Consulting Arborist's Report May 1, 2017

Westside Purple Line Extension Palm Inventory For: Chase Bank Site, Westside Purple Line Extension Project (PB #27940)

Prepared for: Parsons Brinckerhoff 777 South Figueroa Street, Suite 1100 , 90017

Prepared by: Arborgate Consulting, Inc. Greg Applegate, ASCA, ASLA 1131 Lucinda Way Tustin, CA 92780 714/ 731-6240

© Arborgate Consulting, Inc. 2017 Table of Contents

Introduction ...... 1 Background...... 1 Assignment ...... 2 Executive Summary...... 2 Findings ...... 3 Overview of Conditions and Recommendations ...... 3 Observations ...... 3 Tree Condition Summary ...... 4 Chase Bank Retail Space Associated with the Linde (Westwood) Medical Plaza ...... 4 Age, Health, Condition and Lifespan ...... 5 Potential Impacts of the Project Activities on the Palms: ...... 5 Roots ...... 5 Trunks ...... 5 Foliage ...... 5 Moving or Storing the Palms ...... 6 Replacement species ...... 6 Analysis ...... 7 Summary of Potential Project Effects ...... 7 Conclusion ...... 8 Recommendations ...... 9 Specific Recommendations ...... 9

Westside Purple Line Extension Palm Inventory Arborgate Consulting 5/1/2017 Table of Contents• 1 Chase Bank Site, Linde (Westwood) Medical Plaza ...... 9 Transplanting ...... 9 Removal and Replacement Considerations ...... 9 Disclaimer ...... 11 Appendix ...... 12 A. Resume ...... 13 B. Chase Bank Site Tree Map ...... 14 C. Photographic Documentatiryanon - Chase Bank Site...... 15 D. Palm Protection Specifications ...... 19 E. Glossary...... 20 Certification ...... 22

Westside Purple Line Extension Palm Inventory Arborgate Consulting 5/1/2017 Table of Contents• 2 2 Introduction

Background The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transit Authority (Metro) plans to extend the Metro Purple Line from the current terminus at Wilshire/Western to the Westwood VA Hospital Station, with the Westside Purple Line Extension (WPLE) Project. Continuing from the current terminus, the WPLE will run westward for about nine miles with seven new stations. Project related construction activities adjacent to the Chase Bank retail space associated with the Linde (Westwood) Medical Plaza have the potential to affect nearby trees. The attached tree location map show the approximate locations of the existing trees where tree removal is necessary adjacent to the Chase Bank retail space. No City of Los Angeles protected trees or endangered tree species are planned for removal. The vast majority are Mexican fan palms or hybrids of them. This report was prepared to determine the potential effects on trees resulting from construction at the aforementioned Chase Bank location. This report also explores what opportunities exist for preservation or reuse of worthwhile palm trees. At this time it is unknown whether there will be opportunities to dig, store and reuse the better palms. Arborgate Consulting met with Parsons Brinckerhoff representatives on April 12, 2017. At that meeting plans and aerial maps associated with the aforementioned construction area were provided for guidance.

Westside Purple Line Extension Palm Inventory Arborgate Consulting 5/1/2017 Introduction• 1 Assignment This consultant was engaged by Mr. Ryan Davis, PE of Parsons Brinckerhoff, and asked to provide this tree and palm inventory and evaluation report for the area adjacent to the Chase Bank retail space associated with the Linde (Westwood) Medical Plaza (Chase Bank site) along WPLE Project. For the indicated palms in the area adjacent to the Chase Bank site: Arborgate Consulting is providing an arboricultural inventory and evaluation of 13 and palms ‘health and condition, professional opinions regarding suitability for transplanting or preservation in place, and reporting as appropriate according to City of Los Angeles standards. The report includes the following: 1. Determination of the approximate age, condition and remaining lifespan of the trees. 2. Evaluation of the impact of the project on the palms’ roots and above ground parts: 3. Ability to transplant, move or store the trees. 4. Requirements and specifications to ensure any work in the vicinity of the palms will minimize the construction impact. This includes preventative measures to ensure the palms that remain stay healthy during and after construction. Photographs of each palm are included.

