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Feral Horse Risk Assessment

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Feral Horse Risk Assessment Invasive animal risk assessment Biosecurity Queensland Agriculture Fisheries and Department of Pest animal risk assessment Feral horse Equus caballus Steve Csurhes, Gina Paroz and Anna Markula First published 2009 Updated 2016 © State of Queensland, 2016. The Queensland Government supports and encourages the dissemination and exchange of its information. The copyright in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia (CC BY) licence. You must keep intact the copyright notice and attribute the State of Queensland as the source of the publication. Note: Some content in this publication may have different licence terms as indicated. For more information on this licence visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0/au/deed.en" http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en Invasive animal risk assessment: Feral horse Equus caballus 2 Contents Summary 4 Introduction 5 Taxonomy 5 Description 6 Biology 7 Life history 7 Social organisation 7 Diet and feeding behaviour 8 Preferred habitat 8 Predators and diseases 10 History of introduction 10 Distribution and abundance 11 Australia 11 Queensland 11 Overseas 14 History as a pest overseas 15 Current impact in Australia and Queensland 16 Threat to human safety 20 Value as a resource 20 Conservation status 20 Potential distribution and impact in Queensland 21 Legislative restrictions 22 Numerical risk assessment using the ‘Bomford assessment’ 22 References 23 Attachment 26 Invasive animal risk assessment: Feral horse Equus caballus 3 Summary Domestic horses arrived in Australia with the First Fleet in 1788. The first record of escape or release was in 1804. Feral horses were first recognised as ‘pests’ in the 1860s. Currently, there may be more than 400 000 feral horses in Australia, with at least 100 000 in Queensland. It is unclear if numbers are increasing, or simply fluctuating in response to variable rainfall. Thousands are known to die during droughts. Feral horses compete for food with cattle, damage native plants and water holes within national parks and provide a potential reservoir for exotic diseases such as equine influenza. Their impact appears particularly significant during drought when large numbers congregate at drying water holes, competing for water with cattle and damaging refugia for native animals and plants. However, the total impact of feral horses in Queensland requires further study and quantification, since little data currently exists to guide decision making and prioritisation. While most feral horses in Queensland inhabit arid and semi-arid western and northern parts of the state, they can also persist in forest country along the east coast, including areas close to Brisbane. It is difficult to predict if the feral horse population in Queensland will increase in the future. On the one hand, the population has been expanding for the last 100 years and has probably had sufficient time to reach the land’s maximum carrying capacity in some parts of its total range. Supporting this hypothesis is the fact that, in some areas at least, the population appears to be fluctuating in response to rainfall. On the other hand, there seems to be potential for increased abundance in forested parts of central, eastern and south­ eastern Queensland, where numbers are currently patchy. Hence, the total negative impact of feral horses in Queensland might increase above current levels in favourable years, when widespread rainfall improves recruitment and avoids heavy losses caused by drought. Localised increases in impact seem most likely in forested areas in central, eastern and south-eastern Queensland. Controlling feral horses often generates significant animal welfare concerns and can be a complex issue. However, effective control options are available. Invasive animal risk assessment: Feral horse Equus caballus 4 Introduction Taxonomy Species: Equus caballus Linnaeus Common names: feral horse, brumby, wild horse Order: Perissodactyla Family: Equidae Related species: Equus africanus (African wild ass) Equus africanus asinus (donkey) Equus asinus (ass) Equus burchellii (Burchell’s zebra) Equus caballus przewalskii or E. ferus przewalskii (Przewalskii’s wild horse) Equus ferus (Tarpan horse) Equus grevyi (Grevy’s zebra) Equus hemionus (kulan) Equus kiang (kiang) Equus quagga (quagga) Equus zebra (mountain zebra) The modern horse was domesticated 2500–5000 years ago from its wild ancestors, including the Tarpan horse (Equus ferus) and Przewalskii’s horse (Equus caballus przewalskii), two species that are now extinct in the wild (Dobbie et al. 1993). The exact date of domestication is subject to debate and mitochondrial DNA analysis suggests that domestication may have occurred independently at multiple sites across the world (Pennisi 2001, cited in Walter 2002). Invasive animal risk assessment: Feral horse Equus caballus 5 Description Morphologically, feral horses are