Manifesto Reach for the future

A just economics The just society Ecological justice Securing justice globally Democratic justice 1. LABOUR’S TRAFFIC FAILURE UK traffic miles from 1950 to 2010 (page 7) Green Party 2001 400 billion

300 billion Reach for the future 1

200 billion Projected growth A just economics 2 2000 to 2010 – 17% Benefits of taxes 2 100 billion Source: DETR Spending to save 3 Localisation – taming the tiger 3 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

The just society 5 2. BRITAIN BOTTOM OF THE LEAGUE % Recycled waste per country (page 10) The right to a home 5 Learning for life 6 Aluminium cans 1998 Glass 1998 Steel 1998 Household 1993-98 100% Healing the NHS 6 Source: FoE 90% Getting around 7

80% Ecological justice 8 70% Safe food 8

60% A future for farming 9

50% A future for fishing 9

40% Energy and climate change 9 Pollution, waste and 30% resources 10

20% Living wild – justice for the natural world 11 10%

Securing justice globally 12 Switzerland Sweden Netherlands Norway Germany Finland Austria France UK Defending the peace 12 3. RICHER – BUT NO BETTER OFF Developing self-reliance 13 ISEW against GDP (UK) 1950-1996 (page 3) Asylum and migration 13 £10000

£9000 Democratic justice 14 £8000 GDP (Gross domestic product) per head Rehabilitation not 14 £7000 retribution

£6000 Dealing with drugs 14 £5000 A voice for all 15 £4000 ISEW (Index of sustainable economic welfare) per head Constituting Britain 16 £3000 1990 Pounds Sterling Rescuing Europe 16 £2000

£1000 Conclusion Inside back cover

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Source: Jackson, T. et. al. (1994) Centre for Environmental Strategy/New Economics Foundation Reach for the future

Right: Councillor Mike The Green Party is reaching for the future. We are Woodin, Principal Speaker. working to create a caring and secure society in Britain, at peace with itself and the world; a multicultural society, in harmony with nature, where justice underpins every aspect of national life.

We are already having an effect. Green Party policies that Left: Margaret Wright, were once marginal are becoming mainstream. Our Principal Speaker. rejection of road building is widely shared. The Government has begun to write off ‘third world’ debt. Nuclear power is seen as a threat, not an asset, and the reality of climate change is accepted. But there is still much to be done. Green Party – the growing force in British politics Successive governments have realised the necessity of our Green solutions. They have made speeches, issued white papers, and signed international treaties. Yet almost always, Right: Robin Harper, they have failed to act. Why? Because to put people and the Member of the Scottish planet before profits would have been considered ‘unreal- Parliament. Elected 1999. istic’ when so many powerful vested interests are at stake.

It’s not as if they failed to act because they were too busy delivering benefits elsewhere. There might be more material wealth in our society than ever before, but it is bought at a heavy price. It is spread increasingly unfairly between rich Left: , and poor. It is not used, as it should be, to provide decent Member of the European Parliament. Elected 1999. public services and quality of life for all. As a result, our health service is failing and our railways are crumbling. Stress, depression and juvenile delinquency stand at record levels. Right: , Member This manifesto presents the policies to cure these ills and of the European Parliament. make our vision real – policies that will provide for our needs Elected 1999. without denying those of future generations; share wealth Below: Victor Anderson, fairly at home and abroad; gain control of the spiralling , Jenny Jones, Members of the global economy; and give everyone a stake in how our Greater London Authority, society is run. elected 2000.

More and more people are trusting the Green Party to provide not just the ideas, but also the political leadership to make them happen. At the last European elections British Green MEPs were elected for the first time. We hold seats in the and Scottish Parliament. We have more councillors now than ever before.

We are reaching for a future that is sustainable and just. Join us. Vote Green.

1 A just economics

We need a just economy. The socially corrupting divide between rich and poor is growing at home and abroad. Future generations

will suffer as we plunder the earth, leaving them an inheritance THE CITIZEN’S INCOME of deserts and climate change. The Citizen’s Income (CI) is a non means-tested payment to every Consumption and growth dominate conventional politics, but citizen, working or not. It will cover basic needs without when we measure the things that determine quality of life, it is removing all motivation to take clear that Britain is getting poorer. The costs of our increasingly paid employment. It will replace state pensions, tax-free stressful and over-industrialised way of life outweigh the material allowances and most benefits advances of the last thirty years. (initially not including housing benefit). Pensioners and people The Green Party seeks a fundamental shift in economic policy. with disabilities will receive We need a new economics that produces for need not greed, supplements. CI will abolish the poverty trap distributes wealth equitably, operates within the ecological limits and free people to choose the of the planet, and involves everyone in providing for their family type of work and hours they want. It will build a cohesive society by and community. providing a basic wage for carers and community volunteers. Can we afford it? Here is an Benefits of taxes example.

Under the current regime of direct Child (0-18 years) taxes and benefits the gap between Current 16-17 Income Support rich and poor is increasing and many level (significantly more than people are ensnared by the poverty Child Benefit) trap. Indirect taxes such as VAT provide a major part of tax revenues yet, with Adult (18-60 years) few exceptions, they have no regard for Current level of Job-seeker’s the environment or public health. For Allowance example, a locally made ceramic plate carries as much VAT as a disposable Pensioner (60+ years) one, transported across the world and Adult rate supplemented without sold in an out-of-town supermarket. means test to Minimum Income The Green Party would right these Guarantee level wrongs.