Executive Summary Due to the condition of the Mexican fan palms and the hybrid fan palms, removal and replacement is recommended. The hybrids are not suitable for this climate zone, and the Mexican fan palms are spindly and overly crowded. Measures to expand the root space are recommended to allow better growth of the replacement palms. The two small palms, the Mexican blue palm and the Mediterranean fan palm could be stored off site and replanted, but could probably be replaced for less expense.

Westside Purple Line Extension Palm Inventory Arborgate Consulting 5/1/2017 Introduction• 2 2 Findings

Overview of Conditions and Recommendations Observations The Chase Bank site was open and available for inspection at the time of the site visit. No work or clearing had begun. The trees and palms were inspected on April 12, 2017. Only trees determined to be in the path of construction are included in this study. Metro will be responsible for any other incidental tree damage. At the Linde (Westwood) Medical Plaza at the corner of Westwood and Wilshire Boulevards there are two groups of palms, each in separate planters. The north planter contains 5 shorter hybrid fan palms, x ‘filibusta’, and the south planter contains 6 Mexican fan palms, Washingtonia robusta; 1 Mexican blue palm, ; and a small Mediterranean fan palm, Chamaerops humilis. Photographs of these palms are included later in this report, starting on page 15. Many palms can survive years of neglect and crowding, but palms that have been stressed by crowding begin to become essentially “pot-bound” and decline. Palms in both planters are declining. In addition to the stress of crowding, over-pruning is starving them of essential photosynthates resulting in narrowing of the trunk diameters. Generally palms are kind to paving and seldom cause damage or lifting. Individual roots do not thicken. On occasion larger palms can damage paving or hardscape by soil displacement from the sheer volume of roots. No such lifting or buckling was observed here. The planters do not appear to be damaged, but the palms are declining.

Westside Purple Line Extension Palm Inventory Arborgate Consulting 5/1/2017 Findings• 3 3 Since many of these palms are in poor health or condition, there is a high likelihood that they would not justify the cost of transplanting, especially the two Washingtonia varieties. The hybrid fan palms are also declining from a fungal disorder called diamond scale. This fungus is affecting all California fan palms, , and its hybrids. It would not make sense to replace them in kind.

Tree Condition Summary

Chase Bank Retail Space Associated with the Linde (Westwood) Medical Plaza The tree map on page 14 uses the same reference tree numbers.

Trunk Trunk Foliage Root Tree # Species Health Location Comments Height Condition Condition Condition 1 Washingtonia x filibusta 31’ C pencil stunted crowded Linde Bldg. over-pruned 2 Washingtonia x filibusta 30’ C pencil stunted crowded Linde Bldg. over-pruned 3 Washingtonia x filibusta 29’ D pencil stunted crowded Linde Bldg. over-pruned, top jogs 4 Washingtonia x filibusta 31’ C pencil stunted crowded Linde Bldg. over-pruned, top jogs 5 Washingtonia x filibusta 38’ D pencil stunted crowded Linde Bldg. over-pruned 6 Washingtonia robusta 65’ B gaffed over-prune crowded Linde Bldg. Injured base 7 Washingtonia robusta 62’ C injured over-prune crowded Linde Bldg. Very gaffed 8 Washingtonia robusta 72’ B gaffed over-prune crowded Linde Bldg. Thin trunk 9 Washingtonia robusta 77’ B okay over-prune crowded Linde Bldg. Thin trunk 10 Washingtonia robusta 77’ B gaffed over-prune crowded Linde Bldg. Thin trunk 11 Washingtonia robusta 77’ B gaffed over-prune crowded Linde Bldg. 12 Chamaerops humilis 3’ C okay over-prune crowded Linde Bldg. Bottom gaffed 13 Brahea armata 11’ A okay okay crowded Linde Bldg. Trunk height is per ANSI Z60, i.e. overall trunk height. Health rating is like school letter grades, e.g. A = excellent, etc. Condition notes describe related defects (see glossary). Over pruning is when fronds have been removed above a horizontal line drawn thru the lowest base attachment. Please refer to the glossary on page 20.

