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When writing to Advertisers kindly mention "The Newfoundland Quarterly." Vol. XXXVII.-No. 4. APRil., 1938. 80 cents per year. Our Little Rivers. CHAPTER 2.-SALMONIER.

By W. J. Browne.

T was early summer the year after the the jointed rod as guides for my line. My reel­ War, when the country was feeling the I am astonished to think of my daring-was a poor, flush of victory and the word depression brass-veneered little thing lashed on with fishing was still unknown. There were four line. I don't remember what sort of a line I had, E students of us on holiday. but it must have been long for I know it got tangled "What about going salmon fishing?" said Mike. often and I can still ·. remember seeing a salmon rest­ "Sure," said I, "Where will we go?" ing behind a rock with yards of my line waving in "Salmonier or Placentia," said he. the water behind him. "I've never caught a salmon," I said. "What do I think flies are the part of an Angler's outfit it I have to get in the way of fishing gear?" is hardest to make a mistake over, but I also had "Oh! you don't need much. I've seen the little some good hooks in case of emergency and a beau­ boys with bamboos hauling the salmon ashore out tiful Red Spinner, that looked fascinating enough of the Lily Pool at the South-East Placentia, and to my enthusiastic eyes to attract all the Salmon in they with nothing only worms and big fish hooks." the ocean. There were little fins to the spinner and It sounded very easy. These little boys have often each one had two or three cleverlv concealed hooks. been held up to me since as experts in the art I've since wondered why the shops sell these spin­ of Angling, but I think I've found their secret ners without a license for I'm sure now thJ. t it was long ago. almost as dangerous to let me have one as it would Anyway I went and bought a bamboo rod, a cheap have been to give me a trawl. affair. I believe it was yjointed, but, still following My friends had fished for Salmon before. They the example of the b:)ys of the South-East, l was were much experienced. One had caught Salmon supposed to affix twisted hair pins at intervals along in the Lily Pool and the Beaver Falls at the South

THE F ALL'S POOL-P INS ENT'S-SALMO NIE R R IVE R THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.-6.

East; one had ascended the remote Cape Roger, Falls, but it is not until we have crossed the last and the third, he had even been to Salmonier; little stream and climbed on to the last plateau Going to Salmonier twenty years ago had more overlooking the real valley of the Salmonier that we of the glamour of a voyage of discovery than it- has can actually be sure it is the noise of the river that to-day. Since the highroads were constructed, I've we hear. often left town by car in the morning and come The beautiful hills of green and brown back to town in the night with a salmon. But then To laughing river, curtsey down. we collected a camp and a stove and all the para­ Standin~ on the valley's rim phernalia of house-keeping, a football, a baseball My lips have shaped a little hymn, outfit, and a concertina. We put on our best 0 beautiful hills of home I clothes, put our fishing outfit in canvas bags and There is a feeling of lightness of the spirit in left the Railway Station on the 9· 15 a.m. train. We places such as this, far away from business and got off the train at Brien's Stand, and went and away from the cares and even comforts of the world. found a box-cart to take us to the place where the For most there is but one constant care-to catch path goes to Pinsent's Falls. fi sh. At Pinsent's Falls the river which has come We spent half of our pocket money in lunch at a down a very gradual incline with scarcely a rattle fashionable boarding house at Holyrood and after from the Narrows four miles above, here meets a we had engaged the horse, we walked beside it for bed of rock through which it has in the course of the greater part of the 18 miles of the car path that centuries cut a narrow way to the pool below. In ·wound its way so leisurely over the hills to Sal­ rocky ledges of this kind at Dunphy's and at Gov­ monier. We put up our camp at the Path End, had ernor's, nature has also made a series of pools, and

MIDD LE POOL-SALMO IER l~IVER . a hot cup of tea and I've no doubt we felt so happy, it is in these pools that the salmon rest, in deep; that we probably played a little football or baseball dark, swift water. to let the little birds and beasts and the mosquitoes The two salmon fishermen who were at the Falls know that we had arrived. ______had_ c~mb~d _t!1__e~~ - _ps>ol~ before we arrived there, Each morning at dawn we would travel to and they were _despondent. ~ had heard tales of Pinsent's Falls a distance of two and a half miles salmon so plentiful that they literally filled the pool along the old trail through the primeval forest. beneath. the falls. There was no sign of salmon There was a party at the Falls fishing. They occu- there this day at all. pied one of the Log Cabins built on the hill on the Now, it was my first day beside a salmon river. right bank of the river directly above the Falls. I was so excited that I paid no attention to the other They were very comfortable, more comfortable ~han experienced fishermen. I fixed up my bamboo rod, we were, and they were, of course, near the nver. attached my reel and cast, and put on my best fly. But they had no fish. I started at the Falls and slowly and carefully cov- I wonder if every fisherman races down the path ered every bit of water as I went down the stream. to Pinsent's like I do; perspiration comes out on I came to a little sandy beach on the back of the my face from the unusual exercise and the pack on island below· Dunphy's Pool, and I had just cast my my back. The little landmarks-the gully on the fly to a big rock about fifteen Jeet from the shore left. the bridge halfway, the mo~s-covered fallen \\hen something seemed to catch hold of my line trees where we rest in an artificial green twilight all and give it a sudden, frightening swift pull. I knew cheer me on. The sighing of the trees overhead it was a salmon, and not only was it the first I had always sounds to me like the distant roar of the ever hooked, but I had never even seen one landed. THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.-7.

Nevertheless I had heard people talking of losing the Big Sea at the head of which there is a long nar­ fish, and of the titanic struggles that had taken place rows that late in summer is filled with salmon. From between the fishermen and the fish, in v>'hich the here the river rises towards the East ; on its down­ odds always seemed to be so heavily in favour of ward coarse the river crosses ponds and falls. Met­ the fish. calf's Falls are the first, and then you have Murphy's Only one thought filled my mind. Save the fish, Fall's and Butler's Pool. Pinsent's Falls are about don't lose him! He's a fighter, so, get him quick. seven miles lower down the river and Governor's I pulled steadily and hard, and the salmon, shining one mile below Pinsent's. like silver, came ashore like a tumbler at a circus. When I was the Member for Harbour Main Dis­ I drew him ten feet in on the sandy beach, dropped trict my jurisdiction extended to the Salmonier Line. the rod, and leaped on his squirm.ing body. Putting I suppose that is why one of my constituents invited my hands around his strong neck I tore at the gills me to Metcalf's Fa1ls some night. while I leaned over the slapping tail. There was r.o " I'll bring a net," said he, "and we'll get a back­ escape for him now. My first salmon was saved. load of salmon." But to make sure, after the fish had ceased to kick, I. am sure he did not think he was suggesting I took off my sweater, put the fish in it and tied it anything very wrong. Salmon fishing is not a around my neck. ·I gathered up my rod and went popular pastime like trouting, and the salt water off downstream calling out "I've got a salmon. I've fishermen just can't be bothered fishing for a salmon got a salmon." with a fly. The _ri ver Wardens are very keen on

SALMONIER RIVER. A TRl O O F SALMON FIS HERS. The other fishermen having fail ed to catch any­ thing on their journey down had gnne in to an old their jobs, however, so that there is much less · shack below Guvernor's Fall:-; for a rest, and a drink poaching now than f.ormerly. It would be a risky perhaps, ami to speculate when the fish would run. business, trying to net the Salmonier River. They heard the shouting and scurried out. I showed I've never gone to Metcali's Fall's. I don't think my fish. They did not even laugh. " There's sea lice it offers much amusement to the angler. Murphy's on him. He's a fresh salmon. They've come up." Falls is about four miles by trail from the Halfway And off they rushed to the pools-but not to the Home. You pass Butler's Pool on the way. If the pool where I had caught my fish .. I had come down river is in good conditic n after rain about the begin­ the wrong way. No one had ever caught a fish ning of July, Murphy's is the easiest place to take there before-or since, as far as I know. fish, and several rods can fish comfortably there. When the Highroad went through in 1925, it was A short distance below it ls C~hroy's Pool which as a result of a need to accommodate motor car own­ is also an ideal place to hook a fish. The fish lie all ers who in six years had become more numerous. the winter, I believe, in Butler's Pool. When the The Monroe Government was pushing its Highroad ri'ver is low the water is very still and the fish may Policy by which it hoped to induce tourists to come be seen all over it. On the off bank they rise and here from the States and bring their cars with them. splash occasionally. The road through Salmonier to Placentia from Below Governor's Falls there are no fishable pools Holyrood was reconditioned and made suitable for until you reach the Back River, and below that, cars by the beginning of the fishing season in 1925. there are several pools in the -.two miles of fishing I've never been to the head waterg of the Sal­ water between this. 'and Hurley's Bridge, but, ince monier River, but I understand that if you will take the mill was built on the Back River, the lower part a boat from the Peak House you may travel across , of the river'has not been' the same. The logs and I

THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUA RTERLY.-8.

