workers Group 5S 61 51 10 Launderer, Dry- 7.76% c1eane(6 and Presser. Group 56 23 23 Hair Dressers, 2'93% Barbers. Beauti- cians and Related workers Group 57 304 301 3 Protective Service 38.68 % Workers Group 59 3 3 Service Workers, 0.38% n.e.c. Total 786 661 1%5 4.11. The workers are generally drawn from the age-group 15-59 years of age of the total working force in the town as many as 92.42 per cent come from this age-group. This is evident from the Table no. 4.8 given on the next page. 73 TABLE No .. 4.8 Occupational classification of persons at work according to main activity other than cultivation classified by sex and age-group in Dumka town Occupational Total workers divisions and r------~ "-., youPS Age-groups Persons Males Females. All divisions Total 4.674 4,423 251 0-14 149 134 -lS 15-19 262 243 19 20-29 1,396 1,325 71' 29.86% 29.95% 28.28% 30-39 1,299 1,226 73 27.79% 27.71 % 29.03% 40-49 902 860 42 50-59 461 441 20 60+ 205 194 11 ANS 4.12. The above table sho\\-s that maxImum number of workers in smaller unit of age-group come from the age-group 20 - 29 years with 29.86 per cent of the total working force in the town. In this age-group the number of workers both in males and females are highest with 29.95 and 28.28 per cent respectively. Next to this age-group num ber of workers are found in the age-group 30-39 years with 27.79 per cent of the total working force in the town. Thus, it is observed that below the age of 19 -years and above the -age of 39 years the number of workers starts decreasing. Certainly, it 74 does not stop altogether as workers are even founa in the age-groups 0-14 and 60 + but their number is minimum in these age-groups. On 80 per cent count of the population at Dumka it is found that 44.22 per cent of the males and 3.34 per cent of the females are workers. Further, it is found that 72.55 per cent of the workers other than those jn cultiva tion are literate. This shows that the percentage of literacy is very (high among the workers in the town. The following table shows the distribution of male and female workers by educationallevel : TABLE No. 4.9 Classification of workers by educational level Total Male population workers Female workers Educational r----A.-"'" r----"---"""'I r----"- """'I level Males Females Number Percentage Number Percentage to to total ma- total female Ie population population Total 10,510 8,160 4,648 44.22 273 3.34 Illiterate 2,980 4,643 1,231 11.72 198 2.42 Literate below matriculation 5,045 3,081 1,878 17.86 28 0.34 Matriculation 1,902 363 1,035 9.84 27 0.34 Above matri- CUlation 583 73 504 4.80 20 0.24 4.13. The above table shows that of the total male population, highest number of workers come from literate group below matriculation and among females from illiterate. As the number of workers among the females is very less it cannot be conclud ed that only illiterate women work. However, the 75 number of illiterate workers among females out number literate workers. However, as per following table the number of literate workers outnumber the illiterate workers : TABLE No. 4.10 Total workers--Iiterate and illiterate Total Total workers Total literate workers TIIit«ate workers ,----"------, r-----"---....., ,..----.A.--, P M F M F M F 4,674 4,423 251 3,316 75 1,107 176 4.14. Of the total male workers, 74.97 per cent are literates while females literacy amounts only 29.88 per cent. This shows that number of literate workers among females is much less when compared with that of the males in the town. 4.15. For the purpose of the Dumka town study 199 households were probed into with the help of household schedules. Of the total number of house holds 35 households were found having subsidiary occul1ation. Among the 35 such households 25 were found having one subsidiary occupation, 8 having two subsidiary occupations and 2 households having three subsidiary occupations. 4.16. In res pect of persons having secondary work in addition to thejr main activity the ta hIe given at page 77 based on 80 per cent eount of the 1971 Census data shows the extent of secondary work of individuals in the town. 16 tiii S:lf I llUl ;)11 = ~C:S.::a r .~ 1 ~ -= 'O~8r .... _-= j",i:--g'~ 1 -; U=- u:S0,-._." .CI .... 0 =:~ 0'0 !§1C N r--- 0<'1 6iTl Z,$~ ):QI I ..8 ~ 0 - - ~ • O.c: ~ ! ~ == ~ z 5'~ «-... ." ,-. '0 = ....-- §.-= ... li ....~ ... -- ~ 6"8 eb'!I1~ ~ =...... , fIl>.>' t~l ~ .-; o.o=.c,e os .!]." Ii ~ 'g -~ 0 @ r o.a~• i S-= E-t en S~-... !~IO Z 0 ~ ." 86 .~ -< ~ (1 !II l~~ ::!' ~ =~= - < == ~ r ~ "Ql.... :e ,.-...... ~ ~~.. ._--'II ....0 .... I'·- .1!'" r~ ~i"i3 .:t l@ ~ ~ QJ .... l <'1 0- ~ - ("I ·i~Jj l ~~:a ;:: 5'-"; =~ ~ ..0 '0 of N .2 !--~::;l ;:,J'"' lJg;~ u~ ~ 5 Z 'i·1 Z;> '0'1:1w] '0 e b ~"i ';'~ i :~ - ~E-i(l '<-~~ ... e~ '0 ;" oW <~ ;:: .~ ~'ilHi~tU ~ .. ,; :;:"i 'g g ai g -a. 1 eE-l• 0< ='""Z Z 77 4.17. It is evident from the table that the bulk of persons having secondary work come from the group engaged in the Non-household industry. Per sons having main activity a~ cultivation, agriculture labour, household work and non-working group find it suitable to be engaged in the secondary work such as non-household industry, trade, business or service. Thus, it can well be said that non-household indus try, trade, business and service provide landing ground of economic pursuit both as main activity and secondary work in the town. 4.18 .. The employment status of the workers at Dumka \\'as probed during the 1971 Census under four heads, viz., employer, employee, single worker and faniily worKer. The result as such was tabulated from 80 per cent slips which is placed below. The ta ble shows the status of workers other than those engag ed in cultivation and agricultural labourer in the town. TABLE No. 4.12 Employment status of workers at Dumka other than cultivation and agricultural labour Total Class of_A. workers ______....., workers ,--- Employer Employee Single worker Family worker ,.---'--....., ,-~-~ r--A--~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l j 1 ~ I j I Males Females 4,423 251 734 10 1,274 178 963 46 152 17 16.60 3.98 58.19 70.91 21.77 18.32 3.44 6.77 4.19. The above table sho,""s that 58.19 per cent of' males and 70.91 per cent of females are workers engaged as employee meaning thereby that 78 there are the workers "Who work under some private or government establishments. The percentage of employers in the total workers population in the town is 16.60 for males and 3.98 for females. This shows that there are very few employers in the town in comparison to employees. This is because Dumka being a dist.rict head quarters accommodate large number of employees in various government offices located in the town. Further, only 3.44 per cent of the male workers and 6.77 per cent of the female workers are found to be family workers. This sho"Ws the absence of even household industries in the to\\n. Single workers popUlation in the town is next to the employe~s' percentage of workers. It is 21.77 per cent for the males and 18.32 per cent for the females. These are the persons doing small trade and retail business in the town whlch have the scope in the town for catering of those living in the town and engaged in white-collar jobs. 4.20 'An unemployed is one who wants to work for economic gain but could not do so due to non-availability of opportunity and job. Under this definition of unemployment only 3.73 per cent of the non-workers in the town as per Table no. 42 plaped earlier fit to be included in the unemployment pool. Even in this category of non workers returned under the heading (others) 23.39 per cent of its total return come from the age-group of 0-14 and 60+ who may not ,be consjdered for this unemployment pool owing to their age. 4.21. Hours of work in the town differ from occupation to occupation depending upon the nature of .establishment and occupation."' For 79 co .,.., ~ 0'< f J f M ...... ,., .. S)\.lt!w~-a ~ M S. -; » ~ 1 r-- .... M fOl"" s~!lnp P{oqowoOH M Q ~I ~ 1 lWpWdQa .... ~ ~ ~ { .,., - .... p:llqt!S!Q e rJ I M = WOlpU3daa ~ .2 M M t.. ~ i ...... l lUOpmS 3wll-lind N N fOl ~ N - ... .. J)Qlqt!S!a N '"a lUapu~dQa 00 ...... -N ... = 00 - • lU1J.JlII ~ oc t sapop PloqasnoH 0- 0- l"'l ~ - I() j 00 f 00 1 l"'l luapOlS QUI!l-Und .... - N ~lq'8S!a !:; N ('f) ; 10 .., ..,; j 18 f lU1JJUI .... t"l - '" a"," lilY aqllOJ .,., <") ~ ...... •• ltmW:0l~ SUPl~ 0 ~ .... N Z - luapwdQa :!: .... - ... ~ 10 l~1 .... ~ .... lUQpnlS-~wn-ntld ...... ~ L """ " lUllJtll N .... N ~ '; r .... r-- ~ ~ ...... , 10 , ~ lU~pnlg awn Und: ...... N ... i .., .,., .. 0 • i»1'lWiKl ...... N 'Of' .:a ~ ,..., ; rb l~ ~ .... t [i s~tnP PIOqagnoH 00 00 ~ 88 .... ,.li1II I .... ~ ~ .1 QtuHlSJ!T QtfJ 10J r-- .,., 10 := lUQtU..{o{da» lJU~~ .... ~ ~ 'g - i := ~ 10 N ~ r '(»1'l'DKI .,., II) .. N N ...... r-- 'S ltreJIll 10 fO g wapuQdQQ .... 00 r-- ~ ... jj N ~ j lUQpt\n N WI'fl-nn.:I -~ Ie ...,. a ~ iE cfno.JlJ.4V ~ ...... ~.,., + ~~ Q .... ~ $ ! 80 Government employees the usual working hours are from 10 A.M. to 5 P. M. with a lunch break of 30 to 45 minutes. But there are Government establish ments like Telephone Exchange where work is done in shifts and persons have to do their duty in the night and early in the morning. Also, persons en gaged in business and ha"\'ing their business estab lishments in their residences work from 7 A. M. to 9 P. M. and even late. Casual labourers engaged in different private and public construction work have to work from 8 A. M. in the morning to 6 P.M. in the evening with two hours break in the day. There are a very few agricultural labourers in the town who work for 10 to 12 hours daily for their livelihood. The following table shows number of workers and hours of work in the town on the basis of survey data. TABLE No. 4.14 Number of workers aud hours- of works Hours of work No. of workeI'i Below 2-4 hours Nil 5-6 hours 24 7-8 hours 139 9-10 hours 106 Above 10-hours 17 4.22. Regarding place of work in the town it is found that only 9 persons out of the total sampled population in the 199 households go to work out side the town. Rest 1,297 persons work within the town in various private and public establishments and offices scattered in the town. 4.23. Table given on the next page shows the distribution of manufacturing, processing or servi cing establishments, trade or business establishments and other establi~hments in Dumka Town. f]'" .... V) ... g ~ 0 j .~.g :, :g II"> ~i ·z 19 <'I ..,...... '" :I: a.9 '"'-l'" ...... 1:1 .. ~ - ~ _g , 0 ~-'"r:: ._...:, '"r:: .... ~ ;Z.g ~.g ~ ~ ._ .. t '& r ...., <'I _., 0 ..0 "'"' ~= - .~g ~fi 15 - td ..... Q'I ...., M ~;.:: u ..,.Q'I ~ u.c V"I 'O!9=~ ~ ! ~ Jl ru -~ .... !-- - u OQ .... ~ "CI ~i ~ ~ 0 ~ Z ] r b ' ,!S !!l'O~~ ~ » 110 'E 5 C '0 -g '.5 to- ~ ~ r:: II)! ::t:..r:: .... 'C '" B )S ,r.l . .!. ~ ~ l1li:0 f]i !~ ~ = ::> "" '" ~ ; ~3 '! , u'" I.... ~ It ,r .6l. 'B's :a u ...... a:: £$ II"> Q'I i .8.0 ... ..,. .... - 3 fi ..,. M N e 8:: o~ S ~Jl e ~ - ~ r::"'~ = C:.::i ~ 8- ~ ~ .J.. ...;'~ Q 9 Q co ~ ..., :-~~;> 0 ;> ....= O!;>d:;"'8;> C) ] ~ 8 ~ :;: t3 ;t 0 :: -< g:i ui! h !-- .~ ..( g:i W Q ~ .c... M l ::> ::> ~ .... C j 82 4.24. It can be seen from the table that there are altogether 1,014 establishments in Dumka town as per the 1971 Census, out of which 913 are privately owned, 99 are GoveInment owned and 2 are quasi-government and co-opera1ive estab lishments. Of the 99 Government establishments none is found to be a registered factory or unregis tered workshop. One in wholesale, 3 each in retail and in others are the Government or quasi-govern ment establishments found to be engaged in trade or business. Almost 90 Governmen1/quasj~government establishments have been returned under the cate gory of establishment 'Others'. Under this category also there are 70 other establishments whereas 18 are educational institutions and 4 are public health institutions. 4.25. Of the total 913 private establishments in the town 9 are registered factories, 206 unregistered workshops, 19 wholesale trade, 492 retail shops, 61 other types of business establishments, 6 educational institutions, 15 public health institutions and 105 other such establishments. It is seen that not a single establishment in the town is found to be household induitry. Bulk of the total private establishments, i.e., 206 are unregistered workshops and 492 are retail shops. The two co-opetative establishments in the town are engaged in trade or business under the category 'others'. The table on the next page shows the distribution of manufacturing, f,'locessing or servicing establishments classified by registered factories/unregistered workshops and Slze of employment. M i § N ..c:I f i 'ill ~ ~ .... I ~ m I (is '..2 "8 M ..~ - ;"C cij~l!'lI~'6p. 18 .8 ] '8 $ ~ e e on tt 1 ;:> ,tJa · a . ;., =.~ ~~f~~Gi'8 ~ j r i!t ;3!1 -go ;!~ I I >, :sa r a r-- .= ., 0 .... CIS ~ .c ~;ai~i~~'8M 0 .... ~ ~ ...... 8 ~ ..!. Q) C '" \Q ~ .... ~ L ~ ... ~S5 .c0 - ~CJ~ r I cg , ~ ~ .....'" .CJs e ~ ... ~~t.l!~H1! .... - ... 5 .!. ~ G . ~ t "C =- ... a 0...... \0 ~ ~ e :5l!l rJl t ~ .s0- s -~ 1;1 ...... , S 'biJ e auS' 9 .... ~ 0 .... ~ ~ pf t1! 0 ~~~ -s.l 0 ce = .., M M Z = ~ .~ ~o ._~ L ~- .... •~ ~ r/1 (.!U'J 1 >' ~ ,c"CI ~ ;.,"" .... 0 ... .0 ...... :I o fj ~i{d!~H1! ~ ~ 'g i _ ~ i! '" .... ;:::J- ....0 ~ ~S I- ·gl ~5'! ~] 01 ...,\Q .... CJ..\II~ ~~{'I!Uh ~ =- oA .!. '5 l .c '" QC r-- ~ ~ fJ ~ ~- J r I flO I I i ~ N r0- g QQ ...," .; ..,.§ ~'"b § a i 1:1 z "1 9 ~11 ..., ..... M f.! 's '" ~] c:e ::>- '" "" .,., ...... :s! U ,!. '13 !l ..., e,! = 8. i I ::> o I I ..,. 0 g ~ ~ ;I 1:1 .. IHIi~'lI '" ~ a ·s ..., ..., .... M ~:! !-< ;:>:3 '" .... b I • & • ~.. i_ 'B~ .~ ~ '9 'B11.c ~ ~ N < ~ ~ "(00 "'1¥i"'~!1:'" a I f~~g. ~ ~ M V'l II'> ...,In V'l N '" '" - V'l a-, ~ V'l ..... 11'1 - '" - ~ ..,. -01 00 .... CO ..... 01 ..,. V'l N M lCl ... ..,. -...... ,. N -N 1.0 1.0 .... ~ 00- N .... N CO 1.0 M ..,. ~ - - ~ -..... - - 10 -I/") - 1.0 10 ..,...... 01 ...... - '"N .... 1.0 00- N N .... N ...... -.... II') -II'> 1.0 .... 01 01 01 M ('I .... flO N !; ...... ~ ~ ..,. ~ - ~ '" - '" - "" .... ~... 00 10 ..,. ('I -V'\ ...... IQ ..... N a- M M ..,. 0\ M ~ .... - ~ ~ < ~ < lSI < ~ ~ ~ -< ~ ~ ~ ~ < 1:0 -< ~ '3 10 OQ .... N ..,. on 00 0\ 0 M M M ~ ~ .., M M M <'I <'I f-< 83 4.26. It is clear from the table that the level of industrial development in the town is minimum as only 9 registered factories have been found to be existing 'n the town in 1971 Census. Out of these 9, 3 are engaged in the manufacture offood products and 2 in repair works. Of the rest four registered factories one each deals in manufacture of wood and wood products furniture and fixtures, manufacture of paper and paper products, printing, publishing and amed industries, manufacture of leather and leather and fur products and manufacture of non-metallic mineral products. These registered factories in the town give employment to only 190 persons of which 50 are engaged in the manufacture of food products and other 50 in the repair works. This shows that only 190 persons out of the total working population of 6,152 in the town get employment in these factories. Further, 624 persons are employed in 206 unregistered workshops in the town. Of these workshops maximum number, i.e., 51 out of 206 aN engaged in the manufacture of food products with 129 persons employed in the same. Next to the manufacture of food products, 45 workshops are dealing in repair works ""ith 145 persons employed in establishments. Further, it is seen that either the registered factories or the unregistered workshops in the town are small or medium size establishments. Of the total registered factories 55.55 per cent have employees betw~en 20 and 49 persons and of the total unregistered work shops 57.76 per cent have employees between 2 and 4 persons. 86 4.27. As per the 1971 Census there are 581 trade and business establishments at Dumka town. Table given on the next page shows the distribution of trade and commercial establishments classified by type of business or trade and size of employment. 4.28. The ta ble shows that there are altogether 581 establishments of which 303 are in the major group 65, i. e., retail trade in food and food articles, beverage, tobacco and intoxicants. In these establishments 444 persons are engaged. There are 78 establishments employing 159 persons in retail trade under major group 68 and there are 6 establishments under major group 69, i. e., restaurants and hotels. In these restaurants and hotels 174 persons are employed. There are 62 est a blishments under major group 67 dealing in retail trade of household goods which employ 102 persons while 52 establishments deal in retail tfa de of textiles under major group 66, and employ 94 p:!rsons. 4.29. The table further shows that there are 5 such establishments employing 70 persons in the town which deal in financing, insurance, real estate and business services. Under Division 8 and major group 80, i. e., banking and similar type of financial institutions there are two establishments. There are two provident and insurance establishments in the town. There is one real estate or business services institution in the town. 4.30. As per the discussion and the table it is clear that the trade and commercial establishments in the town are of small size. 54.54 87 r I poy!o;)dsun SUO!lJ ...... ~~I I{ SWaU11DlnqI31S3 ~~ ~ - ~f :~ :~~ :~~ 1i 9 ~ 1,,,"I'm. SU""'d !:l ~~~ :_N 1 u.. ua 5 13 :-~ t'-- ~ l Sl UIt[ nQ 1sg == CJ'S 0 ~ 'af 0 ."",._ . .,.,N"''II'N - .....:~~-~ :;tl fO . ii~ ~ I P;,{°ldw3 SUOSIQd 0 - Z ~~ ._ ~ ~~ QI :- ;J Slu:nuqsHQ,lllfia """"~'_''!''''''''II : N III ~ S l ;as ~1f-o< ....:l 040!Sffi" =- 000 ·O'I.\CI ..... Nt"""'I- . I"'- ;r-- ,. a:l .... *"""" __ NanN { ,a,{o\dwg SU06.1Qd ...... < r:i ~ ~ ~ f-4 -'-~c:> ~ ~1 .... ~ ...l I"'-N ._ • ... N to. ~ II Sl~wqsnqlllS3 :"'_N""''''~ . N a tIj ~ J ..""'~~tr> .....a--~ oo~ :NN~ S'= Il;j I.C~ ... Q=1l< I{ po SluaUIt[SnQtllsg __ \I'\~.t:;:""'_"" ...... ~~ ~I ...... : ~ .""~N;;: ...•fI'l uo~d :mo : ~ I' I r PQ,{o\dwg \ r<'l ~:!on~;g~r!~~~N~! Q 1 UOSI'tla ... ~...... ~ ]~ ...~ ... .i ~, ('\ I.C_M ...... NNOO ..... ~NN .... IIl ...... 1 I )U;}W\\SUQ,"-wtl - ~""I.Ct"--.c:;; ~ j I l I Q 'J 'I 'N I JO dnOJD .... $iOl:B~~~$I.C~oo&lllO~ t lofllW/UO!lilhlG 88 per cent of the total establishments are single per son establishment and 40.29 per cent establishments are manned by 2 to 4 persons. There are only two establishments having more than 20 to 49 persons in the town. 4.31. Details of some of the commercial and industrial establishments in the to",n as surveyed in 1978-79 were as under : Name of establishment Number Annual licence fee per establishment 2 3 Coal Depot 6 Rs. 10/- Coal and firewood Rs. 20/- Flour wheel 19 Rs. SO/- Firewood 2 Rs. 10/- Flour Rs. 1001- Husking Huller 3 Rs. SO/- Ice candy 2 Rs. SO/- Bamboo shop 5 Rs. 16/- Saw Mill 2 Rs. SO/- Raw Hides 4 Rs. SO/- Leather goods Rs. 15/- Dal Mill Rs. SO/- Wooden cabinet shop 4 Rs. 20/- Dry cleaners 6 Rs. 40/- Oil Mill Rs. 50/- Ker05ene oil 2 Rs. 8/- 90 licences have been recently issued to the dea lers of Grocery shops, Bakery, Fish and meat 89 shop, hotel, tea sta 11, selling of foodgrains, milk and milk products, sweets, Pakauries and biscuits, lemon juice and baby foods. The annual licence fees charged from these establishments are Rs. 4/ for grocery, Rs. 7 for tea stall, Rs. 20 for hotel, Rs. 25 for hotel and restaurants, Rs. 19 for sweetmeat, Rs. 25 for fish and meat shops; Rs. 5 for milk and milk products. Rs. 12 for bakery and Rs. 5 for selling of biscuits, lemon juice and other baby foods. 4.32. The distr,ibution of these shops in the varJOus wards of the town can be seen from the statement furnished below Ward Number of Ward Number of number establishment number establishment I 3 IX 4 11 4 X 14 TIl XI 3 IV 2 XII V 2 XIII 9 VI 19 XIV 2 VII 10 XV 8 VITI 9 XVI 1 Besides these, there are approximately 60 cloth shops (including wholesale shops), 10 Hardware shops, 45 stationery shops, 10 shoe and leather goods shops, 5 presses, viz, Chanda Press, Sibani Press, Sarda Pfess, Lakshmi Press and Alka Press, 3 studios, viz., Shankar Studio, Seshri Studio and Sinha Studio; 6 Banks, viz. Central Co-operative, two State Banks, Land Mortgage Bank and United 90 Bank; 6 utensil shops, 10 electric shops, 10 wa.tch repairing shops and 5 Radio shops. There are a number of Biri shops, tailoring, saloons, bicycle repairing shops. The market at Dumka is controll ed by Calcutta and Bhagalpur markets for clothes and machinery goods, by Bihar Sharif for vegetables and Jamshedpur for iron goods. Following is the brief account of some s-:!lected commercial and industrial establishm~nts in Dumka town. Pradeep Udyog 4.33. This industry was started by Shri Dharmdeo Sharma, a re6red Chief Petty Officer of Indian Navy jn the year 1971. After his retirement in 1964 Shrl Sharma, first started a medical production centre (Delux Pharma) at Aboo in partnership. Thereafter he came to Dumka in 1970 and started cement work. He "",as alloted 3 acres of land at village Bilkanji near Ranibahal by the Government but the same has been given to a santal for cultiva tion on share cropping basis. He has shares in Phiiips and Rayond companies at Bombay. 