Westside Purple Line Extension Palm Inventory Arborgate Consulting 5/1/2017 Findings• 4 4 Age, Health, Condition and Lifespan The palms at the Chase Bank site had all been recently trimmed. The pruning of the hybrid fan palms was partly to remove infected fronds, and due to crowding they would not hold many more healthy fronds regardless of pruning. Looking at the diminishing trunk diameter over time, I doubt they will have more than five years life left if nothing was done. In this case I doubt they would survive transplanting. In any case, due to the current diamond scale infection, this is not a sustainable palm type for this area. Trying to determine the age of the palms is or should be more of a historical research project than a horticultural project. We do not know when they were planted and at what size. Due to the smooth and continuous decline in trunk diameter, the hybrid fan palms were probably planted small right after the building was built in the 1960’s. They were probably at least 5 to 10 years old when planted. So their chronological age is around 60 to 70 years old from seed. Their physical age or portion of their life span used up would be almost 90 percent. Therefore transplanting is not reasonable. At the time of my inspection they had less than an adequate amount of fronds remaining, but I am not aware of how much time they had to recover since they were trimmed. Physical injuries were also noted on several palms, mostly from climbing spikes (gaffs). The two with abruptly leaning heads (#3&4) may have a bud rot and not last even a year.

Potential Impacts of the Project Activities on the Palms:

Roots The palm roots and trunks are so close together that removal and separation for transplanting is sure to remove more roots than should be cut, and the trunks are so close together that digging between them would probably damage the trunks as well.

Trunks Palm trunks are very heavy and transplanting requires lifting them with large cranes. The weight is concentrated at the lifting point. If the trunk is damaged at that point, it can lead to decay and failure years later. Many of the trunks already have surface decay from being climbed using gaffs or climbing spikes.

Foliage The small amount of fronds means a small amount of photosynthesis and food production and less stored carbohydrates for recovery when they are transplanted. Also, if they were transplanted, more fronds would be removed.

Westside Purple Line Extension Palm Inventory Arborgate Consulting 5/1/2017 Findings• 5 5 Moving or Storing the Palms The hybrid fan palms at the Chase Bank site are not healthy enough to transplant successfully. The Mexican fan palms at the Chase Bank site are in mixed health and very tall. It would be difficult and expensive to dig, move off site and bring them back for planting, much more expensive than their value would justify. There is no good storage site nearby in which to them while construction proceeds. They are too tall to bring in new palms of the same height, but they are so tall their tops are only visible if you make an effort to see them. It would make much more sense, if this is the palm species that needs to be here, to bring in younger ones no more than about 50 feet tall. They would still have about 50 percent of their lives remaining, while the existing ones have about 75 percent of their lives used up. Younger palms would also be more likely to recover in a reasonable period of time than old trees.

Replacement species There is no fundamental pest or disease issue that would prevent planting more Mexican fan palms or many other palm species, such as king palms, queen palms, Brahea, Livistona, or Sabal palms. There are many suitable choices, but it may be hard to find large specimens of the last three genera mentioned.

Westside Purple Line Extension Palm Inventory Arborgate Consulting 5/1/2017 Findings• 6 6 Analysis

Summary of Potential Project Effects The project will have a detrimental effect on the palms with any approach that requires transplanting or cutting roots. Transplanting removes about 90 percent of the roots, and for adequate recovery the roots need to be replaced rapidly. Rapid recovery requires a healthy palm to start with; constantly moist soil throughout the digging, moving, storing, planting and recovery periods; and adequately sized root ball; and transplanting in the proper season. Palms over 50 feet tall will have a hard time being transported due to the difficulty in making turns. Planting is also more expensive, due to a larger crane being needed. Planting is more difficult due to the high point the trunks need to be lifted from and expensive cranes needed to do so. These palms are very heavy and the weight is concentrated at the lifting straps, which can injure the trunks and possibly lead to decay at that point. Mexican fan palms can be planted deeper, but the others should be planted at their original level. Mexican fan palms usually survive, but for the best recovery, they should not be planted much deeper than they grew. Mexican fan palms this tall must be planted deeper for stability. Most landscape contractors do not have the skills or experience to dig, store, maintain, and then replant these palms. If the City or Metro decides they have use for certain of these palms, a contractor who specializes in tree moving must be hired for boxing, transporting, storage, maintenance and replanting. Since Mexican fan palms are the least expensive of all palms and most of these are reaching a height that is hard to handle, replacement with new palms is a more reasonable option. Projects like this perform a vital service when they replace a large number of palms with new palms that should have a longer life span ahead of them. Mexican fan palms provide marginal environmental benefits, but are emblematic of this area. However, as they grow past 50 feet in height the heads are so far above a normal cone of vision they lose some of their aesthetic value, but grow in their cost of maintenance.