unusual floods have disturbed the habits of the fish and they seem to go upstream in one swift dash, and linger less in the lower reaches. Bar Gaeen5 -- 183¥ ~ 193¥ The size of the fish varies from about two pounds Dy Ethel Weir. for the first run near the end of June to four pounds BELOVED by alii Their Jubilee was just in July, but there have been salmon of a much larger A joyous outburst of the nation's trust, size caught. One year, on the rsth of September, And faith in him, who always was their pride, Mr. H. V. Hutchings, the Secretary for Customs, And her, with high ideals, by his side. who, by the way, is one of the best fishermen I know, Could she bave else, with memories dear of one, caught a I 7! pound fish at Sandy Point. Whose long reign was with high resolve begun; And through the reign of him for peace renowned, The flies l generally use are Silver Grey, Jock Sweet friendship with that queen, whom she saw crowned? Scott, Dusty Miller and a Silver Doctor, and the size No. 8 Hook. The quickest fish I ever landed Through waters deep she's come. The nation wept. Now up to h~r another queen has stepped, was with a No. I 2 Butcher trout fl. y. Just a little Ready to share the cares that perforce res t, bit of silver tinsel and red and black silk floss On him, so like his sire, of memory blest. dropped on the water at Murphy's Pool at the head A gift from God I They're consecrated now. of the flats opposite Hick's and a fish took it at While countless throngs looked on, a solemn vow once and went off downstream. He went so fast, !hey took, to guard traditions so well known, he skidded on the turn in shual water. I led him And dignity and honour of the throne. to the beach where my friend was standing. May blessings crown their home, wherein the two " Look out," I called. Princesses pure and lovely, grow, mid true He turned and seeing the fish near his feet he Enn0bling Jove and care, wisely outpoured, did what only a football player would have done, he By queen and mother, honoured and adored. kicked out at the fish, and the next instant the E.ample high, like beacon light will guide salmon was ashore, still full of fight but too late for To noble aims inspiring empire wide. him to escape. That happiness and peace their reign attend Uur p•a)ers to Him enthroned on high ascend. When the salmon are running, they go up the Easter' River and they do it in leisurely fashion. It always reminded me of a naval review, as I looked down the river and saw fish after fish leaping into the air regularly, easily and gracefully, as if execut­ ing some well practiced manoeuvre. _ But usually they travel by night, and you can see them and hear them too as they rush the shoal parts of the stream. They always seem nervous at such times and a salmon will often make several attempts before he crosses the bars. I think that the wood-cutting along the Salmonier River has seriously affected the water supply, with H THE SEASONS." the result that you now get periods of heavy floods and much longer periods when the water is incred­ Dy Doris V. Re nnie, OIIIIWII, Onf. ibly low. Floating logs, particularly soft wood logs, SPRING is the time for youth and love, leave a deposit of rinds that collect in the pools, and When up wakes Mother Earth, the turpentine and sawdust in the water, they say, When birds sing in the sky above, \Vhen hope makes known its worth. clog the gills of the fish. All this may be unscien­ tific but the fact remains that the lower reaches of Then Summer casts its lovely spell, Salmonier River, which were formerly the most Upon theearthandshows frequented portions of that stream are now scarcely Its beauty, more than I can tell, Until it fades and goes. visited by the Angler. Yet, every year that I meet William Hurley, the Then Autumn vdth its coloured leaves veteran Warden who retired after many years And grey skies bas its day, The Earth is sad and quietly grieves, patrolling this river, to become a Fire Warden, I No longer is it gay. ask him the same question: "Many fish go up this year?" and immediately he says : Then Winter spreads its mantle white, A covering soft and clean, " Begor, I never seen so many go up as went up All nature sleeps, gone is its ·light, this year." And I always leave it at that. Earth dons another mien. THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.-9. KING OF THE GIPSIES. An Apology for the Life of Mr. Bamfylde- 91-foore Carew, the King of the Beggars, CJJeing an impartial account of his life, from his leaving Tiverton School at the Age of -fifteen, and entering into a Society of Gipseys.-'The true story of his life as -told ~y himself.-Seventh Edition MDCCLXIII. By Agnes Marion Ayre.