no different in general appearance to domestic horses. Both forms are variable, depending on breeding and origin of parent stock. Horses are large herbivores, with long, strong legs that are well adapted for long-distance travel in search of food and water. Average size is around 1.5 m head height and 1–1.6 m shoulder height. Average weight is 350–450 kg. Coat colour is variable, ranging from white, tan, brown, or black to patches of oranges and browns on white. Coat hairs are short and fine, growing longer in winter. The tail is relatively short but has long hairs that can reach the ground. There is also long hair along the neck (mane) and forehead (forelock). Long legs facilitate efficient travel across open grassy plains. Invasive animal risk assessment: Feral horse Equus caballus 6 Biology Life history Gestation period: average 336 days Young per birth: 1 Birth interval: 548 days Weaning: 274 days Sexual maturity: females 914 days, males 973 days Sexual activity: 20 years, oldest recorded 31 years Life span: oldest recorded 57 years. Average lifespan is 25–30 years (AnAge Database, undated; Groves, 1989; Wikipedia, 2009a) Both males and females can reproduce at an early age (18 months–3 years), but females do not physically mature until about four years of age, and males generally do not breed until they have achieved dominance at about five years of age. Females older than four years are referred to as ‘mares’, and non-castrated males older than four years are referred to as ‘stallions’. Infertility often occurs during the mare’s first oestrus; however, pregnancy rates subsequently exceed 90%. Foaling is generally in spring and summer. A new-born foal is kept in a quiet place and not introduced to the rest of the social group until it is nine days old. Foals are weaned gradually, sometimes not being fully dependent on solids until they are two years old, although this is unusual. A post-partum oestrus occurs in the female, with mares returning to heat 9–14 days after giving birth. Therefore, they may be pregnant and lactating at the same time, and breeding often occurs at the same time as foaling. Sex ratio is about even at birth, but male mortality is greater at all ages and adult sex ratio may be expected to be about 1:2 or more. The rate of twinning is very low. Feral horses in Australia produce on average one foal every two years (Dobbie et al. 1993; Groves, 1989; Wikipedia, 2009a). Social organisation Feral horses tend to form small social units, either in a harem, which consists of a dominant stallion, his mares and their offspring, or in a bachelor group, a group of one to three males comprising mainly two- to four-year-olds who have been forced out of their natal harem groups. Young females experiencing first oestrus are usually ignored by the dominant stallion and often leave their groups. Females may remain unattached for up to a year before forming a harem with a bachelor male or joining an existing harem. A female is likely to stay in the harem in which she first becomes pregnant. Mares may bond closely and participate in mutual grooming. The stallion is somewhat peripheral to the mare group and participates infrequently in grooming interactions, instead acting as the group’s buffer from the outside world. He is more Invasive animal risk assessment: Feral horse Equus caballus 7 alert than the mares, gets less sleep and is more nervous and restless even when grazing. He defends the herd against attack, generally fleeing last and nipping the rumps of lagging foals to make them keep up. He also defends the harem against other males. When the females have returned to the herd after dropping their foal, the stallion is especially active, driving them and attempting to mate when they come into oestrus. Other stallions are fiercely fought; the hind feet are used to lash out backwards, the incisors to slash, and they rear to strike with the forefeet. Small social groups tend to coalesce into large herds of 100 or more horses at watering points during drought. When groups come into close contact, stallions will posture and threaten other stallions. Interactions can sometimes escalate into fights and chases. Intergroup dominance hierarchies have often been observed at water sources, and more dominant groups will gain access before other groups. Feral horses are diurnal and crepuscular. They may seek out shade during the middle of the day (Dobbie et al. 1993; Groves, 1989; McCort, 1984). Harem groups, bachelor groups, and all-female groups usually occupy home ranges, with well-defined boundaries. In central Australia, feral horses have a home range of about 70 km², and horses in the Australian Alps are thought to have smaller home ranges of about 32 km². Horses resist being moved from their home area, for example during mustering (NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, 2003). For further information on social organisation and behavior of feral horses see McCort (1984). Diet and feeding behaviour Horses are non-ruminant herbivores.
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