Westside Purple Line Extension Palm Inventory Arborgate Consulting 5/1/2017 Analysis• 7 7 Since the planters at the Chase Bank need to be removed and replaced with similar palms, there is a physical limit on the height of palms that can be transported down city streets. Replacement palms would probably be shipped from a nursery in the desert and need to be transported down streets and freeways. Making all the turns at street corners and freeway on and off ramps, plus legal limits, would limit the height/length of the palms. The existing Mexican fan palms are up to 77 feet tall. Timing is very important to transplant success, but less so for Mexican fan palms than other palms. However, a Mexican fan palm will recover more quickly when transplanted in late spring or early summer. While only a few of palms were listed in the affirmative for transplanting, if transplanting is required, it is essential they are transplanted in the proper season. Mexican fan palms are never worth the cost of transplanting, but there may be some reasons for doing so.

Conclusion There are no palm species protected by the City of Los Angeles and only two truly worthwhile palms on this site.(i.e. #12 and #13). Transplanting is a costly and risky proposition for palms with less value than the cost of transplanting. Based on my observations and analysis, both fan palms in the construction fooprint should be removed and replaced. In order to be able to plant trees or palms more in scale with Wilshire Boulevard the following recommendations are provided on pages 9 and 10, if landscaping is restored at the Chase Bank site. If allowed, it would be best to plant smaller palms at the Chase Bank site.

Westside Purple Line Extension Palm Inventory Arborgate Consulting 5/1/2017 Analysis• 8 8 Recommendations

Specific Recommendations Chase Bank Site, Linde (Westwood) Medical Plaza Remove and replace all Mexican fan palms (#6 thru #11) and remove all hybrid fan palms (#1 thru #5). Replace the hybrid fan palms with Mexican fan palms or approved other species. (See Replacement Species list on page 10)

Transplanting Before deciding to transplant any of these palms all utilities must be located and marked. Prior to deciding which, if any, palms should be transplanted get bids for digging, storing and transporting back to the site to see if the cost justifies the expense. Also prior to bidding, locate a relatively level storage area with a source of water, good percolation, and preferably Santa Ana wind protection.

Removal and Replacement Considerations Both types of Washingtonia palms at the Chase Bank (Linde Medical Plaza) should be removed and not transplanted or replanted. They are presently very crowded and weak. Due to minimal root space for even the existing palms and the need for better thicker trunks, I recommend larger planting spaces for the replacement palms. Root space can be increased several ways. One obvious way is to just make larger planters and planting holes. However, Wilshire and Westwood Boulevards have busy sidewalks and may not be able or willing to sacrifice walking surfaces.

Westside Purple Line Extension Palm Inventory Arborgate Consulting 5/1/2017 Recommendations• 9 9 Another method is the use of structural soils, e.g. Cornell mix. This method uses large aggregate to provide bearing strength to support the sidewalk and just enough soil to fill the gaps between aggregates so that the actual soil is not too compact for roots. This method is expensive and relatively inefficient because roots cannot grow in the aggregates themselves, so at least four times the volume is needed to provide any real increase in root space, but structural soil can be used under paving. Another method is outlined in Reducing Infrastructure Damage by Tree Roots, by Costello and Jones, and Up by Roots, by James Urban. This method simply extends tree pits by trenching beyond the planters and filling the trenches with loose soil compacted less than 80% depending on texture, then the paving over the trenches is engineered to span the trench by thickening and/or adding reinforcement. A plastic aeration sheet can be added to the trench to increase soil oxygen and improve root growth. Silva Cells are another method recommended by James Urban, the author or Up by Roots, but with the cost of the product and required engineering, it becomes very expensive. Any transplanting work shall be performed by a firm drawn from a pre- qualified list of transplanting contractors. If the Owner or Metro requires larger palms than were used in other recent projects along Wilshire, the same type of contractor would be better equipped to handle the larger size palms.