Early Days. School, he was a very earnest Student. His friends were John '.ll R. Bamfylde- Moore Carew was descended from Martin, Thomas Coleman, John Escott and other young Gentle­ ~JI~ the Ancient Family of the Carews. He was son men of the best Rank and Fortune. The Tiverton Scholars had ~ of the Rev. Mr. Theodore Carew of the Parish the command of a fine Cry of Hounds. ~ of Bickley near Tiverton, in the County of Devon, It happened that a Farmer livin~ in the Country adjacent to !Ml.• of which parish he was many years Rector. Tiverton who was a very great Sportsman, and who used to hunt Our hero was born in the month of July, 1693, and never was with the Tiverton Scholars, came and acqt~ainted them of a fine there knc:>wn a more splendid Appearance of Gentlemen and Deer which he had seen with a Collar about its Neck in the Ladies of the first Rank and Quality at any Baptism in the West Fields about his Farm. This he supposed to be the favourite of England than at his. The Hon. Hugh Bamfylde, Esq., (who Deer of some Gentlemen not far off. afterwards died of an unfortunate fall from his horse), and the The scholars turned out in a great Body to hunt it. This Ron. Major Moore, were both his illustrious Godfathers, both happened a short time before Harvest ; the Chase was very hot, and lasted several Hours, and they ran the Deer many miles, which did a great deal of Dama~e to the, Fields of Corn, then almost ripe. Upon the D eath of the Deer, and Examination of the Collar, it was found to belong to Col. Nutcombe of the Parish of Clayhanger. Those Farmers and Gentlemen that sustained the greatest Damage came to Tiverton, and complained very heavily to Mr. Rayner, the Schoolmaster, of the Havock made in their Fields, which occasioned strict Enquiry to be made concerning the Ringleaders, who proving to be our Hero and his Companions, they were so severely threatened, that for Fear they absented themselves from School. The next Day, happening to go in the Evening to Brick­ House, an Ale-House about half a mile from Tiverton, they accidentally fell into Company with a Society of Gypsies who were there feasting and carousing. After taking the proper Oaths, etc., Carew and some of the others joined the Band. Buried Tr.easure. Some weeks later, Madam Musgrove, of Munkton near Taunton, hearing of Carew's Fame, sent for him to consult in an Affair of Difficulty. When he was come she informed him, 1;.; ..... that she suspected a large Quantity of Money was buried some where abouf her House, and if he woulcl acquaint her with the particular Place, she would handsomely reward him. Our hero AGNES MARION A YRE. consulted the secrets of his Art upon this Occasion, and after long Toil and Study, informed the Lady, that under a Laurel of whose names he bears ; who sometime <.;Ontending whose Tree in the Garden lay the Treasure she Sought for, but that should be the precedent (doubtless presaging the honour that the Planet of Good Fortune did not reign till such a Day and would redound to them from the future Actions of our Hero), Hour, till which Time she would desist from Searching for it. the Affair was determined by throwing up a Piece of Money, The Good Lady rewarded him very generously with twenty which was won by Mr. Bam f) Ide. He upon this Account pre­ Guineas for the Discovery. We cannot tell whether at this Time sented a large piece of Plate whereon was engraved in large our Hero was sufficiently initiated in the Art, or whether the letters : Lady M1stook her lucky Hour, but the strict Regard we pay to BAMFYLDE- MOORE CAREW. Truth obliges us to confess, that the Lady dug below the Roots At the age of twelve Carew was sent to Tiverton School where of the L'iurel Tree, without finding the· hidden Treasure. "he contracted an intimate Acquaintance with young Gentle­ In the meantime his worthy Parents sorrowed for him, as one men of the first Rank in Somersetshire, Devonshire, Cornwall that was no more, not being able to get the least Tidings of him. and Dorsetshire." However, after a year and a h.tlt's absence, he returned. His During the first four years of his Continuance at Tiverton Father and Mother "did everything possible to render Home THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARThRLY.-10. agreeable to him. Every Day he was engaged in some Party of of his Observation was, the great Cod- Fishery which is carried Pleasure or other, and all his Friends strove who should most on about the Great and other Banks near the Coast, for which entertain him, so that there seemed nothing wanting to his Purpose, during his Stay there, he saw several Hundred Ships Happiness. But the uncommon Pleasure he had enjoyed in the come in from divers Parts, both of America and Europe, so that Community he had left, the Freedom of their Government; the he had an Opportunity of gaining some Knowled~e of a Coll­ Simplicity and Sincerity of their Manners; the frequent Change siderable Part of the World by his Enquiries, he missing no of their Habitation, the Perpetual Mirth and good Humour that OpportUI'Iity of conversing with the Sailors of different Countries. reigned amongst them, and perhaps some secret Presage of that He wa5 told several of these Ships carried away thirty or thirty­ hi:h Honour which he has since arrived at; all these made too five Thousand Fish a-piece, and though this yearly Consumption deep an impression to be effaced by any other Ideas. His has been made for two Centuries past, yet the same Plenty of Pleasures therefore grew every Day more and more Tastless." Fish continues without any Diminuition. He returned to the Gipsies and became in turn a Ship-wrecked ''Besides the Fish itself, there are other Commodities obtained seaman, a cripple, a madman, a widow with two helpless children from it, Viz.: the Tripes and Tongues, which are salted at the strapped to her back ; learnt the Art of Rat-catching from the same Time with the Fish, and put up in barrels. The Roes, Rat-catcher to the King, and went about the country-side or Eggs, after being salted and barreled up, are of Use to Cast co11stantly changing his disguise. into the Sea, to draw Fish together, particularly Pilchards; and He also by indefatigable Study and application, added to his the Oil, which is drawn from the Livers, is used in dressing of talents a remarkable cheering Halloo to the Dogs, of very great Leather." Service to the Exercise, and which we believe is peculiar to The fishing Season being over, our Hero having made all the himself ; and besides this, found out a Secret hitherto unknown Observations that he thought might be nseful to him, returned but to himself, of enticing any Dog whatever to follow him. again in the " Mansail" to Dartmouth from whence he had first Newfoundland. sailed, bringing with him a surprising fierc~ and large Dog Carew next resolved to see other Countries and Manners. which be had enticed to follow him, and made as gentle as a He communicated this Design to his School-fellow Escott, one Lamb, by an Art which is peculiar to himself. of those who commenced a Gypsey with him (for neither of the King of the Gipseys. four ever wholly quitted that Community). Escott VCarbonear, Street near your Home, where your Chief Residence is, and all Brigas Bay, Bay of Bulls, Petty Harbour, Cape Broil, Bonavist, your idle Time is spent. Here learn the History of every and all the othtr Settlements, both English and French ; accu­ Family, and whatever has been the latest calamity of that, pro­ rately remarking their Situation and Anchorage and making vide a Brother or a Sister that may pretend the Same. If the himself fully acquainted with the Names, Circumstances and Characters of all the Inhabitants of any Note. Master of one House has lost a Son, let your eldt:st Brother He likewise visited the great Bank of Newfoundland, so much attach his Compassion on that tender Side, and tell him that he talked of, which is a Kind of Mountain of Sand lying under the has the Sweetest hopeh.Jiest and dutifullest Child that was his Sea. The Sea that runs over it, when i~ is a Flood, is only Comfort. What should the Answer be, but 'Aye, Poor 200 Fathoms deep on all sides, so that at that Time the largest Fellow, I know how to Pity thee in that,' and a Shillin~ will be Ships may venture upon it without Fear of striking, (except at in as much Haste to flow out of his Pockd as the first Tear from his Eye. a Place called the Virgins), but at Ebb it is dry in some Places. He likewise visited the other lesser Banks, Viz.: Vert lyiPg in What People seem to want, give it to them largely in your the Shape of a Shoe, about the Bigness of the other. Address to them. Call the Beau, 'Sweet Gentleman.' Bless But the greatest Entertainment, and what seemed most worthy even his Coat or Peruke, and tell them they are happy Ladies THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.-11. where he's coing. If you meet with a School Boy Captain, such Merryland. as our Streets are full of, call him 'Noble General.'" Goinc one Day to pay a visit to Mr. Robert Incledon at Barn­ The dying leader gave his family much more such Council. staple in Devon, (in an ill Hour, which his Knowledge could not Upon the death of Clause Patch Mr. Carew was elected King. foresee ), knocking at the Door softly, it was open'd to him by a Son of Trader Cock. Clerk, who accosted him with : "How do you do Mr. Carew ? It was not long after this, that heine in the City 9f Bristol be Where have you been?" The Clerk very civilly ask'd him to put in Execution a very bold and ingenious Stratagem. Calling walk in, but no sooner was he enter'd than the Door was shut to mind one Aaron Cock, a trader of considerable Worth and upon him by Justice Lethbridge (a very bitter Enemy to the Note at St. John's in Newfoundland, whom he resembled both whole Community of Mendicants), who had conceal'd himself in Person and Speech, he was resolved to be the Son of Mr. behind it, and Mr. Carew was made a Prisoner. Aaron Cock for some Time. He therefore goes upon the " So sudden are the Vicissitudes of Life I Misfortune springs Tolsey, Places of Public Resort for the Merchants in Bristol, as it \'rere out of the Earth I" and there modestly acquaints them with his Name and Mis­ At his trial Carew, though loaded with Chains, saluted the fortunes: Court with a Noble Assurance. Bein: ask'd by the Chairman That he was born and li ved all his life at St. John's in New­ what Parts of the World he had been in, he answer'd " Denmark, foundland ; that he was bound for England in the " Nicholas," Sweden, Muscovy, France, Spain, Portugal, Newfoundland, Captain Newman, (which Vessel springing a Leak, they were Ireland, Wales and some Parts of Scotland." obliged to quit her, and were taken up by an Irishman, Patrie The Chairman then told him He must proceed to a hotter Pore, and by him carried into Waterford, from whence he had Country. He enquired into what Climate? Being told Merry­ got Passage, a nd landed at King-Road) ; that his Business in land, Carew remarked that it would Save him fi ve Pounds for England was to buy Provisions and Fishing Craft, and to see his Passage, as be was very desirous of seein: that Country. his Relations who lived in the Parish of Cockington, near Tor­ Sentenc~t of Banishment was passed upon him for seven bay, where his F ather l'las born. Years ; but his Fate was not singular, for he had the Comfort The Captains Elton, Callaway, Masters, Thomas, Turner, and of having Fellow Companions enough in his Sufferings ; as out several other Newfoundland Traders ( many of whom personally of thirty-fiv e P risoners, t hirty- two were order'd into the like knew his pretended Father and Mother), asked him Q uestions Banishment. concerning the Family, their place of F ishing, etc. : partic ularly They cast Anchor in . Talbot County. Here the Captain if he remembred how the Qarrel happened at his Father's (when ordered a Gun to be fired as a Signal for the Planters to come he was but a Boy), which was of so unhappy Consequence to dow n, and then went ashore. He soon after sent on Board a Governor Collins. Mr. Carew very readily replied that though Hogshead of Rum and ordered all the men Prisoners to be close he was then very young, he remembered that the Governor, the shaved against the next Morning; and the Women to have their Parson and his wife, Madam Short, Madem Bengy, Madam best Head Dresses r-ut on, which occasioned no little Hurry on Brown and several other Women of St. J olm's bt:ing met board. For between the trimming of Beards, and putting on of together and feasting at his Father's, a warm Dispute happened Caps, all Hands were fully employ'd. . the Parson's Wife thinking herself most injured, cut the In the Morning the Captain order'd Public Notice to be given Hamstring of his (Governor Collins) Leg with a Knife, which of a Day of Sale, and the Prisoners who were pretty near a rendered him a Cripple his whole Life attu. Hundred, were all order'd upon Deck, where a large bowl of This circumstantial Account, which was in every Point exactly Punch was made, and the Planters fiock 'd on board. as the Affair happen'd, and many other Q uestions concerning Their first Enquiry was for Letters and News from Old the Family, which the Captains ask'd him, and he as readily England ? What Passage he had ? How their F riends did ? answered, (bavin~ got very P..r.rticular Information concerning and the like. The Captain informed them of war being declared them when he was in Newfuundland), fully convinced the Cap­ against Spain, and that it was expected it would soon be declared tains that he must really be the Son of their good old friend against France. That he had been eleven Weeks and four Days Mr. Aaron Cock. They therefore not only very generously in hill Passage. relieved him , but offered to lend him any Moderate Sum to be Their next Enquiry was, if the Captain had brought them Paid again in Newfoundland the next fishing Season ; but Mr. good store of Joiners, Carpenters, Blacksmiths, Weavers and Carew bad too high a Sense of H onour to abuse their G enero­ Taylors. U pon which the Captain call'd out one Griffy Ta}lor, sity so far ; be therefore excused himself from accepting their who had lived in Cbumleigh in the County of Devon, and was offer, by saying, He could be furnished with as much as he obliged to take a Voyage to Maryland for making too free with should have Occasion for, by Merchant Pemm of Exeter. his Neighbour's Sheep. Two Planters, Parson Nichols and Mr. TbP.y then took him with them to the Guildhall, recommend­ Rolles, purchased him of the Captain. ing him to the Benevolence of the Mayor and Corporation, The poor Taylor cry'd and bellow'd like a Bell Weather . . .. testifying that he was a Man of reputable F amily in Newfouod­ " Wherefore all these Wailings ?" says our Hero. " Have we land. Here a very Handsome Collection was made for him; not a fine glorious Country before us ?" pointing to the Shore. . and the Circum~tances of his Misfortune becoming public, many When all the best Tradesmen were bought up, a Planter came other Gentlemen and Ladies gave him that Assistance according to Mr. Carew and ask'd him what Trade he was of. Mr. Carew, to their Abilities, which is always due to unfortunate Strangers. to satisfy him of his U sefulness, told him he was a Rat-Catcher, ·rhree days did the Captains detain him by their Civilities in a Mendican•, and a Dog-Mercha.nt. " What the D-1 Trades Bristol, shewing him all the Curiosities and Pleasures of that are those ?" replies the Planter, in Astonishment, " for I have Place to divert his Melancholy. neve1 before heard of them." Upon which the Captain, think­ Carew then set out for Cockingtoo, where his relatives liv'd. ing he should lose the Sale of him, takes the Planter a little Bridgewater (Admiral Blake's town) being in his Road, he had aside and tells him, He did but jest. He would make a Letter from one of the Bristol Captains to Captain D rake in an excellent School·master. H owever, no Purchase was tbat Place. made of him. THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.-12.