Person with special needs Installing solar panels Direct taxes and benefits Supplements to at least the level We would introduce a Citizen’s Income of current benefits scheme, with extra payments for people with disabilities and pensioners Raising basic income tax just 7% (see right). Income tax should become would fund this. CI paid to those more progressive with higher bands for in work would offset most of this top earners. In the short term, students increase (in effect, more than should become eligible to claim doubling the tax-free allowance). benefits again and the under 25s should Only the top 20-30% of earners receive full housing benefit. would be less well off. Source: Citizen’s Income Trust

2 Eco-tax not VAT necessary to rebuild public services ‘Eco-taxes’ should replace VAT. These and fund the transition to a sustainable would be levied on all products economy. This would yield massive according to the health and environ- savings, not just financial ones, in the mental impacts of their full life-cycle. future. Eco-taxes on fossil fuels would be directly proportional to their carbon Public finance MIND THE GAP content. Import duties should be Local authorities and health trusts are introduced to prevent imports from being forced into costly and undemoc- countries without Eco-taxes unfairly ratic Private Finance Initiatives and The UK poverty gap has widened undercutting domestic prices. EU and since Labour took office. The top Public Private Partnerships. These world trade rules that prevent this must 20% of earners receive 45% of should be scrapped and replaced by national income – up 2%. The be reformed. proper government funding and local lowest-earning 20% receive 6% – bonds. down 1%. Taxing motoring Guardian 13 April 2000 Vehicle excise duty should be abolished Investing in the future and incorporated into higher levels of The Government should invest in fuel duty. This would link motoring sustainable industries such as costs more closely to mileage. recycling, energy conservation and Research shows that higher levels of public transport, starting with the fuel duty would create jobs, be more hundreds of millions currently spent to QUALITY OF LIFE equitable and better for the environ- lure foreign investors to Britain. The Index of Sustainable ment. Economic Welfare (ISEW) is a measure of quality of life. It Protecting the poor adjusts the Gross Domestic Indirect taxation hits the poor hardest. Localisation – taming Product (GDP)* by adding the We would adjust the level of benefits value of ‘free’ goods such as the tiger and Citizen’s Income to ensure all housework and subtracting the The global economy has outgrown the households can afford basic necessi- costs of ‘defensive’ spending on planet’s ability to support it. This is ties, such as heating, which will attract things like crime and pollution. It largely because the main players are also accounts for the long-term relatively high Eco-taxes. removed in time and space from the costs and benefits of current so-called ‘external’ costs they inflict on production and the social effects Local taxation the rest of us. Board members of the of the distribution of work and income. Even though Britain’s National Non-domestic Rates and the big companies and international GDP continues to rise, ISEW has Council Tax should be replaced by a financial institutions would be less been falling since the early 1980s. local Land Value Tax (LVT). The rate of keen on deforestation, industrial * GDP is a measure of the total LVT would be related to a plot’s rental pollution, and the commercial exploita- flow of goods and services value and varied locally according to tion of animals if these things were produced by the economy. the social and environmental happening in their back yards. They (See diagram 3 on inside front) desirability of the land use. Empty would care more about poverty, properties and vacant sites would redundancies, and the sweat shop attract high rates to discourage conditions suffered by the remaining speculative land ownership. workers if the victims were people they knew. Spending to save Apart from ‘internalising’ these PRIVATE FINANCE INITIATIVE external costs by reforming the “perfidious financial idiocy that Over the last twenty years a rigid taxation system, the best way to could destroy the NHS” orthodoxy has taken hold of monetary reduce them is to make the impact of Editorial, British Medical Journal, policy. Too much emphasis has been economic decisions as direct and July 1999 placed on controlling inflation. Public localised as possible. We must infrastructure and services are being decentralise economic policy, localise starved of investment and privatised. production as much as possible and We have failed to get new job-rich give everyone affected by companies’ sustainable industries off the ground. activities a say in how they are run. The Green Party would spend where 3 No Euro able markets must be replaced with GOING GREEN The Euro is centralising the economy of the dignity and security of self-reliance. western Europe. Interest rates are Building self-reliance A £1.25 billion annual investment imposed by an undemocratic central in insulation and energy efficiency bank, regardless of local economic and Import and export controls should be for the homes of the fuel-poor environmental conditions. The tight negotiated to reduce international trade could create up to 138,000 jobs. monetarist framework of EMU is to a fairly traded exchange of goods Generating just 10% of UK energy destroying jobs and public services. that cannot be produced locally. from offshore wind could create Britain should not join the Euro. 30,000 jobs. Developing nations should meet local Replacing conventional energy needs by setting up import substitution sources with wind power could Community wealth schemes, with OECD assistance, based treble employment in the energy Credit unions and community banks on appropriate technology and sustain- sector. invest savers’ money in local schemes able agriculture. Unsustainable farming practices on favourable terms. They should be have cut UK farming jobs by two- supported so that wealth can re- Taming the multinationals thirds in 50 years. Organic farming employs 10-30% more circulate within local communities. ‘Site here to sell here’ policies should people per hectare than intensive make local production a condition of farming. Converting one-quarter Controlling companies market access. Controls should be of UK farms to organic could imposed on international transfers of create 30-45,000 new jobs. Large companies should publish capital, and action taken to close tax Recycling supports ten times annual reports on the social and havens. UK companies should be more jobs than landfill and four environmental impact of their activities, times more than incineration. including an inventory of resource use banned from operating lower environ- mental or labour standards abroad than Rail projects yield approximately and emissions. The reports will be as twice as many jobs as road rigorous as traditional financial are required in Britain. building, per pound invested. accounts. Company law should give all Source: Jenkins and McLaren stakeholders – workers, consumers, Time for Tobin (1994) Working Future? local residents, suppliers as well as The proposed Tobin Tax on currency shareholders – a say in how the speculation should be introduced. A tax company is run. Corporation tax should of just 0.25% would raise US $250 become more progressive with higher billion a year. This would help stabilise rates for larger companies. THE RESULTS OF international financial markets and GLOBALISATION should be paid into an international Globalisation directly undermines fund to promote sustainable develop- Throughout the late 1990s, one- Green economics. The multinationals ment. third of the world’s willing-to- are desperate to expand into new work population was unemployed or underemployed – the worst markets and use their patronage to No to the WTO situation since the 1930s. deregulate international trade and These policies require the World Trade International Labour Organisation investment. This erodes the power of Organisation (WTO) to be fundamen- elected governments as hard-won tally reformed. There should be no new In 1961 the income of the richest social and environmental safeguards trade round or attempts to expand the fifth of the world’s population was are overturned as ‘barriers to trade’. 30 times greater than the poorest WTO remit in issues such as invest- fifth, by 1991 it was 60 times Local companies are being swallowed ment, competition, government greater and by 1998, 78 times up and local markets swamped by procurement, public services or greater. cheap imports. Countries are forced to biotechnology. A UN body dedicated to Source: UN compete for foreign direct investment the promotion of sustainable trade, by dismantling their welfare systems. economic justice and localisation The wealth of the world’s three For what? Global unemployment is should replace the WTO. richest people equals the now at its highest since the 1930s, In the interim, WTO Agreements must combined GDP of the poorest poverty and the gap between rich and countries with a total population not undermine the environment, poor nations are growing, and the global of 600 million. sustainable development or human and environment is deteriorating rapidly. Source: UN animal welfare. The WTO must become We must reverse the effects of globali- democratic, transparent and inclusive. The Earth’s natural ecosystems sation and reform the institutions that It should consult with civil society and declined by 33 per cent between are driving it. The growing global actively encourage parliamentary 1970 and 1999. dependence on fickle and unaccount- scrutiny of trade policy. WWF’s Living Planet Index 4 The just society

The just society will meet everyone’s basic needs. Decent housing, effective health care, imaginative education, efficient public transport - access to these vital services will help everyone make the most of their own life so they can contribute fully to the life of the community. Local communities must be involved in planning and providing these services, avoiding both the centralised bureaucracy of the old- style public sector and the wrong-headed imposition of market forces.