Replacement Species Botanical name Common name Archontophoenix alexandrea Alexandra Palm Archontophoenix cunninghamiana King Palm Brahea brandegeei San Jose Hesper Palm Brahea edulis Guadalupe Palm or Fan Palm Howea forsteriana Kentia Palm, Paradise Palm Livistona australis Livistona palm Livistona decipiens Ribbon Fan Palm Phoenix dactylifera Edible Date Palm Ravenea rivularis Majesty palm Roystonea regia Royal Palm, Cuban Royal Palm Sabal mexicana palmetto Syagrus romanzoffianum Queen Palm Washingtonia robusta Mexican Fan Palm

Westside Purple Line Extension Palm Inventory Arborgate Consulting 5/1/2017 Recommendations• 10 0 Disclaimer

Since I will have no direct review or supervision of construction as it takes place, I must remind you that there are certain risks involved. Trees and palms are living, dynamic organisms that respond to changes in their environment, sometimes quickly and sometimes slowly. Actions that affect the stability of the palms must be carefully controlled and monitored, especially during the southern California winter, where sudden rains are followed by stiff winds. Good, current information on tree and palm inspection has been applied. However, even when the tree is carefully inspected, inspection involves sampling, therefore some areas of decay or weakness may be missed. Most all these palms are expected to be removed. Therefor the trunks were not sounded and a complete risk assessment was not requested or performed. Weather, winds and the magnitude and direction of storms are not predictable and a failure may still occur despite the best application of high professional standards. Future tree maintenance will also affect the trees health and stability and is not under the supervision or scrutiny of this consultant. Continuing construction activity such as trenching will also affect the health and safety, but are unknown and unsupervised by this consultant. Trees are living, dynamic organisms and their future status cannot be predicted with complete certainty by any expert. This consultant does not assume liability for any tree failures involved with this property.

Westside Purple Line Extension Palm Inventory Arborgate Consulting 5/1/2017 Disclaimer• 11 Appendix

A. Resume B. Tree Map C. Photographic Documentation D. Tree & Palm Protection Specifications E. Glossary

Westside Purple Line Extension Palm Inventory Arborgate Consulting 5/1/2017 Appendix• 12 2 A. Resume GREGORY W. APPLEGATE, ASCA, ASLA Registered Consulting Arborist #365 PROFESSIONAL REGISTRATIONS: American Society of Consulting Arborists #365 International Society of Arboriculture, Certified Arborist Number WC-180 International Society of Arboriculture, Tree Risk Assessment Qualified, PNC-444 EXPERIENCE: Mr. Applegate is an independent consulting arborist. He has been in the horticulture field since 1963, providing professional arboricultural consulting since 1984 within both private and public sectors. His expertise includes appraisal, tree preservation, diagnosis of tree growth problems, construction impact mitigation, environmental assessment, expert witness testimony, hazard evaluation, pruning programs, species selection and tree health monitoring. Mr. Applegate has consulted for insurance companies, major developers, , theme parks, homeowners, homeowners' associations, landscape architects, landscape contractors, property managers, attorneys and governmental bodies. Notable projects on which he has consulted are: Disneyland, Disneyland Hotel, DisneySeas-Tokyo, Disney’s Wild Animal Kingdom, the New Tomorrowland, Disney’s California Adventure, Disney Hong Kong project, Knott’s Berry Farm, J. Paul Getty Museum, Tustin Ranch, Newport Coast, Crystal Court, Newport Fashion Island Palms, Bixby Ranch Country Club, Playa Vista, Laguna Canyon Road and Myford Road for The Irvine Company, MTA Expo Line, MWD-California Lakes, Paseo Westpark Palms, Loyola-Marymount campus, Cal Tech, Cal State Long Beach, Pierce College, The Irvine Concourse, UCI, USC, UCLA, LA City College, LA Trade Tech, Riverside City College, Crafton Hills College, MTA projects, and the State of California review of the Landscape Architecture License exam (re: plant materials) EDUCATION: Bachelor of Science in Landscape Architecture, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona 1973 Arboricultural Consulting Academy (by ASCA) Arbor-Day Farm, Kansas City 1995 Continuing Education Courses in Arboriculture required to maintain Certified Arborist status and for ASCA membership PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS: American Society of Consulting Arborists (ASCA), Full Member American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA), Full Member American Board of Forensic Examiners (ABFE), -Diplomate International Society of Arboriculture (ISA), Regular Member International Palm Society (IPS), Member California Tree Failure Report Program, UC Davis, Participant Street Tree Seminar (STS), Member COMMUNITY AFFILIATIONS: Horticulture Advisory Committee, Saddleback College (1988 until present) Landscape Architecture License Exam, Reviewer, Cal Poly Pomona (1986-90) American Institute of Landscape Architects (L.A.) Board of Directors (1980-82) California Landscape Architect Student Scholarship Fund - Chairman (1985)