The next Day the Captain ask'd him to go on Shore with Hundreds of people were going to hear Mr. Whitefield preach him to see the Country, but indeed with a view of getting a in an Orchard in Derby. After the 1ervice Carew spoke to Mr. Purchase for him among the Planters. Whitefield who told him he was heartily sorry for his Misfortunes, They went to a Tavern where Mr. Hextor of Dorset, and a but that we are all liable to them, and that they happened by Scotchman seemed to have an Inclination to buy him between the Will of God, and therefore it was our Duty to Submit to them. A Mr. Ashcroft put in for him too, and then the Bowl of them with Patience and Resignation. Then pulling out his Pocket Book gave him three or four Pounds of that Country Punch went round merrily. In the midst of their Mirth, Mr. P.1per-Money. Carew slipped quietly away with a Pint of Brandy and some Mr. Whitefield went away singing Psalms with those who Biscuit Cakes. He immediately betook himself to the Woods as the only Place of Security for him. were about him. And we make no Doubt but Mr. Carew joined with them in the Melody of the Heart for the good Success be Capture. had with Mr. Whitefield. There was a Reward of £ 5 for anyone who apprehended a Press Gang. R unaway. Carew was seen one morning soon after, by four Carew finally reached New York. He lived by his wits. Timber Men 'oing to Work. " tie would fain have escaped Told many lies and was given money. He left New London their Observation, but they soon hail'd him, and dema11ded with Captain Rogers and arrived at Lundy Island, where a Pilot where he was going, and where his Pass was ?" of Clovelly agreed for seven Guineas to Pilot the ship to Bristol, He was seized and conducted to one Colonel Brown, a Justice The Captain askfd: " What News?" "Bad News" the Pilot of the P eace in Anne Arundel County, who was in the courtyard replied "for your Men." The "Ruby," Man of War, Captain Goodyere lay then in King-Road, and pressed all the Men they just mounting his horse to go out. Carew was provided with ~ Milk-white steed, t he Timber-men performing the Cavalcade could lay hold of. on Foot. Upon overhearing this conversation Mr. Carew secretly The Prison at • ew Town he found well peopled, and his Ears pricked his Arms and Breast with a Need le, and then rubbed it were confused with almost as many D ialects as put a Stop to with Bay-Salt and Gunpowder, which made it appear like the the Building of Babel. Some were from Kilkenny, some Lim­ Small Pox comin: out. In the Night Time he groaned vt:ry dismally, and took quantities of hot water to make him vomit. erick, some Dublin, other ~ of Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall. Looking out through the Iron Bars, he espied the Whipping­ At leggth the Man of War's Boat came along-side the Ship. P ost and Gallows. "Sir, you an• welcome on board," says the Captain, or rather Captain Froade, (from whom he had run away), received with th1t little Part of the Captain called the Tongue, for the Heart, Mino, and every other Particle of the Captain, wished him at great Pleasure the News of his being in Custody at New Town, the D-1, at the same time. and soon sent round his Long-Boat, paid all Costs and Charges, " How many Hands are there on board? and brought him once more on board his Ship. " I must have them," says the Lieutenant. " Come in Barge­ The Captain. received him with a great deal of Malicious Crew, and do your Duty." Satisfaction in his Countenance ; bid him strip, calling to the '' Gentlemen, sailors," said he, "I make no Doubt but you Boatswain to bring up a Cat and Nine Tails, and tie him to the are willing to e nter voluntarily and not as pressed Men. If you Main Gears. go like brave Men, freely, when you come round to Plymouth Accordingly Mr. Carew was obliged to undergo a cruel aAd and Portsmouth, and go on board your respective Ships, you shameful Punishment-" Here gentle Reader, if thou hast not will have your Bounty Money, and Liberty to go on Shore and a Heart made of Something hardc:r than Adamant thou canst kiss your Landladies." not chuse but melt at the Sufferings of our Hero." " Here Reader if thou hast any Father, Son, Brother, Friend As soon as tbe Captain had sufficiently satisfied his Revenge, or Relation bt:longing to the Sea, thou wilt drop a Tear of he ordered Mr. Carew on Shore, taking him to a Blacksmith, l11dignation, that in the Land of Liberty, Justice and Wisdom whom he ordered to make a heavy Iron Collar for him, which no more humane or equitable Mdhod can be thought of to Man in Maryland they call a Pot-Hook, and is usually put about the our Fleets than to drag unhappy Men like the Ox to the Necks of the run-away slaves. When it was fastened on, the Slaughter, just at that Moment, when after a Tedious Absence, Captain jeeringly cry'd : " Now run away if you can. I will they hail the Sight of their Native Land, and already stretch make you help to load this V essel, and then 1'II take care of out their Arms to embrace their long absent and long wished you, and send you to the Iron Works of Susky Hallam." for Friends." Escape. Carew cried "For God's sake, take me on board your ship, One day as Carew was employed in the usual Drudgery, he noble Captain, for I only want to be blooded." saw Captains Harvey and Hopkins on the shore. They were The Lieutenant whips out his Snuff-Box and claps it to his two Bideford Captains who had tried to rescue him before. Nose, swearing, as he hurried off, "he would not take him on They said " We have already S<;JUflded the Boatswain and board for £soo, for he was enough to infect a whole Ship's Mate, and find we can bring them to wink at your escape, but Crew." the greatest Obstacle is, that there is £4o Penalty, and half a Our Hero had many more Adventures. His book contains a year's Impr~sonment for anyone that takes off your Iron Collar, vocabulary of the " thieves' cant." so that you must be obliged to travel with it, till you come George Borrow ( Gyp scys of Spain, 1841): among the friendly Indians, many Miles distant from hence, . . In the robber jar[!;on of Europe, elements of another who will assist you to take it off, for they are great Friends to language are to be discovered. . . . The lan~uage v. hich we the English, and trade with us for Lattens (Traps?), Kettles, allude to is the Romrnany ; this lane,uage· has been, in general Frying Pans, Guns, Powder and Shot, giving us in Exchan~e confounded with the vocabulary used among thieves, 111 hlcb, Buffalo and Deer Skins, with other sorts of Furs." however, is a gross error, so gross indeed that it is almcst im­ The Captains somehow managed Carew's escape. He pos~ible to conct>ive the manner in which it originatt>d: the travelled by Dav through the Forests, meeting with great Multi­ speech of tl:e Gypsies being a genuine language of Oriental tudes of Buffaloes. black Bears, Deer, Wolves and Wild Turkies, origin ; and the former little more than a phraseology of con­ None of these creatures offered to attack him. He fell in with venience founded upon particular European tongues. It will be Indians whG treated him well and filed cff his iron collar. He sufficient here to remark, that the Gypsies do not understand lived with them for a while, then escaped, and reached Phila­ the jargon of the thieves, whilst the latter, with perhaps a few delphia where he met the Quakers. exceptions, are ignorant of the langua=:e of the former." THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.-13. Harbour Grace History. Ckapter Seventeen-Tke Sixties. By W. A. Munn.

HE Sixties are still looked upon as the most disas­ are short during the winter, and every boat expects to be in trous decades iA the History of Newfoundland. harbour during the night. They must always have ac;sistance Emigration from the Old Country had swelled with a powerful steamer at short notice, when snow storms the population yearly durin: the past fifty years, occur, to help the fishing fleet back to port. ill but after that it was very small, and the increase Steamers for the Seal fishery. of inhabitants has been almost wholly a natural increase. The Seal Fishery has done more to build up this country than For some reasons, never explained, the salt water surrounding any other industry, and it is somethin~ of which Newfoundlanders our Country became hostile to fish life. The old fishermen still have just cause to be proud. There is no it:tdustry throughout tell us the water was perfectly clear, and you could see objec.ts the world to compare with it, and the inspiration came from the on the bottom in twenty fathoms of water. The nets moored in enthusiasm of Newfoundlanders. They solved the problems tbe water would become filthy with slime. The codfish could' that brought prosperity to the country. It was only natural that not live in it, and the spawning or reproduction must have been when sailors saw the advantage of steam power, that they wished brought to a stand still. The fishermen reported a failure in to adapt it when hunting seals. tbe catch in all directions, both on the Newfoundland shore and The Scotchmen at Dundee were the first to send steamers in Labrador. It was a time for scientific research, but beyond the r 86 r, but they proved a failure. necessity for investigation, we have no record of anything being St. John's made the next attempt in 1863 with the s.s. done. This became acute in 1862, and got worse and worse " Bloodhound" and the s.s. "Wolf," but all they got was 3,ooo during the next five years. The fishermen have never forgotten and 1,340 respectively. In r865 three steamers from St. John's the period of c0rn meal and molasses, which was the relief food got x,o59 seals. In spite o[ these failures Ridley & Sons had given to the destitute by the Government. the s.s. "Retriever" of 237 tons built at Dundee. In 1866 It came as a hard blow to Harbour Grace after the prosperous Captain James Murphy, the father of the well known Hon. J. J. times, and the heroic struggle to improve the town. The fish­ Murphy, brought in 17 ,450 seals, and on the second trip the ermen could not pay their accounts, and the Merchants were in same year 5·950 more. E"ich of the r s o men that composed her trouble everywhere. crew got their share $3os.oo each, which has not bee!l surpassed A remarkable falling off appeared in the seal fishery. The by any steamer since then. It set the pace for all, and showed statistics show that during the three years r8sr-52- 53 that the what could be done, and within a few years twenty-five (25) catch was I,570,792 , over half a million seals yearly, whereas steamers composed the Newfoundland fleet. Messrs. Ridley & r863- 64- 65, while this failure of the codfish was at its worst, Sons followed up this success by having the s.s. " Mastiff" built that only 655.57I seals were brought in. The whole country at Dundee the followi ng year. was in trouble, and the Merchants of St. John's fared terribly, I861-The records show the following :- but my story is about Harbour Grace, and the efforts made Punton & Munn ...... 24 Sailing Vessels. there to fight these disasters. Ridley & Sons ...... 23 Winter Cod fishery. William Donnelly ...... 4 In r863 Thomas Ridley & Sons started to develop the winter Rutherford Bros ...... 2 cod fishery at Rose Blanche on an extensive scale. This venture Carbonear ...... 26 is still remembered in Harbour Grace, and is well known at Trinity Bay, South Side...... 6 Rose Blanche. The residence of Mr. Thomas LeSelleurs, the A total of 85 vessels as compared with Conception Bay fl eet Manager, is still pointed out as the finest house in the place. in 18 33 of 2 I 2 sailing vessels. This effort of Ridley & Sons was talked of at that time a great The stories are still repeated in Harbour Grace how so many · rleal more than the efforts of the Commissioners and the Ameri­ of the sealing captains begged John Munn tc get a steamer, but can Seafoods Company are to-day. This Winter Fishery had his invariable reply was, " It is ea<;y to :eta steamer, but where long been known, but this was the first start on a large scale. can I get another Murphy ?" It proves to all what a wonderful It is a risky time of the year to go looking for codfish in this reputation Capt. James Murphy must ha•Je had. I must tell you climate, but with the development of motor boats to-day it is the sequel of this story. child's play compared to early attempts. There is a wonderful John Munn had been so successful with sailing vessels, anci fishing bank extending from three miles off Cape Ray to twenty seeing the poor returns of the first steamers, he was in no hurry miles off the coast at Rose Blanche, and extending from there to disband a good fleet of vessels He knew well the advantages to St. Pierre. The twenty thousand quintals of codfish that is to be gained. He was persuaded at last by his brother-in-law, looked for annually in that locality can be developed into and they gave the orders to build one at Dundee costing about immense proportions. $6o,ooo oo, and as a compliment to Capt. Azuiah Munden, she The migration of codfish that finds its home during the winter was called the "Commodore." She proved the luckiest ship months off these Bmks is unique on this side of the Atlantic, that ever came to Harbour Grace. There was rarely anything and deserves every assistance of the Go vernment in furnishing went wrong with h~r, and she had her load of seals every spring. good lighthouses at every harbour in that vicinity, as the days Her numerous escapes from disaster, and her luck in getting her THE NEWFOuNDLAND QUARTERLY.-r4.

load was phenomenal. It will not be out of place at this season and weather were favourable. We are going too slow said the of the year to gi\·e a short report of the s.s. " Commodore's" Captain, and we must not miss the chance of getting her home voyage from a Diary that was kept aboard. in this weather. Pile those seals on her deck as fast as you can, 187 2-The Sealing fleet had no difficulty in starting. The and with 200 m ~n to work it did not take long. The " Commo­ steamer5 made a dash off North, but Captain Munden had his dore" read•ed Harbour Grace at daylight the following morn­ mind made up that the seals would be found this year in Bona­ ing, or as they said, she managed somehow to get in with her vista Bay. When the winds started to come in Easterly he heavy load, as her deck was level with the water. They counted rushed her into Bonavista Hay until she was jammed. He was out 31,214 seals valued at current price $94,927.35· The record ri:ht, the main patch of seals were there, and he had them to catc.b for any vessel to that datt>, and for weight of seals com­ himself. The seals were numerous, but the ice was wheeling pared with tonnage of vesstl has never been equalled since. with tbe Northern, current, and the men found it easier to kill After the success of the " Commodore" a l.n~:er steamer was new batches each day, anrl they passed the word along to sailing ordered by John Munn & Co., from Andrew Hall & Co., Aber­ vessels in the offing to look out for these pans. Muon's brig deen, with contract to cost $ I oo,ooo.oo. This was the Aberdeen "Glengarry," their largest sailing vessel brought in 1 2.ooo of firm who had made such a world-wide fame for their clipper these seals, and others were similarly successful. A dangerous vessels. In a British publication-" Sea Breezes"-~iving a list iceberg was working its way through the ice floes, and coming of their famous vessels, they stated the " Vanguard " was always strai:ht for the ''Commodore," but a fortunate undertow took it considered the finest production for sealer or whaler built in clear of her at the last moment. The " Commodore" no'N had Aberdeen. The s.s. "Vanguard" was the finest in the fleet of a load of seals, but the pressure of the ice had lifted her right Newfoundland steamers, b ut she never had the luck like the out of the water. The wind was changing and the ice was get- s.s. "Commodore."