4.34. The main products of this udyog are bands, band doors, T and Y with doors, double junctions, shoe cabbIe, sockets and spouts. Net work is also carried on. Raw materja\s needed for this industry are cement and a<;bestos powder. Cement is brought directly from Sindri and asbestos from Rajasthan. Sands are also required for manufacturing nets and are obtained locally. This industry employs lab ourers in contract basis and the payment is made locally. All the labourers are local people who 91 ('orne to work after working in their fields in the morning. During agricultural season, blbour prob lems occasionally arise. The manufactured items are supplied to Assam, Calcutta, Siliguri, Monghyr. Bhagalpur, Asansole etc. while a large stock is consumed locally. The establishment need not to construct houses for the labourers as they are of the same locality and returned to their houses after duty. There is no labour dispute in the establish ment which employs 30 workers daily. S. P. Metal Industry 4.35. This is an aluminium industry started in the year 1977 by Shri Ram Gopal Bajaj of Dumka who also owns a hardware shop in the town. The industry requires sufficient raw materials for its swift running. Aluminium seals are brought from Bharat Aluminium Company, Kurba in Madhya Pradesh, while the hard coke is obtained from Nirsa in Dhanbad district. The wooden sticks used for operation are brought from Calcutta. 4.36. The industry produces various kjnds of goods like dish, pot, mug, kettle, tasla bowl, Iota, glass etc. The finished goods are almost domesti cally consumed. The huge quantity of used and broken utensils are again processed in this industry and new utensils are made. Skilled labourers are outsiders. Unskilled labourers are the local people who are employed as helpers. The skilled labour ers are paid monthly salary, where~s the local labourers are paid on daily or weekly basis. There are houses inside the premises of the est2.blishment 92 for the skilled labourers. The local people prefer to return to their houses after their work. One month's salary has been given as bonus to the employees. No strike or labour unrest has been reported in the industry. About 40 workers were engaged in the industry. Shri Durga Rice and Saw Mill 4.37. This Mill is owned by Shri Phool Chand Modi of the town and was started in the year 1974. About 25 workers were found working at the time of survey. Presently, only rice is processed in this mill. Paddy are procured from local hats by the agents appointed by the mill. In the days of scar city paddy is bought from different districts of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. The dehusked rice is supplied mainly to the coal field areas of Dhanbad district. The mill has installed an automatic machine this year. Prior to this, every operational work was done manually. However, the paddy will be boiled and dried manually. Other mills are also manually operated, but Dumka rice mill which is the oldest in the town bas the provision of automatic machinery for boiling, drying and dehusking the paddy. The markets of import and export are the same for all the lice mills. Besides them, there are a few dehus king machines in the town also. Shri Radhey Saw MiD 4.38. This mill was started in the year 1963 and is owned by Himatsinghka families under the pro prietor&bip of Narayan Prasad Himatsinghka and 93 Mohan Lal Himatsinghka. 20 labourers including 3 skilled artisans are employed in the mill. All skilled artisans are paid staff. Others are casual labourers hailing from local villages. The woods are brought mostly from local as well outside place.). Sa Is are brought from Bengal forests, Shishum from Bhagalpur, Mazaffarpur and Champa ran districts and mango woods from local areas. 4.39. The produced items are mostly consumed locally for use in house construction and furniture marts. The packing woods are supplied to Calcutta. The mill has no complain against labour problem. But electric supply is not regular with the result that the mill has to bear losses. This holds good for all the saw mills of the town. The defficient supply of electricity is a problem common to all the industries, mills a nd other establishments of the town. Bandarjori Saw Mill 4.40. This is the Government mill controlled by the Monghyr Forest Division. The departmental working was first introduced by the Monghyr Forest Division which extended the work at Dumka also under its own control. Though a full fledged Forest office for Dumka Division is running inside the town, this mill is still controlled by Monghyr Divi sion. There are 11 ",orkers besides one Range officer, one Depot incharge, two Munshis and one night guard engaged in this saw mill since its very inception in the year 1968. All the labourers are working in this mill since 1968, but they are still 94 daily workers and are paid @ Rs. 4.50 per day. The woods for this mill are brought from Kathikund forest of the Santal Parganas district. The mill is the permanent supplier of wooden poles to electri city department, Tram line sleepers to coalfield areas and coggie for supporting the roofs in coal-mine areas of Dhanbad district. 95 CHAPTER V ETHNIC AND SELECTED SOCIO-DEMOGRA PHle CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION It is evident from the discussion made in the earlier chapters that the socio-economic characteris tics of the population at Dumka are very much in similarity. During field investigation not a single foreign national was found to be living in the town. This is supported by the 1971 Census statistics according to which the entire population of Dumka town is that of Indian origin. The Hindus as a religious group constitute the dominant population in the town. TABLE No. 5.1 Distribution of the population at Dumka according to different religions Total Name of religions arranged in alphabetical order Population ,-._------...... Buddh- Christ- Hindu- Sikh- Other ism ianity ism Islam Jainism ism religions P M F MF M F M F M F M F M F M F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 23,33813,13810,200 1 1 15913911,809 9,1421,158905 3 5 5 5 3 3 96 5.2. Remarkably, male~female ratio, i.e., number of females per 1,000 males in the town as per the Table No. 5.1 is only 776 whereas . the same figure for India and Bihar is 930 and 954 respectively. This sho\o\s that in comparison to the State of Bihar the number of females per one thousand males is much less in the town. A cogent reason for this is that Dumka being a service cum-commercial type town people from different parts of the State come to stay in this town leaving their families behind. As a result number of females in town becomes less than the males in the town. As is evident from the table no. 5.1 this fact remains true for all the religions in the town. Number of females per one thousand males in Hindus, Muslims and Christians is 774, 781 and 874 respectively. It shows only slight variation as number of females among the Christians is slightly higher than the number of females among the Hindus and Muslims. 5.3. People from different religious faiths live together in an integrated way and share each others feelings and beliefs maintaining their respective dis tinct identities. Though the Christians and Mus lims are found to be concentrated in certain pockets, there is no ward or definite defined territory which is exclusively inhabited by either of them. The Hindus, of course, are found in all the eight wards in the town and they are always in majority every where. 97. 5.4. Point of ethnic simplicity is further clarified when the data regarding mother-tongue of the people living in the town are put to ana ly~is. According to the 1971 Census, Hil1di, Bengali and Urdu are the three principal languages used by the people at Dumka as their mother-tongues. These three languages constitute 82.71 per cent of the total population using as their mother-tongues. Table No. 5.2 given below throws sufficient light on the ethnic composition of the population by their mother-tongues: TABLE No. 5.2 Ethnic composition of the population by mother· tODaue at Dumka Total st. Mother- ,-- -, No. tODI\lC p M F 2 3 4 S l. An&a 315 179 136 2. BeDlali 3,880 2,019 1,861 3. Bhoip\ID 77S 435 340 4. Baufl 2 5. Engbsh 6 3 1 i. Gujaratl 37 17 lD 9& TABLE No. 5.2-concld. 1 2 3 4 S 7. OUrumukhi 6 1 5 8. Hindi 13,7'3 7,992 5,781 9. Kannada 5 5 10. Kharia 4 2 2 11. Khotta 789 3~S 394 12. Maphi 252 135 117 13. Maithili 487 303 184 14. Malayalam 9 4 5 IS. Marwari 553 304 24,9 16. Mundari 24 15 9 17. Gork.halijNep&li 6 5 1&. Oraon 15 11 4 19. Oriya 8 6 2 20. Ma! Pah&riya 6 5 21. Pwl,iabi 8 8 22. RajutbaAi 78 43 35 23. Sanw.H 473 253 220 24." . Sindhi 32 18 14 25. Tamil 6 6 26. Titbutia 3 2 27. Urdu 1,786 972 114 99 5.5. Table No. 5.2 shows that 59 per cent of the total population at Dumka speak Hindi as their mother tongue. The language which comes next to Hindi is Bengali with 16.6 per cent of the total population. As discussed in earlier chapter the Bengali elites of West Bengal have played a great role in the development of the town. This may perhaps account for such a substantial Bengali speaking people in the town. Urdu takes the third place with 7.65 per cent users. This per centage is close to the percentage of Muslim popu lation in the town. 5.6. As discussed earlier in this chapter the residential pattern of the town is not influenced by caste or creed. Table No. 5.3. given below further supports this point : TABLE No. 5.3 Distribution of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled tribes/ Others population of the town in different wards Scheduled Castes Scheduled tribes Others populatlon Ward population population No. ,.....--.----"-. r- ....--. P M F P M F P M F '"" 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9' 10 I 48 21 27 SO 43 7 2,665 1,509 1,156 n 698 381 317 39 25 14 2,982 1.70-5 1,277 100 TABLE No. 5.3-concld. 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 III 2S 17 8 1,669 897 772 ~ 56 27 29 14 9 S 1,967 1.03S 932 v 266 150 116 304 2S1 53 2.881 1.733 1,148 VI 274 134 140 127 71 56 3.637 1,981 1,656 VII 109 60 49 274 154 120 2,345 1,424 921 VIII 438 243 195 13 9 4 2,457 1,259 1,198 Total 1,914 1,033 881 8ll 561 l!!9 10,603 11,543 9,1)60 5.7. It is very much evident from the table given above that the scheduled castes are found to be living in all the municipal wards of the town al though their percentage is higher in ward no. II and VIII. However, in case of scheduled tribes their population is very much concentrated in three wards, viz., V, VI, and VII. The other wards contain only nominal population of scheduled tribes while there is nil population in ward no. III. 5.8. So far as other castes are concerned, it becomes apparent from Table No. 5.3 that they are evenly distributed among the different wards in the town. No doubt, specific data regarding persons of differen,t castes other than scheduled castes and Scheduled tribes is not available, still Table No. 5.4 given at page 102 prepared on the basis of sample survey conducted on the 199 households in the town, will give a fair idea about the other castes structure in tbe town. 101 TABLE No. S.4 Other cutes structure in the town Population Population Caste r----"--...... Caste r-----'-._-..... P M :F P M F Aprwa.la 21 11 9 Kurmi 36 18 18 :saBia ZZ3 119 104 Ma.ira 21 12 9 Barhi 38 21 17 Modak 3 2 1 Bhumihar 39 26 13 Muslim 114 58 56 Brahmin 212 113 99 Rajput 91 49 42 Christian 11 6 5 Rawanl 17 8 9 Halwal 28 12 16 Sonar 9 3 6 Kayaatha 109 51 58 Tamboli 89 48 41 Kewat 10 3 7 Teli 82 44 38 Khatri 5 3 Z Yadav 14 8 6 KClefi 12 8 4 Kumhar 10 6 4 Total 1,194 630 SM 5.9. In the table above Bania caste occupies the predominant position with 19.67 per cent of the total population under the sampled households. Brahmin takes the next position with 17.75 per cent. J02 Other important castes found in tlie town are Kayastha, Barhi, K urmi, Raj put, Tamboli, Teli, Bhumihar and Muslims. Kewat, Koeri, Kumhar, Christian, Agarwala, Hal\\lai, Maira, Rawani and Yadav are also represented in the Sample popula tion though their representation is much lower in comparison to the castes mentioned above. It is evident from the table above that though the castes like Khatri, Modak and Sonar are found to be liv ing in the town, still they make little impact on the population because of their smaller number. The figures justify the functional category of the town being service-cum-commercial class. The second and third positions are occupied by Brahmins and Kayastha who are usually service class people. 5.10. There are 13,138 males and 10,200 females in the town according to 1971 Census. The follow ing table shows the distribution of population of the town by age-groups and sex: TABLE No. 5.5 Sex-wise distribution of population by age groups at Dumka Age-group Total Mal~ Females Population 2 3 4 .0-14 9,193 4,887 4,306 15-19 2,460 1,447 1,013 20-24 2,167 1,272 895 1'03- TABLE No. 5.5-concld. 2 3 4 25-29 1,876 1,039 837 30-39 3.264 1,921 1,343 40-49 2.242 1.361 881 50-59 1.159 703 456 60+ 977 508 469 Total 13.338 13,138 10,200 5.11. Table No. 5.5 above shows a typical struc ture of population in the town. Difference between the population of males and females is very large. The ratio of male-female population being 776 females per thousand males. The populaHon of child ren between the age-group of 0-14 is found to be highest both in the case of males and the females. The table above further shows that whereas 39.39 per cent of the population is in the age-group of 0-14 only 9.15 per cent of the total population have been returned under the age-group of 60 and above. This stands equally good both for males and females. 5.12. The table on the next page prepared on the basis of.80 per cent count of the total population shows the age, sex & marital status of males and females of the town. 104 r r r r I 'It ~ I~ - M I I 'I ~ !I :3 1"1 ~ 1 "" 'It ~ 1~ '" a 1 l J ~= 1 "O]I~ M ... 8f! "" ~ - I, g~~ =e f ,.. ~ I ... . c::l ...... e:IS .,1 o ::r 31 l - -i r N r- ~r "'0 ~ 4) IU. ~ \0 i ~ I/"') 0 j "0 i ... I ....00 J1 ~ I~ '" 0 '-e 1 l '" Z 1 r .... 1 00 ::: .... ~ ~ "0 Ill. ~ ~ ID ... 4) ,.J ! ';::: 1 ~ ~• :a i r- M ..... ~ t!'I 0 <: I~ r- '" ~ r- f-- -...~ l .- "0 .. 1 r 00 r- ~ ,~ 00 I ... Ie Ie ~ ... !Il. ~_ 0\ ~ :a 1 I ~'" M ... (30. 'g I M 0- 00 I (30. C; ('S ~ ....,_ II"> 1 :~ .,., o_ '" ~ '" ~ ~ l z l I'" ~ .c: It) .....(30. r- r- .9 Ill. 'It ~. o. ~ r- -IO ...... N - ~ 1 ~ "3'" N r- oo e. 1 0\ !:: 11"1 ...... ,., -00 -< ~~ ...., "'_ -_ -o. & ~ I '3 I 0 00 Ie .,., N I=.. on .... 0 r-- N ~ ..... ~. r-. II'l,. l -.i ~ .... ,e. ~ 'It 0'1 ':t I1.l ::;! J i I II"> 1 on ~~ ~ ~ N 10J' -'Ot 1"1 .... - ...1"1 N - .... - 00 - :s! 0 V'l Ir> N ~ OC 00 t- .... N N Irs N V'l t- \0 ~ \0 .... 'Ot .... ~ - - ~ I~ ~ .... 0'1 'Ot t- a- V'l N ..r I- I I .... ~ ...... N ...., N- I~ ~ '" V) .... '.c> 00 0- 0 00 0\ 00 ...., ..., ...., ..... $ ..r :: 0 , Ir> • .... ~ - l~ z ...., 00 0 ..... 00 ...... '.c> ~ ~ t"- 00 ~ 00 '.c> I: r- ~ V'l :; ..... '" - ~ - l~ ...... 0'1 V'l 00 N <= \0 Ii E-< ... Ir 00 'Ot V'l .... N lI'\ '$ ~ ~ - ltl lI'\ eo N N .... N N .... 'Ot r- N 00 ...... eo V'l ~ S N ... VI ... ~ • N - - .; '-C t"- o 0'1 '01" '-C 0 VI 00 ~ 0'1 $ •00 ~ .... 00 \0 '.c> ~ .... ~ 'lit - ...co N 00 N r- ... 00 t- .... r- VI N .... ~ N -r- 1.0 ~ ~ N I~ , ~ -. ~. It¥O ...... I .... ' 107 wido","erS generally remarry whereas the females after the death of their husband do not marry again. Their remarriage is taken to be a social stigma. Widow remarriage is ta booed especially among the so called higher caste people. And, it is because of this fact that widows out-numbered widowers in the table above. 5.16. A number of females have been reported divorced or separated whereas none of the males have been reckoned as such. Here, also the story is the same that whereas divorced males generally marry again females do not. 5.17. The table on page 110 shows the distri bution of the population of the town by age, sex and education on 80 per cent count. S.IS. Table no~ 5.7 shows that the extent of illiteracy is 28.35 per cent in males ~hereas it is 56.89 per cent among females in Dumka to~n. Further, the highest percentage of literacy in males is reported in the age-group of 20-24 while among the females it is in the age-group of 10-14. The figures prove it that female education is not encouraged in the to~n and after the age of 10-14 it is generally discouraged. There may be some socio economic causes but the fact ramains that female education in the town is not in conformity "'ith the present modern social structure. 5.19. Among the literate persons 25.49 per cent of the males and 34.31 per cent of the females have 108 been reported literate without any educational levels. These are the persons who can well be bra nded as the persons who can write and read. Over and above this 41.61 per cent of the total literates among males and 54.47 per cent of the total females literate population have been found to be from primary and middle standard. This shows that 67.10 per cent of the male literate population and 88.78 per cent of the female literates did not go beyond middle standard of education. Here it becomes evident that female education becomes almost sealed at middle stage and only a few of them go for higher studies beyond middle class. 5.20. One important conclusion that can be drawn from the table is that the maximum number of illiterates is to be found in the age-group of 35 + both in males and females. It can be said that illiteracy is fading away with the time in the sense that younger the persons better the literacy rate among them and older the person poorer is the ijter~cy. 5.21. Higher percentage of illiteracy among females and also of women leaving at middle stage of education can Vvell be said to be happening due to preierance for early marriage of girls as is evident in the Table No. 5.8. 5.22. It is observed from the table given on page ~ 12 that marriage of women in the to,,"n is almost set between the age-group of 13-17. Below 13 years of 109 -00 N- 11'\ -,.., ...,N ...,- r; -< ~ I= 'S ! .•; ! s... J.... .; r-- go go o 11'\ ... ._u - ~ ~ ~ -Q - - .- ... ~ 01- J..., ~. ! no ..o k .... -tn .... -= 111 r ...., r ~ ('l I ~ .. 1S ('l <~E ~ N -= 113 TABLE Distribution of population by Education, PREsENT r--~ Marriage All ages Less than 13 13-17 18-22 23-27 ,-...... -'-_.-., ,-_.-.A._-., ~_ ..... ,-._.A._-., ,-_-.A._-_-., W B W B WB W B W B 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Illiterate All ages 2,016 259 26 .. 133 19 338 83 310 66 Less than 13 502 70 22 61 9 9(j 20 78 19 13-17 1.199 148 65 10 201 48 179 .36 18-22 226 40 37 15 44 11 23-;-27 21 S 28+ 5 Unspecified 63 4 7 4 4 Literate but lesli All ages 1,388 180 7 93 6 314 66 280 40 Less than t3 125 15 6 14 27 5 24 5 13-17 991 140 69 6 233 51 197 28 18-22 221 23 48 10 53 7 23-27 7 2 28+ 2 Unspecified 42 10 6 . .. S Matriculate but 1.s All ages - 125 11 8 2 29 2 30 6 Less than 13 2 13-17 56 7 8 2 13 1 11 3 18-22 . 52 4 10 1 15. ~ 23-27 5 2 28+ Unspecified 10 6 2 UDivemty Graduate Allap 31 3 1 4 1 17 2 Lesstban 13 1 13-17 11 1 1 2 6 1 18-22 14 2 1 1 10 1 23-27 4 1 28+ , UiUp.cificd 1 1 ~ ~ .... \ ...... 114 No. 5.9 Age at Marriage and its Trend at Dumka town AGE ""'-I 28-32 33-37 --38-42 43-47 48+ A.N.S. ,_.A. __ -., ,_.A._.-., ,_.A.---, ,-_.A.__ '-.., ,---A_-. ,-_.A.__ W B W B W B W B W B W B 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 347 54 261 22 248 8 144 7 209 88 13 49 5 45 3 21 42 201 32 171 13 164 4 98 5 120 38 9 27 3 25 1 22 1 33 6 4 3 3 1 1 2 1 13 9 9 3 10 than Matriculate 231 46 159 18 142 1 64 3 98 21 4 12 1 11 5 5 162 36 118 16 102 1 40 2 70 38 5 24 26 16 1 16 2 1 2 1 1 7 4 2 3 4 than Graduate 15 1 14 16 8 5 2 3 7 7 5 2 1Q "1 (i 1 3 1 1 1 1 and _bon 6 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 -115 'S ....8 'C J - ::: ~ - ~ ~ $ N :e S; N ~ ....g r:: -N ~ rt ~ N r-- co r-- 0 :: ~ OQ .-I <1'1 on Ie - <>0 _ --- s ;Q ~ $ .... ~ ~~~l;; ,..; N 116 observable in the table above. For illiterates the age at marriage is generally between 13 to 17 years but for literates it is 18 to 22 years. The ladder changes completely in the case of women who are University graduates:and above. The table further shows that there is no marked difference bet~een the fertility trend of illiterate and literate women. This may be due to the very female sentiment attached with thei(offsprings. 5.26. Table no 5.10 shows currently married women and related births during one year by dura tion of marriage and age at marriage. 5.27. Females in the age at marriage group of one each is less than 13 and 13-17 and duration of marriage group of 20-24 and 30+ respectively and who have not given birth to a child during last one year have been reported. 5.28. Table no. 5.10 above shows that only 12.75 per cent of all the married women in the town gave birth to a child during the last one year. 5.29. It is observed from the table above that the span of conjugal life very much influences the fertility trend in the women. Women enjoying con jugal life from I year to 14 years are found to be more prone to fertility. Fertility starts increasing from 6.25 per cent in less than one year of duration of marriage to 18.09 per cent in 1 to 4 years of duration of marriage. It reaches its peak with 20.48 per cent among the women enjoying conjugal life Il7 TABLE Currently married women and related duration of marriage Duration ,- All Less Marriage Duration than 1 1-4 5-9 ,---A.._"-, r-~---",", ,---A..___ -, ,-~ ____ -., W B W B· W B W B 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ruiterate All ages 2,016- 259 18 . ,- 239 52 . 306 60 Less than 13 502 70 12 48 80 16 13-17 1,199 148 5 150 28 181 39 18-22 226 40 35 23 39 .5 23-21 21 1 5 5 28+ 5 1 1 A.N.S. 63 Literate but less All ages 1,388 180 10 2 252 38 250 53 Less than 13 125 15 2 15 19 3 13-17 991 140 5 2 168 28 194 43 18-22 221 23 3 67 9 36 7 23-27 7 2 2 1 28+ 2 1 A.N.S. 42 Matriculate and above All ages 125 11 3 13 2 21 7 Less than 13 2 13-17 56 7 6 2 7 3 18-22 52 4 3 .5 14 4 23-27 5 2 28+ A.N.S. 10 University Graduate All ages 31 3 10 1 9 Less than 13· 1 .. 