Westside Purple Line Extension Palm Inventory Arborgate Consulting 5/1/2017 Appendix• 13 3 B. Chase Bank Site Tree Map

Westside Purple Line Extension Palm Inventory Arborgate Consulting 5/1/2017 Appendix• 14 4 C. Photographic Documentation - Chase Bank Site

Hybrid fan palms #1 thru 5 from right to left.

Westside Purple Line Extension Palm Inventory Greg Applegate, RCA #365 5/1/2017 Appendix • 15

Hybrid fan palms #5 to #1 (left to right) in the background. Palms #3 and 4 have an abrupt head angle change.

Westside Purple Line Extension Palm Inventory Greg Applegate, RCA #365 5/1/2017 Appendix • 16

Mexican fan palms #6 to 11, from left to right. Note old gaff wounds on their trunks.

Westside Purple Line Extension Palm Inventory Greg Applegate, RCA #365 5/1/2017 Appendix • 17 Trunk of palm #11 – note gaff scars and surface decay.

Westside Purple Line Extension Palm Inventory Greg Applegate, RCA #365 5/1/2017 Appendix • 18 D. Palm Protection Specifications

1. Protection Barrier: A protection barrier shall be installed around any palms to be preserved. The barrier shall be constructed of durable fencing material, such as chain-link fencing. The barrier shall be placed as far from the base of the palm(s) as possible, at least 2-feet from the trunk. The fencing shall be maintained in good repair throughout the duration of the project, and shall not be removed, relocated, or encroached upon without permission of the arborist involved. 2. Storage of Materials: There shall be NO storage of materials or supplies of any kind within the area of the protection barriers. Concrete and cement materials, block, stone, sand and soil shall not be placed within the drip-line of the palm. 3. Fuel Storage: Fuel storage shall NOT be permitted within 150 feet of any palm to be preserved. Refueling, servicing and maintenance of equipment and machinery shall NOT be permitted within 150 feet of protected trees. 4. Debris and Waste Materials: Debris and waste from construction or other activities shall NOT be permitted within protected areas. Wash down of concrete or cement handling equipment, in particular, shall NOT be permitted within 150 feet of protected palms. 5. Planting near Palms Designated for Protection: Any digging within designated protection zones shall done using supersonic air directly as the digging medium, by means of a nozzle, whose nominal rated input pressure (available from manufacturer’s literature) must not exceed 130 psig (pounds per square inch at gage) unless otherwise approved. Nozzles designed for input above 130 psig can damage fine roots. Air compressors rated between 100 to 125 psig recommended. 6. Grade Changes: Any grade changes proposed should be approved by a Registered Consulting Arborist before construction begins, and precautions taken to mitigate potential injuries. Grade changes can be damaging to palms. Lowering the grade can destroy major portions of a root system. Any and all fill around palms must be done using clean #16 sand. 7. Damages: Any palm damages or injuries should be reported to the project arborist as soon as possible. Severed roots shall be pruned cleanly to healthy tissue, using proper pruning tools. Broken fronds shall be properly cut and removed. 8. Preventive Measures: Before construction begins, irrigation and fertilization of the affected palm(s) is recommended to improve tree vigor and health. Soil analysis testing should be completed to assure fertilization with the appropriate fertilizer products. Pruning of the palm canopies should be done at the direction of the project arborist to remove any dead or broken branches, and to provide the necessary clearances for the construction equipment.