S.S. " GREENLAND.'' S.S. " VANGUARD." ting slack, the supreme danger for the " Commodore" was at Agriculture at Harbour Grace. hand. Every man was ordered on the- ice with ·the exception Many efforts had been made during past years to cultivate of the Captain on the bridge, and the Engineer in the engine farms as will be seen in several localities. Large fields of oats room. The crew were not far off, and were ready to obey orders were to be seen. The leading merchants had erected a flour promptly. mill. Agricultural societies were formed largely supported by What Would Happen? new arrivals from Englar.d, Scotland and Ireland. Splendid Would the steamer tumble over from the weight of her heavy ltreeds of cattle, sheep and pigs were imported, but notwith­ masts and spars when the ice-pressure was being released ? The standing all that could be done the early settlers woulp not give crew have told me of the anxious look on the Captain's face as up their dogs, which helped them in winter time to bring out he gripped the iroa rail of the Bridge, and wa•ched over the loads of wood on their slides for fuel ; but during summer these edge for any si~n or movement. They would end their story­ dogs were neglected, as a great number of tht"ir owners left for " We had such confidence in him, that it was a pity he ever Labrador to prosecute the fishery. Men over fifty years of ag;e grew old." To the reliP-f of all, the ice opened gradually, and had told me, that they had helped to dig and set the potatoes the "Commodore" slipped into the water as if she was a row before sailing for Labrador, and although it was one of their boat. Such was her luck on all occasions, and there are a few principal articles of food they had never seen potato stalks sailors to say that she hand't a guardian angel protecting her. growing in their lives. Now came the completion of the load of seals, and arrival home. The surplus coal was thrown overboard, and every place filled 1865-I take the following from a record in the Harbour with seals, and still there were more seals. The Captain gave Grace paper at this date. There was no other information orders, lace five thousand more, that is pass a ro.pe through the stated, the facts were too self evident. skin and we will tow them home on a pan of ice. They were " During the past five years there has been killed by dogs in now ready, and she steamed round Cape Bona vista, the wind this town, 7 34 sheep, 3 7 cows, 202 goats, 3 horses. Such a THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.-15. record speakes for itself, and shows why agriculture has not The vessel was eventually beached, but it took a whole day to prospered." get the passengers ashore. 1861-The British Society is formed :-John J. Roddick, The failure of the fisheries still continues, and rumours of President ; Henry T. Moore, Vice-President; Geo. Rutherford, trouble are getting serious. Rutherford Bros. have had to ask Treasurer; James Hippisley, Secretary. The credit for starting for extension of payment. this Society goes to William Squarey and Joseph Godden, who 1869-The death of William Squarey, the Editor of the were indefatigable workers. Ninety members were enrolled at " Standard," who was publishing a most creditable paper, the first meeting, and ninety more during the first year. causes changu. This will come in for further notice. 186z-Edward Oke, the keeper of the Harbour Grace Light­ This was a memorable year, and all still remember it for the house and his assistant Snow, lost their lives falling through the notable election that took place. ice when returning to the Island from the Town. Great Election Year-1869. 1864-The death of William Donnelly made a blank thi!> year . Confederation-The Destinies of Country are at Stake. The Revenue Customs collected this year :-Harbour Grace, This is still called the Great Election year. The British $48,ooo.oo; St. John's, $8r,ooo.oo; Carbor.ear, $ z,8oo.oo. Provinces in North America had sent delegates to Quebec in These amounts are small to-day, but shows how Harbour Grace I 867, where an a~reement had been drawn up for a Confedera­ compared with the r.est of the Country at that time. tion of all. 186s-Serious Bread Riots; Volunteer Regiment called out. Sir Frederick Carter and Sir Ambrose Shea were the two im­ x867-November 4th, the Masonic Society was started. portant delegates for Newfoundland, and bad come back with Geo. C. Rutherford, Master. Thoma-s Higgius, John Patterson, the terms, and were strongly in favor that Newfoundland should Henry T. Moore, John S.) me, W. H. Thompson, W . 0 . Woods, join in the Confederation of Canada. The Elections took place

H A ULING SEALS TO S TEA MER AFTER A TEN- MILE TRAMP.

James Warren, Samuel Condon, and Hugh Youdall were the for the ratification of all. It was a supreme fight, as to whether first officers. this Country should link its destiny with Canada, or remain the 1868-July 2nd, the Corner Stone was laid for the Hall, oldest Colony of the British Empire. It was a famous battle, which was a two-story building on Victoria Street. Downstairs and it merits a full description, and much more than can be said was occupied by the British Society. Upstairs, by the Masonic in this chapter. There is no need to be said of what should be Lodge. This Hall still stands. There are oil paintings of both done, as en several occasions during the past seventy years, the First Presidents, and numerous other relics. May the future Country has decided in the same way on every occasion, and have as many enjoyable times for its members as there have there is every rea~on to believe we are farther from Confedera­ been in the past. It is a wonder how wooden buildings could tion than ever. stand the use these Halls have been put to for so many celebra­ John Munn was then Member of the LE>gislative Council, but tions and dances. There are records of Masonic Societies in he resigned from it to contest this election and took a leading Harbour Grace back. to 1785, or over eighty years previous to part. His colleague was W. S. Green of Bay Roberts, who was this organization. They 111 ere probably connected with the the son-in-law of Robert Pack of Carbonear, whom you will Military Garrison then stationed here. remember was their first representative for Legislative Govern­ ment in the election of 1832. October 18th, 1868-In a gale of wind on this day (Sunday), The following was a snatch of an old ~ong that was continu­ the brig "Ad.1mant," Capt. Mark Alcock was lost at Cat Har­ ally sung on this occasion. bour on a voyage from Labrador to Harbour Grace. There f'or Confederation. were one hundred and seventy-five persons on board, who were Hurra h for Carte r, Shea, Ridle y, Munn and G re en, saved, with the exception of Capt. John Munn a passenger, and R o using c heers for U nion friends where ere they be, four others-John Gardner, W. Morton, and two brothers named To the Poll then hurry. Let eac h honest man be seen, Coombs. Capt. John Muon, in his efforts to save vessel and Eager the re to se t the C ountry free. p1ssengers, manned a boat to get a line ashore, but they were Chorus : swamped in the attempt, and these five men were drowned. Tramp, tramp, t he boys are m arching . THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.-16.