13-17 11 1 2 3 18-22 14 2 6 5 23-27 4 2 28+ A,N.S. 1 118 No. 5.1'1 birth during one year by education, and age at maniage ,-----"-of marriage ._-._ 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30+ Unspecified r----"-_.-, ,..------"'--.-, ,..-_.A._.-, '---"--'-' '---"--'-" ,---"---"" W B W B W B W B W B W B 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 294 71 318 45 233 20 233 7 312 '4 63 91 22 83 16 40 9 68 4 80 2 160 40 193 27 166 10 142 2 202 2 38 8 38 2 27 19 1 30 5 2 3 2 63 than Matriculate 274 48 166 22 166 13 106 3 122 42 26 8 12 24 4 11 16 213 33 127 22 113 9 81 2 90 33 6 26 27 13 1 16 2 2 1 42 but less tban Graduate 29 18 1 16 4 11 2 . " 12 9 10 8 14 7 6 3 3 , . 10 and above 5 2 2 2 1 ' 3 1 2 , " ,. 119 TABU Birth during one year by religion, edacadolt 1fOIIPI, " PreIeat ,- '-, Leal Marria", All aps than 13 13-17 18-22 23-21 ~~-~,-~~,-~~,--A-~~-~-~ W B W B W B W B W B 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 HINDUISM nIiterate AU Ips 1.760 113 16 117 15 303 71 151 51 LeMtban 13 474 63 22 59 8 90 18 72 17 B-IT 1,043 120 51 7 174 39 146 27 18-22 161 29 35 14 26 7 23-27 19 S .. 28+ 2 A.N.S. 5S 4 7 4 3 .. Uterate bat 1_ thIla All ages 1,283 171 7 85 6 284 63 264 38 Less than 13 115 15 6 12 24 5 23 S 13-17 926 134 63 6 211 48 188 28 18-22 194 20 43 10 47 5 23-27 6 2 28+ 2 A.N.S. 40 10 6 .. 5 Matriculate and IliIMe bat .... All ages 111 7 .. 6 2 24 1 27 3 Less than 13 2 13-17 50 4 .. 6 2 12 8 18-22 4S 3 6 .. 15 3 23-27 4 2 28,.f- A.N.S. 10 6 .. 2 G...... teud All ages 28 3 2 1 17 2 LeIs than 13 1 13-17 10 1 1 .. 6 18-22 14 2 1 10 l3-27 3 1 28+ A..N. s. 120 No. 5.12 present age and age at maniage ef the women in the town Ace ---"'-. ------'-. 28-32 33-37 38-42 43-47 48+ A. N. S. ,---A_~ ,-~_ ...... ,-_...... _-, ,-_..A._--., ,---"-__ -.. ,.... __.A_-, W B W B W B WB W B W B 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 301 44 232 21 214 6 127 5 188 82 12 46 4 1 3 21 41 180 27 154 13 144 3 86 4 108 25 5 19 3 19 18 · . 25 4 4 1 3 3 1 1 10 9 6 2 · . 10 Matriculate 216 43 146 11 131 60 3 90 19 4 10 1 11 5 · . 5 155 34 112 15 93 39 2 65 33 4 20 24 13 14 1 1 1 2 7 3 2 3 .. 3 than Graduate 15 1 13 15 1 .. 4 2 13 7 7 5 .. 2 10 6 5 1 ., 2 1 .. above 5 2 1 .. 2 2 121 TABLE ··No. 2 3 4 .5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ISLAM Illiterate All ages 233 45 16 4 34 12 5$ 14 Less than 13 24 7 2 1 6 2 6 2 13-17 145 27 14 3 26 9 30 8 18-22 54 11 2 1 18 4 23-27 2 28+ A.N.S. 8 Literate but 1_ All ages 86 7 8 26 3 11 1 Less than13 10 2 3 1 13-17 57 6 6 20 3 7 18-22 16 3 3 23-27 28+ A.N.S. 2 Matriculate and above All ages 8 3 2 3 3 3 Les sthan 13 .. 13-17 6 3 2 3 3 18-22 2 2 23-27 28+ A.N.S. Graduate and All ages 1 Less than 13 .. 13-17 18-22 23-27 28+ A.N.S. CHRISTIANITY Illiterate All ages 20 1 3 1 Less than 13 3 13-17 9 1 3 18-22 5 23-27 28+ 3 A.N.S. 122 5.12---:contd•. ~ 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 "20 21 22 23 39 10 22 1 30 2 17 2 20 4 1 2 1 3 19 5 14 19 1 12 1 11 11 4 6 5 1 1 8 2 3 3 than Matriculate 14 2 10 7 2 8 2 2 7 2 5 6 5 4 2 1 2 1 1 but less than Graduate above 7 5 3 2 1 2 1 2 2 123 TABLE No. 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 11 Litfrate but )e!lI t1Ia. Al1aaes 15 1 2 .. 4 1 lAs than 13 .. 13--17 ',' 18-22 Ii 2 2 3 1 23-27 28+ A.N.S. .. .. Matri&!Ulate but left tbe.u Allaps 6 2 1 .. .. LWthe.13 .. 13':'17 . 18--22 5 2 23-27 1 ~+ A.'N.S. ' Graduate an4l All ages 2 Less than 13 .. 13-17 1 1 . 18-22 23-27 .. 28+ A.N.S. ., Sl'KHISM llllterate All ages f ., Less than 13 .. 13-17 ., 18-22 23'-27 28+ A.N.S. BVDDIDSM ffiitenate AU age$ 1 " Less than 13 .. 13-11 1 .. " 18-22 .. 23-27 28+ .. A:N:S. " 124 5.l2-eontd. 12 [3 14 [5 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 - --~-_.------.- Makieulate 1 1 3 3 2 1 2 2 2 Graduate 1 above 1 1 125 TABLE No. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 --_-- _-- JAlNlSM Literate AU ages 3 ...... 1 1 Less than 13 13-17 . ~ 1 1 18-22 23-27 28+ " A.N.S. OTHERS lliiterate All aies 1 Less than 13 1 .. ' 13-17 18-22 23-27 28+ A. N. ~~ .. Literate All ages' 1 Less than 13 13-17 1 1 18-22 23-27 J. 28+ A.N.S. 129· 5.12-cohC/d. Ii 13 14 1S 16 17 1i 19 20 2i 22 23 bitt less than Matricuhtte .... , .. ... ~.} . '1' " -- " 1 " . '_' 127 between 5 and 9 years. From here fertility sta':,ts decreasing first, slightly. to,20.10 per cent between 10-14 years of conjugal life and then rapidly to 13.49 per cent in 15-19 years, 8.17 pet-cent in~20-·24, 2.90 per cent in 25-29 and 1.1~ in 30+ period of .duration of marriage. 5.30. Table no. 5.11 given on page 118 shows total. ma~ried Jemale P9Pul"tion of ihe ~9wn. with their .educational standards groups cross classified by duration of marriage and age at marriage groups. 5.31. It has been found that edueational stan.. dard'leasf contributes in decidins age at marri~ge of the women in the town. The above. table. indicates one thing further ·in this regard that educational standard does not influence fertility t6 an apprecia ble extent. . . The above table indicates that .8.80 .per cent fertility is found among women who have studied ~p t 5.32. Table no. 5.12 throws sufficient light on the discussions so far made in this chapter. The table deals with births during one year by religion, education groups, present age and age at marriage of the women in the town. 5.33. During the field investigation not a single case of inter-religious marriage was reported from the town. The cases of inter-caste and widow re marriage were also nil. 129 CHAPTER VI MIGRATION AND SEITLEME~l OFYAMILIES . It Gan well be gathered from the discussion in the earlier chapter's that the to",n . st~t:t.~d. phanging in respect of its colour and texture' SInce its' very inception as 'the district headquarters of Santal Parganas. With the growth of the area into a town complex a good number of people in-migrated for livelihood. This becomes evident from Table no. 1. 1 in the first chapter of the report on the growth of popUlation of Dumka town from 1901 to 1971. Table no. 6.1 below throws further light on the extent of migration in the town on the basis of number of males and females born in places out side the town: TABLE No.6.! Population of Dumka town classified by place of birth based on 80 per cent count of 1971 Census , ____Dumka.A. Town ____ -..., RuralJUrban/ Birth place Unclassifiable Total Male Female 1 2 3 4 5 Total population Total 18,670 10,510 8,160 Born in India Rural 5,785 3,190 2,595 Urban 12,687 7,246 5,441 Unclassifiable 8 4 4 TABLE No. 6.1-con 2 3 4 5 Wlthm the St.ltc of Rural 5,291 2,967 2,324 Fnumerdtlon Urban 12,111 7050 5,061 UncJasslfiable 'i 3 2 Born lU place of enumeratlOn Rural L.rban 10,299 6,236 4,063 Unc1asslfiable Born else .... here III Rural 3,060 1,541 1,519 distrIct of enumerat'ol1 Urban 532 218 314 Unclasslfiable 3 1 2 Born III other dlstnct of Rural 2,231 1,426 805 the State Urban 1.280 596 684 Unclassl fi able 2 2 States ill Indld beyond the Rural 494 223 271 State of enumeratIOn Urban 576 196 380 L'uc1asslfiable 3 1 2 Bvm outsld_ lndla 169 54 115 "Cnclasslfiable 21 16 5 6.2. Not a single foreign national was found to be living in the town as per the 1971 Census records and field investigation done for this report. How ever, Table no. 6.1 above shows that of the 80 per cent (of the total indIvidual slips 20 per cent were taken for sample tables and the rest 80 per cent were taken for preparing tables for the study) population of Dl1mka, 0.91 per cent persons "ere born in coun tries beyond India. The reason for such return was investigated. It was found during the field investiga tion that most of the such immigrants were displaced persons from Pakistan who came to India jn groups of families after the divjsion of the country. 131 Table no. 6.Z ,below giVE}s the reason for settlement of persons engaged in various pursuits in the town. The table is prepared on the basis of 199 schedules filled in during the survey of the to\\'n: TABLE No. 6.2 - Reason for settlement in the Town Reason No. of households Private practice as Doctor 3 For service 54 For business 27 On transfer ~7 Purohlti 1 Practice! as Advocate Cultivation 2 Due to marri_asc s Due to.riot 1 R'e!u~ee Seeking livlihood 3 Non-migrants 'Iotal 132 0.3. Table No. 6.1 shows that 98.93 per cent of the population were born in India of which 55.16 per cent were born in the town itself. Thus, the total population inmigrated to this town from different places in India comes out to be about 43.79 per cent. 8 persons, 4 males and 4 females have been reported unclassified regarding their place of birth. 6.4. Out of the 43.79 per cent immigrants in the town 19.25 per cent have been reported to be born in the district of enumeration itself and of this 85.12 per cent were rural immigrants from the dis trict of Santal Parganas and 14.79 per cent immigrated to this town from different urban areas of this district. 6.5. Thus it becomes clear that only 24.54 per cent of the popUlation at Dumka has immigrated to this town from places outside the district, i. e., immigration from beyond the district of enumera .. tion in the State and from States in India beyond" the State of enumeration. 6.6. Table No. 6.3 on the next page throV\ts further Jight on the extent of migration in the town and its present position in terms of migrants classified by place of last residence and duration of residence at the place of enumeration. 133 TABLE Miil:.snts classified by place f!t last residence Dumka- DURATtON OF REsIDENCE ,IN Last Rural/ r-~ Residenc~ urba~f .' T"Otal ~igra.nts Less than 1 year uncla$Slfiable r--~-.!.;!--~ r-- __A_- ...... p M F M F 1 2 3 5 6 7 Total 8,612 4,537 4,075 675- -18Z A:Last Residence It 5,505 3;187 ~,11g 445 101 Elsewhere in India. U 2~(/f 1,276 1,691 229 73 Vncl. J..8. 4 14 1 I. Within £he R. $,050 .~:om> 2,050 424 94 .state of enume- ration but outside U 2.403 1,090 1,313 204 64 the place of enumeration UncI. 9 2 7 (a.) Eisewhere in R. 3,953 .1,720 1,333 240 51 t11\1 district of. U 957 3!14 56~ 121 24 'enumetation· UncI. '('2 2 1 (b) In other R 1,997 1,280 717 184 43 t _ ~ .... districts of' tlie U 1,446 .696 750 83 46 State of enu- mera.tion Undo 7 2 5 1 Y. State§ in R 455 Ur7~ Ms 21 13 Indi?- b_pyond the state U i64 186 378 25 9 of enumeration UncI. 9 2 7 Outside India 93 .4'8 45 unclassifiable 29 22 7 134 No. 6.3 and duration of residence in place of enumeration Town PLACE OF ENUMERATION ---, 1-4 years 5-9 years 10-19 years 20 + years A.N.S. ,.--..A..--'-v---"--'-r--A-~___.Jo---'__" .A..--..... M F M F M F M F M F 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1,704 1.137 CiS! 681 681 867 !7t 957 211 151 1,192 625 488 411 507 540 409 534 146 101 490 505 184 266 155 314 145 401 73 132 1 1 1 2 9 1,170 570 464 362 466 475 339 452 137 97 448 432 155 203 118 232 103 275 62 107 4 641 304 254 207 286 339 219 359 82 73 131 131 45 75 35 93 41 180 21 60 529 266 210 155 180 136 122 93 55 24- 317 301 llG 128 83 139 62 95- . 41 47 .. -J ___ __ .. 10 ~ -- 1 .. 1- 3 22 55 24 49 41 65 70 82 9 4 42 73 29 63 37 82 42 126 11 25 2 5 11 6 8 3 16 12 13 20 3 10 4 3 3 2 6 135 6.7. Table No. 6.3. above shows that out of a total of 8,612 migrants 52.68 per cent are males and 47.32 per cent are females. Of all the migrants 32.98 per cent are found to be living at the place of enumeration for more than a year but not above four years. Minimum number of migrants have been returned in the category of duration of resi dence in place of enumeratjon under 'period not stated' with 5.48 per cent. Mter this, 9.95 per cent of the total migrants are those whose duration of residence at the place of enumeration does not ex ceed one year. Migrants according to duration of residence at the place of enumeration between 5 and 9 years, 10 and 19 years and 20 years and obove have been reported as 15.86 per cent, 17.97 per cent and 17.74 per cent respectively. This shows that flow of population from outside the boundary of the town has gone down considerably in recent years. 6.8. Table No. 6.3. also shows the places from where the migrants have come to stay in the town. Maximum number, j.e., 46.58 per cent of the total migrants are persons who have come to stay in the town from different places in the district of Santal Parganas itself. 40.06 per cent migrants are those whose last residence is within the State of enumera tion, i.e., Bihar but outside the district of enu meration, i.e., Santa1 Parganas. The migrants coming from the other di.stricts of the state are mostly service class people coming to this town on 136 transfer. Table No. 6.2. given earlier dealing with reasons for settlement in the town substantiates this fact. There are only 11.93 per cent of the migrants whose last r\!sidence is reported beyond the State of enumeration. In this category also most of the migrants are found belonging ehher to service class or business establishments. Only 1.07 per cent of the migrants have come from places outside India and as already discussed most of them are refugees from Pakistan. 137 00 ....- 00 138 00 II"> M ;::i oot N 11'1 M M N 0- .... 00 ..... 00 "'" - M """ - ~ M N II"> 00 00 1.0 ~ ~ ...., ...., ~ ...... ~ ~ 00 00 M - '" 0 M .... M M 0 V") 00 00 t- 1/"\ r- .,., M 1.0 V') 'I:> t- t- V') """ 0 ..., r::: t- N <"l "'" N - "". M -g 0 1.0 N t- 1.0 N N ~ 00 0- 00 "" N ~ ~ r-: <"l "'t 1.0 ... ~ "'" <"l - t- V') ~ M r- r- \D V") 0 ..., V') N ~ ~ .,., 0"" '" V') V") '" o_ O. '""'. ~ "'" II"> "'"N M '" g g Uc: Uc: ~ ;J =: ::> =: ::> ~ =: ::> ::> =: ::> .gc: .u ...... ~ ...0 ...... 0 ~ 0 -a E ~ ., c: ::s .S:! '- ~ .2 c:.., .!:: 0 =: E til C .s .:: 0 :.a'" c: 0 .., .., '- '" .., c '".., 0 '" "0 ... 0 :.a ..... z ...... ;g ~ ·z .., ... ~.... .~ ...... s ~ ~ ...... , ~ ~ ,_ i! .~ ::s C,) .S u c: .., ~ ~ til "0 ., 0 c .., c :'S! l.I.l £: e 139 '" (i:l. ~ t"- 0 .... I ~ 0 ... ~=J.li 00 z~ ~ N l - . N \0 ...... ,1 ...... ~ -~ I,C) N N ~81 ..... ~.c:'-_...... e; ~ e .,.,00 N 00 ..... N °IA ~ 1,0 ~ Q. ~ 0. N l N ... - . , r t::~.- ' ... V'> =8.~§gl N -19 ~ 11'1 N 10 >e!E§~6'-1 ~ ~ 00 M V'I ~ ~ ...... ,u N ... ..... e ~ I,C) ~ "If' =~g{~ N ... >] ~1 ... N I- ...... 0 ::E N 10....'" ~ 10...., r-- ~ u l N ~ ~::: , r C g I'" N ~ lii0i413 c ~ > ~.2 ...., I 10 00 M -.::r: a"l::E N ~ ~ N ..... N \0 o .... r r 0"- ...... 0 ~.- I j.., ... - Z ~'O~ I e~~~ ... ~ ~ 00 .... M ...... I,C) .... UJ biia I -== l ...~ M N .... ,..J >.8 ""i 0 - !;i.6 -0 ~ f ... IXl !:; ~ ~ V'> 00 .... 1 - ~'i 1~1] ...., ~ ;I • I '-' o,s ~ I,C) 00 ...... 1 s ..... M ~.5 l .c: "" o'd OIl r .,.. ~.-= I~ >._ G' ~ -.6 ~ I:; ..... :IE 0" L - f"'I N N :;'__;-g ~ :::> g ~ -g ... j-~ N ::> ~ .... g.- :::> :::J ::1;::1'" = .9 ~ .2= 0 d) .5 .c: :§ u '0 ...... !!l s: u 0 e 0 .5 S j ;::I "0 iQ 0 5 0. = '<;; ~ -5 ... § ..... 2 .g c. ;::I ... .1 c:3 .... ~ ~ ~ ~ til d) .r;, 1\.... 0 ...... ;a ~ ostil .( d ...; .....l ! - 140 N N 0 r-. r-. \0 ~ ~ -N M r-...... 0 IS ..,.\0 00 - .,.,\0 0 ..,. - -0 -r- ..... - r-. "It .., .., on 00 \0 N II"> .... \0 ..,. -II') .... N .... ~ - - M 0\ N \0 0\ .., 111 ~ "" - ... .., N N "" Q'I \0 II") ~ l() N ~ ~ .., -Q r-. -II"> 00 N Q ;Q .... r-- ..... - ""N N '" .... r0- N N N .... M ..... N Q t'I - "" - ... N II') - 'ti ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'ti ~ e c: :S ~ -0 u 0 .9 ~ 0 c: u .§ .... 0 '6 tI 'S Q '" .9 ....u u .... e ... co '" I 1 .... u .. ~ i ~ v.l ·s ~ i 5 ~ 5 ~:a !5 .~ 3 .§ I o! ! 16'" ~ .El 'I:J v.l '5 .... lI.l .E: .s g.E: """ i $ e ;;j ~ 0 141 6.9. TabJe No. 6.4 given on page 138 gives a com plete break-up of the migrant population in the town according to their primary activities. Accordingly 54.17 per cent of the males and 3.8 per cent of the females are workers and rest are non-workers. This shows very high percentage of female non workers among the migrant population of the town. 6.10. The table also shows that of the total migrant male workers 1.18 per cent are engaged as cultivator, 0.74 per cent as agricultural labourers, 3.24 per cent in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantation and allied activities, 0.12 per cent in mining and quarrying, 2.54 per cent in household industries, 8.08 per cent in manufacturing, process ing, servicing and repairing other than household industry, 2.62 per cent in construction, 20.13 per cent in trade and commerce, 7.58 per cent in trans port, storage and communications and the rest 53.76 per cent in other services. 6.11. Table No. 6.4 does not depict a far diffe rent picture of the female migrant workers from that of male migrant workers. During the survey not a single female wor ker was reported to be engaged in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantation and allied activities; mining and quarrying; construction and transport, storage and communication. Out of the total migrant female workers 1.93 per cent are engaged in cultivation, 3.22 per cent as agricultutal labourer, 15.48 per cent in manufacturing, processing, servicing and repairing and the like activity as house hold industries, 0.66 per cent in other than 142 household industries, 6.45 per cent in trade and com merce and the rest 72.26 per cent in other services. 6.12. It is interesting to note that in the case of male immigrants from places witrun the district of enumeration the maximum number of migrants are reported to have been engaged mainly in industrial work (other than household industries) as compared to trade and commerce or transport, storage and communication work or other services whereas the immigrants from outside the district of enumeration have adopted occupations connected with trade and commerce or transport, storage and communication or other services. Female immigrants from within the district of enumeration are mostly engaged in manufacturing, processing, servicing and repairing work in household industries but female immigrants from outside the district are found to be engaged in occupations classified under 'Other services'. 6.13. Most of the immigrants from outside the State of enumeration and also outside India are either engaged in trade and commerce or in other services. 6.14. For a better understanding of the migrant popUlation in the to~ 11 it becomes necessary to have a look at table showing the migrants classi fied by place of las~ residence, age-group, duration of residence and marital status. Table No. 6.5 serves the purpose. The table prepared on the basis of 80 per cent of the full count: deals with migrants classified by place of last residence, age group, duration of residence and marital status for :Ou.m,l(~ town.. . 143 TABLE Migrants classified by place of Last Residence aDd Marital DURATION OF RESIDENCE LAst Alt- Sex r------.. _- Itfii~ Jl'Ollp ,--___All Duration.A. ______,--____Less thanA __1 year- __ -, -; NM M W NM M W &: ] & 0 Eo-<- D ~ D 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Total Total M 4,537 1,824 2,614 99 675 312 349 14 F 4,075 955 2,664 456 182 32 79 21 00-14 M 816 810 6 .. 116 115 1 F 748 7B '34 1 76 n 4 15-19 M 533 467 66 .. 88 65 23 F 453 179 273 1 20 8 12 20-24 M 586 299 285 2 106 48 58 F 491 27 459 5 19 2 17 25-49 M 2,046 119 1,876 51 295 21 261 13 pi' 1,846 25 1,675 146 40 36 4 50+ M 556 129 381 46 70 63 6 1 F 537 11 223 303 27 10 17 A.N.S. M F Resided Total M 4,467 1,812 2,558 97 675 312 349 14 in India F 4,023 943 2,632448 181 82 79 20 0-14 M 814 808 6 .. 116 115 1 F 745 710 34 76 72 4 15-19 M 528 464 64 .. 88 65 23 F 448 175 272 20 8 12 20-24 M 584 299 283 2 106 48 58 F 487 25 457 5 19 2 17 2S-49 M 1,995 112 1,834 49 295 21 261 13 F 1,817 23 1,651 143 39 36 3 144 No. 6.5 Residence, age-group, duration of Status for Dumka Town AND MARITAL STATUS --"------..... ,_---"-1-9 years____ ..... , ___10 years-A. and__ above ..... , Period not stated .A...... NM M W& NM M W NM M WAD !! D &. ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2,389 1,183 1,173 33 1,252 253 948 51 221 74 146 1,818 701 1,050 67 1,824 90 1,391 343 251 82 144 25 602 599 3 · . 60 59 1 38 37 1 559 534 24 43 39 4 70 68 2 317 286 31 ·. 102 91 11 26 25 1 352 128 224 .. 47 35 12 3~ 8 25 353 184 161 .. 106 51 49 21 10 11 353 17 333 3 82 7 74 37 1 35 962 55 883 24 668 40 614 14 121 1 120 486 14 448 24 1,236 6 1,121 109 84 5 70 9 155 59 89 7 316 6 273 37 15 13 68 8 21 39 416 3 180 233 26 12 14 2,356 1,174 1,149 33 1,217 252 916 49 217 74 144 1 1,809 697 1,045 67 1.791 84 1,370 337 242 80 138 24 600 597 3 · . 60 59 1 38 37 1 556 531 24 43 39 4 70 68 2 312 283 29 · . 102 91 11 26 25 1 3S0 127 223 " 44 32 12 34 8 25 352 184 166 2 105 57 48 21 10 11 351 17 331 3 81 6 74 1 36 35 1 939 51 864 24 642 39 591 12 119 118 1 484 14 446 24 1,217 5 1,105 107 77 4 64 9 1.. ' TABLE 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 11 50+ M 546 129 371 46 70 63 6 1 F 526 10 218 298 27 10 11 A.N.S. M F Within the Total M 4,092 1,704 2,302 86 629 288 327 14 State of F 3,370 837 2,168 365 159 67 72 20 Enumera· 0-14 M 781 776 5 " 109 108 tion but F 670 638 31 1 62 S8 4 outside 15-19 M 494 433 61 " 82 S9 23 place F 389 156 232 1 18 8 10 of Enume- 20-24 M 540 277 261 2 9S 45 SO ration. F 403 15 384 4 17 1 16 25-49 M 1,826 96 1,683 47 277 16 248 13 F 1,485 20 1.344 121 37 34 3 50+ M 451 122 292 37 66 60 5 I F 423 8 177 238 25 8 17 A.N.S. M F Total M 2,114 935 1,116 63 361 162 187 12 Elsewhere F 1,898 350" 1.279 269 76 3S 33 8 in district 0-14 M 380 316 4 .. 48 47 1 of Enumeration. F 300 279 20 1 33 31 2 15-19 M 284 246 38 .. 49 33 16 F 209 46 163 " 6 4 2 20-24 M 299 157 140 2 53 28 25 F 237 7 226 4 S S 25-49 M 891 56 794 41 164 11 141 12 F 860 10 754 96 23 20 -3 - 50+ M 260 100 140 20 47 43 4 F 292 8 116 168 9 4 5 A.N.S. M F In Other Total M 1,978 1769 1,186 23 268 126 140 2 districts F 1472 487 889 96 83 32 39 12 of the 0-14 M 401 400 1 .. 61 61 State of F 370 359 11 .. 29 27 2 Enumer,- 15-19 M 210 181 23 .. 33' 26 7 tio11 F 180 110 69 1 12· 4 8 l46 No. 6.S-contd. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22----- 23 --- 153 59 87 7 308 6 265 37 15 13 1 68 8 21 39 406 2 175 229 25 12 13 .. . .. 2,238 1,136 1,069 33 1,026 214 773 39 199 66 133 1,569 633 878 58 1,434 63 1,104 267 208 74 114 20 591 588 3 .. 49 48 1 32 32 506 484 21 36 32 4 .. 66 64 2 298 271 27 · . 91 81 10 23 22 1 308 119 189 · . 31 22 9 32 7 24 335 174 159 2 90 ·,8 42 20 10 10 284 9 273 2 76 5 70 26 25 884 45 815 24 553 34 509 10 112 111 413 13 376 24 972 4 881 87 63 3 53 7 130 58 65 7 243 3 211 29 12 11 58 8 19 31 319 .. 140 179 21 10 11 1,071 589 461 21 579 120 429 30 103 64 39 717 225 459 33 971 36 721 2U 134 54 66 14 284 281 3 .. 16 16 32 32 196 180 15 21 20 1 50 48 2 153 137 16 · , 59 54 5 23 22 1 162 24 138 .. 20 13 7 21 5 16 178 90 86 2 54 30 24 14 9 5 161 6 153 2 56 1 54 1 15 14 1 389 25 345 19 311 19 282 10 27 -26 168 7 146 15 633 2 559 72 36 29 6 67 56 11 · . 139 1 118 20. 7 .. -- 7 30 8 7 15 241 ., 100 141 12 5 7 . . -- .. 1,167 547 608 12 447 94 344 9 96 2 _.94 852 408 419 25 463 27 383 53 74 20 48 6 307 307 33 32 310 304 6 .. 15 12 3 16 16 14S 134 11 " 32 27 5 146 95 51 .. 11 9 2 11 2 8 1 141 TABLE 1 2 3 4 .s 6 1 8 9 10 11 --- 20-24 M 241 120 121 .. 42 17 2S F 166 8 158 .. 12 1 11 25-49 M 935 40 889 6 113 5 107 F 62S 10 590 2S 14 14 50+ M 191 22 152 11 19 17 F 131 61 10 16 4 12 A.N.S. M F Total M 375 108 lS6 11 46 24 22 States in F 6S3 106 464 83 22 15 7 India 0-14 M 33 32 1 ., 7 7 beyond F 75 72- 3 ., 14 14 the State 15-19 M 34 31 3 .' 6 6 of Enu- F S9 19 40 ., 2 2 meration 20-24 M 44 22 22 ., 11 3 8 F 84 10 73 1 2 1 1 25-49 M 169 16 151 2 18 S 13 F 332 3 307 22 2 2 50+ M 95 7 79 9 4 3 1 F 103 2 41 60 2 2 A.N.S. M F Outside Total M 48 8 40 ., India. F 4S 10 27 i 1 1 0-14 M 2 2 F 3 , 15-19 M 5 3 2 ., F S 4 1 ., 20-24 M 2 2 ., F 4 2 2 .. 2$-49 M 29 3 26 ., F 22 19 3 1 50+ M 10 10 .. F 11 5 3 A.N.S. M F 148 No. 6.S-cone/d. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 151 84 73 · . 36 18 18 6 5 123 3 120 .. 20 4 16 11 11 49~ 20 470 ~ 242 15 227 85 8S 24S 6 230 9 339 2. 322 15 27 2 24 63 2 54 7 104 2 93 9 5 1 4 28 12 16 78 40 38 9 5 4 118 38 80 .. 191 38 143 10 20 8 11 1 240 64 167 9 351 21 266 70 34 6 24 4 9 9 11 11 6 5 1 50 41 3 · . 7 1 4 4 14 12 2 .. 11 10 1 3 3 42 8 34 .. 13 10 3 2 1 1 17 10 7 · . 15 9 6 1 67 8 58 1 5 1 4 10 10 S5 6 49 .. 89 5 82 2 7 7 71 1 70 .. 245 1 224 20 14 11 2 23 22 · . 6S 3 54 8 3 2 2 10 2. 8 87 2. 35 SO 4 2 2 19 7 12 ·. 29 28 9 4 5 · . 32 S 21 6 3 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 5 3 2. .. 2 1 .. 3 3 1 1 .. 1 2 2 .. 1 1 9 2 9 .. 20 1 19 2. 2 .. 18 16 2. 1 2. .. 8 8 10 5 4 149 6.15. Table No. 6.5 gives complete idea about the distribution of the entire migrant population by their marital status and duration of residence by different age-groups. The table shows that of the total migrant population only 38.71 per cent are unmar ried which proves that percentage of married people is much higher among migrant population. This is because of the fact that usually the migrants are those persons who come in a composite family for their livelihood from near or distant places. This becomes more clear when the figures for males and females are taken separately. Marital status of population at Dumka was found to be 54.19 per cent of the males being unmarried and.47.55 per cent of the females never married whereas the same figures for the migrant population in the Table No. 6.5 above are 40.20 per cent and 23.4 per cent res pectively. 6.16. So far as age at marriage is concerned it is clear from Table No. 6.5 above that even in the age-group of 0-14 there are 6 married males and 34 married females. This tr.end is somewhat in confor mity with the general trend prevailing among the people at Dumka. It is further observed that in the age-group 50 + there are 129 unmar_ried males and 11 unmarried females. Which is obviously onthe same patterns as described in Chapter V. Average age at marriage among the migrant females is found to be 20-24 whereas it is 24+ in case of males. This again is in conformity with the general trend in the town in respect of age at marriage which has been discussed in Chapter V of this report. I~O 6.17. During earlier discussions in this chap ter it has been observed that most of the migration in the town took place either for service or for business purposes. Survey data available in the table given below supports this fact: TABLE No. 6.6 Reasons for settlements in the Town Reason No. of households Remarks 2 J Private practice as a doctor 3 For service S4 For business 27 Due to transfer of service 17 Puroh"tai Practice as advocate 1 For Cultivation 2 Due to marriage S Due to riot 1 Refugee 1 Seeking liveLhood 84 Total 11S 6.18. As shown in Table No. 6.6 above, 46.96 and 23:4& per cent of the total migrant househ~lds among the samplea households migrated to' this town for service and business respectively. 6.19. It may be said that the maximum number of households say 60 per cent has migrated to this town from rural areas. The migration from cities to thi<; town has been calculated as 3.5 per cent only whereas town to town migration is 36.5 per cent. 151 152 -o ... - - ..... .. .... N .,., .... N - Jl .... -; (.) N ... Eo > '; ';: .r. ; ] oS ~ ... '" ~ 's OJ :s: E ~ .... '0 -; ~ ::J th ~ ~ 1) § ::J OJ'" ~ ~ a :t ~ Q... ~ ~ ~ < ~ u "'" I ! "'" ~ '2 E '';:;'" -~ ';:a'" ! 153 00 "" 154 ]]"CI ,Ie 'l:> ~ ':l J ';:'~ CII ... e 8 0 i Q M II") 00 M M .... on - M .... '" oS = -; ..d ,~ '; il: > ~ .c '0 ] ] j CIl a u 011 ~ ~ ..d N 's... "0 0 ';;; >. ::s oS '§ '";) ::s'" ... ~ .E ~ ~ ~ ~ -< ~ .e ~ ~ =:l f-< :2 ~ 8 ~ ISS 6.23. The table on page 154 shows that members of 40 households visited their close relations at least once in a year; 31 households visited their close rela tions occasionally. Only one Kurmi household did not ever visit their relations. Barring this household all the other 71 households visit their relatives at least once in a year. But the case is different in case of the migrant households being visited by their close relations. Even the one Kurmi household which never visited its close relations is found to have been visited by their close relations. TABLE No. 6.9 Frequency of being visited by close relations living in the place of origin (Dumka Town) Religion Caste No. of Occasionally Once in Remarks Household a year 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hinduism Ka.Y8.lltha 9 6 3 Halwai 2 Brahmin 16 6 10 Teli 3 3 Kurmi 2 2 Bhumihar 5 2 3 156 TABLE No. 6.9-concld. 2 3 4 6 Yildav 2 2 6 1 Rajput 9 s 4 Pasi 1 Mow 1 Tamboli 6 2 4 Kumhar 1 K.oery 2 1 Kahar Aarawal 1 Islam MUSlim 4 2 2 Cbrilti. Catholic a'Dity Total 71 6.24. It becomes clear from Table No. 6.9 above that in-migrant families do not sever their all rela tions from their places of origin. Instead, they maintain their affinity with their places of origin by way of having property there and occasional visits. The frequency of visit to the in-migrant families by their native family members is more than that to the visit by the immigrant families to their native places. l51 6.25. The early settlers of the town had to face difficulties due to the geographical condition of the town. They had to clear long ridges, forests and hills for their living. Now the immigrants do not have to face such difficulties. The town being very open and thinly populated easily accommodates the persons coming from outside. There is no housing problem in the town. Ordinary sets of simply two to three rooms with latrine and kitchen facilities can be hired in the to\\'n by paying an amount between rupees seventy five a nd one hundred only per month. The town has got cheap and abundant labour force to be employed by the immigrants for their various works. 6.26. As regards socio-cultural adjustments the immigrants normally face no difficulty except with the Santals ",ho have their own dialect and ways of living. Recently Santals also have taken to Hindi as a medium of their conversation. But this does ,not pose much diffic~lty to the immigrants as most o~ the settlers can speak and :understa~d Hindi well. lSS A temple dedicated to Goddess Radha in Gilall Para MO/lalla Rajkiya Pu takalaya, Dumka A house belonging to a Moc/ti A Mochi family Wat r-Iap-the Dilly ouree of water for rhe Moc/zi Colony A C III rell;/1 Do ka Towll A view 0/ Gandhi Maidan, Dumka-Q meeting place and play ground House belonging (0 Dom in Dangal Para Mohalla View of Bara Maszid in Maszid Para Mohalla Khilia Bundh Tank, DlImka House of a ric/multi ill Dllmka T(}wll CHAPTER VII NEIGHBOURHOOD PATTERN It has already been discussed earlier in Chapter I that the topography of the town is fairly open. The to",n with an area of 10.55 square kilometre is divided into eight municipal wards in which 3,067 houses and 3,918 households are almost evenly dis tributed. It is in these eight wards where 23,338 in dividuals belonging to different ethnic groups reside harmoniously. In some cases families have been living together for generations, resulting into social interactions and interrelations which have further given a rise to neighbourhood pattern. 7.2. According to E. E. Burgel, a reputed sociolo gist· "the neighbourhood is a term which is difficult to define. It may be characterised as a primary infor mal group consisting of at least potentially all persons who live in local proximity".l It is not only a physical entity but a social and moral entity. If persons living in close proximity to each other do not recognise any social and moral binding on them to look after one another, they do not constitute a neighbourhood, what they constitute_only is a physi cal conglomeration. Thus, two things are very much essential for neighbourhood. First is living together in close proximity and second social interactions. ! Burgel :E. E. : Urban Socioloj)'. Page 487. 1·59 7.3. Regarding the identification and the characteristics of neighbourhood the encyclopae dia of the Social Sciences reads as "The most distinct characteristics of a neighbourer are its relation with a local area sufficiently compact to permit frequent and intimate association and the emergence out of such association sufficient homogeneity and unity to permit a primary or face to face social grouping endowed with a strong sense of self consciousness and capable of influencing the behaviour of its several constituents". Based on the above observa tions the investigators were guided accordingly to gather information regarding neighbourhood pat tern in Dumka town. For the purpose of the study, households from all the eight wards of the town were contacted upon. During the field study it was observed that the town presents the most congenia I and homogenous neighbourhood pattern though most of the wards are multiethnic with predominance of one or the other particular community or caste. 7.4. The neighbourhood pattern found in Dumka town can be discussed on three different levels of social interaction, viz., the ncxt-d.oor neighbour forming a group of four or five houses. The MohalIa-neighbour forming groups of families living in a particular locality and the town-neigh bour forming the people living in the town itself. 7.5. The next-door neighbours have closer links and family relationship with each other. During the field study it was observed, children from one house- 160 hold addressing members of other neighbouring families as Chacha-Chachi, Baba-Dadi, Bhaiya Bhabhi. Men and women from one family were found to be sitting and gossiping with other neighbouring families. It was reported by them that they shared pain and pleasures together. Even, cooked food·stuff is sent from one household to other as a token of love a nd affection. This is more evident during the festivities. Obviously such relation ship mostly exists among members belonging to the same caste and community having no food restric tions among themselves. It is a marked cham~terjstic of the town that the residential pattern in almost all the areas in the town is such as suits the neigh bourhood pattern discussed above. Most of the Mohallas are predominantly occupied by one caste or another. Even though families from different castes and creeds were found to be living in a homogenious cluster of their own. 7.6. Mohalla people celebrate all cultural, religious and social functions without any restric tion of caste and creed. They all contribute accord ing to their capacity tow(lcds organisation of cultural or religious functions. Dur;ng the investiga tion groups of young men were found collecting contributions from different households to celebrate Devi Puja. It was reported that birth, marriage and death in neighbourhood attract many persons from the locality for sharin-g the burden of the affected family. System of Sahkhana is very much in practice on all such occasions. 161 7.7. The town is very small and as such signs of modern;sation and industrialisation have not yet reached the town complex. The living pattern and socio-cultural look of the people is by and large indigenous. Religious festivities are much in evidence. Holi-Dusuhra and ld-Muharram are celebrated in the town with pomp and show. During such occasions people mix up and enjoy the occasions without much consideration of caste and creed. Even non-tribal people of the town were found extending their active co-operation and participation in tribal festivals like Baha and Banda Parb of the Santals. 7.8. Regarding economic activities it was gather ed from the people that the same is not confined to any defined area. Economic activities are very much open in the town for all the people with equality and sufficient freedom to work. Labourers are free to work any where in the town without much consideration of caste, creed and locality. The Whole town provides a market for the town people. No doubt, commodities of daily use such as vegetables, edible oil, fuel, etc., are mostly purchased from the neighbouring shops in the locality but things like clothes, medicines, etc., are bought from the central bazar which is opened for all the people in the centre of the town at Tin Bazar and Upper Bazar areas. 7.9. The following three representative cases of community assemblage studied during the course of 162 field investigations in the town very much speak about the neighbourhood pattern of the town: (a) Raghupat Lalji a Bania' of Tin Bazar area was blessed with a son. All the hundred households of the Tin Bazar mohalla were extended invitation by Raghupat Lalji to attend the Chhatti function in his family. The occasion was graced by families of Kayastha, Rajput, Bhumihar, Brahmin, Tcli, Marwari, Kahar and Muslim living around Lalji's house. Members of neighbouring Hajam and Koeri families were found working in the host's house. Female members from different households of the area were singing and enjoying together. People from neighbouring areas and the relatives of the hosts were found sitting together and taking food without any reservation. (b) Devi puja is celebrated in the town with great enthusiasm. People from a 11 walks of the town contribute generously to celebrate the occasion on the eve of Durga Puja. A mela is held on the occasion which is largely attended by the town people without any restriction of caste and creed. Shops by Hindus, Muslims and Christians are temporarily erected in the mela where people from all sections of the town come for marketing. (c) Cases of communal riots are not known to the town people till now. There is co-operative spirit among all the sections of society. Both the major communities of Hindus and Muslims enjoy the 163 same degree of freedom and prosperity in the town. Many of the tribal people living around the town were found working and enjoying during the field investigation with the non-tribal population of the town. 7.10. The following discussions about some of the specific named areas of the town will throw further light on the neighbourhood pattern in the town: (a) Babu Para: Bounded by Rasikpur Road on the north, Teli Para on the south, Shri Ram Para on the east and by Bhagalpur road on the west, the locality of Babu Para is named because of the predominance of officials and elites of the town living in the area. (b) Kewat Para: Bounded on the north by Sri Ram Para, on the south by Bhagalpur Road, on the east by Napit Para and on the west by Bandh Para, the locality is predominantly occupied by people of Kewat caste and as such the area is named Kewat Para. (c) Oilan Para: Bounded on the north by S. P. Mahila College, on the south by Degal Para, on the east by Kachahari and on the west by Gosala, the area has taken its name as such because years be fore there used to be a wine factory in the area where wine was used to be filled in gallons. The name Oilan is deformed form of gallon. (d) Bhagalpur Road: This road runs from Dumka to Bhagalpur and the area falling on the 164 road sides is called Bhagalpur Road. The area is bounded on the north by Tin Bazar, on the south by Hospital Road, on the east by Dharmasthan and on the west by main Bazar. (e) Dharmasthan road: The area hounded on the north by Sri Ram Para, on the south by Bhagalpur Road, on the east by Napit Para and on the west by Bandh Para is called as such because the temple of Dharm Batru is situated in this locality. (f) Zila School Para: The area is so named as Dumka Zila School is situated in this locality. The area is bounded on the north by Bhagalpur Road, on the south by Dharamsthan Road, on the east by Shyam Bazar and on the west by Zila School itself. (g) Dongal Para: The area is full of forest and barren land. The word dongal which is very well a Santali word means barren and as such the area is called Dongal Para. The area is bounded on the north by Dumka H atia, on the south by Hizla Road, on the east by Kachahari and on the west by barren fields. The Table No. 7.1 which is prepared on the basis of neighbourhood schedules filled in durjng the field survey of the town and which deals with the main characteristics of the neighbourhood as describ ed by persons belonging to different religion, caste or tribe will further clarify the above mentioned areas. 165 TABLE Showing main characteristics of neighbourhood as Castel Main characteristics of the focality as against" other locality of the town with reference to r- -"------. Predomi- ,Predomi- Predomi- Predomi- Other Name of the nance of nanee of 'nance of nance of neighbourhood particular particular any par... anyparti- 'ethnic occupa- ticular cular as- group tion or category pect of activity ofpopu- landscape latlon 1 2 3 4 5 6 Zila School Para Marwari Business- Marwari Play gro- Nil man and und of service Zila holder school Dharmasthan Kewati Business- Nil Big pond Nil man Bhagalpur Road Marwari Ditto- Nil Boundary NIl wallin which the deities are situat- ed Babu Para Bengali Business- Intelligen- Nil Cinema man tsia class hall and in service service holder 166 No. '7.1 described by persons belonging to different Religion, Tribe Number of pe~s)ns describing the character;stics Hinduism Casto/Tribe r--~-~- _--"------., Bra- Kaya- Tam- Vai- Kur- Mar- Jai- Raj- Agr- Bhumi- hmip stha boli sbya mi wad s'Nal .put awal. .har 'Bani-a' Ieelh- Brab~ er min wan 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 1 4 2 f67 TABLE 2 4 5 6 Kewat Para Kewat Business- Nil Pond Nil man Gilan Para Mixed Service Mixed -Gandhi Hizla hill popufa.- bolder maidan tion Dongal Para Kattu Buai:less- Business- Hizla hill Dumka man man hat Total Name of the neighbourhood Yadav 1 17 Zila School Para Dharmasthan Bhagalpur Road Babu Para Kewat Para Gilan Para Dongal Para 2 Total 2 168 No. 7.l-concld. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 2 2 2 2 4 5 7 8 1 2 2 2 Islam Christian Munda 18 19 1 1 2 1 l69 CHAPTER VIII FAMILY LIFE IN THE TOWN During the field investigation at Dumka town it was observed that most of the households in the town present a nucleus type family structure consisting' of husband, ~ife and children. Extended nucleus families with blood relatives like brother, sister , brother/sister's son, brother/sister's daughter· and alike are also very common in the town. Joint family structure is found to be minimum. This is due to the nature of the town being sf;rvice-cum commercial class where people from distant places come to stay either for the purpose of service or for business. They do not come with large family structure, instead, they prefer nuclear family. Table on the next page shows that out of 1,306 total persons found to be living in the 199 sampled households 66.88 per cent are related to the head of the households as wives, sons and daughters. Their such a combination gives rise to nucleus family structures to most of the households in the town. 8.2. Table No. 8.1 on the next page shows the composition of households by age-group and rela tion to head of the sampled households: 170 ....~ 4) .I:::i=: t<'\ N, t<'\ 0'1 N eO'... ~ ." ~ -0 -=~. ,.~p.~ ~ e:c::= N .,0 0J5 0 .... ,1 M <:>= ~ "" h - I, , ==~ Q -g =1 ,..., ~ In or. "CI ~~ '0:1' ~ = 0·' - ~ ' ... 0 or> M 1 o~ ·0 M == .... N 10 Q :;;-;a - ~ ... ~ 6 1 ~ 1 ... .,., V C'$. Q ;::so 0 \0 t- r-. 1.0"" ..... -.t Z "' .... N .... 0-'=. CO W t= "CI 00 " ,_) e ~ ~... t;;l'£ en - ~,- 00 N ~ \:;...... <: ~ e o~ N - bll~ ... - E- ~r.n CQ >.. ~ Vl ..... \F) .c ~t:: .B .v '<:t" .;: 0·..., trI eo - rIl • -' "eI ...= ~~ -e ,_. ..c I,) .,.., co N . ~ .J:: ;t ..... -. N .... tI} .. . N 5 0.._ n- == := \0 .CCl. c:: er- N V'I M ~ c 00 \C 1.0 - 0 ~ Q tIl- t':) 1"'"'1 =' - _. Q t- = <2 ...... ~ .- M ,.; N t- .... N ...... {I'J- ~~ - 0 - o. :::l 1 s-Q 0 (,) _,. .... eIlc. .0-, ~ ..". 0\ u ¥ ('0,;:3 N ...r ..... - -0 -\ I I I + '6b ~ eo J 0 V) ..... V'l -< - .... C'l v ~ 171 ..'"~~ ,.Q ..... IC N O~.... CCI - ., ... ~~ on '" N .-~'iA - .!..