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The Biomechical Analysis of the Kinetics and Kinematics for Three Figure Skating Jumps

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The Biomechical Analysis of the Kinetics and Kinematics for Three Figure Skating Jumps Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 4-2001 The Biomechical Analysis of the Kinetics and Kinematics for Three Figure Skating Jumps Laura Blazok Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Health and Physical Education Commons, and the Sports Studies Commons Recommended Citation Blazok, Laura, "The Biomechical Analysis of the Kinetics and Kinematics for Three Figure Skating Jumps" (2001). Master's Theses. 3376. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/3376 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THEBIOMECIDCAL ANALYSIS OF THEKINETICS AND KINEMATICS FOR THREE FIGURE SKATING JUMPS by Laura Blazok A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillmentof the requirements forthe Degree of Master of Arts Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation WesternMichigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan April 2001 THEBIOMECHICAL ANALYSIS OF THEKINETICS AND KINEMATICS FOR THREE FIGURE SKATING JUMPS Laura Blazok, M.A. Western MichiganUniversity, 2001 The problem of thisinvestigation was to describe the kinetics and kinematics of three figure skating jumps: axel, double toe loop, and double loop. Specifically, the researcher investigated impact force, kinetic energy, and selected kinematic variables of female skaters during the landing phase of the three figure skating jumps. Kinetic energy and impact force were calculated during three phases of landing: Initial, Mid, and Final. Each of these phases represented a third of the time spent in landing each of the jumps. The kinematic variables measured during the landing phase of the jumps were vertical velocity, horizontal velocity, shoulder rotation, hip rotation, thigh/trunk angle, trunk inclination, and knee angle. The purpose of the study was to establish a better understanding of the stresses placed on a skater's body when executing jumps. It was intended that the analysis of figure skaters would provide evidence of strength and other physical attributes necessary to assure success in learning figure skating jumps. Results showed that the better jumpers experienced greater impact forcesand kinetic energy forall jumps and dissipated the impact force over a greater time when compared to the poorer jumpers. The lack of ability of the poorer jumpers to dissipate the forces over time resulted in a greater impact during a shorter time of the landing phase and probably was responsible for the poor form and falls that resulted. Similar shoulder and hip rotations were observed in all subjects. However, the better jumpers had a more upright trunk position during landing than the poorer jumpers. Copyright by Laura Blazok 2001 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my advisors, Dr. Mary Dawson and Dr. Roger Zabik. The personal interest that they took in my professional training over the past six years has strongly prepared me fora career in which I can educate individuals on the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle. I will be eternallygrateful for their guidance and support. I would also like to thank Dr. James Lewis fortaking the time to serve as a committee member. His editing and attention to detail helped to provide a well written manuscript. I would like to thank my fiance, James Sweet, whose prompting and support helped me to persevere during the final stages of this project. I cannot possibly begin to thank him for his patience and understanding during the years it took me to obtain my graduate degree. Finally, my parents, Rick and Cindy Blazok, deserve credit that is long overdue. I appreciate all the support and help they have given me through the years. Without my familyI would not be where I am today, and the person I am today. This manuscript is dedicated to them and shows the result of all of their hard work. Thanks for everything. Laura Blazok 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 LIST OF TABLES VI CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 Statement of the Problem ................................ 2 Delimitations ......................................... 2 Limitations . .. .. .. .. .. 3 Basic Assumptions . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 Research Hypotheses ................................... 3 Definitions ............................................ 4 II. REVIEWOF LITERATURE ................................ 6 Introduction . .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 Figure Skating Jumps ................................... 7 Axel ............................................. 7 Double Toe Loop .................................. 7 Double Loop Jump ................................. 8 Low Back Pain ......................................... 8 Back Biomechanics .................................... 9 Summary ............................................ 9 III. METHODS AND PROCEDURES ............................ 11 Introduction ........................................... 11 111 Table of Contents-Continued CHAPTER Subjects . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 Instrumentation . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 Data Collection Procedures .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 Site Set-up . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 Videotaping . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 Videotape Analysis .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 Research Design. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 IV. RESULTS................................................ 17 Introduction . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17 Characteristics of Subjects .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17 Linear Velocity. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 Axel . 18 Double Toe Loop . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 20 Double Loop Jump .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21 Velocity Summary.... .. .. .. .. .. .. 23 Kinetic Energy and Impact Force . .. .. .. .. 23 Kinetic Energy ..................................... 26 Impact Force.................. .................... 29 Joint Range of Motions .................................. 32 Shoulder and Hip Rotation ............................ 32 Lower Extremity Angles .............................. 34 Summary of Range of Motions 35 IV Table of Contents-Continued CHAPTER V. SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS . 37 Summary . 37 Findings . 3 8 Conclusions . 39 Recommendations . 40 APPENDICES A. Screening Questionnaire . 41 B. Consent Form . 43 C. Human Subjects Institutional Review Board Letter of Approval . 46 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 48 V LIST OF TABLES 1. Descriptive Statistics forVelocity Across Trials forthe Axel, Double Toe Loop, and Double Loop Jumps . 19 2. Mean Kinetic Energy During the Landing Phases for the Axel, Double Toe Loop, and Double Loop Figuring Skating Jumps . 24 3. Mean Impact Forces During the Landing Phases for the Axel, Double Toe Loop, and Double Loop Figuring Skating Jumps . 25 4. Average Joint Range of Motion and Position for the Axel, Double Toe Loop, and Double Loop Figure Skating Jumps' Landing Phase . 33 VI CHAPTERI INTRODUCTION Seventy percent of adult North Americans will be struck by a severe episode of low back pain at some point in their lifetimes(Micheli & McCarthy, 1998). Low back pain does not occur to just adults. Many young athletes are becoming susceptible to low back pain, and sometimes the pain is a sign of a major injury. One of the possible causes of this pain and of these injuries is excessive compression within the spinal column. Many young athletes who participate in activities where jumping is a major component expose themselves to these compression forces. It is during the landing phase that the spine is subjected to compressive stress with poor posture being a potential exacerbating variable. Few studies have examined the mechanics of athletes performing jumping skills in the landing phase. Currently, athletes are oftenrequired or encouraged to begin intense training and competition at a very young age. In activities where jumping occurs oftenthe low back is put under undue stress. Low back injuries or pain can end a promising career foryoung and old athletes engaged in jumping activities (Micheli & McCarthy, 1998). Therefore, it is important to know the stresses an athlete is subjected to during practice and competition that might be related to a futureinjury. With this knowledge preventative measures can be taken to decrease the risk of injury. Studies describing the mechanics of figureskating jumps may help prevent low back injuries in skaters. The kinematics and kinetics of figureskating jumps will provide valuable information concerningthe physical preparation and demands of the skater to learn and practice 2 jumps in a safemanner. Current literature on the biomechanics of figureskating jumps is limited. Due to the current interest and popularity of the sport of figure skating, information on the mechanics of figure skating jumps would be of benefitto the skater and the coach. Statement of the Problem The problem was to describe the kinetics and kinematics of three figure skating jumps: (1) single axel, (2) double toe loop, and (3) double loop jump. Specifically, the researcher investigated the impact force, kinetic energy, and posture of femaleskaters during the landing phase of the three different skating jumps. Delimitations The study was delimited to the following: 1. Four elite, female figure skaters from Southwestern Michigan, 18 to 25 years of age, volunteered to serve as the subjects forthis study. 2. Subjects
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