Westside Purple Line Extension Palm Inventory Greg Applegate, RCA #365 5/1/2017 Appendix • 19 E. Glossary

ANSI-A300 American National Standards Institute performance standards for the care and maintenance of trees, shrubs and other woody . Copies are available from International Society of Arboriculture bookstore 888-ISA-TREE ANSI-Z60-1 American National Standards Institute standards sizing and describing trees, shrubs and other nursery stock. Arboricultural Pertaining to the awareness, care, evaluation, identification, growing, maintenance, management, planting, selection, treatment, understanding, valuation and so forth of trees and other woody plants and their growing environments, particularly in shade and ornamental (non-crop/commodity) settings. Arboriculture The selection, cultivation, and care of trees, vines, and shrubs. Arborist A person possessing the technical competence through experience and related training to provide for or supervise the management of trees or other woody plants in a landscape setting. ASCA The American Society of Consulting Arborists, Inc. a professional society, as described in its by-laws. Basal flare Most trees and palms have a rapid increase in diameter as the trunk meets the soil line or root crown. This area is associated with both trunk and root tissue. Canopy The live, foliage-bearing part of a tree. Cavity An open and exposed area of exposed vascular tissue, where the epidermis is missing and internal tissue has been decayed and dissolved. Compaction (Soil Compaction) The compression of soil, causing a reduction of pore space and an increase in the bulk density of the soil. Tree roots cannot grow in compacted soil. Cortex the ground tissue between the vascular cylinder and the epidermis of palms. DBH Diameter of the trunk, measured at breast height or 54 inches above the average grade. See caliper. Decay Progressive deterioration of organic tissues, usually caused by fungal or bacterial organisms, resulting in loss of cell structure, strength, and function. In wood, the loss of structural strength. Decline Progressive reduction of health or vigor of a plant. Fertilization The process of adding nutrients to a tree or plant; usually done by incorporating the nutrients into the soil, but sometimes by foliar application or injection directly into living tissues.

Westside Purple Line Extension Palm Inventory Greg Applegate, RCA #365 5/1/2017 Appendix • 20 Foliage The live fronds of the palm; the plant part primarily responsible for photosynthesis. Gaffs/Gaffed Climbing spurs and climbing spike damage. Mulch/Mulching Substances spread on top of the ground to conserve water, protect against erosion, retain moisture, and protect the roots of trees from heat, cold or drought. The substances are typically organic, such as compost, manure or bark chips. Palm A tropical or subtropical monocotyledonous tree or shrub, usually having a woody, unbranched trunk and large, evergreen, fan or feather-shaped at the top. Palmate Having three or more veins, leaflets, or lobes radiating from one point; digitate: a palmate leaf or frond. Pencil In palms, declining health resulting in rapidly diminishing trunk diameter below the crown. Pineapple The cluster of dead leaf bases just below the live fronds. Root system The portion of the tree containing the root organs, including buttress roots, transport roots, and fine absorbing roots; all underground parts of the tree. Root zone The area and volume of soil around the tree in which roots are normally found. May extend to three or more times the branch spread of the tree, or several times the height of the tree. Street tree A tree growing adjacent to dedicated roadways and within the city’s right of way. Stress "Stress is a potentially injurious, reversible condition, caused by energy drain, disruption, or blockage, or by life processes operating near the limits for which they were genetically programmed." Alex Shigo Value The relative worth, merit, or importance of a thing, expressed as a single point, a range, or a relationship to a benchmark. The present worth of future benefits. Vigor Active, healthy growth of plants: ability to respond to stress factors.

Westside Purple Line Extension Palm Inventory Greg Applegate, RCA #365 5/1/2017 Appendix • 21 Certification

I, Gregory W. Applegate, certify to the best of my knowledge and belief: That the statements of fact contained in this report, are true and correct. That the report analysis, opinions, and conclusions are limited only the reported assumptions and limiting conditions, and are my personal unbiased professional analysis, opinions and conclusions. That I have no present or prospective interest in the vegetation that is the subject of this report, and I have no personal interest or bias with respect to the parties involved. That my compensation is not contingent upon the reporting or a predetermined outcome that favors the cause of the client, or the attainment of stipulated result. That my analysis, opinions, and conclusions were developed, and this report has been prepared, in conformity with the standards of ASCA and customary arboricultural practice. That I have made a personal inspection of the plants that are the subject of this report. No one provided significant professional assistance to the person signing this report.

Gregory W. Applegate, ASCA______Date 5/1/2017 Registered Consulting Arborist #365 Certified Arborist #WC-0180

Westside Purple Line Extension Palm Inventory Greg Applegate, RCA #365 5/1/2017 Certification • 22