= ~ N ~~ .... ., ..... '" C C ..., .2 O N .~ ~ Q) rJ:l .... C '" N .~ ~ N rJ:l - - ,rli: :si C«I 0'"7' ~ tIl.S -N - ~ ~ ~ ..8..!S, I ...«I C ~ ~.- -00 '=VJ O'-'~ C 0- 0 "'-I'-'~~ CXl..8-, Z ... ., - 'UiiI -=«1 00 ~ 0- ~ N ~ ~.5 -< .'"...... 0 E-< l!'z r- ... c.o IC N 0::1 =.","'«1 ""'" ... ",,,,0 'C'C~ IC O~::I rJ:l «I - , .", ."'i, ... =::11) 11"\ 0«1-- N .... IC til.", -11"\ .... "'., ·C·C ..2 00'" tIl"~ -""'" 0. 0\ °5 ~ 0. ~ ~ "., ifI.I n'" ... Q= ..0 '" s Q'l15 00 'S ..., \Q 0 ~ 00"" <'l <'l <'l =='2 .... E - "S. 0 "".... ~ S ..0 r--..o"" r-- ..". r-- \Q r-- 00 8 \Q""'8 M M on 00= c::I e - ~ oS ",,,,,..'" ,..0 \Q ._ """8 <'l 00 N .... = Q'I IQ 'O~ .... \Q Q'I ...... , ~ I 00 N N l"'I O..c: ~ - c~ ~ -::I fI.I go o..c: ... Eo- -.c= ~ tIS ! C u Os ... ..c: - ::I tIS o§ ~ .8 °C e 0. i °a u 0; o~ 8 t.s .0 j "ii ='S ~ S ~ ~ )1 : :2 Eo- 1:1 = ._.-Q c: Q °iii .... 1{oJ ~ ~ °3 ~ III :t 174 ...... <'\ N N ...... I"'- .... l"4 II) ...... "'" r-- ...... N ...... , "'" .". ...... N l"4.. .~ ~ ~ 175 8.S. The above Table 8.2 shows that 78.39 per cent of the sampled households are from the size groups 4-9 members. Size-group accounting for the largest number of households (33.17 per cent) is 6-7. This size-group may be taken to be the basic size-group unit of the families residing at Dumka town. The lower incidence of joint family type of structure is a notable feature of the town. This is very much evident from the table that only 10.05 per cent of the sampled households have members above 10. Single member households also have very low incidence being only 1.01 per cent of the total sampled households. 8.6. Table no. 8.2 further shows similarity in respect of the size of the household of Hindus, Muslims and Christians. It is observed that of the 17 Muslim households 15 are from the size-group 4-9. Of the two Christian households in the sample one is from size-groups 2-3 and the other from 8-9. 8.7. So far as the composition of households by age and sex of members is concerned, it was found during the field investigation that there was not a single household as such having adult female or females only. Of course, there were two house holds as such having adult males only. Most of the households living in the town were found to be composite ones with both the sexes living together and providing a family base to the minor children. In a few cases three generations were found to be living together. There was one such Barhi family 176 "'" c;;'} -+-> q) ... ,.d r I .;: a1.~ j CIS >-.- rIl 0 ." ~l ]II')~ :;:.:l - CIS ('fj 0 I 5b~.s ~] >. Q 0 q) g ...=..0 ...... g~§ 0"1 -+->CIS..o < ... » .;g ==." ~ ~ ] "'0 OJ) a _ ~r=~._ Ei ] ~"'''"' ~ 00 = ~ ~ rJJ.= 'Q.. ~1§ - c;;'} o ~ '0 :.=0:::::..0 ~ ~., -+-> c;;'} 0 = ~~ ; ;:~ 1!~ =.dd)~ '" --+->~= ....= ~~1~§ r-- N N IIJ ..... - . "0 ~ '0 »= M 0 ~~-d:< 00 J ~1z '" :> ~ - ~ .::: ~'O~'O'" ~i;.., ..... I-< ° <'-l aQ,l :1- ==- "t _ N N ;:I~.d '0 8 § 8 ;'M § '.Q "-l ~ ~ "0 ° a < ~ e~ "'0 » Vl r= z ~ .... ~o;:::l \ ~\O,g ~ ~ ., '" OJ) ~= ~ ~ l5~;>, ~ Q,l -a "tt'"\ ... q) = ~ ~ ~ rIl I ~g§ ale ~§ 11"1 '" '5 0 =» ~ e 00..0 0..0 -<: ~~ E-o '='l ._ "0 ._ "'0c;;'} = ~ = ~ ..!oJ s...CIJ ~ I-< l-< - "3'8g~'Og .... .g ~ ~ ° E '0 ~'M e§ 0 N 00 ~ . ~...=.d < e ~ . I-< ..... 4) rIl - l-< ~ Vl ." L °Ooo::S 'Q ... ~.d ° ° - 11,) ~ '" oo--.d oS'S'" 'Q .... ~ OJ) ~;:IQgo .".. ~- .".. 'oC ;'1;- t;; t:: to-. == ,.c::-'= - - ~ Vl~'- ° ;>- ;>- 1...= ._4)=~:.== q)»4) .....° 'Q ~ .d ..0 .~ = ., ,.c::.... ;: -ioC) ...... rd ~ 0... = ~ ;... .; » ..... u 'M &J~ ..0="0= ....i"- ~ ~ : ~ ~..8 a··g ~ '0 ~ tE Q ..... ~ .d ~ = 5 'E"'4)- .~ ·s o 0 ~ = ;:= - ] Q f ~ ° ~ ::.; 177 : I I \ : I "l I I I , I . "l 00. I Z II) _M :- .MM :M- .- ~ 178 8.8 Table No. 8.3 given at page 177 shows that 66.33 per cent of the sampled households are com posite families with adult males and females and mi nor males and females. Also in this category there are 11.56 per cent households ~ith adult males and females and minor males only and further 11.56 per cent households with adult males and females and minQr females only. All these house holds conform to Maclver's definition of family as "a group defined by sex-relationship sufficiently precise and enduring to provide for procreation and upbringing of children". Further, 7.53 per cent of the sampled households in the table are house holds with adult males and females only. These households too can be said to be in the process of becoming composite families. Only 1.51 per cent households are single member households with adult males only. None of the households are house holds with adult female only. Thus it js evident from the discussions above that most of the to\Vn people lead family life. 8.9. During the field investigation it \Vas noticed that a good number of households living in the town have their close relations residing at some other places outside the town. Among the 199 sampled households 78 households were found to be such whose close relatives were living at other places outside the town. Table No. 8.4 given on the next page gives the particulars of the con- 179 00 Cl'I N_ I .,., M - ..., 180 181 r ~ I ~ l"'l ~:90§ t!IC oj= =: -0 8 t- ~I o> t- ..... o~ I il !l CIl e. .1wo ]1 i1l g '-0 '0 f-o-oo~~ I N c:: ostil ~..... i ~ ~ is ~ ,...., os ] = J.82 "'" - ... - ...It'l ,9 ,sg= ,.. 1 :s ~ ... ,~ ! '~ i ~ _g ~ ~ ~ i ~ i I ~ f-< '9. < ~ 0 ~ >- ~ ! ~ ~ .~ ~ ~ .~ ::: '3 :! ag ~ 183 8.12. The Table No. 8.5 given on page 182 shows that largest numbers of close kinsmen living outside the town are those engaged in service. Next comes the number of those (31) living outside the town for study. It has already been discussed in the earlier chapters that the town does' not have the faci lities for higher education such as engineering, medical and post-graduate studies. This is the reason for larger number· of students going outside the town for higher study in different institutions. 8.13. In spite of their distant houses the close kinsmen are very much attached witli the house holds at Dumka town. A number of households indicated that they were receiving remittances from or sending sometimes remittances- to their_relations staying outside the town. Table giving particulars in this regard is given below : TABLE No. 8.6 Remittances received from or sent to close kins staying outside Dumka town Category of kms No. of households No. of households staYIng outside received remittances sent remittances Father 4 9 Son 9 20 Brother 7 6 Daughter 1 Sister Mother 5 3 Total 2S 39 8.14. The above Table 8.6 shows that 64 house holds are as such which either receive remittances from or send to their relatives. This is fahly a high percentage of sending and receiving remittances which shows that although they are living at distant places yet the close kins are economically dependent on each other. 18!4 - >0 III 185 CHAPTER IX HOUSING AND MATERIAL CULnJRE As meJ!tioned earlier, an attempt has been made to select houses from each locality on the basis of religion, caste and community. Under this selective study households that migrated recently or some time ago to this town were also included. Regard ing their internal relations, no bitter or tense situa tion was reported from either of the corners. Also no caste or religion wise conflict was evidenced during the field investigation. People were found to be living amicably without any feeling of caste or community though minor conflicts did take place. These relate mainly to the quarrels among children or some misunderstanding among people but are resolved easily and do not disturb the general atmosphere of peaceful community living. 9.2. Houses are mostly occupied by the owners and occasiona lly by the rentiers. In both the cases environmental conditions are congenial. The Table No. 9.1 prepared on the basis of survey data from household schedules filled 1n respect of 199 house holds under study shows that out of 199 housholds 56 households are having separate compound and separate structure whereas 143 households are living in separate houses without compound. This shows that most of the households living in the town have separate houses for living. 186 TABLE No 9.1 Localitywise types of hODses at Dumka Town No. of No. of No. of houses R No. of separate houses which E No. of separate houses which are M Locality houses houses with· are flats floor in A studied with out inmuch much R com· com· housing floor K pound pound unit housing s unit 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Napit Para 1 1 2. Sheo Pabar Road 4 2 2 3. Naya Para 4 2 2 Quarter Para 4 1 3 5. Dangal Para 26 6 20 6. Hatia Road 3 .. 3 1. Gared Para 3 1 2 8. Babu Para 16 7 9 9' Bandhu Para 15 3 12 10. Sarai Para 1 1 11. Bakshi Bandh Road 1 1 ., 12. Shyam Bazar Road 1 " 1 13. Hospital Road 1 1 14. Jail Road 1 1 15. Kuldip Singh Road 3 3 16. Thana Road 3 1 2 11. Durgasthan 2 2 18. Pratap Sah Lane 2 2 19. Purana Bazar 1 1 20. Kumliar Para 11 5 6 21. Barhi Para 1 1 22. Dhobi Para 1 1 23. Kewat Para 1 1 24. Bagan Para 2 2 25. Maira Para 3 1 2 26. Mochi Para 5 1 4 27. Teli Para 8 2 6 28. Shri Ram Para 15 1 14 29. Bhagalpur Road 5 5 30. Chuha Bagan 4 4 31. School Para 20 7 13 32. Sheo Sundari Road 2 1 1 33. Gllan Para 3 3 34. Rasikpur 26 5 21 Total 199 S6 143 181 ~ o - - In- '~l~ 'lllllMprun1l ':mbSOUl 'q~lnq;) '~IdUl~l "S ';I dOqs'(JOM JO s;I:lllId doqs -1{lOM JO s~:lllId SU!pnp -x~ (lllq! lllAllq~Ulld '8'a!l:lq~1lfI- Al!UnWWO:l) SIU'WU!llll:>lU:> JO samlW S:>~llId fiu!l~ 'sdoqs 11l:lUll~MS SlU~lnllls:l"M - - r sp:>qS1{lOM pU'R I SdOl{S1{lOM S:>P01:lll.::l S~;)mO pUll s~snoq ss~u!sna: s~snoq Bup!:;:) 00 Su~pnl;)x;l s d 0 q S s;lsnoq UO!l~SU! ~ S:lUlOq lS!lno~ lll'eqSllUl -lll'l{O 'S!"IUS 'S[~lOH AJISnpU! Ploq;ls -noq SUlpnpu! ;);)u:>p -!5;)1 wn:>-doqs1{l0M. ;):lU:>P -! S:>.l-tlIn:l-d oqS :Ja!ls!I~snol.j JO :lUlp :lql III lUll;)ll/\ s;;)snoq snsu:>:) s:lsnoll snsu;l:) N )0 J:lqwnu IlllO~ io 188 9.3. In the market area the lower portions of the buildings are generally used for estab lishments and the upper storey for residential pur poses. This is evident from the census table given on page 188 which shows that some of the houses are used as shop-cum-residence and workshop-cum-residence inc 1u din g household industry. 9.4. In market area the houses are not provided with surrounding walls or front garden. Usually they are compact and congested. But outside the market area, there are buildings having surrounding walls and spacious lawns. Care for ventilation is taken in almost all the houses while they are cons tructed. Certainly, houses occupied by the poor class people are not well constructed and venti lated. 9.5. Out of the total number of 866 houses only one house was found to be made of grass, leaves, reeds or bamboo according to the 1971 Census houselisting while 69.89 per cent of the total houses have been found to be made of burnt bricks. 9.6. So far as flooring of houses and their relat ed problems are concerned, no ! 189 TABLE Distribution of Houses by predominent materials of Dumka Predominent lllate- Predominent materials of rials of floor wall Locality ,-----"---...... , r- .A. ., Mud Cement Mud Con~rete Brick and cement 1 2 3 4 5 6 1. Rasikpur 18 8 18 2 6 2. Shri Ram Para 6 9 4 1 10 3. Babu Para 15 1 1 14 4. Kumhar Para 4 7 3 8 5. Maira Para 3 3 6, Bagan Para 2 2 7. Kewat Para 1 8. Gared Para 3 3 9. Dhobi Para 1 10. Barhi Para 1 11. Naya Para 2 2 1 1 2 12. Durgasthan 2 1 1 13. Thana Road 3 2 1 14. Kuldip Singh Road 3 3 15. Jail Road 1 1 16. Hospital Road 1 1 17. Shyam Bazar Road 1 1 18. Bakshi Bandh Road 1 1 19. Napit Para 1 20. Sarai Para 1 1 21. Purana Bazar 1 22. Hatia Road 1 2 3 23. Sheo Pabar Road 3 1 3 24. Quarter Para 4 4 25. :sandhu Para 7 8 4 11 26. Danaal Para 15 11 5 2 19 190 TABLE Predominent mate Predominent materials of rials of floor wall Locality ~ ___A ___~~ _____A ______~ Mud Concrete Brick Mud Cement and Cement 2 3 4 5 6 27. Mochi Para 5 4 28. Teli Para 6 2 4 29. BhagaJpur Road 5 5 30. Chuha Bagan 4 4 31. Yilan Para 2 2 32. Sheo Sundari Road .. 2 2 33. School Para 2 18 2 18 34. Pratap Sah Lane 1 Total : 73 126 52 12 135 belonging to Santals and other backward com munities. The Table No. 9.3 on page 190 prepared on the basis of survey data from house hold schedules filled in for 199 households in the town shows distribution of houses by predominent materials of floor, wall, roof and ceiling by locality. 9.7. Each and every locality of the town was found to be inhabited by persons of different cul ture and religions. No discriminatory behaviour was noticed among the students on account of their religion, caste, etc. They have amicable relationship between them behaving with each other on the basis of responsibility in the matter cf socio-moral obligation. 9.S. Size and furnishing of houses differ from hous@ to house depending upon the economic con- 192 No. "9.3-eoncld. Predominent materials Predomment materials Predominent of roof 'of ~eiling materials of door and window ,..-~ _...... ,..-_____..A. ____--, ,..-____..A. ___--, Tile Br;ck Cement Straw, Wood- Iron cr Wood- Iron &. bamboo, en concr- en rod Coner- ctc. etc ete :J 8 9 10 11 12 13 14- 15 <4 <4 5 6 2 6 2 IS 4 1 <4 4 1 2 2 2 2 1 J 2 2 2 2 2 2 7 13 7 13 9 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 113 25 51 120 6S 14 156 43 dition of the family. Many of the houses occupied by lower cl,ass people belonging to Santal tribes and other castes were found to be siAgle-roomed only whereas there were houses in the market area hav ing more than five·:rooms. The following table based on Table H. III (Part IV) of Census of India, 1971 further substantiates the fact mentioned above. TABLE No. 9.4 CeDS~ Households classified by number of rooms occupied Total House- House- nuJ.llber To~l Huuse House- HOU5e- hokis .halds of number holds holds holds with with Town Census of with wlth with four five house- rooms one two three rooms rooms holds room rooms rooms and above Dumka. 765 1,930 268 206 129 70 92 19' 9.9. Accord.ing to the above table 35.03 per cent of the total households occupy only one room whereas 12.02 per cent households occupy five or more than five rooms. No measurement of the floor space was taken at the time of surveying the town, but from appearance the floor space was seen accommodative mostly in all the surveyed house holds. None of the family members mentioned any difficulty of the floor space. TABLE No. 9.5 Availability of amenities in households Availa· Kitchen Bath- Lava- Sources Water Electric Remarks bility room tory of for current drink- washina iug water 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Not 4 67 46 15 21 86 having Having 187 120 124 117 122 103 separate- ly Shares 8 12 29 67 56 10 with others house- holds Total 199 199 199 1" 199 199 194 As per Table No. 9.5 it may be concluded that amenities . like kitchen, bathroom, lavatory, water and electricity are not available respectively to 4, 67, 46, 15, 21 and 86 out of 199 households surveyed for the study. This shows that approximately 43 per cent households are devoid of these modern amenities essential for town dwellers. About 52 per cent households are having all these facilities separately for their own and lastly there are about 5 per cent such households that share these facilities with their neighbours: Following table shows details of other amenities available in the households under study: TABLE No. 9.6 Households using utensils made of different materials Households where cooking utensils No. of households where utensi~s for ~ ______are madeA ______of ~ serving fooJ are made of ,.------"------, Brass Bronze Stain- Clay and less Brass Bronze Stainless steel alumi- steel &alu- ni\J1ll minium 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 188 4 1 6 68 116 17 9.1 0_ In case of utensils being used in the house holds at Dumka, it was noticed during the field survey that most of the households use brass and aluminium utensils for cooking purposes. For serving 1:11eals, they certainly prefer usin~ bronze utensils. ln some of the households utenslls made , of stainless 'steel were found in use for serving food stuff. But such households were found to be very few in number. 195 TABLE No. 9.7 Use of furniture in the Sampled Households No. of households possessing furniture No. of r- house- hold Chair Tablo Divan Cot Newar othors cot 2 3 4 S 6 7 199 ISS 141 168 180 44- 55 9.11. During the field investigation some of the households surveyed were found to be well furnished with up-to-date designs of furniture and steel goods. But in most of the households commonly used furniture included chairs, tables, divan, cots and newar cots made of wood and cloth. Table No. 9.8 gives details regadring use of furniture by the surveyed households in the town. 9.12. There is not much difference in the clothing pattern of the town people. Dhoti, Kurta, Shirt, Pants and Lungi are the garments commonly Used by the males while womenfolk are normaly found in Sari, blouse and petticoat. The quality and quantity of these dresses differ from person to person and family to family depending upon the economic condition of the persons. 9.13. Luxury goods like refrigerator, tape-rec{)r der and other electrical appliances are rare in Dumka town. Of the 199 households surveyed, only one household had a refrigerator. 196 -.J 21u!Auq lON 0-... ~ li'~ I ... ~ji SU1A1lt{ 'PIol{ 00 ~ l -;snot{ JO 'oN - '""' _r t- !O:!A'Bt( lON .... ~.,.., ._~ ..9 ~ ~ ~ I tiu'''1lt{ SPlOt{ \0 ~ l -~snoq JO 'ON - t f !U!A1lt{ lON IrI.... S... ~ ..,. !utA1lt{ SPlot( .... f'I !t -anOt( JO 'ON 1 ..... f'I ~U:AlIq lON .... -Q'I 1 !aJAlIt{ SPlOt{ C'I ;... ~{ -;snoll JO 'ON .... to- 1; ~ ~ 0\ =. 1!U;AllQ lON -..... -Q'I 0 - ~ - iUlAllq SPlot{ 0 00 0< Z ...= H{ 4STlOq JO 'ON ..... ::s f Ba!AIn{ lON 0\ Si ~ - ... j I SWAm{ SPIOt{ 00 N r-- o~2t Co e~ -MnoqJo 'oN 13 J 8tI!AIn{ lON t- O'" .2 ~ - j fiu' Alit{ sPloq ID ~ ! l ·~Snoq JO 'ON 'S . f 8U;A\lqlON In $ ~ Jl~r - ~ ~ fiu' Allq sPloq ..,. Q'I I-" u l -~noqJo 'ON '" f BU!Allq lON ...... tt'\ u~ flU!Allq sPloq ~~ 1 M ~ -~oqJO 'ON - SPloQ3sno'l JO 'ON Illl0.L --~ 197 CHAPTER X SLUM~; BLIGHTED'AND OTHER AREAS WITH SUB-STANDARD LIVING CONDITIONS It has been discussed in earlier chapters that the topography of the town is fairly open. Surface material of the town is sandy which does not allow rain water to accumulate. It is because of these fac tors that there is no slum and blighted area inside Dumka town. Even areas like Mochipara in ward no. n on the top of Dumka-Pakaur road and Mehter Para in ward no. VI on Hijla road behind the Munici pality where most of the backward families keep ani mals such as donkeys, pigs, etc. do not give a very bad look. Although these areas are dlrty but as they are large habitations do not pose much problem. Houses in these areas are normally built of mud and thatched with bamboo and straw but these do not have any problem of fresh air and sunlight. Though there is a provision for piped water in the town most of the people living in these areas use well water for drinkjng pUfposes and tank water for cleaning and other works. When asked at the time of survey, none of the respondents complained against scarcity of water. Roads running in these areas have been provided with street lights by the Municipality but 198 only very few houses have got electric connections. Most of the households were found using kerosene lamps during night hours. During the field investigation the crime rate and rowdy behaviour were not found to be of an extraordinary nature in these areas. 199 CHAPTER XI ORGANISATION OF POWER AND PRESTIGE There are three main political parties, viz, Congress Party (R), Communist Party of India and Jansangh operating in the town. A regional political party Hul Jharkhand, has also been found to be very active in the town. All the above mentioned politi cal parties ha.ve their full-fledged offices at Dumka town. The Congress Party (R) has its district office at Dharamshala road since 1921. Membership to this party is open to all persons without any distinction of caste and creed and the membership fee is rupee one only. This party is popular among the town people .Its nominees won both the seats ofLok Sabha and the State Assembly from the Dumka reserved constituency in the last election held in the year 1971 and 1969 respectively. 11.2. The President, District Congress Commit tee, Santal Parganas is responsible for the imple mentation of the programme and policies of the Congress Party (R) in the region with the co-opera tion of other office bearers of the executive committee. As per information received from the office there are 4,500 active members of this party 200 in the town. The Ward Commjssioner of ward no. IV in the town belongs to this party. The Ward Commissioner, when contacted during the field investigation, sajd that he could get the opportunity to serve the people only because the people wanted him and his partx to serve them and elected him at the polls. 11.3. The Hul Jharkhand party has been active in the town si.nce 1963. It has its office in the court area itself which is one of the jmportant areas in the town. The president of Hul lharkhand Sri Shiru Murmu claimed that this party had 13,000 members. Party's secretary Shri Hul Mark Kisku stated that his party had mass appeal and that is why it was successful in its movement against the Mahajani system which was launched in the year 1967. The party's treasurer Miss Sarabil Marandi informed that it was because of the popularity of the party in the region that the party got 6 of the 20 seats in the district for the Bihar Legisla tive Assembly. But the party did not contest the election from Dumka constituency during the 1969 State Assembly election. The party candidate was defeated in Lok Sabha election held in the year 1971. 