The right to a home accounts, not just one as at present. Councils should be able to opt out of Access to adequate housing is a the Right to Buy scheme. fundamental right, yet little has been done since 1997 to tackle Britain’s Using empty property housing crisis. In 1999, local authorities in England registered 166,760 Councils should maintain registers of households as homeless. In the same empty houses and be able to issue year more than 770,000 houses sat Empty Property Use Orders to bring empty. More than 100,000 new afford- them into use. Renovation and able homes will be needed each year brownfield development should be taxed less than greenfield develop- between 2000 and 2011. The cost of Renovation and brownfield development providing these homes, as well as ment. Higher levels of Council Tax or should be taxed less than greenfield tackling the backlog of repairs across Land Value Tax (LVT) should be charged development. all housing sectors, has been estimated on unoccupied houses. Photo: Hilary Hay at an additional £1.4bn per year, substantially less than the NHS spends Community involvement treating illnesses caused by inadequate Democratic tenant participation housing. We cannot afford such schemes, housing co-ops, self-build absurdities any longer. schemes and co-housing projects should be supported to increase Affordable housing community involvement in housing At least 100,000 affordable homes management. should be made available each year by increasing Housing Corporation Improving the stock funding and requiring private Building regulations should be developers to set aside more units as tightened to ensure the highest affordable housing. standards of accessibility and energy efficiency in the housing stock. In 1999 770,000 houses sat empty in England. Defending council housing Photo: Steve Lambert Lack of funds is forcing councils to transfer their housing stock to housing associations and the private sector. This should be stopped by increasing the rate of spending of Right to Buy capital receipts and spreading the cost of new council homes over thirty years in PSBR 5 Learning for life local community for educational, leisure and artistic pursuits. The whole Formal education should help children school community, including parents, and students fulfil their full creative teachers, students, support staff and potential. Too often it is seen as mere the local community should have a say ‘training for a job’. Everyone needs the University tuition fees should be in running the school. basic skills of literacy and numeracy, abolished and maintenance grants restored. but we also need to develop our Higher education Photo: Hilary Hay practical, creative and social abilities. University tuition fees should be There is too much emphasis on testing, abolished. Maintenance grants should form filling and league tables. Teachers be restored, based on the student’s have to work longer hours than ever income, and incorporated into the before – more than 50 hours a week on Citizen’s Income when it is introduced. average. School class sizes have risen All university research projects should since the last election; the backlog of be screened against publicly agreed repairs to school buildings is running at ethical criteria. Ethics panels would about £20 billion, and rising levels of include a mixture of scientists and non- student debt deter older people and scientists. those from poorer backgrounds from going to university. People should be encouraged to learn throughout their lives, both formally and informally. Healing the NHS Increased funding for the Arts is an The health service should do more than essential part of this. help the sick; it should tackle the causes of illness. Much of the health Trust the teachers budget is spent treating the cancer, Teachers are trained professionals. mental illness and heart disease that They should be given more discretion are symptoms of our increasingly to shape the curriculum to pupils’ stressed and polluted way of life. needs and assess their progress. Over time, all of our policies would Burdensome centralised controls improve health. For example, ten people should be dismantled. SATs and league die every day in traffic accidents. Our Traffic pollution has been linked to a rise tables should be phased out and the transport policies would reduce this toll. in child asthma. National Curriculum should become Meanwhile we would spend more on non-statutory guidance. Ofsted inspec- preventive measures and public health. tions should be replaced by regular self-evaluations, facilitated and Free health care supervised by Local Education Authorities. Public health care should be free at the point of use. Free eye tests and dental treatment should be re-introduced and Fair funding prescription charges abolished. An Schools should be given greater NHS Tax, earmarked to increase health flexibility to allocate their budget spending towards the European between staff, buildings and resources. average, should be introduced as part Standard Spending Assessments of general taxation. should be reviewed to remove current anomalies. Prevent and cure The Green Party would boost rural public Community Health Centres should be Open to all transport to reduce car usage and set up with multidisciplinary staff support the carless rural population. Selective admission to schools should teams, including occupational, comple- Photo: Cherry Puddicombe be discontinued. All educational mentary and physio-therapists. They establishments must provide access for should improve primary health care, people with physical or sensory impair- health promotion and family planning, ments. They should be given incentives and build close relationships between to make their facilities available to the hospital and community-based care.