Cheer up Union is at hand. postpone the wedding," but Sam said, " No," and I agreed Beneath the Confed fl ag with him. \ Ve'll swap the Anti- Rag, Distress will q uickly vanish from our land. 18 72-Two vessels at the seal fishery were caught in rafting Those in opposition had something like this, representing a ice in April off Battle Harbour. One was Capt. Robert Dawe procession coming down from Bay Roberts. mentioned in the Great Elections, now Master of the brig " Huntsman," and h\s brother John, Master of the "Rescue." Anti-Confederation. They were being carried over submerged reefs. All must In a dream I sa w depend now whether the ice was sufficiently heavy to keep down The Bay-Boys-Anti coming down At their head Bob D awe, the surging billows that rage on that Coast. The Master of the A Whitecoat e levated high , " Rescue" tells the story, " We were almost touching the brig Borne by Caleb An thony ' Huntsman' when the sea broke and the ship was swamped. I An A nti Boy. saw Bob swing twice on the halliards when the mast came down, The Hustings, where the Members have all been nominated, and all was over in five minutes. Capt. Robert Dawe and his were the liteps in front of tht" Court House where speeches are son and forty-one men perished. Five disabled men were saved given by all looking to be a representative. Survivors still tell as by a miracle." Such all too often was the fate of the hardy us of the eloquent speeches given by Munn and Ridley from the and fearles5 sealers in their gallant brigs, who brought prosperity top of the b ig rock in front of the Temperance Hall on Victoria to this country. Street. Mun n and Green were successful in carry in~ the Dis­ In an often repeated poem of Sealing Memories of famous trict of H arbour Grace for Confederation, but the argumer.ts captains we haTe the following verse : were too strong in favor of the Anti-Confederation party led by "Th en I saw the ga llant ' Hnntsman ,' Charles Fox Bennett, who swept the Country leaving Harbour A nd as sh e passed me by , G race D istrict in a sad minority. Bob D awe waved his band to me As if h e meant good -bye." Sheila's. Gale. We will hear later on of Bob Dawe's s,;on, Captain Charles 1872-It was the year still known as Sheila's Gale, probably Dawe, who was very successful in sealing steamers, and carried the worst snow storm ever experi,enced in this District. on a large fishing business with .his brother, Azariah, at Labra­ It has been described by Canon Noel, who was then the dor, but who worked his way up in politics till he .became the C urate at Upper Island Cove. It came on s uddenly in the Prime Minister of Newfoundland. forenoon when many of its inhabitants were in the woods bring­ 18 72-The last cargo of Hard Bread arrived this year from ing out firewood. Numbers of them were smothered in their Hamburg on the brig " Rescue," Capt. John Dawe. The local efforts to reach home. The story most often repe.ated is the biscuit manufacturers have since then supplied the trade with trip of the barq ue " Fleetwing." On her return trip from Brazil, their requirements of ship's biscuits, and have given the greate~t ~he bad called at N ew Y 01 k for a load of flo ur, half of which satisfaction. was to be landed at St. John's for Murray's Bakery. They had a telegram from St. John's that the "Fleetvli 11 g'' had left that Manufacturing Seals. morning for Harbour Grace, and therefore, due any time that Harbour Grace has always been noted (or the excellent quality day. J us t after Capt. Bailey had rounded Cape St. Francis to of Oil manufactured there. Even in recent years you could find come up the Bay, be saw the S.E. snow storm comi 11 g. There· some old fashioned .wooden vats, where seals were placed to was nothing for him to do, but fly with the gale. He reefed his deco111pose during the hot summer days. This produced a sails and set his course for HHb">ur Grace .Island before <~II was frightful smelling oil. The first to make an improvement was_ indistinguishable. It was a run of over ten miles right on a lee Oliver St. John in Harbour Grace about the year 18oo, who shore. All the crew were waiting for the order from the Captain, invented iron boilers with fire unduneath them. Anspach tells " Every man for himself." The '' Fleetwing" passed Harbour us in his History that he purchased the seal blubber from others, Grace Island, but none of them saw it, as she skidded pas,;t and found a profitable market when making it this way. This Salvage Rock, the Captain caught a glimpse of it and steered method soon became universal, but John Muon made further by ~uess for the Bar, and rounding the Point of Beach dropped improvements till he invented the steam grinders and sunning his anchors off Munn's wha rf. The anxiety in Muon's office pans, that produced Punton & Munn's Sweet Pale Seal Oil, that morning was intense. What was happening poor Bailey which remained for years as the Standard on the foreign and his crew in this frightful gale ? They could not get along markets. the street without feeling the houses to see where they were, and Curing Labrador Codfish. nothing could be done to give assistance. While the excitement The usual method in the first prosecution of this fishery was was intense as to what the next news would be, the wharfinger slack salting and hard drying, or similar to the Shore Cure. The rushed into to tell them, that be bad heard the rattling of a chain Labrador climate was not suitable to hard curiRg, so the fish had as if an anchor had dropped, and for a moment in the midst of to be brought home to Newfoundland before shipping to foreign the gale he bad seen the " F leetwing" anchored off the wharf. markets. There was none of them would believe it, but such was true, and It is said that John Munn was the one who gave the greatest in a couple of hours when it was fit to launch a boat the Captain impetus for heavy salting, and the sl o g;~n hecame known as came ashore. Many were the congratulations showered on him "Munn's Patent, Plenty of Salt." This facilitated the loading for his excellent seamanship. of fish at Labrador direct to the European markets, and helped His reply was, " It was Providence alone that saved us." in no small way to develop the Labrador fishery. The Labra­ This was a favourite story of Mrs. Gordon, whom all remem­ dor soft cure, with plenty of salt, became a great favourite at bers so well at Gordon Lodge. She always end.ed up, and V alentia and Alicante, also Genoa and Leghorn, and as far as " That was the day I was married ; my friends all wanted us to (Continued on page 33·) THE NEWFOuNDLAND QUARTERLY.-17. Some Poets of Newfoundland AND THEIR WORK. By Robert Gear MacDonald.

HE following article was given in the form of a despite all our setlilacks, of being welded into a nation within Lecture before the Historical Society in Novem­ the broad rin~ of the British Empire. For a great poet we ber last, and is now printed with some additions have yet to wait, but there is no reason why some day New­ and corrections concerning matters of fact. It foundland should not produce a poet as great at least as Charles must always be held in mind that the writer did G. D. Robe_rts, Archibald Lampman, or Wilson MacDonald in not profess to give anything like an exhaustive account of all Canada, Adam Lindsay Gordon or Henry Kendell in Australia, the verse, good or otherwise, that has been composed in New­ Alexander Bathgate in New Zealand, or Arthur Shirley Cripps foundland since its discovery, but to give such an outline of the in South Africa. We have at least a longer and more romantic subject as could be given in the course of an hour and a half or history of any of these Empire countries, with the possible ex­ so's talk. No one is more conscious than the writer of defects ception of Canada, we have scenery that while on a smaller and omissions ; and in ,:>articular he has made no attempt to scale is quite as impressive and q•tite as beautiful as other parts deal with the interesting and, in some cases, very promising of the Empire. We have the wild life ; and if our population be group of writers of verse which has crystallized round the smaller, there is still room for the joy and sorrow, the love and Memorial University College during the last two or three years. hate, the religious experience, the glamour and romance, that Some quotations of verses have, mainly through considaations of form so much of the exciting cause and the real stuff of the space, been omitted. finest poetry ! MR. PRESIDENT, MEMBERS OF THE HISTORICAL S OCIETY AND But it is easy to understand that a people who have come ViSITING FRIENDS: into existence a'> we have, mostly by casual and almost furtive This evening it is my fortune-good or bad-to read to you immigration, of people with little or no capital, and few resources a paper, the subject and title of which is not of my own choos­ save their own courage, energy and hardihood, should be back­ ing-proposing at least to give you some information about ward in expressirg their thoughts and ideas that have come to verse writing and poetry-making in Newfoundland. It is of them in their hard struggle with circumstances, in the difficult course a purely gratuitous assumption that one who has scribbled work of securing a living by wrestling with the sea, or the a good deal of indifferent verse, should be a judge of the work sometimes even more intractable land. To this add our isola­ of other men and women often much better writers than himself. tion, our educational handicaps, which are now to !lome extent The position has been put into words somethir.g tike this: "A being remedied, the scattered nature of our population, the poet who is a critic is a miracle, and one who is not a critic is a want (outside of St. John's, almost total until quite recent years) of settled communities of any size, and you will find ample failure." l am sure th<~t l am not a miracle; I only hope this evening that I shall not be too much of a failure I excuse for the fragmentary and uncritical quality of our output In a sense the attempt to ''size up'' the verse writing that in verse. has been done in Newfoundland for the past three hundred years Having said this much by way of preface, and back ~round, and more, for Robert Hayman the first (or so we may be pretty it is now time to come to grips with our subject, and see what sure) who assayed to write rythmcd speech in Newfoundland we have done in this perhaps the greatest of all arts, that of dates from 162 r, or thereabouts, and since then there has been poetry, the cro wn and flower of mental life and of real culture, an ever increasing company do"'10 to the present day; the the glory of Greece, the grandeur of Rome, the pride and -boast attempt is, I say, a pretty ambitious one. No history of poetry of the English speaking peoples, greatest of all in that art in Newfoundland has yet been written, or at least published ; already, with possibilities of limitless development in the future. and the field is a fairly wide one. So the best that can be ex­ What has Newfoundland contributed, though in a humble way, pected of an effort such as this-and this is one of several such to the g reat stream of poetry in the En~lish Language ? essays from time to time ; I read with mnch appreciation a The first poet, if he can really be so called, to write verse in lecture given on this subject a year or two ago by one of the Newfoundland, or at least to publish it in En~land, was Robert Christian Brothers-is that it outline a map of the subject, and Hayman, a Devonshire man, and perhaps a member of one of make it, perhaps, a little easier for some future worker in the the Universities. He was Governor of John Guy's Colony, field to gather in a good harvest. whose limits by this time had been greatly reduced, from 162 r For there has been some good verse written in Newfoundland to r627. He is supposed to have written at Harbour Grace ; -some poetry, racy of the soil, consonant with the sea, some and he called Newfour.dland Britanniola. He called his book writers who have ascended the heights, and plumbed the depths Quodlibets, (name, freely translated, " What I wrote to please of our national (I use the term in a rough kind of way) con­ myself")-lately come over from New Britanniola-Oid New­ sciousness, brought out the romance and glamour that is to be foundland; composed at Harbour Grace, by R. H., some time found in our history and circumstances, shown forth the heart Governor of the plantation there-" in which," says one critic, and mind of this little people, composed of English and Irish in "he celebrated in limping lines the vices of Puritans and Papists, almost equal quantity, with a strong dash of Scottish, a little the virtues of settlers like E. Payne, Rowley and Poynts, the Welsh, and perhaps more than a little French, now in _course, patriotism of colonizers like Vaughan, Falkland, Baltimore, anrl THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.-18.

