(Bele) in Fiji

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By Prianshika Sen

Figure 1:1 Abelmoschus manihot sold in the Suva Market, Fiji 1.3. Nomenclature The genus Abelmoschus belongs to the Malvaceae family. This family has general characteristics of being a shrub or herb grown annually or perennially. Some grow into small trees. The distinguishing feature of this family is that it contains mucilage canals (Ingrouille & Eddie, 2006). Malvaceae is a diverse family that has about 400 genera and close to 9900 species (Heywood, 2007). The family is divided into five tribes. The plants of this family are widely distributed in pantropical and subtropical zones as well as a few places in the temperate regions. The genus Abelmoschus belongs in the tribe Hibisceae (Preston et al., 1998). It was widely accepted as a separate genus by the year 1924 after a series of discussions done by many botanists (Preston et al., 1998) Abelmoschus is one of the ten genera found in the Malvaceae family that can be found in Fiji (Smith Albert, 1981).

In 1924, Hochreutiner reflected that Abelmoschus had 14 species (Preston et al., 1998). In 1966, Abelmoschus was revised by Van Borssum Waalkes. He used HochreutinR , , ( - genus; A. angulosus, A. crinitus, A. esculentus, A. moschatus, A. ficulneus and A. manihot (Preston et al., 1998). He considered tetraphyllus as a variety of A. manihot (Preston et al., 1998). In 1991 the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) had placed a total of ten species in Abelmoschus. It considered the variety of A. manihot called tetraphyllus as a separate species. In 2015, a systematic

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By Prianshika Sen By Prianshika Sen

Figure 1:2 Leaf of Abelmoschus manihot Figure 1:3 Flower of Abelmoschus manihot

By Prianshika Sen By Prianshika Sen Figure 1:4 Flower buds of Abelmoschus Figure 1:5 Cross- section of a flower bud of manihot Abelmoschus manihot

Flowers have yellow corolla with purple centre, a sight similar in all the species. The plant produces sticky pollen indicating insect pollination (Preston et al., 1998). They have many reniform seeds with several lines of hairs (Ahmed, 2011). In Fiji, flowering occurs between June to November (Preston et al., 1998).

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By Prianshika Sen

Figure 2:1 leaves of the ten varieties of A. manihot studied 2.3.2. Characterisation using DNA analysis 2.3.2.1. rpL16 and ITS regions of A. manihot

All ten varieties were identical for chloroplast ribosomal protein large subunit 16 (rpL16) regions. While constructing the NJ tree, all the ten samples were labelled as O#0L$4PrpL16 region. The NJ tree for rpL16 shown in Figure 2.4 placed Fiji bele as a cultivar of A. manihot and the sequences retrieved from these samples were unique from the accessions found in Genbank. Its closest relative was labelled as A_manihot_OKR62 which is from Thailand (GenBank number KP222360). The tree shows common ancestry between A. manihot, A. esculentus, A. callei, A. moschatus and A. crinitus. Abelmoschus tuberculatus is distantly related to A. manihot species from Fiji as well as other countries. The neighbour joining tree for rpL16 in Figure 2.4 reveals that both accessions from Fiji and Thailand have branched out of A. manihot labelled as A_manihot_gi|21388928|gb|AF38456. Though, the country of origin for this sample is not known in Genbank.

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Growth rate week 1 Growth rate week 2 Growth rate week 1 9.00 Growth rate week 3 18.00 Growth rate week 2 Growth rate week 4 Growth rate week 3 8.00 Growth rate week 5 16.00 Growth rate week 4 Growth rate week 5 7.00 14.00 6.00 12.00 5.00 10.00 4.00 8.00 (mm/day) (mm/day) Growth Rate Growth Rate 3.00 6.00 2.00 4.00 1.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 12345678910 12345678910 Variety Variety

Figure5-1: growth rate of the five weeks for the ten varieties in control Figure5-2: growth rate of the five weeks for the ten varieties in treatment 2

Growth rate week 1 14.00 Growth rate week 1 18.00 Growth rate week 2 Growth rate week 2 Growth rate week 3 12.00 Growth rate week 3 16.00 Growth rate week 4 Growth rate week 4 Growth rate week 5 10.00 14.00 Growth rate week 5

12.00 8.00 10.00 6.00 (mm/day)

8.00 Growth Rate (mm/day) Growth Rate 6.00 4.00

4.00 2.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 12345678910 12345678910 Variety Variety

Figure5-3: growth rate of the five weeks for the ten varieties in treatment Figure5-4: growth rate of the five weeks for the ten varieties in treatment 3 4

Growth rate week 1 Growth rate week 2 Growth rate week 3 12.00 Growth rate week 4 Growth rate week 5 10.00

8.00

6.00 (mm/day)

Growth Rate 4.00

2.00

0.00 12345678910 Variety

Figure5-5: growth rate of the five weeks for the ten varieties in treatment 5 Figure 5-6: marginal means of plant height at different treatments

&"6CF ,2<; 6 &"60F ,2<; 6 , , " 8 ?9

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