6 Democracy in health Better buses NHS Trust and Health Authority Boards Bus services must be radically should be democratised by including improved and bus priority provided on elected representatives of users, staff all sections of road that cause delays. “I will have failed if in five years time there are not many more and local government. The free market people using public transport and cannot be left to determine health Taming the traffic provision. Rationing already occurs and far fewer journeys by car. It’s a tall The £59 billion allocated for roads in order but I urge you to hold me to is inevitable – the form it takes should the ten-year spending plan should be it.” be subject to public debate. Health redirected to improve conditions for policy decisions should be taken only John Prescott, July 1997 pedestrians and cyclists. Safe walking after non-medical preventive options and cycling routes to every school in have been costed and analysed. the country will reduce term-time congestion by 30%. Green transport JUST 25% OF THE MONEY plans for businesses, universities and TO BE SPENT ON ROADS Getting around hospitals could reduce car commuter BETWEEN 2001 AND 2010 No one can escape the transport crisis. trips by 25% – spending the money on WOULD PAY FOR: Drivers are stuck in traffic jams; roads would simply increase traffic. • 10,000 Home Zones (twice as children breathe noxious fumes; Pedestrianisation, home zones, low- many as in the Netherlands). pedestrians and cyclists are emission zones and 20mph limits in • Eight-fold increase in bus lanes. endangered by speeding traffic; buses built up areas should be encouraged. • Safe Routes to School for every are caught in congestion; and our Road pricing and charges for parking at school and college in the UK. railways are in chaos. Years of Tory workplaces and out-of-town shops • Light rail systems for eight neglect and privatisation caused this, should be used in all cities to recover cities, which would replace but Labour have also failed dramati- some of the huge costs cars impose on millions of car journeys and cally. The situation is now far worse society. Revenues raised will be used to create 28,000-60,000 extra jobs. than it was in 1997 (see diagram 1 on improve the alternatives to car use and • An extra £4bn to reduce bus inside front). to gear streets to people rather than and rail fares, to be spent over fast-moving traffic. a 10-year period. We must change transport and • £1bn for improving rural public planning policies so everyone can have transport. confidence in the alternatives to car Rural transport • £1bn towards transport use. We must invest much more in Rural public transport should be improvements for disabled accessible public transport and set improved dramatically. This would people. binding targets for traffic reduction. help break the vicious cycle of car- Source: Green Party research Our transport policies can be funded by dependency that undermines village department re-arranging the priorities of the £180 shops and public transport, and leaves billion ten-year transport spending many elderly and poorer people plan announced in the summer of 2000. stranded.

Rescue the railways Reducing the need The £60 billion for rail in the ten-year The planning system must be spending plan should be used to re- overhauled to reduce the need for nationalise Railtrack and to increase travel. New developments that would HEALTH OF THE NATION? capacity, safety and reliability. Rural otherwise generate a lot of traffic The number of drug prescriptions branch lines should be reopened, should be located at public transport issued in England is rising by especially to provide for commuters, interchanges. around 15 million every year. school children and the elderly. Urban Office for National Statistics, 2000 underground, metro and rail systems Aviation should be safe, punctual, and cheap. Air travel is the fastest growing contrib- The incidence of obesity is The London Underground must be kept utor to greenhouse gas emissions. increasing. More than 17% of UK in public ownership. The number of adults aged 16-64 are obese. Airports should not be expanded and heavy lorries on the roads should be aviation fuel should be taxed to reduce Source: UN reduced by investing in rail freight demand. systems.

7 Ecological justice

Industrialised countries are dramatically out of balance with nature. It would take a land area more than twice the size of Britain to produce all our food and raw materials, and to absorb our waste and pollution. Because there is only one Britain, we use other people’s land and expect the environment to soak up our pollution and waste. The results are all around us: climate change, deforestation, toxic chemicals in the environment, the spread of deserts and the loss of

Only 30% of organic food sold in the UK species and habitats. is grown here. The rest has to be imported. This must stop. We must find a new way of living that delivers Photo: Cherry Puddicombe justice to the future.