Mason, and the dishonesty of the agents who failed to make the our literature during the seventeenth, eighteenth and the early patriotism of their employers pay." The late Mr. W. G. Gosling part of the nineteenth centuries. The quatrain- went to the trouble and expense of having the contents of the " Uncle Joe Drover from Island Cove came copy of the book in the British Museum Library typed out With his hatchet, his chisel, his saw and his plane ; in extenso, and at a meeting of the Historical Society held in the The wind from the westward it came on to blow Court House some thirty years ago, was so good as to read to us And Uncle Joe Drover got bogged in the snow," some extracts from the precious work. And indeed it is sorry probably dates from the period in question ; the " Wadhams" stuff, little better than doggerel, and with a good deal of coarse­ song certainly does. We are t0ld this song was called after ness and vulgarity in thought and expression. And Hayman the author, from whom the Wadhams' Islands are presumably had little excuse for perpetrating this kind of thing. Just at that named, and it was written in 17 56. We are indebted to The time England might be called, without too much affectation, a Collection of Old Time Songs and Poetry of Newfoundland for nest of singing birds. All the dramatists of the day, not merely the full text of this song, to which the compiler, whose name by Shakespeare, Ben Johnson, and Beaumont and Fletcher, but the the way, is an open secret in this Society, prefixes a note saying minor playwrights as well, could write good songs ; and many that while thousands of fishermen may remember hearing short other writers, mostly anonymous, were writing really sweet and snatches of the song, it is doubtful if a dozen Newfoundlanders skilful lyrics to the melodies of Byrd, Purcell and others ; and can recite it in full. It was placed on record in the Admiralty's the Cavalin Poets were already in the offing. There was indeed Court in London, after it was first composed, and was considered a good deal of "general lyrical exaltation," as someone has the best coasting guide for that part of our Island Home to called it, just then ; but Hayman scarcdy got a whiff of inspi­ which it refers. It is just that ; and no one would contend that ration from it. eedless to say, the Cambridge History of the Wadhams song has any poetry in it. The only readable English Literature passes Hayman over in the body of the work, stanza goes thus: though his book is mentioned in the Bibliographies appended "Therefore my friend, I would you advise thereto. Since all those rocks in danger lies. That you may never among them fall Willia~ Vaughan's book, "The Golden Fleece,'' written I But keep your luff and weather them all." believe at what is now Trepassey, though mainly prose in form It must be remembered that for the major part of these two strikes one as more poetical in spirit than Quodlibets, th rug h centuries there was no printin~ press and no newspaper in the occasional verse in which he breaks out, when not transla­ Newfoundland ; and the few books writte"l e.g. Reeve's and tion, appears to me wooden enough. Anspach's histories were necessarily printed and published After this substantive, but not v~ry prombi ~ g. beginning of outside the country . •our literature, a deep and dense fog, sped king of poetry, settlt s The first mild breath of Spring came with " Poems written in down over our land for many generations. There is no doubt Newfoundland,'' 1839, by Isabel!a Prt!scott. She was, of course, that verses were composed-no community of even half civilized the daughter of GJvernor Prescott, who represented the people could possibly exist for some two hundred years without Sovereign in the years 1834- 41. It is a fair sized volume. the emergence of some who could strirg verses together, were The longest poem in the bo ~ k " Tasso" has naturally no con­ they only "come all ye's,'' sea shanties, or cradle songs. It is nectinn with Newfoundland, ind ~ed iR a note prefixed to the probahle that some of the songs which have been col lected by . poe-n Miss Prescott says: " I wished and intended to make my some recent investigators were composed or adapted by people Poem a much longer .one, but I thought \t was presumptuous to of the Fishing Admiral and Cookhouse periods of Newfound­ write of It~ly under the influence of a stormy sky and of a dreary land history. The matter might well be worth some further land !" But the young lady must have been in a melancholic investigation. mood at that time, for several of the poems have Newfoundland And here I would put in a plea for some serious attempt to scenes for tneir theme, and are more cheerful. I may quote a rescue the remains of whatever work was done during that couple of stanzas from one of the best of them, "A Spring period, in pro5e a~; well as verse. The late Mr. Harry Shortis, Morning in Newfoundland!" in his day a prominent member of the Historical S()ciety, was " Awake I for now the breeze is onward sweeping for a nnmber of years, and up to the time of his passing, the To dry the dew along the path we'll tread, reco~nized Historiographer of Newfoundland, at a salary by no The torrent o'er its stony road is leaping means princely, but sufficient for his modest wants. And I The harbor rock s the shadows o'er it spread. understand that several thousand pages of manuscript remain A few white clouds, by mom's soft breathing driven As beautiful as Angels' cars might be; as the fruit of his Io ... ing and earnest labours. But since his A glory by this early light is given death, there is no ~uch cfficial-at least none under public pay. To barren mound, and lake, and flowery lea. But Mr. P. K. Devine has been appointed at no salary and A wake I is this a tune to sleep entirely at his own cost and charges, I understand, to gather When joy is o'er the earth and music in the deep. anything of historical or literary value which may come his way, "Though there be here no yellow cowslip glowing, or which his pious Jove of his country and its records might lead o primrose hidden in the hawthorn shade, him to enquire into. I certainly think that the Commission of No purple hyacinth its 50ft b•eath throwing Government might make Mr. Divine's appointment permanent Upon the air, along the forest glade; Yet there are flowers in lovely clusters beaming and attach a salary to the office. Now that the matter of recov­ Like fallen stars upon the wide lake's brim, ering and reinstating our Museum-or at least what remains of And silvery bells about the dark marsh gleaming it-seems to be within measurable distance of accomplishment, While lily-leaves the waters' brightness dim." such an office might be made in connection with that. I feel Awake I is this, etc. sure the Historical Society would back up with whatever influ­ Miss Prescott writes pleasantly, too, of what she calls "The ence they have, such a move for the recovery of the reliques of Happy River,'' a name she says she and her friends have given THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.-19. to a stream which after winding its way throu:h much beautiful Spruce and fir and mountain-ash scenery, falls into the harbour of St. John's--Waterford Bridge Stand in state and burn and flash Many-hued; River evidently. While the rocks, once bare and stern In Miss Prescott's \¥ork it is easy to detect, indeed the thing Moss-clad hide 'neath fairy fern, is so obvious as to need no detection, discipleship to the works Grace endued. of Mrs. Hemans and L. E. L., the models and inspiration of Just a brown frond here and there many poetesses just at that time; but it is evident she is trying Whispering, " Autumn is in the air" to paint what sh.e sees; and she does so not so badly. Miss On berries red, Prescott afterwards married well, and became Lady Henry Telling with mute comforting Lushington. Summer flowers are vanishing, The work of certain Harbour Grace poets comes in just here We come instead. -indeed the work of John Sharpe may have been a little earlier. One writer of that day, Mrs. Peace, who wrote a gcod deal Sharpe was great on Satire, Mr. Munn tells me, some of which of verse, is almost forgotten. Her husband was the principal of like its author's name, was sharp epough ; and he also wrote the firm of tinware merchants Peace & Co. ; and she herself "Squire Leamon'<> House Warming.'' The squire was of Brigus and her husband were I believe Scottish. I have a certain and doubtless an ancestor of our good friend Mr. John Leamon personal interest in that firm as my father, the uncle who married of Messrs. Dicks & Co. But Sharpe's book is long out of print, my father's eldest sister, George Williams, (father of ex-Councillor and even Mr. Munn has not been able to secure a copy. The J . A. Williams) my father-in law, his brother the late W. J. same is true of the older St. John, W. Charles, who was Editor Clouston, and my eldest brother-in-law, all served their time, of the" Concption Bayman" newspaper. Mr. George Webber with this old firm, or its successor Messrs. Skeoch & Taylor, was at a later date, Editor of the same newspap~r, and he wrote though the old name Peace & Co. remained over the door till a fairly long poem on "The Last of the Aboriginies," a copy of the premises were burnt in the great fire of 1892. But Mrs. which has been presented to me by a distant cousin, Miss Jessie Peace was, I believe, a prolific writer of verse. My dear Barnes. It contains some really good •Jerse, and a pathetic mother kept a scrap book, with many pieces of verse and prose, account of the capture of Mary March, one of the sadde >t and and a few fine engravings within its pages, well selected and most tragic episodes in our annals. greatly prized by her, and for that matter, by me; with many The older Mr. St. John, W. Cbarles, wrote a good deal of more valuable things, it went up in smoke on the 8th July, 1892. verse, but seems not to have collected it. Fortunatdy he con­ But it contained o•e or two poem<> from the pen of that lady, in tributed to his son's volume, published at Boston, 1859, two particular her Farewell to Newfoundland, written before the poems, which some ar.count the fi.,est in the book. The family emigrated to Australi.t in the sixties, which has a certain Feathered Eremite-and The L end of the Red Indian Warriors. pathetic note. There is a well known story of Milton, that he Mr. Munn, patrotic Nc::wfoundlander that he is, finds in the work would sometimes wake his daughter, who was his amanuensis, of Mr. St. John's son, Charles Henry, a poem "To Terra Nova" from her sl~ep in the middle of the night, to· put on paper some of that charms him puticularly ; personally I have liked "The his sublime verses; we are told the d .IUghter diJ not like it. In Strange Old Bark"; it seems to me authentic Conception B:iy. one respect Mrs. Peace resembled the great Epic poet; except The important work of Isabella Whiteford Rogerson no~ that her husband was the victim. She would cause him to rise, claims our attention. Mrs. Rogerson published two volumes of and light a candle while she wrote down some stanza she had verse. one in 1859, before her marriage to the Hon. James J. cJmposed, and was afraid she would forget before morning. Rogerson, and the second mucb later, in 1898-The Victorian What her husband thou~ht of it all is not recorded; but we Triumph and other P..>ems. The latter c >ntains a pHtrait of may guess! Mrs. Rogerson, as I remember her, and a fine preface of appre­ One remarkable figure of the sixties and seventies was Patrick ciation by Judge Prowse. Mrs. Rogerson was not native born, Power (or more properly Poore) often referred to as Paddy Poore she came here from Antrim County in the north of Ireland. But the Poet. It is not so easy to be an improvisatore in English she quickly and permanently identified herself with this country, as in Old Provincial or modern Italian; the rhyme sounds and and is, in some ways, the typical Newfoundland poetess. Her even assonances are too few. But Mr. Poore came nearer to it two volumes provide (with material of less value, though none than any one of wborn we have record in Newfoundl;wd. of it ne~ligible from our point of view) some genuine things. Canon Bolt has told us how in his boyhood, he and other of his Her later works especially, with the poems "Cabot," " Mid­ boy friends would gather around the. poet, who if he were in the Summer Eve," "Topsail," this last full of lovely sights and humor would entertain them with an impromptu effusion on sounds), are all beautiful, and racy of the sea and soil. I can, each of their names, always witty and humorous al'ld usually however, permit myself to quote only a few stanzas from per­ very apt. Power's health was always precarious; as a surviving haps the first of them all-" Indian Summer" : acquaintance has said, his brain seemed too great for his phy­ Over headland, cape and bay sical strength; and he died comparatively young. He lived on. Veiled autumnal sunshine lay Like a dream ; Pokeham Path, now called Hamilton Avenue. Little of his Softening rock and stream and hill verse, which I fancy was rarely printed, is recoverable; the Baffling all earth's artist skill only bit of it that I rememlter to have heard is a few lines To catch the gleam. dealing with the coming in of the sealing vessels, with a full What is it ? Who can tell ? load, in the Spring. A glamor or a s pell In the air; " Hark to the guns;-go out for the buns Look, each cottage in the woods Now Katie, and don't be long; A whole paradise includes And a. quarter of tea, of the bes t Bohea, Soft and fair. F o r your father, he likes it strong." THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.-20.