11.4. Tables 11.1 and 11.2 give the position of different political parties in the State Assembly election of 1969 and the Lok Sabha election of 1971 for Dumka constituency. The information has been collected from the District Election Officer. 201 TABLE No. }l.l Position of different political Parties as in the election for the State Legislative Assembly held in the year 1~69 Name of SC/ST or Name of the Name of No. of Remarks the Cons- Unreserv- candidate the poli- total votes tituency ed tical party pon~d for 1 2 3 4 S 6 Dumka Reserved Shri Paika Congress 11,115 Elected for ST Murmu Smt. Surajmahi Indepen- 7,667 Hansda dent Shri Babulal C. P. I. 5.223 Marandi Shri Chanda! Jansangh 3,995 Soren Shri Rasik Indepen- 523 Murmu dent Shri Joseph Janta 475 Marandi Shri Mottla L. T. C'. 437 Murmu Shn Gyril Tho- B.K.D. 176 mas Besra 202 TABLE No. 11.2 Position of different political parties as in the election for Parliament held in the year 1971 Name of SC/ST or Name of the Name of No. of Remarks the Cons- unreserv- candidate the poli- total votes tltuency ed tical party polled for 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dumka Reserved Shn Satyanaram Congress 56,888 ~lected for ST. Besra (R) Shn Strughan CPI 46,804 Besra Shrl Bateswar Jansangh 26,470 Hembram Shn Sibu Indepen- 21,560 Murmu dent Shn KunJl Ram Hul Jhar- 4,354 Tudda khand Shn Pagan Indepen- 2,583 Manjha dent Shn Mistu A. B. 1,297 Mprandl Jharkhand Shn N. Nag Indepen- 714 dent 11.5. People's participation in the polls held in the year 1969 and 1971 shows that most of the people in the town have yet to attain political conscious ness. According to the information collected only 38.22 per cent of the total voters exercised their franchise in the 1969 election held for State Legisla ture and 31.61 per cent voted for Lok Sabha election held in the year 1971. The table given on next page gives voting behaviour for the two elections held in Dumka town. 203 TABLE No. 11.3 Voting behaviour of the population during the 1969 and 1971 elections 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Political Name of Whether Year Number Total Remarks Institu the cons- reserved when elcc- of register- number tion of tituency or unreser tion was ed voters of which to which ved cons held votes election the elec- tituency polled was held tion was held Vidhan Dumka Reserved 1969 80,961 30,929 Congress Sabha Vidhan for ST party's Sabha candidate constitue- won the ncy . election Lok Dumka Reserved 1971 525,534 166,147 Congress Sabha Parlia- for ST (R) party's mentary candidate constItue won the ncy election 11.6. Dumka being a service-cum-business class town does not have much scope for trade union activities. According to the information furnish ed in the town schedule trade unions of automobile workers have been found to be operating in the town. 11.7. (a) Santal Parganas Motor Workers Union, Dumka, was established in the year 1969 and was registered under the Trade Union Act in the year 1970 and bears registration no. 1489 of the same year. Since then this union has been functioning in the to,,"n with its office near the bus stand. Shri Kedar Singh who was the secretary of the union at the time of the field survey of the town said that the 204 union was able to solve a number of problems of the motor \\Iorkers concerning their wages and hours of work. It \\las gathered that the union had got the support of all the political parties functioning in the town except the CPM. The union comprises drivers, cleaners and conductors. One has to pay only 25 paise per month as membership fee. Seven ty five per cent of the drivers, cleaners and conduc tors are associated with this union as members. (b) The other union functioning in the town which is yet to be recognized by the Government under the Trade Union Act is the Automobile Engineering Workers Union run by the CPM. It was establish ed in the year 1968. Sri lahari Ahmad, Advocate and the President of the union said that he had been fighting for the registration of the union since 1968. He claimed that 300 workers patronise this union. Some of the workers when contacted and asked to comment on the fuo(;tioning of the union declined to say anything. 11.8. Politicians and trade union leader.s do co mmand respect in the town. But the high govern ment officials, teachers and lecturers, municipal employees as also doctors, advocates and business men are more respected by the town people. The elderly people are respected and frequently approach ed for advice and guidance. The table given on the next page prepared on the basis of the opinion of the head of the households under sample shows particulars of the influencial persons jo the town. 205 TABLE No. 11.4 InHuenee score based on the opinion of the head of the households and particulars of such persons 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 First five Score Age Sex Religion Caste Education Occupa- persons tion on the serial no. 1. Sri Mohan 22 50 Male Hmduism Kayastha M.A.,B.L. Advocate Prasad 2. Shri Ram 20 60 Male Hindui~m Bania B.A.,B.L. Advocate Charan Shah 3. Sri Bariar 20 52 Male Hinduism Santal Literate M.L.A. 'Hembrom (ex) 4. Shri Padma 19 55 Male Hinduism Kayastha B.A.,B.L. Advocate Nand Singh 5. Sri D. D. 17 60 Male Hinduism Agrawal Literate Bus;;gess Himat Singh 11.9. The table above shows that the structure of power and prestige "in the town is not confined to any particular caste, level of education and occupa- . tion. Of the five most influential persons two be long to Kayastha community and one each to Agra wal, Bania and scheduled tribe Santal. This shows that for being influential it is not necessary that the person(s) must belong to a particular caste or co mmunity. Similarly, high standard of education is not necessarily needed to command influence. It is seen in the table above that of the five persons two are just literate without any educational level. An influential person in the town may belong to any profession, he may be an advocate, a member of Legislative Assembly or a businessman. 206 11.10. However, leadership pattern in the town has socio-economic base. In the above table only one person of influence has got political base. So cial factors coupled with age and experience help in the development of influential personality. It is observed that all the five persons on influence score come from the age-group 50 years and above. 11.11. Besides, there are females and non-Hindus also who command respect in the town but they are not included in the table above as they scored less than 19. Very thin population of non-Hindus and the age-old practice of keeping the women folk away from the outside world have worked against its cases of insult to womenhood and caste riots are seldom reported in the town. 207 CHAPTER XII Leisure and recreation, Social participation" Social Awareness, Religion and crime Dumka being a small town has got very limited number of recreational centres. The commonest ~nd the most popular source of entertainment is cinema. There are two cinema halls--Gyanda Talkies in Babu Para and Sarojni Talkies on Bhagalpur road in the town. While the Gyanda talkies has been operating in the town since -1947, the Sarojni Talkies is comparatively a recent addition to the town complex which' has been in existence in the town for the last 18 years. Walls of both the cinema halls are brick-built but the roof construc tion of the halls is of C. 1. sheets. Sarojni Talkies is bigger both in respect of floor space and projec tion length. Total floor area covered in the Gyanda Talkies is 70' x 40' with projection length of 77' whereas floor space in the Sarojni Talkies is 80' x 50' with projection length of 85'. In both the halls mostly Hindi and occasionally Bengali films are shown in two shows daily from 6 P. M. to 9 P. M. and from 9 P. M. to 12 p. _M. On Sundays and holidays special matinee show from 3 P. M. to 6 P. M. i-s held in both the halls. On average 120 persons daily witness each show in both the halls. During the course of filling up the household 208 schedules it \\las noticed that most of the households prefer going to see a movie for recreation. 12.2. The Popular Club, an amateur dramatic club established in the year 1911 is another source of entertainment for the town people. Durjng 1968-69 this club staged one Bengali social drama- Matrighar, three Bengali historical dramas--SiraJu daulah, Shahjehan and Chandragupta and one Hindi social drama-Jhoka. Good number of people come to witness stage performance whenever the same ;s held. People from all walks of life willingly donate from the minimum of a rupee to rupees fifty one towards organising such pro grammes. The artists performlng such dramas are well remembered by the town people. 12.3. It was gathered during the field survey that circus parties do come in the town almost every year. Their shows draw large crowds both from within and outside the town. These shows provide good source of entertainment to the town people. III the year 1970, two circus parties had visited the town. While the Empire circus held its shows continuously for 20 days at Nehru Park in the town in the month of March, 1970, the Dipak circus organjsed its shows for 15 days at the same venue in the month of J-qW of the same year. The circus shows were largely attended and liked by the town people 12.4. Music confere-nces are occa~io~ally held in the town fur entertainment and enjoyJQ.e1:1t. ODe' 209 music conference was held in the town on 25th April, 1971 in aid of Santhal Parganas Women's College, Dumka. Many of the well known artists of India had participated in this programme. Some of the famous names are mentioned below : (1) Ustad Bismillah Khan (Shahnai) (2) Ustad Karmtullah Khan (Tabla) (3) Kumari Parween Sultana (Classical Vocal) (4) Smt. Girja Devi (Classical Vocal) (5) Sri & Smt. Pawar (Dance) (6) Sri V. G. Yog (Violin) This music conference was so successful that it is still remembered by' the town people. The music programme starting from 8 P. M. came to an end at about 5 A. M. the next day. It was organised in the big Gandhi Maidan at Dumka, and was by and large attended by everyone in the town. 12.5. Sports activities do not provide much scope of entertainment to the town people as they are very few in number. Among all the games and sports football provides the maximum opportunity of recreation and enjoyme!1t in the town. Tpis game attracts most of the people and is played in the town throughout the year by young boy~. Only. recently the game. of cri({ke.t has been started by S, P. CollegO' Dumka Cricket Club. But 210 the game of cricket is not yet popular with most of the people in the town. Hockey does provide some entertainment to the town people. This game is usually played in S. P. College ground and Police Line ground. But this game also is yet to get favourable response from the public. Annue.! sports held in the town on the occasion of Hizla mela at Hizla ground. There are five play grounds in the town, viz., Police Line ground, S.P. College ground, Zila School ground, Hizla ground and Gandhi Maidan. 12.6. Other important recreational and cultural centres in the town are the Nehru Park in the court compound, the State library at club road, the Dumka club at club road, and the New club near the bus stand. The town had a Town Hall long back but now the same has been converted into Poly technic School. As a result the only meeting place in the town is Nehru Park which has got only open space with a platform made of bricks and. cement. The clubs and the Hbrary with their limited re sources have got limited memberships. The com mon people usually moving here and there in the town and their sitting in groups in tea stalls and gossiping on the roadside are the ways of their en tertainment and enjoyment. 12.7. Newspapers and journals have much to do in arousing social consciousness among the m'$~~. Thc-.l\uij1ber of ~~e of the newspap'ers and 211 journals shows the extent of social awareness and consciousness. In this regard, Dumka does not lag behind. A number of newspapers and journals are brought in the town and read and relished by the town people. The table given below shows the num ber of newspapers and journals read in the town: TABLE No. 12.1 Newspapers, Journals and periodicals by type in circulation in Dmnka town Place from SI. Name Language where Kind of No. published circulation 1 2 3 4 5 1. Yugantar Bengali Calcutta Daily 2. Anand Bazar Bengali Calcutta Daily 3. The Amrita Bazar Patrika English Calcutta Daily 4. Indian Nation English Patna Daily 5. The Searchlight Englislt Patna Daily 6. The Statesman Englislt Calcutta Daily 7. The Times of India English Delhi Daily 8. Pradeep Hindi Patna Daily 9. ATyavart Hindi Patna Daily 10. Nav Bharat Times Hindi Delhi Daily 11. Basumati Bengali Calcutta Daily 12. Deshi Bengali Calcutta Week1y 13. Blitz English/flindi Bombay Weekly 14. Dinman Hindi Delhi Weekly 15. Illustrated Weekly English Delhi Weekly 16. Panchjanya Hindi Delhi Weekly 17. Hindustan Hindi Delhi Weekly 18. Dharmayug Hindi Bombay Weekly 19. Filmfare English Bombay Fortnightly 20. Competition Master English Ambala Calltt. Monthly 21. Chitrashala Hindi Bon1bay ?YJo.nt~ly 212 12.8. Though Dumka is a small town not con nected by rail, still a good number of newspapers and magazines are read in the to\\ n. From the report of newspaper agents it appears)hat the sale of dailies has almost doubled during the last two years. 12.9. During the course of survey of the house holds under sample study it \\-as observed that most of the persons in the households used to spend their leisure time in their households themselves relaxing and enjoying with their family members. Visiting cinema, going to circus or visiting any socio-religious function also become family affairs. Usually, people \\-ere found to be going to such places in groups of family members or neigh bourers. Gossiping among groups of women from neighbourhood is a good pastime for women in the town. While gossiping some of the women were found doing knitting or embroidery works as well. Men also gossip in groups during evening time at places fixed for the purpose in their locality. The economically well-off families were found to be members ot the clubs in the town. But even in these clubs only the male members of the families go daily. Only on special occasions females visit these clubs. Some of the students and old persons were found visiting library daily. 12.10. Dumka has a preponderance of Hindu population followed by Muslims, Christians and Sikhs. The town has got a number of temples, 213 mosques and a few churches where people according to their faith congregate daily, weekly or on some festive occasions. Mosques on Fridays and churches on Sundays are well visited by the people in a large number. During Hindu religious festivals specially at Dushahara, J anmastmi, Basan t Panchmi and Shiv ratri the temples are well decorated and a large number of devotees from neighbouring rural areas also come to visit these temples. Among the im portant temples of the town are the Satyanarain Mandir, Thakurbari and Dharma asthan temple. Mosques for Muslims and Churches for Christians are the important places of worship. Details of some important religious institutions of the town have been given in the foregoing paras. Table No. 12.2 Religious activities and other festivals in the town Month Fesevals and ceremonies March-April 1. Ram Navami, 2. Chhatha May-June 1. Ganga Dushahra July.August 1. RakSha Bandhan, 2. Nag Panchmi August-September 1. Janmastmi, 2. Anant September-October 1. Durga Puja, 2. Jitia October-November 1. Diwali, 2. Bhai Duja, 3. Chhatha December-January 1. Christmas, 2. New Year's Day January-February 1. Basant Panchmi. 2. Makar Sankranti February-March 1. HoE, 2. Shiva Ratri. 12.11. Shiva Pahar temple: Dedicated to Lord Mahadeva and Goddess Parwati, this temple is located in mohalla Karhar, Bill on Pakur road. 21~_ The Shiva temple is said to had been built by one Sri Greec Babu, the Zamindar of Rasikpore village. The legend is that during his sleep he heard somebody saying that he would win his case if he built 3 temple in the name of Lord Shiva. The Zamindar won the case and the temple came into existence some 100 years ago. The temple of Goddess Parwati was constructed later on by one Sri Thakur Shah of Dumka town. Another temple of Pai'wati was built by one Sri Kishun Shah of the to\\ln about 50 years later. 12.12. Besides idols of Lord Mahadeva and Goddess Parwati, the idols of Goddes 12.13. The present Pujari of the Shiva temple Shri Shankar Pathak belongs to the second genera tion of his cIano His father Shri Bechan Pathak had migrated to this place from Azamgarh in Uttar Pradesh. After retirement from Police service, he came to Dumka and was appointed by the then Zamindar of Rasikpore to look after the temple. During Zamindari period, the entire expenditure of 215 the temple was borne by the Zamindar, but after the abolition of Zamindari, the maintenance is done through dona.tion and the repair work by some devotees according to their will. The attendance of devotees is thin and therefore the income of the temple is also low. Shri Shankar Pathak, the present Pujari manages his famiey expenditures by way of private tution. 12.14. Shivaratri l11.ela, Ramna'lami, Ka/ipuja and Jhulan are observed in the temple. There is a Shiva Ratri committee to collect funds for the main tenance of Shiva Ratti mela. A Ramnavami process ion is arranged during Ramnavami puja for the main bazar only. In the month of Shravan the function of Jhulan is arranged for the last five days 01 the month. From a few years, the Kamarias also visit the Shiva temple and their number is said to be increasing day by day. They fetch water from the Ganga river from Sultanganj and come on foot to offer the holy water to the Lord Shiva temple. 12.15 Durga Mandir: Constructed by the Ghatwal Raja, this temple is said to be very old and is situated on the Hospital Road. Formerly it was in shape of a hutment wherein resided the dt 216 12.16 When Dumka attained the status of a town the present building was constructed through donation. The then priest of Ghatwals, however, left the temple a5 Shri Shankar Swami, a Sanyasi from Badrinarayan was deputed by the town people in his place to look after the temple. Installation of idols of Lord Krishna and Goddess Radha was done during his regime. A few Kathas of land of a Brahmin in southern periphery of the temple was purchased and added to the area of the temple. After the death of Swamiji, Shri Harbans Prasad Misra, the present pujari, was requested by the town people to serve the temple, who has been there for the last S(} years. The descendents of the original Ghatwals' priest still come to worship the temple during Durga puja. 12.17. The main source of income for the temple is its lands. Added to this is the amount offered by the worshippers in small coins. Occasionally hand fuls of corns are also brought to the temple by devotees. There is one "Durga Puja Committee" which collects funds on various ceremonialoccasi ons. The temple is affiliated with the Religious Trust Board, Bihar. 12.18. The main ceremonies observed in the temple are Jhulan which is performed for five days in the last days of Shravan, Janmashtmi observed on the eighth day of Bhado, Durga Puja falling on the tenth day of the second fortnight of Aswin, Kali 217 Puja arranged in the month of Kartik arid Saraswati Puja witnessed in the month of Magh. A number of goats are sacrificed on the eve of Durga Puja. 12.19. Satya Narain temple: Known by the name of Chhota Thakurbari, this temple is located on the Zila School Road. This temple is sa1.d to have been constructed by Hira Lal Himatsinghka of Seori. The present Pujari Shri Parmeshwar Pandey has been serving the temple for the last 45 years. He belongs to Shyam Bazar in Baunsi. This man had left his house in disgust and settled in Dumka. He was appointed by Hira Lal to look after the temple. He got married here at Dumka itself. He lives in a house constructed inside the temple premises. This was gifted to him by the owner Shri Hira La! Himatsinghka. 12.20. The main idols instaUecl in the temple are those of God Satya Narain and Goddess Lakshmi. Idols of Lord Krishna' and Goddess Radha can also be seen inside the temple. The Pujari offers Sarkari Puja daily jn the morning and evening. The local devotees also commute daily to the temple with water and 'Prasad' and offer them to the deities. The main source of income of the temple is the offeri.ngs made by the devotees both in cash and kind'). Th~ income is added by the amount realised as rent of two rooms constructed by the sides of the temple. The income of the 218 temple is, however, not sufficient to maintain the priest as also the structures raised around the temple. 12.21. Besides daily worship, the priest also observes the Satya Narain Puja on the last day of every Hindi month. Local people constitute the audiences and contribute coins at the time of 'Artj'. Jim/an is observed during the last five days of Srawan. The festival of 'Paswari Ma' is solemnised throughout the Kartik month. Starting from the first day of the month it is concluded on the Purnima day. 12.22. Sri 108 Ram Chandar Thakurbari : Also known as Bara Thakurbari, thi.s temple is located on the road bearing the same name. This temple is said to have been built from donation by the town people about 100 years ago. One Jairam Das, a Marwari Brahmin took initiative and collected funds for construction of the temple. After his death, his eldest son Shri Ghanshyam Das took the temple in his charge and there after his younger brother Shri Bhola Ram Das became the priest of the temple. As the income of the temple is not sufficient for his maintenance he got himself employed in the Bihar Rajya Transp01t Corpora tion to supplement his income. Although he is alive, but his eldest son Parmesh~.r Das performs the duty of worshipping the deities of the temple. 