Safe food Food safety Public confidence in food safety is at an A Ministry of Food should be all time low. The market is dominated established to protect food safety by by a few large manufacturers. representing consumers’ interests “It is a commonly-held fallacy that Suppliers’ and consumers’ interests are separately from producers’. the European Union is self- represented by the same ministry. This sufficient in food. This is not has delivered repeated public health Going organic correct ... the livestock of Europe scandals – notably BSE and salmonella. require an area of vegetation An Organic Targets Bill should be seven times the size of the EU to Added to this, the US biotech giants introduced to achieve 30% organic meet their feed requirements”. force unwanted products such as production by 2010, and 50% reduction hormone treated beef and GM food Vandana Shiva, 1996 in the use of pesticides by 2005. onto European markets, often with Agricultural subsidies should be British government support, and farm redirected to boost organic research animals are treated with appaling and help farmers convert their land. cruelty. The Green Party demands food justice: No GMOs the right to eat wholesome food and an The import and production of GM food end to the exploitation of farm animals. and animal feed should be banned and strict laws introduced to make biotech Genetic experiments will “result Trading food in the creation of novel types of companies liable for any harm their infectious DNA elements whose Trade in food should be removed from products cause. The genetic biological properties cannot be the scope of WTO rules, freeing engineering of farm animals and completely predicted in advance”. individual states to set their own health patenting of life forms should be James Watson, joint discoverer of and environmental standards and stopped. DNA, 1974. achieve self-sufficiency by barring unnecessary imports. The UK market Justice for farm animals should be localised through farmers’ Factory farming should be ended and markets, subscription farming and subsidies provided to shift farmers regional marketing. from intensive to humane husbandry. Slaughter methods should be improved and live exports replaced by trade in meat. 8 A future for fishing Britain’s fisheries are in crisis. Populations of commercial fish species are driven to collapse by over-fishing. Fishing communities and the eco- systems they exploit are under threat. A future for farming The EU’s ‘total allowable catch’ must The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) be reduced by around 40% if fish stocks dominates Britain’s agriculture. It has are to recover. Yet technological more than achieved its original goal of ‘advances’ in fish detection have eliminating food shortages. It has increased the British fleet’s capacity by caused wasteful over-production and 3% a year over the last thirty years. widespread habitat loss, soil erosion Fishing communities are under threat. and pollution. Monoculture has Photo: Cherry Puddicombe Controlling the fisheries replaced thriving and diverse rural Britain must work for fundamental economies. Meanwhile food prices are reform of the EU Common Fisheries inflated, small farmers are driven off Policy. Fisheries should be controlled at the land, and millions of people in local and national levels, subject to FARMING FOLLIES poorer countries are forced to export international agreements to protect animal feed, rather than feed transnational marine eco-systems and • In 50 years of intensive themselves. migratory fish stocks. Fishing activity pesticide use the US has doubled the crops lost to pests. The CAP should be phased out and should be controlled according to its control returned to the national level. impact on the marine environment, not • 80% of UK farm subsidy goes to the biggest and wealthiest 20% We must produce good food whilst just the target species. promoting bio-diversity and regional of farms. self-reliance. This will naturally favour • Daffodils from Cornwall go to Fish for the future mixed, sustainable and job-rich forms Lincoln in refrigerated lorries. To protect fish populations, quotas of agriculture. They are then flown to Holland should be based on scientific advice, for packaging, flown back to the not political expediency. Increased North of England, put on Sane subsidies support should be provided to help another plane, and flown to National control of CAP spending fishing communities adjust. Net mesh New York for sale. should be increased to reflect local sizes should be enlarged to protect • Cereal produced by industrial social and environmental conditions. young fish, and spawning grounds agriculture requires 6 or 7 times Subsidies should guarantee farmers’ closed to fishing during the breeding as much energy input as incomes, not prices. They should only season. traditional mixed farming. be paid up to a ceiling level and only if • In 1996 Britain exported 49 strong environmental and animal million kg of butter – and welfare criteria are met. Energy and climate change imported 47 million kg. Source: James Bruges, The Little Rescuing the rural economy Approximately 90% of our energy Earth Book, ASP. 2000 comes from burning fossil fuels (see Agri-environment schemes in the UK diagram 5 on inside back). This creates must receive £500 million by 2005. At acid rain, air pollution and climate least 20% of Structural and Cohesion change. Government figures show that Fund budgets should support sustain- air pollution causes up to 24,000 early able rural development. deaths every year. Extreme weather is becoming ever more frequent. Feed the world There is no shortage of solutions, just a To free developing countries to produce chronic lack of political will. Energy food for themselves, not export, we conservation and renewables must must end the dumping of EU surpluses replace fossil fuel dependency. Global on their markets, reduce meat greenhouse gas emissions must be cut consumption and stop promoting dramatically by international agree- British sheep were left for 48 hours factory farming abroad. ment, based on ‘carbon justice’ – without water, in the blistering heat of equity between rich and poor. the Italian port of Bari, 1999. Many died. Photo: Compassion in World Farming 9 Carbon cuts All proposed energy generation Global greenhouse gas emissions must schemes should be subject to an reduce by at least 80% from 1990 levels environmental impact assessment and existing plants required to fit best by 2050 to avert catastrophic climate CLIMATE CHANGE change. The UK should reduce available technology to reduce Global climate change is likely to emissions by 20% from 1990 levels by emissions. be much more severe than 2005, and by 20% per decade after that, previously feared. Temperatures achieving net zero emissions by 2045. may rise by almost 6 degrees Pollution, waste and between 1990 and 2100. Save it! resources UN Intergovernmental Panel on Energy demand should be cut to a level Climate Change, January 2001. Looked at simply, industry involves that can be met from renewable digging natural resources out of the sources. Schemes that avoid wasteful “The disaster in Mozambique is ground (or harvesting them) and transmission should be encouraged, consistent with IPCC predictions turning them into products - a simple including combined heat and power and is consistent with what we process, but one that can be very now must expect with climate plants, distribution networks for surplus dangerous. Many resources, perfectly change”. heat from industrial and sewage plants, harmless in their natural state, are and community-owned wind power schemes. Sir John Houghton, Director- processed into highly toxic substances General of the UK Met Office. Planning regulations should require and released into the environment. new buildings to include solar energy We are using natural resources too and grey-water recycling systems and rapidly and with scant regard for the be energy efficient. Vendors of houses consequences. The results include CONTRACTION AND should have to supply certified energy climate change; ozone depletion; CONVERGENCE TO COMBAT ratings to purchasers. acidification; increasing levels of waste CLIMATE CHANGE The Green Party-authored Home and background radioactivity; dioxins Contraction and Convergence Energy Conservation Act 1995 requires accumulating in human and animal (C&C) blends rigorous science local authorities to reduce domestic tissue; pollution of air, soil and water; with equity. It could break the energy demand by 30%. The govern- and rising incidences of cancer and Kyoto deadlock. ment should provide more resources to allergies. ‘Contraction’ identifies how much help them achieve this. CO2 could be emitted globally Britain lags way behind most other each year up to a safe European countries in the recycling atmospheric concentration. Getting the price right league (see diagram 2 on inside front ‘Convergence’ sets each country’s Taxes on energy should reflect the cover). The government’s response is CO2 emission limit fairly by environmental impact of the generation to build more incinerators, which dividing global annual emissions method, making renewable energy spread dioxins and undermine on a strict per capita basis. Time more price-competitive (see Benefits of attempts to reduce waste. is allowed for Convergence and taxes on page 2). trading up to a limit of 50% Pollution, waste and the consumption emissions, is permitted. This of non-renewable resources will be allows industrialised countries to Renewing the supply reduced by many of our policies, but buy surplus emissions quotas A target of supplying 25% of energy their regulation must be tightened from developing countries and so from renewable sources by 2010 should radically. find the most cost-effective path be set. To meet it, incentives should be to Contraction. provided to wind, solar, biomass, small- Three ‘R’s of waste It is too late to avoid climate scale hydro and biogas generation change altogether, but limiting A Waste Reduction, Re-use and schemes. All support for the nuclear CO concentration to 400ppmv Recycling Bill should be introduced to 2 industry, other than research into and setting a convergence date of reduce packaging, set standards for the decommissioning and safe storage of 2030 would limit the damage. See recycled contents of suitable products, nuclear waste, should be switched into graph 4 on the inside back cover establish deposit schemes for re-usable renewables research. Nuclear power showing how C&C with these materials and stabilise the markets for targets would alter global CO stations and reprocessing facilities 2 recyclable materials. emissions. must be decommissioned as soon as possible. Any privatised facilities At least 60% of domestic waste should should be renationalised without be recycled by 2007 and Landfill Tax compensation. revenues diverted to expand council

10 recycling schemes. Landfill and waste Green politics aim to satisfy human incineration must be phased out and needs, in harmony with the natural digestion plants introduced to produce world. Our economic and agricultural biogas from sewage, agricultural, policies will help achieve this, but organic and non-recycled waste. more must be done to prevent cruelty to animals and protect their habitats. Cutting pollution Strict limits must be set for pollutants, Protecting animals using the critical load approach for air Hunting with hounds and badger pollution, and reducing hazardous culling should be banned immediately, substances in water to natural levels by and legislative protection from 2020. Industry should be required to re- unnecessary suffering extended to all use, recycle or process hazardous wildlife. waste on site and fit best available Experiments on animals are cruel and technology to reduce emissions. All intrinsically unreliable as a guide to toxic and hormone-disrupting human biology. Toxicity, warfare and Hazardous substances in water must be chemicals must be phased out and the reduced. behavioural testing should be ended chemical industry converted to immediately. Non-animal methods biodegradable substances by 2020. should be developed for medical Eco-taxes must be levied on non- research within five years. renewable and polluting resources, in particular aggregates, pesticides, ‘The greatness of a nation and its moral organochlorines, plastics and fossil fuels. progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated.’ Precautionary laws Mahatma Gandhi. New legislation should be introduced Protecting habitats to make producers liable for environ- mental damage. Permitted develop- The government must implement and ment rights should be removed from enforce the EU’s Birds and Habitats mobile phone masts. International Directives and incorporate specific agreements must be reached to ban targets for each threatened species and trade in waste, protect the genetic habitat into a mandatory Bio-diversity diversity of crop seeds, safeguard Action Plan. The practice of artificially wilderness areas such as Antarctica excluding areas with development Britain’s recycling lags way behind other and minimise the disruption to indige- potential from protected Natura 2000 European countries (see diagram 2 on sites must cease. inside front). nous peoples and environmental Photo: Cherry Puddicombe damage caused by resource extraction. Government planning guidance must give greater protection to Sites of Special Scientific Interest, Areas of Living wild – justice for the Outstanding Natural Beauty, wetland natural world areas, flood plains and green belts. Local planning authorities should be We are waging an undeclared war on required to produce bio-diversity the natural world. In just over forty action plans and protect sites of local years, 140,000 miles of wildlife-rich importance for bio-diversity. hedgerow and more than 95% of unimproved meadows have been lost. Growing forests Original-growth woodland has all but disappeared and an area the size of CAP payments for rural development, Bristol is concreted over every year. agri-environment schemes and set- 17% of Britain’s insects and 5/9ths of aside should in part be redirected to our bird species are in decline. increase the UK’s mixed native Hunting with hounds should be banned woodland cover to the European immediately. Our antipathy to the natural world average of 25%. Photo: Cherry Puddicombe infects our farms, laboratories and trade practices, where animals are treated as commodities. They are even hunted for fun. 11 Securing justice globally

We must secure a peaceful and just world future through common security, not mutual threat. We must end exploitation between nations and agree a fair distribution of resources. As a colonial power, Britain sowed the seeds of many of today’s conflicts. We must use our wealth and influence to help resolve them. We must also reform the institutions that make them worse. We should lead by example, not force, to a fairer global future, free of debt, poverty and weapons of mass destruction.

Defending the peace Building alliances The UN Security Council should be Britain’s defence policy undermines reformed to reflect global interests. Photo: Hilary Hay global security. By decommissioning There should be no vetoes or our weapons of mass destruction, permanent members. NATO is a ending the arms trade and adopting a destabilising relic of the cold war and genuinely defensive policy we would should be disbanded. Meanwhile boost global security, and free in Britain should withdraw and become excess of £10bn annually. This could be neutral. US bases should be closed or used to kick-start job-rich ecological used to train UN peace-keeping forces. industries to replace the defence industry. European security should be addressed Beating the arms race by the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe, which works Britain should immediately decommis- by consensus and constructive sion her nuclear weapons and rule out intervention. The EU should not adopt a future use of chemical, biological or military role, such as the Common environmental weapons, including Foreign and Security Policy or the depleted uranium shells. We should Rapid Reaction Force. use our ex-nuclear status to promote nuclear disarmament. Britain should oppose the US National Missile Defensive defence Defence System, which threatens a Britain’s forces should be defensive, new arms race. using coastal and anti-aircraft defences, interceptor aircraft, land forces Reducing conflict sufficient to meet any risk of invasion, and short range coastal defence We should offer aid, diplomacy and vessels. An ability to mount offensive appropriate technology to address the counter attacks would be retained. environmental problems and internal conflicts that increasingly threaten global security. In exceptional circum- Ending the arms trade stances, if internationally agreed Subsidies of arms exports (around £500 criteria are met, military intervention million a year) should be stopped. The should be undertaken by a UN peace- Defence Export Services Organisation keeping force, to which Britain should should be closed and export credits for contribute. military goods ended. Exports of military equipment should not be licensed if they might abuse human rights, increase conflict or undermine 12 sustainable development. The end use of any exported military equipment appropriate technologies to the least must be monitored and the defence developed countries. They should run industry helped to convert to useful on the principle of one-member-one- production. vote and be accountable to people in WHO OWES WHOM? developing countries. The World Disasters Report 2000 calculates that the rich nations Developing self-reliance Containing conflict have amassed a climate debt of For too long, British foreign policy has Support should be increased for $13,000 billion which is growing promoted narrow self-interest. Instead landmine victims and de-mining.The at an increasing rate. This is more we should build global security by government must abide by the UN than five times the total ‘third helping people around the world Convention on the Rights of the Child world’ debt. achieve self-determination within and its Protocol on the Involvement of Industrialised countries generate sustainable societies. Children in Armed Conflict, and over 62 times more carbon dioxide per person than the least We must play our part in building a encourage others to do likewise. The developed countries. Yet 96% of better world based on peaceful coexis- daily bombing of Iraq should be halted deaths from natural disasters tence and mutual respect. There are immediately and the sanctions lifted. occur in developing countries. many barriers to overcome – debt, For every £1 developing countries poverty, and conflict – but Britain receive in grants, they pay £9 in should take a strong lead and Asylum and migration debt service. Even the poorest encourage other nations to join us. countries pay back £1 in debt Britain benefits greatly from the service for every £1 in grant aid. diversity that immigration brings and Drop the debt Source: Jubilee 2000 we strongly support the right to Britain must write off the bilateral debts asylum for those who fear persecution. of the 40 poorest nations and Many who migrate are forced to do so “Debt is tearing down schools, clinics and hospitals and the encourage banks and other countries to by deteriorating economic, political or effects are no less devastating do likewise. Debtor states should environmental conditions. Our policies than war.” restrict debt servicing to 10% of their aim to tackle these problems and annual export earnings and spread Dr Adabayo Adedeji, former ensure that the UK’s immigration payments over longer periods at fixed Under Secretary General, UN system operates without racism, fairly interest rates. UN-classified ‘middle and efficiently. income’ states should make payments in their own currency. Asylum Creative reimbursement schemes The UK must meet its international should be established to fund conserva- ASYLUM SEEKERS obligations under the 1951 Refugee tion and development projects from Convention. The voucher scheme for There are 22 million displaced debt repayments. asylum seekers should be abolished people in the world. Only 3 million are living in EU countries. and replaced with cash payments. Aiding self-reliance Asylum seekers should not be Source: UNHCR The Aid budget should be increased to detained. Asylum applications must be 0.7% of GDP within 5 years and 1.0% speeded up and the dispersal system Britain has only the tenth highest within a decade. It should be used to abandoned. Councils should receive proportion of asylum seekers per eradicate poverty and establish greater greater government assistance to help head of population in Europe, behind Slovenia, Belgium, Ireland, self-reliance. Projects should be settle refugees and asylum seekers. the Netherlands and Switzerland. planned and led by the local Source: UNHCR community and should promote basic Immigration health care, education, family planning Immigration controls should be and self-sufficiency in food and energy. Asylum seekers in the UK are progressively reduced as common Tied aid and damaging large-scale condemned to extreme poverty. security increases. Because EU projects, such as dams and nuclear They receive vouchers with a face member states have different obliga- value of only 70% of the level of power stations, should be stopped. tions to their former colonies, a Income Support. common EU asylum and migration There are an estimated 13,000,000 Financing development policy is inappropriate. The Schengen refugees in the world. Great The IMF and World Bank should priori- agreement must not be used to Britain provided a home for just tise conflict prevention, the eradication construct a racist ‘fortress Europe’. 0.05% of them in 1997. of poverty and disease, environmental Source: Refugee Council sustainability and the transfer of 13 Democratic justice