12.23. The main idols of the temples are those of Lord Rama, Lakshman and Goddess Sita. 219 Radha-Krishna's idols are also installed inside the temple. The main income of the temple is the bhent given by the devotees from time to time. Very recently the temple has been renovated by the donations made by the town people whose names have been engraved in the marble board affixed with the wall of the temple. 8 pillars of the inner sides of the temple have been removed-to make sufficient space. The outer verandah which had tin shading, has been mC',de pucca. The pujari lives by the side of the temple in his own house. He has donated the land behind the templ'e. The image of Goddess Sitla which was installed outside in the verandah has now been shifted to this land. 12.24. The ceremonies observed in the temple are Jhulan performed for five days in the last days of Srawan; Janmastami solemnised in the month of Bhado; Sarat Purnima by offering poridge made from milk and ghee to thakurjee "t midnight and Annakut in the month of Kartik Shivaratri and Ram Navami are also obsefved respectively in the months of Pha/gun and Chait every year. There is a committee to look after the affairs of the temple. As practice, every newly married couple first comes here to worship the idols and seek the blessing of the deities. 12.25. Dharmasthan : This 1S the most important temple of the town. Every day hund"cd and hundred people come to this temple in the evening just to 220 have a glimpse of Mother Kali and Lord Hanuman. They offer coins to the Pujari and in return receive 'Prasad' in the form of sweet water and also have 'Tilak' marked on their foreheads. Rs. 20 to 25 are daily collected through offerings made by the devotees. 12.26. There are different views regarding the origin of this temple .. According to the Pujari of the temple it was constructed by one Shri Sarowar Rai, a Ghatwal Raja of Mortanga village. Later on it came under the possession of Gr.ant estate who, after some time, deputed one barber to maintain the temple. Goats were sacrificed in a large number and theit heads were taken by the barber as offering to the temple. 12.27. Shri Suniti Kumar Sinha, a retired magis trate of Dumka, says that the temple was built by a Bengali barber to instal the idol of 'Dharmaraj' (Jamraj). Shri Niwaran Chandra Das, the last Pujari of the temple belonged to this family. The custom of sacrifice was closed with the effort of Shri Lambodar Mukerjee, an ex-M. L. A. of Bihar. He also motivated the Santals of the district not to accept christianity as their religion. 12.28. Another vi.ew is that the idol of Dhar maraj was brought from Kamrup by a "tantrik" . Riding a tree he flew with the idol from Kamrup and reached Dumka early in the morning. Seei~g the Ught in tite sk-y he desc.ended fPOIll the tree and 221 suddenly disappeared giving the idol to a barber who was sitting there at that time. The barber installed the image and made a hutment which sub sequently transformed into a temple of present shape. 12.29. The idols of Mahavirjee, Ganeshjee and Mother Kali had been installed about 30 years ago. Very recently, a 'Manas Mandir' has been construct ed where idol of 'Tulsee' has been installed. Navaratri Path on the eve of Romnavami is arranged where scholars are also invited from time to time. Recitals of the holy Ramayan is also done on this occasion. 12.30. The management of the temple arranges for 'Dharmaraj Mela' in the month of Jeystha on Purnima; Ramnavami Puja in the month of Chait; Kali Puja in the month of Kartik and Jhu/an in the month of Srawan. Kirtan is also arranged oftenly The main income of the temple comes from the offerings made daily by the visitors and also from rooms of the temple put on rent. There is a commit tee known as "Dharmasthan Prabandh Samiti" to look after the temple. 12.31. Besides the above temples, there are a few others scattered throughout the town area and are attended only by the owner or the neighbouring people. Among such temples, there is one Shiva temple in Purana Dumka, Shiva Mandir in Dangal Para; Annapurna temple in Rasikpur and Radha Madhav temple in Kunihat Para. 222 12.32. For the Muslim population of the town, there are three mosques "'hich are managed by a committee known as 'Anjuman Islamia, Dunika. One is kno\\n as lama Masjid \\ hkh is situated in the heart of the town in front of the to",n thana; the second is Kumhar Para Masjidlocated in Kumhar Para mohalla while the third is in Dangal Para and is called Dangal Para Masjid in the name of the mohalla. All the mohammedans of the town cong regate at these religious places to observe their religious ceremonies and festivals. There is also a masjid in Dudhani, which is presently, outside the municipality. 12.33. Similarly there are three churches in the town area for the Christians. One is located at Bandarjori, the second is in the "backside of Gandhi Maidan near the munkipal office and the third is near the State library. 12.34. There are hardly any road accidents reported in the town a~ the heavy vehicular traffic is very little. This can be seen in the following table: TABLE No. 12.3 Road accident in Dumka town Year Nature of accident Number Remarks r------"----~ Fatal Non-Fatal Simple Nil 3 IncludiB, one animal 223 TABLE No. 12.3-concld. 1 2 3 4 5 1969 Simple 2 (Both 5 Including resulted one animal. in death) 1970 Sisnp\e 2 (90th 3 r~ttcd in death) 1971 Simple 1 (Resulted 4 in death) ---~-~---- - ~---~-~--- ...... ~-- -. It has been found that the town is very simple in respect of deviant behaviour. Accor. 224 CHAPTER XIII LINKAGES AND CONTINUA A look at the administrative map of the State of Bihar will show the position of the district of Santal Parganas lying on the south-eastern portion of the Bhagalpur Division. According to the last census held in 1971 the total population of the district is 3,186,908 with 1,627,014 males and 1,559,894 females. Accordingly, the sex-ratio (number of females per 1,000 males) of the district is 959 which is slightly higher than the State of Bihar's being 954. Rural-urban distribution of population in the district is 3,003,331 (l,526,648 males and 1,476,683 females) and 183,577 (100,366 males and 83,211 females) respectively. The percentage of total urban population distributed in the 11 towns of the district comes to 5.76 only. Further, it is observed that the percentage of female population jn towns is lower than in the rural areas. This is because of the fact that many of the service holders in the towns leave their families behind at their respective homes in the villages. 13.2. The district extends over an area of 14,129 sq. kilometres. The density of population is 226 persons per sq. km. There are 10,225 inhabited villages and 11 towns in the district meaning there by one town for every 929 villages in the district. 225 One special feature of the district is that the percen tage of tribal popUlation (scheduled tribes) in the district is much higher than the percenta ge of the total scheduled castes population. The total popUla tion of the scheduled castes in the district comes to 7.19 per cent while it is 36.22 per cent in case of tribal people. Of the total population of the district 32.69 per cent are workers and 15.9 are literate according to the 1971 Census. 13.3. Before the British came here, the district of Santal Parganas was full of jungles and uncultiv able lands. Indigenous pastoral stage was visible. But the Santals knew the art of rotating cultivat!on (jhum cultivation) which they used to practise without the help of cattle by way of burning the patches of lands and scattering a few seeds on the ashes. They used to support their economy by hunt ing also. But when the British came, they encour aged the natives for proper cultivation. As a result, the people started keeping poultry, pigs and animals for agriculture. The construction of roads lead the people going to tea gardens and encouraged them to adopt different means for livelihood. This influenced their living habits and brought significant changes. 13.4. Development of communication plays an important role in giving shape for a particular region. With the development of road communi cation, a few industrial setups \\ere established in the disttict. This led to certain changes in the socio economic structure of the district. As mentioned 226 earlier the entire district of Santal Parganas was full of hills, forests and undulating lands, the then administrators were feeling it difficult to run the administration smoothly and develop the region rapidly. For the purpose a good number of roads were constructed connecting the district with other places. Later on rail lines "",ere also spread in the district. The process is still continuing and it is planned to connect the district headquarters Dumka, which is still not on rail head, ",ith the other places in the district and the State. 13.5. At present, though a number of big and small scale industries are functioning in the district, cultivation still is the main occupation in which 85 per cent of the total population of the district is engaged. According to 1971 Census, only 14.14 per cent of the total working force is found to be engaged in other works than agriculture. Indi genous methods of cultivation are still used and the backwardness and poverty still prevai 1 among the people. 13.6. After 1947, the year of independence, the government took steps to better the lot of poor and the down trodden in the district. As a result, persons belonging to scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backward classes were provided free education and reservation in services. Under the Tribal Welfare Scheme, several poor people from among tribals were given lands for cultivation and 227 living. Besides, the Christian Missionaries also gave help to the poor and needy for their socio~ economic development. Some other voluntary social service organisations like Shri Ram Krishna Ashram, Gandhi Smarak Nidhi, Harijan Se\\ 229 Villagers also come to the town for seeing movie or circus. The town has got road connections with all the other ten towns in the district of Santal Parganas. Being the district headquarters, people from Jamtara, Mihijam, Deoghar, Jasidih, Madhupur, Godda, Sahibganj, Rajmahal, Barharwa and Pakur visit the town for official purposes. People from Deoghar, Jasidih and Jamtara visit this town for business purposes also. Besides, officials and business personnels of Calcutta and Patna visit this town for official and business purposes. Bhagalpur, the nearest city whh popula tion of more than 1 lakh is 115 Km. away from this town. The town has got both business and official connection with Bhagalpur, it being the district of Bhagalpur Commissionery. 13.l0. The town has got socio-economic connec tions with villages around it. People from nearby villages come to purchase articles of daily use from markets at Dumka. Theyalso come to sell their articles such as milk, green vegetables, cowdung cakes and fruits such as jamun, etc., in the town. Many of the students from the nearby villages come to study in the high school or the college of the town. Further, most of the daily wage earners in ,he town come from these villages. They work in the town for the whole day and get back to their respective vHlages in the evening. 13.11. The table given on next page depicts some of. the basic characteristics of a few villages lying 230 -'" ....." N..... OlD ..... Mr--...... 00 ..... - M o- 231 close to Dumka town and studied during the course of investigation. 13.12. The table given on preceding page shows that except village Rasikpur which is adjacent to the town none of the villages ha s undergone urbanisation. The'demographic charac ter of all other villages is almost same with slight variation in the size of the popul[lJion. This population variation has its visible effect on the colour and texture of the population. But in village Rasikpur, the colour has changed. Literacy rate is found to be very high in comparison to other villages. Further, the density of the population is quite high in comparison to the other villages of the area. But it is observed in the table that the population of workers in all the villages is almost similar. Even in village Rasikpur the population of workers comes to 32.95 per cent which is almost equal to the district percentage of the popUlation of workers. Therefore, it can well be said that the characteristics of the vmages specially studied are identical to those of other villages in the district or other villages surrounding the town. The density of population in all these villages is more or less the same. In all the villages the maximum number of workers belong to the category of cultivators or agricultural labourers indicating thereby minimum change in the socio-economic structure of villages. 13.13. The socio-cultural web of villages lying adjacent to the Dumka town has not changed remark- 232 ably because the town itself has not undergone any appreciable socio-economic transformation. However, in the case of. villages lying very close to the town such as Rasikpur, Dudhani, Sarua and Gidhani Pahari the impact of urbanisation can be felt. These villages f8.11 in the line with rural-urban continua. The hypothesis that villages with high urban influence will tend to have larger population and greater densH y of population as compared to the other villages of the region. Ratio of house holds to census houses and higher level of literacy hold good in case of these villages. It will appear from Table No. 13.1 that population, number of households and Ii.teracy in these four villages are higher than those of the other eight villages. Further, the number of commuters to Dumka town from these villages is more than those from other villages. These villages have permanent shops selling grocery and other essential commodities, more land under homestead and electricity. During field investigation jt w,",_s found that use of coal was more prevalent in these four villages than the other eight villages. 233 CHAPTER XIV RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION Dumka is a small town situated against the backdrop of hills in the district of Santa] Parganas. Like most of the towns of Bihar Dumka is not very modern or sop his tic ate d but not devoid of modern civic amenities. The town got a munici· patity in the year 1902. Tapped water·supply came in use only in the year 1960. The State government started supplying electricity in the town from the year 1954. Seventy years have passed since the town had attained the municipal status. But it has not been able to change itself to any appreciable extent. 14.2. There h~,s not been much of planning which has resulted in the lopsided gro~th of the town. The street pattern as also lanes and bylanes are unplanned. Commerci~J and residential areas are inter·locked together whereas administr(;l.tive and educational institutions are scattered throughout the town. The amenities for recreation and entertainment, though inadequate, are in areas close to residential or commercial centre. The two cinema h(;l.lls in the to\\-n are situated in the residential areas of the town. 14.3. The geographical location of Dumka has also contributed to some extent to its retarded growth. It has not been possible yet to connect this town 234 with other places of the district and the State by rail because of the hilly terrais and very limited potentialities of growth. The nearest railway station to the town is located at a distance of 65 Km. This has kept the pace of development very low and no industry and industrial complex could be developed in the area so far. The area is also devoid of any mines and minerals. 14.4. The economic development has not kept pace with urbanisation in this town. A cogent reason for this is that the urbanisation in its present form is not the result of industrialisation. As the town has been the district headquarters of Santal Parganas for more than a century, it has developed into a service-cum-commercial town. There are some establishment s that make wooden furniture and these are supplied to Calcutta and Asansol. But this has not been developed into a full-fleged furniture making industry. 14.5. However, the social structure of the town is congenial to the needs of the society. The gulf among different castes with regard to the social activities has almost vanished. Though inter-caste or inter-community marriages are very rare, people of various castes and communities live in harmony and participate in each others functions. There are no defined areas in the town specifically allotted to or jnhabited by a particular caste or community. People are free to purchase land and build houses in any part of the town they want to live in. 235 14.6. Political consciousness needed for the present web of social structure is yet to be achieved by the people at large. People are very much aware of the socio-economic and political transformations taking place in the country but they have yet to bring about such changes in the town. 14.7. Whatever urbanisation has taken place in Dumka it has not so far affected its social stratifica tion. Castew;se clusters are still found in the town. Names of certain localities like Teli Para, Kewat Para, Napit Para, etc., are after particular castes. These localities are mostly i.nhabited by people from the specific castes which the names of the localities denote. Certainly some improvement is taking place but the process is very slow. The urban characteristics marked with its modern touches are yet to be seen in Dumka. It may be due to the lack of industrial growth and geographical location of the town. 14.8. Territorial and social mob\Hty have gained momentum in recent years. Specially among Santals change of place, occupation and religion was reported in some cases of Santal families. Still the process of social mobility is not perceptible to a large extent. However, in many cases people were found moving from one occupation to another. 14.9. With the increase in urbanisation there is an increase in people's participation in various socip,l and cultur.al persuits. A number of sport clubs, 236 Kirtan Mandlis and welfare societies have come up recently in the town. Also, participation of people in political and social activities has increased. Sodal awareness and sense of responsibility have also i.!lcreased among the people. Active participation by the people without much difference of caste and creed can be observed during social and cultural gatherings. The socio-cultural gap is being reduced by the process of urbanisation taking place in the town. 237 l.ist of Agents for the sale of Government of India Publications as on 25-11 -76 SerIal Name of the Party Cat. of No. Agents 2 3 AGRA 1. National Book House, Jeoni Mandi (Reg.) 2. Wedhwa & Co., 45, Civil Lines .. (Reg.) 3. Barwari Lal Jain, Publishers, Moti Katra · . (Rest.) 4. Asa Ram Baldev Das & Sons, Bagb MuzaJfarpur (Rest.) 5. Jeevan Book Depot, Raja Mandi .. (Rest.) AHMEDABAD 6. Balgovind Booksellers, Gandhi Road ., (Rest.) 7. Chandra Kant Chi man Lal VOra, 57-2, Gandhi Road, P. B. No. 163 · . (Reg.) 8. New order Book Co., Gandhi Road, Ellis Bridge · . (Reg.) 9. sastu Kitab Ghar, Near Relief Talklies Patthar Kava Relief Road .. (Reg.) 10. Gujarat Law House, New Municipal Swimming Bath (Rest.) 11. Mahajan Bros., Supper Market Basement Ashram Road, Navrangpura (Rest.) 12. Himanshu Book Co., 10 Mission Market Near Gujarat College (Rest.) 13. Academic Book Centre, Bisket Gali (Rest.) 14. Dinesh Book House, Madalpur (Rest.) AHMEDNAGAR 15. V. T. JotWekar Prop. Rama General Stores Navi Path ., (Rest.) AJMER 16. Book Land, 663, Madar Gate (B.c •.) 17. Rajputana Book House, Station Road (Rea.) List of Agents for the sale of Government of India Publications as on 25-11-76-contd. Serial Name of the Party Cat. of No. Agents 2 3 ALIGARH 18. Friend's Book House, Muslim University Market (Reg.) 19. New Kitab Ghar, Mill Market · . (Rest.) 20. ShaHg Ram & Sons, 12, Madar Gate (Rest.) ALLAHABAD 21. Kitabistan, 17-A, Kamla Nehru Road (Reg.) 22. Law Book Co., Sardar Patel Marg, P. B. 4 (Reg.) 23. Ram Narain Lal Beni Madho, 2-A, Katra Road (Reg.) 24. Universal Book Co., 20 M. G. Road (Reg.) 25. University Book Agency (of Lahore) Elgin Road .. (Reg.) AURANGABAD 26. Marathwada Book Distributors, Aurangabad · . (Rest.) ALLAHABAD 27. Bharat Law House, 15 Mahatma Gandhi Marg .. (Rest.) 28. Chandra lock Prakashan, 73, Darbhanga Colony (Rest.) 29. Ram Narain Lal BeniPd. 2/A, Katra Road (Rest.) 30. SIS A. H. Wheeler & Co., Pvt. Ltd., City Book Shop (Rest.) 31. New Book House, 32 Tashkant Road .. (Reg.) 32. Law Publishers, Sardar Patel Marg (Rest.) AMBALA CANTT 33. English Book Depot, Ambala Cantt. .. (Reg.) AMRITSAR 34. Amar Nath & Sons, Near P. O. Majith Mandi (Reg.) 35. Law Book Agency, G. T. Road, Putligal'h (Reg.) 36. The Book Lovers, Retrent, Hall Bazar (Reg.) ANAND 37. Vijaya Stores, Station Road · . (Rest.) 11 List of Agents for the sale of Government of India Publications as on 25-11-76-contd. Serial Name of the Party Cat. of No. Agents 2 3 BALLABGARH 38. Om Trade Well, Unchagaon Gate .. (Rest.) BADEOGHAR 39. Bhakat Brothers, S. B. Raoy Road .. (Rest.) HANGALORE 40. Bangalore Ptg. & Publishing Co., Pvt. Ltd., 88, Mysore Road, P. O. B. No. 1801 .. (Reg.) 41. International Book House, P. Ltd., 4 F, M. G. Road .. (Reg.) 42. M. P. P. House, 811st Cross Gandhinagar .. (Reg.) 43. Balajee Book Co., No.2, East Tank Bank Road, Ramakrishnapura ., (Rest.) 44. S. S. Book Emporium, 118, Mount Joy Road, Hanumant Nagar .. (Reg.) 45. Standard Book Depot, Avenue Road .