Labour’s actions speak louder than their speeches about ‘moderni- sation’. Their half-hearted constitutional reforms have not restored public faith in our political institutions. Their reactionary stance on HOW TO DEAL WITH YOUNG criminal justice and civil liberties is soft on the inequality and loss OFFENDERS? of community that cause crime. Restorative justice programmes (involving a range of agencies, We need a new commitment to justice in our national life that police, probation, youth services etc. and often the victims meeting addresses the real causes of crime and gives offenders a route back the perpetrators) cost £720 per to society. offender and have re-offending rates of 35 % or less. Creating a Green society will be an immense challenge. We will Taking young offenders to court meet it only if everyone is treated equally, has faith in society, and costs £2,500. Around 67% of them re-offend. knows that their views count. Secure Training Centres (‘child jails’) cost £125,000 per child per year (eg Medway centre in Kent). Prisons Rehabilitation not Some have re-offending rates of retribution Prison should be used only when the 100% (eg Lisnevin, Northern community needs protection from the Ireland). Labour and Conservative politicians offender. Otherwise community service compete to play the ‘prison card’. The and probation orders involving training more people they lock up the more and rehabilitation will be used. Prisons’ “If we had a proper system of secure we are supposed to feel. The immunity from Health and Safety prison population has increased from community punishments and legislation, the Factories Act 1990 and community sanctions which were 44,000 to 66,000 in the last five years the unfitness provisions of the Housing credible, then one third [of and is still rising – as is the level of crime. Act 1985 should be ended, and their prisoners] need not go to prison.” By reinvigorating local communities, Crown immunity lifted. Sir David Ramsbotham, reducing inequality and establishing a Chief Inspector of Prisons, shared sense of purpose, Green Policing the community Observer, 31 December 2000 policies will reduce crime. The criminal Police forces should increase their justice system should help offenders involvement with local people by repair the harm they have caused and employing more community officers find a useful role in the community. Not and operating recruitment policies that only will this reduce crime; it will ensure they reflect the racial composi- release resources to be used more tion of the local area. The Police sensibly. Forcing people to languish in Complaints Authority must become overcrowded prisons, where they fully independent. become students of crime, costs ten times as much as rehabilitation in the community.

Restoring justice We support Restorative Justice. This requires offenders to make practical or financial reparation to victims and the community. Where appropriate, offenders are required to attend supervised meetings with their victims to discuss the impact of their crimes.

14 Dealing with drugs Proportional representation Much crime is associated with drugs. In Proportional representation should be 1998 128,000 arrests were made for introduced at all levels of government. drugs offences, of which 98,000 The Additional Member System (AMS) involved cannabis only. Many drugs is best for Westminster because it offences, like possession of cannabis retains a constituency system. Local for personal use, have no victims. Authorities should consult their Prohibition has failed and crime associ- electorates on whether to adopt AMS or the Single Transferable Vote system. DRUGS – THE FACTS ated with addictive drug use could be reduced if addicts were given the right • UK deaths per annum from help. drugs (1996): Methadone 387, A just basis for politics Heroin 187, Ecstasy 7, Cannabis The voting age should be reduced to 0, Alcohol and Tobacco 160,000. Possession and supply 16. Parliaments should last for a fixed • Since 1987 the numbers of UK The possession, use and supply of term of four years so the ruling party drug arrests has increased by cannabis through home-cultivation and can no longer fix election dates to suit 400%. In 1998 it was 128,000, of licensed ‘coffee shops’ should be itself. The should be which 97,000 were for cannabis. legalised. This would cut out drug replaced by a chamber fully elected by • Recent Home Office reports dealers who are keen to move proportional representation. suggest 28% of thefts, customers on to addictive drugs. It Institutional and large private political burglaries and muggings are would also stop the police misusing donations should be banned and related to addictive drug use. cannabis laws. The possession of other replaced by state funding of parties in • In 1997/98 the Government drugs for personal use should be proportion to the votes they received at spent £1.4bn on drugs, with decriminalised. Their supply should the previous election. The national more than two thirds going to remain illegal until a specially limits for General Election campaign law and order and only one convened Drugs Commission considers expenditure should be radically reduced. third on treatment. whether to legalise each drug, and if so, • Nacro estimate that for every £1 how best to regulate its supply. spent on treatment £3 is saved Extending devolution on the crime bill. Cutting drug addiction The Scottish Parliament, Welsh • Maintenance doses of heroin Assembly and Greater London GPs should be allowed to prescribe for addicts in Zurich have Authority should assume greater maintenance doses of heroin to caused a 60% drop in crime powers, leading to full independence amongst people on the scheme. stabilise addicts’ habits and move them for Scotland and Wales should they onto rehabilitation programmes. The • Holland has a more liberal approve it by referendum. drugs policy than the UK and commercial promotion of drugs, fewer people taking drugs. including tobacco and alcohol, should Regional assemblies in England, Cannabis exposure amongst 15- be banned. elected by proportional representation, year-olds (1995 figures): 29% in should take over the powers currently the Netherlands; 34% in the US; exercised by the regional quangos and 41% in the UK (Dutch Embassy A voice for all government offices. Initially they report). should be funded by direct grant. Tax- Source: Green Party research The Westminster electoral system is raising powers may replace this in time. department grossly unfair. A minority of voters can elect a government with a massive A new mandate for local majority. Elections can be won or lost government in a few dozen marginal seats. The two Local authorities should be free to biggest parties chase the same sterile retain the committee system. Local centre ground, afraid to upset the big “Attempts to restrict the cabinets, established by the Local availability of drugs have failed ... business donors who dominate the Government Act 2000, should be the most obvious alternative political system. No wonder turnout is prevented from conducting routine approach [to prohibition] is the plummeting. business in secret. Local authorities legalisation and subsequent We need a political system that brings regulation of some or all drugs.” should be given the freedom to set power back to the people and gives a their own levels of spending and Cleveland Police, December 1999 voice to all. taxation and to borrow money for capital projects.