• (Reg.) .<16. Vichara Sahitya Ltd., Balepet .. (Reg.) 41. Atma Stores, 5th Cross Malleswaram ., (Rest.) 48. Coming Man, Residency Road, Banga\ore . . (Rest.) BANSDRONI 49. SIS Manoj Book Comer, B-20, Niranjan Pally, 24, Paraganas ., (Reg.) BAREILLY 50. Agarwal Bros., Bara Bazar (Reg.) 51. Pathak Pustak Bhawan, Ram Narain Park .. (Rest.) BARODA 52. New Medical Book House, 540, Madenzampa Road (Rest.) 53. Chandrakant Mohan Lal Shah Gaini Ambegaokcr Wada, Raopura ., (Rest.) iii List of Agents for the sale of Govel'DDlent of India Publications as on 25-11-76-contd. Serial Name of the Party Cat. of No. Agents 1 2 3 BHAGALPUR 54. Paper Stationery Stores, D. N. Sing Road .. (Reg.) BARODA 55. Baroda Productivity Council (Book Div.) Baroda .. (Rest.) 56. Hemdip Agencies, Madanzampa Road .. (Rest.) ANANTAPUR 57. Shri Vani Stores, Kamala Nagar .. (Rest.) BHOPAL 58. Lyall Book Depot, Moh. Din. Bldg. Sultania Road .. (Reg.) 59. Bhopal Sahitya Sadan, Publishers, Booksellers & Stationers, 37, Lalwani Press Road .. (Rest.) BHUBANESHWAR 60. Prabhat K. MahapatJa, Bhubaneshwar Marg .. (Reg.) BHAVANAGAR 61. Shah Parsot"m Dass Gigabhai, M. G. Road .. (Rest.) BHOPAL 62. Bolpur Pustakalaya, Rabindra Sarai, P. O. Bolpur, Birbhum (W. R.) .. (Rest.) BIJAPUR 63. Sh. D. V. Deshpane, Recognised Law Book-sellers prop., Vinod Book Depot, Near Shiral-shetti Chowk .. (Rest.) BELGHARIA 64. Granthloka 5/1, Ambica Mukherji Road, 24 Parapnas Vi.B. , . (Rest.) iv List of Agents for the sale of Government of India Publi~tions as on 25-11-7()-contd. Setial Name of the Party Cat. of No. Agents 2 3 BlKANER 65. Bhadaoi Bros., Goga Gate .. (Rest.) 66. Gadodia Pustak Bhandar, Fed Bazar .. (Rest.) BOMBAY 67. Charles Lambort & Co., 101 M. G. Road .. (Reg.) 68. Cooperators Book Depot, 5/32. Ahmed Sailor Building Dadar . . (Reg.) 69. Current Book House, Maruti Lane, Raghun:tth Dadaji Street .. (Reg.) 70. Current Technical Literature Co. P. Ltd., India House, 1st Floor .. (Reg.) 71. C. Jamnadas & Co., Booksellers, 146-C, Princess Street .. (Reg.) 72. International Book House Ltd., 9 Ash Lane, M. G. Road .. (Reg.) 73. Kothari Book Depot, King Edward Road ., (Reg.) 74. Lakhani Book Depot, Girgaun .. (Reg.) 75. Minerva Book Shop, 10, Kailash Darshan. 3rd Floor NavaChowk ., (Reg.) 76. N. M. Tripathi P. Ltd., Princess Street .. (Reg.) 77. Lok Vhangmaya Orilia Pvt. Ltd., 190/B, Khetwadi Main Road ., (Reg.) 78. World Literature, Pyare Singh Chug House Agra Road ., (Rest.) 79. 69-A, International Subscription Agency, Police Court Lane, Bombay-l 80. Swastik Sales Co .. Scientific & Technical Book-sellers P. B. 6007 (Rest.) 81. M. & J. Services, 2/-A, Bahri Building ., (Reg.) 82. Popular Book Depot, Lamington Road .. (Reg.) 83. Sunderdas Gian Chand, 601, Oirgaun R03.d. near PRnces Street (Re~.) v List of Agents for tbe sale of Gol'erDDlent of India Publications as on 2S-11-76-contd. Serial Name of tl)e Party Cat. of No. Agents 1 2 3 BOMBAYo-cone/d. 84. Thacker & Co., Rampart Row .. (Reg.) 85. All India Book Supply Co.• 342, Kalbodevi Road .. (Reg.) 86. Amalga Mated Press, 41, Hamalll Street .. (Reg.) 87. Asian Trading Co., 310, the Mirabalee P. M. 1505 (Rest.) 88. Secretary, Salestax Practioner Association Room No.8, Palton Road .. (Rest.) 89. Usha Book Depot, 585, Chira Bazar (Reg.) 90. SIS Taxation Publications B/22, Sea Gull Apartment, 4·A, Bhula Bhai Desai Road .. (Rest.) 91. Indian Book House Subscription Agency Dr. D. N. Road (Rest.) 92. Dhan Lal Brothers, S. Gandhi Road (Regular) 93. International Publications, P. B. 7170, Kurla ., (Rest.) 94. International Book Links, Marine Lines .. (Rest.) 95. Bhayani Book Depot, 150, Princess Street (Regular.) 96. National Book Centre, Tardeo Air Condition Market (Rest.) 97. Universal Book Corpn. Dhobi Talao ., (Rest.) 98. Subscribers Subscription Services, India 190, Bazar Gate Street .. (Rest.) CALCUTTA 99. CUrrent Literature Co., 208, M. G. Road .. (Rest.) 100. Dass Gupta & Co. Ltd .• 54/2, College Street .. (Reg.) 101. Firma K. L. Mukhopadhya, 6/1A, &nchharma Akrur Lane ., (Reg.) 102. Oxford Book Stationery Co., 17 Pa.rt Street .. (Reg.) 103. R. Chambrary & Co., Ltd., Kant House, P·33, Mission Row Extension .. (Reg.) 104. S. C. Sarkar & Sons P. Ltd., I. C. College (Reg.) 105. S. K. Labid & Co. Ltd., College Street (Reg.) . VI List of Agents for the sale of Government of India Publications as on 25-11-76~contd. Serial Name of the Party Cat. of No. Agents 2 3 CALCUTTA-Concld. 106. W. Newman & Co. Ltd .• 3 Old Court House Street (Reg.) 107. Indian Book Dist. Co., C-52, M. G. Road .. (Rest.) 108. K. K. Roy, 55, Gariahat Roa.d, P. B. No. 10210 (Rest.) 109. Manimlta, 123. Bow Baur Street .. (Reg.) 110. Modem Book Depot, 78, Chowringhee Centres .. (Reg.) 111. New Script, 172/3, Rash Behari Avenue .. (Reg.) 112. Mukherjee Library, I, Gopi Mohan Datta Lane .. (Rest.) 113. S. Bhattacharya & Co., 49, Dharamtalla Street .. (Rest.) 114. Scientific Book Agency, 103, Netliji Subhash Road .. (Rest.) 115. P. D. Upadhyay, 16, Munshi Sardaruddin Lane .. (Reg.) JJ6< Vnjyen1al &DkDist. 8/2,. H1.stings Street .. (Rest.) 117. N. M. Roy Chowdhury Co., P. Ltd., 72, M. G. Roa,d .. (Rest.) 118. Maoisha Grantha\aya P. Ltd., 4/3-B, Bankim Chatterji Street .. (Rest.) 119. Sushanta Kr. De. 32/C, Gopa.\ Bora\ Street (Rest.) 120. K. P. Bagchi, 286, B. B. Ganguli Street (Regular) 121. Overseas Publications, 14, Hare Street .. (Rest.) 122. A. G. Law Book Stall, 5/1-B, Gope Lane .. (Rest.) 123. Das Book Agency, 4, Seth Bagan Road .. (Rest.) 124. Book Corporation, 1, Mangoe Lane, Calcutta .. (Rest.) CHANDIGARH 125. Jain Law Agency Shop No.5, Sector 22-D .. (Reg.) 126. Mehta Bros., 1933, Sector 22-B .. (Reg.) 127. Rama News Agency, Booksellers, Sector 22 .. (Reg.) 128. Universal Book Store, Sector 17-D .. (Reg.) 129. English Book Shop 34, Sector 22-D .. (Rest.) 130. Jain General House, Sector No. 70-72 (2), Sec-17-D .. (Reg.) 131. Jain & Co., 1165, Sector 18-C .. (Reg.) 132. Manik Book Shop, 70.n, 5, Sec. 17-D .. (Rest.) 133. N.win Book Agency, 80-82, Sec. 17-D .. (Rest.) 134. Chandigarh Law House, 1002, Sec. 22·B .. (Rest.) vii List of Agents for the sale of Government of India Publications as on 25-11-76-contd. Serial Name of the Party Cat. Of No. .Agents 2 3 CALICUT 135. Touring Book Stall, Court Road · . (Rest.) CUTTACK 1l6. Cuttack Law Times, Cuttack (Reg.) 137. D. P. Soor & Sons. Manglabad ., (Rest.) 138. New Students Store · . (Rest.) COIMBATORE 139. Marry Martin, 9/79, Gokha\o Street .. (Reg.) 140. Dina Mani Stores, 8/1, Old Post Office Road ., (Rest.) 141. Continental Agencies, 4-A, Sakti Vihar · . (Rest.) 142. Radha Mani Stores, 6O·A, Raja Street (Rest.) DEHRADUN 143. Blshan S ngh & Mahendra Pal Singh, 318. Chukhu- wala · . (Reg.) 144. Jugal Ktshore & Co., Rajpur Road · . (Reg.) 145. National News Agency, Paltan Bazar (~g.) 146. Sant Singh & Sons, 28, Rarna Market · . (Rest.) 147. Untvers:ll Boo!, House, 39A, Rajpur Road ., (Rest.) 148. Natraj Publishers, 52, Rajpur Road · . (Reg.) DELHI 149. Atma Ram & Sons, Kashmere Gate · . (Reg.) 150. Bahri Bros .. 243, Lajpat Rai Market · . (Reg.) 151. Bawa Harktshan Dass Dedi (Vijaya General Agency Delhi Ahata Kedara Chama\\ian Road (Reg.) 152. Bookwells, 85, Sant Narankari Colony, P. B. 1565. Delhi· 110009 · . (Reg.) 153. Dhanwant Medical & Law Book House, 1522 Lajpat Rai Market · . (Reg.) viii List of Agents for the sale of Government of India Publications as on 25-11-76-contd. Serial Name of the Party Cat. of ~r' Agents 2 3 DELID-Contd. 154. Federal Law Depot, Kashmere Gate .. (Re~.) 155. Imperial Publishing Co., 3, Faiz Bazar, Daryaganj .. (Reg.) 156. Indian Army Book Depot, 3, Ansari Road DaryaS\\nj .. (Reg.) 157. J. M. Jaina & Bros., Mori Gate .. (Reg.) 158. Kitab Mahal (Wholesale Division) P. Ltd., 28, Faiz Bazzar .. (Reg.) 159. K. L. Seth, Suppliers of Law Commercial & Technical Books, Shantinagar, Ganesbpura (Reg.) 160. Metropolition Book Co., I Faiz Bazar .. (Reg.) 161. Publication Centre, Subzi Mandi, Opp. Bida Mins .. (Reg.) 162. Sat Namin & Sons 2, Shivaji Stadium Jain Mandir Road. New Delhi .. (Reg.) 163. Universal Book & Stationery Co., 16, Netaji Subhas Marg .. (Reg.) 164. Universal Book Traders. 80, Gokhle Market (Reg.) 165. YOUDgnlaIl & Co., Nai Sarak .. (Reg.) 166. Amlf Hind Book Depot, Nai Sarll-k .. (Rest.) 167. All India Educational Supply Co., Sri Ram Buildings, Jawahar Nagar .. (Rest.) 168. B. Nath & Bros., 3808, Charkawalan (Chowri Bazar) .. (Rest.) 169. General Book Depot, 1691, Nai Sarak .. (Reg.) 170. Hindi Sahitya sansar, 1543, Nai Sarak (Rest.) 171. Law Literature House, 2646. Balim'lTan .. (Rest.) 112. Munshi Ram Manohar Lat, Oriental Booksellers & Publishers, P. B. No. 1165, Nai Sarak .. (Rest.) 113. Premier Book Co., Printers, Publishers & Book Sellers. NaiSarak " (Reg.) 174. Overseas Book Agency, 3810, David Street Darya Ganj 110006 " (Reg.) 175. Amir Book Depot, Nai Sarak .. (R~t.) 176. )tajpai &. Sons, Kasbmeri Qate (Rest.) ix List of Agents for the sale of Government of India Publications as on 25~11-76-contd. Serial Name of the Party Cat. of No. Agents 2 DELHI-Concld. 177. Saini Law Publishing Co., Daryaganj (Reg.) 178. Moti Lal Banarsi Dass, Bangalow Road, Jawahar Nagar .. (Reg.) 179. Sangam Book Depot, Main Market, Gupta Colony (Reg.) 180. Summer Bros., P. O. Birla Lines · . (Rest.) 181. University Book House, 15, U. B. Bangalow Roan, Jawahar Nagar · . (Rest.) 182. Om Law Book House, Civil Court Compound (Reg.) 183. Ashoka Book Agency, 2/29, Roop Nagar (Reg.) 184. Educational Book Agency (India) 5-0, Kamla Nagar (Rest.) 185. D. K. Book Organisation 74-0, Anand Nagar (Reg.) 186. Hindu!l.tan Book Agenc:es (India}, n·us Kawjar Nagar (Rest.) 187. Eagle Book Service. Ganeshpura (Rest.) 188. Krishna Law House, Tis Hazari (Regular) 189. Raj Book Agency, A-99, Shivpuri · . (Reg.) 190. Indian Documentation Service, Ansari Road (Rest.) 191. Kaushik Stationery, Padam Nagar (Rest.) 192. Standard Book Sellers, 402, Kucha (Chandni Chowk) Balaqi, Oariba Kalan (Reg.) 193. Modern Book Centre, Municipal F. No.8, Bangalow Marg, Delhi (Rest.) 194. Delhi Law House, Tis Hamri Court, Civil Wings (Rest.) 195. Capital Law House, Viswas Nagar, Shahdra · . (Rest.) DHANBAD 196. New Sketch Press, Post Box 26 .. (Rest.) DHARWAR 197. Bharat Book Depot & Prakashan, Subhas Road (Rest.) 198. Akalwadi Book Depot, Vijay Road (Rest.) x List of Agents for the sale of Government of India Publications as on 25-11-76-contd. Serial Name of the Party Cat. of No. Agents 2 3 ERNAKULAM 199. Pai & Co., Broadway .. (Rest.) ERODE 200. Kumaran Book Del'ot · . (Rest.) FEROZEPUR CANTT. 201. English Book Depot, 78, Jhoke Road .. (Reg. ) GAUHATI 202. United Publishers, Pan Blzar, Miin Roa:! (Rest.) 203. Ashok Publishing House, Murlidhar Sharml Road .. (Rest.) GAYA 204. Sahitya Sadan, Gautam Budha Marg (Regular) 205. Bookmans, Nagmatia Garrage, Swarajpuri Road · . (Rest.) GOA 206. Singhal's Book House, P. O. B. No. 70, Near the Church · . (Rest.) GURGAON 201. Prabhu Book Service, Nai Subzi Mandl . . (Rest.) GUNTUR 208. Boo~< Lovers P. Ltd., Arundelpet, Chowrasta .. (Reg.) GWALIOR 209. Loyal Book Depot, Patankar Bazar Lashkar .. (Reg.) 210. Titer Bros, Sarafe · . (Rest.) 211. Anand Pustak Sadan, 32, Prem Nagar (Ke~uiar) 212. M. C. Dartari, Prop M. B. Jain & Bros. Book-sellers, Sarafa, Lashkar . , (Rest . Xl List of Agents for the sale of Govenunent of India Publications as on 25-11-76-contd. Serial Name of the:~a,rty Cat. of No •. Agents 1 2 3 GWALIOR-Concld. 213. Grover Law House, Nr. High Court Gah .. (Rest.) 214. Kitab Ghar. High Court Road .. (Rest.) 215. Adarash Pustak Sadan, 5/26, Bhau Ka Baz.u (Regular) GHAZIABAD 216. Jayana Book Agency, Outside S. D. Inter College, G. T. Road (Rest.) 217. S. Gupta, 342, Ram Nagar (Reg.) HYDERABAD 218. The Swaraj Book Depot, Lakdikapul (Reg.) 219. Bhasha Prakashan 22-5-69 Gharkaman . , (Rest.) 220. Book Syndicate, Deyka Mahal, Opp. Central Bank .. (Reg.) DEORIA Madanlal Radhakrishna, Deoria (U. P.) 221. " (Rest.) HYDERABAD 222. Labour Law Publications, 873, Sultan Bazar .. (Reg.) 223. Asia La',v House, Opp. High Court (Regular) 224. Book Links Corporation. Narayan-tgoda .. (Reg.) HAROWAR 225. Seva Kunj, Kanshal Bhawan Bra Ham;mri ., (Rest.) HATHRAS 226. Jain Book Depot, Rohtak Wala Nohra, Agea Road .. (Rest.) 227. Shri Ram Prakash Sharma, Hathras .. (Rest.) HUBLI 228. Pervaje's Book House, Station Road .. (Reg.) XU List of Agents for the sale of Government of India Publications as on 2S-11-76--contd. Serial N~ of the Party Cat. of No. Agents 2 3 INDORE 229. Wadhawa & Co., 27, Mahatma Gandhi Road (Reg.) 230. Madhya Pradesh Book Centre. 41, Ahilyapura (Rest.) 231. Modern Book House, Shiv Vilas Palace (Reg.) 232. Swamp Bros" Khajuri Bazar (Reg.) 233. Vinay Pustak Bhandar (Rest.) JAIPUR CITY 234. Bharat Law House, Booksellers & Publishers Opp., Prem Prakash Cinema (Reg.) U'5. POQlltar Book.. UeQot, Challra. Ras.ta (~) 236. Vani Mandir, Swami Mansing Highway (Reg.) 237. Raj Book & Subs. Agency. 16, Nehru Bazar (Rest.) 238. Krishna Book Depot, Chaura Rasta (Rest.) 2]9. Best Book Co., S. M. S. Highway .. (Rest.) 240. Kishore Book Depot, Sardar Patel Marg (Reg.) 241. Rastogi Bros., Tripatia Bazar, Jaipur .. (Rest.) JAIPUR 242. India Book House, Fathhpurika Darwaza (Rest.) 243. Dominion Law Depot, Shah Bldg. S. M. Highway P. B. No. 23 (Rest.) 244. Pitaliya Pustak Bhandar. Mishra Rajajika Rasta .. (Rest.) 245. University Book House, Choura Rasta .. (R~st.) JAMMU TAWI 246. Rainas News Agency, Dak Bangalow " (Reg.) JAMSHEDPUR 247. Amar Kitab Ghar, Diagenal Road, P. B. No. 78 " (Reg.) 248. Gupta Stores, Dhatkidith (Reg.) . Xlll List of Agents for the sale of Government of India Publications as on 25-11-76-contd. Serial Name of the Party Cat. of No. Agents 2 3 JAMSHEDPUR-Concld. 249. Sanyal Bros., Booksellers & News Agents 26, Main • Road .. (Rest.) 250. Sokhey Trading Co., Diagonal Road .. (Rest.) JAMNAGAR 251. Swadeshi Vastu Bhandar, Ratnabai Masjid Road .. (Reg.) JEYPORE-7 252. Bhagbathi Pusta~ Bhandar, Main Road .. (Rest.) JHANSI 253. Universal Law House, 186, Chatldar Shekhar Azad .. (Rest.) JODHPUR 254. Chopra Bros., Tripolia Bazar . . (Reg.) 255. Dwarka Das Rathi, Wholesale Books & News Agents .. (Reg.) 256. Kitab Ghar, Sojati Gate . . (Reg.) 257. Rajasthan La v House, High Court Ro:\d .. (Rest.) JABALPUR 258. Modern Book House, 286, Jawa'larganj .. (Reg.) 259. Popular Law House, Nr. Omti P. O. .. (Rest.) 260. Paras Book Depot, 129, Cant. .. (Rest.) JULLUNDUR CITY 261. Ha'lOorina Bros., Main Gate ·. (Rest.) 262. University Publishers, Railway Road · . (Rest.) 263. Law Book Depot, Adda Ba;t;, G. T. Road · . (Rest.) JHUNJHUNU (RA) 264. Shashi Kumar Sharat Chandra .. (Reg.) XIV List of Agents for the sale of Government of India Publications as on 25-11-76-contd. Serial Name of the Party Cat. of No. Agents 2 3 KANPUR 265. Advam & Co., P. Bo'{ 100, The Mall .. (Reg.) 266. Sahitya Nlketan, Sharadhanand Park .. (Reg.) 267. Universal Book Stall, The Mall .. (Reg.) 268, Gandhi ShantI Pratlsthan Kendra, CivIl Lines (Rest.) 269. Law Book Emponum, 16/60, Civil Lmes " (Rest.) KAPSAN 270. Parkashan Parasaran, 1/90, Nandhar Nlwas Azad Marg .. (Reg.) KHURDA 271. Kitab Mahal. Kurda (Distt. Pun) " (Rest.) KOLHAPUR 272. Maharashtra Granth Bhandar. Mahadwar Road .. (Rest.) KUMTA 273. S. V. Kamat, Booksellers & Stationers (S. Kanura) . (Reg.) KURSEONG 274. Ashoke Bros., Darjeeling .. (Rest.) LUCKNOW 275. Balkrishana Book Co., B-12-A, Nirala Nagar (Reg.) 276. British Book Depot, 84, HazaratganJ (Reg.) 277. Eastern Book Co., 34, Lalbagh Road .• (Reg.) 278. Ram Advani HazaratganJ, P. B. 154 .. (Reg.) 279. Acquarium Supply Co., 213, Falzabad Road .. (Rest.) 280. Civil & Military Educational Stores, 106/B Sadar Bazar xv I.ist of Agents for the sale of Goverm.nent of India Publications as on 25-11-76-contd. Senal Name of the Party Cat. of No. Agents 2 3 LUDHIANA 281. Lyall Book Depot, Chaura Bazar .. (Reg.) 282. Mohindra Bros., Katchori Road (Rest.) 283. Nanda Stationery Bhandar, Pustak Bazar . . (Reg.) 284. The Pharmacy News. Pindi Street .. (Rest.) MADRAS 285. Account Test Institute, P. O. 760, Egmeregore .. (Reg.) 286. C. Subbiah Chetty & Co., 62, Big Street Triplicane .. (Reg.)- 287. K. Krishnamurty, Post Box 384 .. (Reg.) 288. P. Vardhachary & Co., 8, Linghi Chetty Street ,. (Reg.) 289. C. Sitaraman & Co., 33, Royapettach High Road . . (Reg.) 290. M. Sachechalan & Co., 14, Sankurama Chetty Street .. (Rest.) 291. Madras Book Agency, 42, Tirumangalam Road .. (Rest.) 292. The Rex Trading Co., P. B. 5049, llI, Pedariar Koil Street. .. (Rest.) 293. Mohan Pathippagam & Book Depot, 3, Pyecrafts Triplicane .. (Rest,) 294. Swamy Publishers, P. B. No. 2468 (Rest.) 295. Naresh Co., 3, Dr. Rangachari Rd. Mylapore (Rest.) 296. Sangam Publishers, 11, S. C. Street .. (Rest.) MANrPUR 297. P. C. Jain & Co., Imphal .. (Rest.) MANOALORE 298. K. Bhoja Rao & Co., Kodial Bail .. (Rest.) MADURAI 299. Ezbil Enterprises. 116, Palace Road .. (Rest.) MEERUT 300. Loyal Book Depot, Chhipi Tank .. (RtJ.) xvi List of Agents for the sale of Government of India Publications as on 2S-11-76-contd. Serial Name of the Party Cat. of No. Agents 1 2 3 MEERUT-Cundd. 301. Prakash Educational Stores, Subbhas Bazar ., (Reg.) 302. Bharat Educational Stores (Regd.) Chhipi Tank .. (Reg.) 303. Nand Traders, Tyagi Market .. (Rest.) MORADABAD 304. Rama Book Depot, Station Road .. (Rest.) MHOWCANTT. 305. Oxford Book Depot, Main Street .. (Rest.) MUZAFFAR NAGAR 306. B. S. Jain & Co., 71, Abupura .. (Reg.) 307. Gargya & Co., 139, O. New Market .. (Rest.) MUZAFFARPUR 308. Scientific &. Educational Supply Syndicate (Rest.) MYSORE 309. It. Venkataramiab &. Sons, Kr:shnagagendra Circle .. (Reg.) 310. People Book House, Opp., Jagan Mohan Place .. (Reg.) 311. Gceta Book House, New State Circle .. (Reg.) MANDSAUR 312. Nahata Bros. Booksellers & Stationers .. (Rest.) MUSSOURI 313. Hind Traders, N. A. A. Centre, Dick Road .. (Rest.) NAGPUR 314. Western Book Depot, Residency Road .. (Reg.) 315. The Executive Secretary, Mineral Industry .Association Mineral House, Near All India Radio Square .. (Rest.) xvii List of Agents for the sale of Government of India Publications as on 2S-11-76-contd. Serial Name of the Party Cat. of No. Agents 1 2 3 NAINITAL 316. Consal Book Depot, Bara Bazar .. (Reg.) NADIAD 317. R. S. Desai, Station Road . . (Rest.) NEW DELHI 318. Amrit Book Co., Connaught Circus (Reg,) 319. Bhawani & Sons, 8 P, Connaught Circus ., (Rei·) 320. Central News Agency, 23/90, Connaught Circus . . (Reg.) 321. English Book Stores, 7-L., Connaught Circus P. B. No. 328 (Reg.) 322. Jain Book Agency, Cj9, Prem House, Connaught Place ., (Reg.) 323. Jayana Book Depot, P. B. No. 2505, Karol Bagh (Reg.) 324. Luxmi Book Store, 72, Janapath, P. O. Bolf. 553 .. (Reg.) 325. Mehra Bros., 50·0, Kalkaji, New Delhi-19 .. (Reg.) 326. Navyuk Traders, Desh Bandhu Gupta Road, Dev Nagar .. (Reg.) 327. New Book Depot, Latest Books, Periodicals Sty., P. B, 96 Connaught Place .. (Reg.) 328. Oxford Book & Stationery Co., Scindia House (Reg.) 329. Peoples Publishing House (P) Ltd., Rani Jhansi Road .. (Reg.) 330. Ram Krishna & Sons (of Lahore) 16/B, Connaught Place .. (Reg.) 331. R. K. Publishers, 23 Beadonpura, Karol Bagh (Reg.) 332. Sharma Bros., 17, New Market, Moti Nagar · . (Reg.) 333. The Secretary, Indian Met. Society Lodi Road " (Reg.) 3~4. S,.m~ja Book Centre, 24/90, Connaught Place · . (Reg.) 335. United Book Agency, 29/1557, Naiwata, Karol Bagh .. (Reg.) 336. Hind Book House, 82, lanpath · . (Rei.) xviii List of Agents for the sale of Government of India Publications as on 25 .. 11-76-contd. Serial Name of the Party Cat. of No. Agents 1 2 3 NEW DELHI-cone/d. 337. Lakshmi Book Depot, 57, Ragarapura, Karol Bash · . (Rest.) 338. N. C. Kansil &. Co., 40, Model Basti, P. O. Karol Bagh, New Delhi (Rest.) 339. Ravindra Boole Agency, 40/50, Double Storey Lajpat Nagar .. (Reg.) 340. Sant Ram Booksellers, 16, New Municipal Market Lodi Colony (Rest.) 34l. Subhas Book Depot, Shop No. 111, Central Market, Srinivaspuri (Rest.) 342. The Secretary, Federation, of Association of Small Industry of Ind:a, 23·B/2, Rohtak Road · . (Rest.) 343. Educational & Commercial Agencies, 51151, Subhash Nagar .. (Rest.) 344. Delhi Book Company, MII2, Connaught Circus · . (Rest.) 345. Navrang, R. B· 7. Indurpuri (Rest.) 346. Commercial Contacts (India) Subhas Nagar (Rest.) 347. A Khosla & Co., Anand Niketan (Rest.) 348. Books India Corporation, New Rohtak Road (Regular) 349. S. Chand & Co., Pvt. Ltd., Ram Nagar (Rest.) 3S0. Globe Publications, C-33, Nizamudin East (Rest.) 351. Scientific Instruments Stores, A·355 New RajenJra Nagar · . (Rest.) 352. Jain Map & Book Agency, Karol Bagh (Reg.) 353. Hukam Chand & Sons, 3226, Ranjit Nagar (Rest,) 354. Star Publications Pvt. Ltd., 415-B, Asaf Ali Road (Rest.) 355. Indian Publications Trading Corporation A·7 Njza~uddin East ., (Rest.) 356. Sheel Trading Corporation, 5/5777, Sant Nari Oass Marg (Regular) 357. Supreme Trading CorQoration, Harrison Chamber CRest.) 358. Jain Bros. New Delhi · . (Rest.) xix List of Agents for the sale of Government of India Publications as on 25-11-76-contd. Cat. of Serial Name of the Party Agents No. 3 1 2 PALGHAT ., (Rest.) 359. Educational Supplies Depot, Sultanpet PATNA ., (Reg.) 360. Luxmi Trading Co., Padri Ki Haveli ., (Reg.) 361. J. N. Agarwal & Co., Padri Ki Haveli (Reg.) 362. Moti Lal Banarsi Dass & Co., Padri Ki HaveU .. ., (Rest.) 363. Today & Tomorrow, Ashok Rajpath 364. Books & Books, Ashok Rajpath ., (Rest.)