15 Constituting Britain vested economic interests, and its institutions are remote and unaccount- Britain is a rich man’s club, with one set able. Moreover, the Common of rules for those on the inside and Agricultural Policy has done great another for the rest. Millions of people harm. We seek radical reform of the face routine discrimination in their EU. daily lives while a powerful elite manipulate the system. We need a A multi-track EU rigorous programme of reform. People’s rights and responsibilities We reject the superstate model of the should be clearly defined in a written EU as too centralised and remote from constitution. the people. The EU should address transnational ecological issues; safeguard basic standards of human, Legislating for freedom civil and animal rights; regulate We need a Bill which collates and multinational companies; regionalise strengthens existing legislation the European economy; redistribute banning discrimination against individ- resources within Europe and with the uals on the grounds of gender, race, rest of the world; resolve disputes ethnic origin, nationality, age, sexuality, between member states and promote religion or disability. It would incorpo- understanding between their peoples. rate the UN Convention on the Rights of Other issues, including trade and the Child, extend the right of civil economic policy, should be left to the marriage to same-sex couples and member states to deal with. They amend the provisions of the Disability Green MEPs Jean Lambert and Caroline should co-operate on matters of shared Discrimination Act to establish an Lucas join the Green/EFA Group of MEPs concern with groups of member states adequate compliance mechanism. demonstrating in the European Parliament free to reach agreements on particular calling for action on climate change. The Government’s Freedom of issues - a multi-track Europe. This will Information Act is weak. It allows be more important as the EU expands ministers to withhold information to the east. without explanation. The Act must be amended to define in advance what Democratising the EU categories of information may be withheld. Decisions within the EU’s areas of responsibility should take the form of Constitutional reform agreed minimum standards that member states are free to exceed. They A Constitutional Commission should be should be made by qualified majority set up to draft a written constitution. voting at the Council of Ministers in co- The Church of England should be “We can sign up to a EU of ever decision with the European Parliament. disestablished. This would end the more open markets, dominated Outside these areas, decisions should privileges it enjoys and the interference by corporate interests. Or we can be subject to national veto. work towards a more inspiring of government in its affairs. The vision, where the EU takes the Monarchy should no longer have a The Commission should change from lead on key issues of peace, formal legislative, executive or judicial an executive to a civil service. The right democracy, social justice and role, though the royal family could to initiate legislation should be human rights; and where its continue in a ceremonial capacity. extended to the European Parliament, environmental policy-making sets member states, the Committee of the an example for the world.” Regions and citizens’ initiatives. The Caroline Lucas MEP and Dr Mike Rescuing Europe European Parliament should be given Woodin, New Europe, 2000 greater powers to scrutinise EU affairs. British Greens want a peaceful and sustainable Europe. The European Union frustrates this desire. It helped to prevent conflict after the Second World War and has pioneered some impressive social and environmental legislation. Yet today it is dominated by 16 4. CUTTING EMISSIONS THROUGH Conclusion CONTRACTION AND CONVERGENCE (page 10) 10 Source: Common Deforestation 9 Global Institute Rest of world 8 This Manifesto throws down a challenge to the India 7 business-as-usual politics at Westminster. China 6 Unless this challenge is accepted, our current Ex Soviet Bloc 5 complacency, a generation hence, will look OECD minus USA 4 strange indeed. 3 USA

The Cold War ended? In Russia alone, there are 2 Annual CO2 Emissions in GTC over 8,000 nuclear warheads. The economic 1 boom? Nearly a third of UK children live in poverty and two thirds of the workforce are no 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 2120 2140 2160 2180 2200 longer in secure, holidays-and-benefits jobs. The natural environment? Last winter’s floods, early symptoms of global warming, tell their 5. RENEWABLES: A WAFER THIN SLICE OF THE own, deeply ominous story. ENERGY CAKE No other party seriously addresses these UK energy consumption 2000 (page 9)

issues. The Green Party not only addresses Source: DTI them, we see how they link up. Wealth distribu- tion as we know it – the ‘jobs’ system – is Renewables 0.25% Net imports 1% coming to an end. Industry must be Coal 17% transformed for environmental survival. Nuclear 9% These are two sides of the same coin. The economy of the future, where people come before production, will need rounded, feeling individuals, not trained robots, which means education, too, must be radically reformed.

Greens are reaching for a just society, able to Gas 42% meet these challenges. This is a mighty task, Petroleum 31% and we have much to learn. But we must never retreat into the cynicism that currently engulfs Westminster politics. One hundred and sixty years ago life expectancy for a Manchester 6. ENERGY CONSERVATION labourer was just seventeen. Today a Total UK energy consumption – temperature Mancunian can expect to live till seventy plus. adjusted (page 9) Politics can change lives, and today’s politics 108 must change the world. 106 Separately, we can do little. Together, everything is possible. 104

102

Reach for the future. 100

Join us. Vote Green. Standardised units (1995 = 100) 98 Source: DTI 96 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Green Party Manifesto

Photos: Left and middle: Cherry Puddicombe, right: Hilary Hay

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