The mention of gunfire alludes to a custom, which ceased a That is about all I remember of tbe piece, word for word ; and little before my time, I think, of fusillading on the arrival of my copy was lost in the Great Fire ; but it was very clever. a sealing vessel or steamer. Everybody said it was McNeily's, and personally I have no A great contrast to Mr. Poore, one who is perhaps our most doubt of it. classical writer of verse, A. J. W . McNeily, began to write in the Mr. McNeily, by the way, was a prominent member of the sixties or early seveties. Mr. McNeily was a ripe scholar, in Historical Society in his day; and his Lecture " On the System the classics and some modern langu;~.ge ,, a brilliant lawyer, an of Land Tenure in Newfoundland" was a fine and illuminating incissive writer in matters political, and was rated by many as piece of work. His wife was a daughter of the Honourable J. J. having the keenest intellect of hi5_ day in N e wfoun dl and. He Ro:erson ; and his sons and grandsons are with us yet; more translated sonnets from the Spanish and Portuguese a nd wrote than one of them Limbs of the L'lw. I bad some acquaintance some fine original verse. "My Conso rt Ship'' has a pathetic with Mr. McNeily, and the praise he bestowed on one of my interest. Not the least of Mr. McNeily's qualities was a facility compositions was very much valued by me. for humorous ru ~ e , often published ano1ymously, b ut (it was (To be Continued.) claimed) easily recognizable b y those who knew his style. One piece of ve,se, of the time of the Volunteer movement, that is about the end of the 186o's cal~ed the ·• Awkwa rd Squad" was

~ Battle of Bonavista . .a By W. M. Dooley, Bosfon, Mass.

THE French at Bonavista, with all their art and skill, Set out that day to capture the valiant Michael Gill ; They circled round the Captain, their port guns roaring now; Hut Gill slipped through the cordon, the shore upon his bow.

H e took his stand and fought them, one ship against their five; While from his starboard quarter, he very soon let drive A blast that shattered mast and spar, and raked their decks amain­ One ship that flew the lilies would never fight again.

They then set out a fire-5hip to drift toward brave Gill, Who stood between the Squadron and the Shore beneath the hill. And now the fi• e-ship fouls h im, •nd now hi~ rigging flames; But Gill is still undaunted; he knows the Frenchman's games.

A roar a nd then forever, to the bottom of the bay, I . Sinks the flaming vessel, sizzling, amid a wild hurrah. Gill swings round and o r. ce again is firing on the foe, V\7ho n o w are sadly batte1ed and with many dead below.

And now the gallant Frenchman greets Gill across the bay: "The bravest man I e,·er fnught, brought me defeat to day." His ships depart and Gill is left with victory ~ bravely won; THE LATE A. ] . W McNElLY. K C., So, here's three cheers for Michael Gill who made the foeman ron. One of our Most Distinguished Poets.

pretty certainly his ; I made its acquaintance in the Scrap Book already referred to. Mr. McNeily was doubtless one of the V olunteers, be may e ven himself been a member of the Awk­ ward Squad itself. I remember only a line or two: "Very sharp is Sergeant G rim let-though his manner's rather blunt; ' When be saw I'd got a" cast," he impolitely cried 'Eyes F ront ' I" And the last line opines: "But I think I'll like it better when I learn the Awkward Squ1d." A nd much later, along about 1888 ~ April Rendezvous. appeared in one of the local papers. the satirical piece, " Against Bores and Such," a translation or imitation of The Ninth S .. tire By Alma Robison tligbee. of the First Book of Fiorace, adapted to Newfoundland environ­ I HAVE an April rendezvous ment of that day. It begins thus- When mountain laurel stars are white, " Walking one day down '5acred' Water Street When April days are fair and blue Musing on politics, I chanced to meet And jonquil gold is burnished bright, A noted bore, one whom by name I knew, When redbud dons her shadowed lace, Or just enough to pass with 'how dy'e do.' And wears a veil of April rain, He rushed upon me like a body-gripper Oh I Spring, lift of your sunny face, And grasped my passive hand within his flipper." I go to meet my love again I THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.-21. The of· :Newfoundland. CHAPTER I.-OBSERVATIONS IN THE WORLD OF FANCY. ON THE SANDS-FISHING-A VISIT. By Rev. Walter Bugden.

LONG sweeping stretch of sandy sea-shore, with On they come; but before we are aware they are conscious of here and there a few scattered islets lying beyond ! our presence. And their natural instinct and caution, in this as The lazy waves of summer roll in over the pea­ in hunting, impel them to pause and circle. Note their hesit­ green sandy bottom and over the shallows. And ancy. Note how the foremost drops his paddle and seizes his • near by where the beach seems to end in a wood­ weapon, his bo:-v and arrow. Ah! he is a Native, a "savage" ed point, a few tufts of pale blue wood smoke are rising from as in superior way we prefer to call him ; and we are in a new sheltered dwellings within. All is st\11. No sound falls upon land of wonders, yet to be explored. the ear, save now and then the twttter of sparrows or the bold We shall stand up and hold up our hand as a sign of friend­ call of the blue jay; and these make harmony with the long ship, and walking down the beach the while in token of friendly rollin~ lap of the waves on the bleach as they run in h.umony of approach. They understand, and come forward, and pushing direction with the light breeze, angular to the shore. their light birch-bark canoe on to the shore, we have our first No other sign of human life is to be seen save that faint blue view, and make acquaintance at close range with men of the smoke; but this suggests the presence of cl wellers beyond that aboriginal inhabitants of this New Found Land. line of coast woods. Here and there however as we look more What stalwart though not gigantic men ! They are slim and carefully along tbe smooth sands ldt by the receding tide, there yet muscular in limb; straight in stature and well formed. They are foot-prints, evidently made by mocasined feet, and here, a are ruddy and tanned in skin, regular in features and with sharp bit of fish offal discarded by some fisher. keen eyes as become the denizens of the wood-lands, men whose It is afternoon. The sun begins to decline towards the west­ well-being depend upon alertness. ern ridges. The day has been clear and warm; and now the They approach us cautiously, and although neither makes any breeze from the sea is beginning to fre~hen and come in, with demonstration of hostility towards us, we notice that tbe fore­ its health-giving salty tang. most retains his weapon as he steps from the canoe. Without All the land seems lonely, save to those whoever they be who thought of the impossibility of language we address them in our have selected this spot for their summer residence. But to own tongue, to which they make some sharp clicking sounds as them as we shall presently see, the seclusion leaves nothing to though the letter K was in considerable use. Offering to shake be desired; and the daily occupation of fishing and preparing hand,; we catch the soft sound of S in some words sounding like the catch, make this place of sojourn most ciesirable. '' meeman monasthus." (Shaking hands). There is little of fear here except the crash of the thunder We attempt by signs to show our interest and friendship and the "tongues" of lightning, accompanied with the rising towards them by pointing to the canoe, the fish within her, their roar of winds and drenching rain, as the voices of the spi1its cords of some sort of fibre unknown to us, but which they have out of the unknown seem to speak. There. are no enemies but been using as fi:iihing lines, and most of all to the hooks made of the billowy sea, which sometimes lashes itself in fury on the bone. These are :iitrangely made. They understand and we shore, perhaps bringing with itself an upturned and broken catch the word " adothook" which we take to mean fishing-hook canoe, and more fea1ful still, it may be, a sea-washed and or fishing. Then with many rapid signs which we understood brokP.n body. as welcome, they point to the smoke still rising over the tree But then! The dwellers are Nature's children and true tops, and pulling the conoe further on to the beach they move philosophers, though they know it not; and never a man more towards it. obedient to fate than they! A few wild sad looks, and a few We follow; and presently we are at the camping ground tears perhaps fro_m the women folk, and life goes on again. where there has been set up a few bark ten&like thin·gs. Here So, ia few words we are introduced to the old time and happy then are the summer homes of these people, while they pursue race of Beothics, the" Good Night, Indians," the one time pos­ their fishing on the coast. They murmur and chatter rapidly sessors of the Land which we in our accustomed pride of among themselves of which of course we can make nothing. possession call our own. The women folk and children at first sight of us bad hurried But look! One would . lea-st expect it, did not those thin out of sight. We note their wigwams and lean-to shelters made columns of smoke continue to rise beyond the clump of low of poles covered with branches cut from the spruce and fir trees trees, sure evidence in this land of sameness, of human presence. near by, with sheets of birch bat k over aU to shed the rain. There comes in towards the shore a light boat of · some sort - As we approach we notice once more the alertness of the men there in the offing. Two figures are paddling, not rowing as we from the canoe, in the quick rush for cover and the furtive do seated and composed; but· with considerable action, swinging glances from within. Then as women and children see us in from side to side, propelling the boat, each using one short wide­ easy company with their men folk, they gain courage and pre­ bladed oar, with rapid strokes from side to side in rythmical sently all are a-chatter with ~hat we take as welcome. order as tbey come speedily on. Let us sit here unobserved A:ii the dwellings are small we sit outside, and each in our and watch. own way try to improvise some way of communication - with -THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.-22. them. The attempts are slow and not over successful, though Our fishermen, and others at labour, wore light close fitting we hope they understand that we would be friendly .and that we mocasins to protect the feet, but the at-homes, the women and mean no harm to them. The camp fires are replenished, and children went innocent of foot covering. strange fiat pots and pans of bark are placed over them to pre­ Innocent people they seemed to be with not a care in the world pare the evening meal. Our fishers eat g~e edily ; and we accept save to live at peace, fish , hunt and prepare food and clothing a trifle of roasted fish and a drink of some aromatic liquid in summer for the months of coming winter. Thus far they did offered to us in a more strangely made cup of birch bark­ not seem to know of any but their own world of things. which commodity seems to be in common use for many pur­ Vaguely they spoke of the dim past reckoning their time in poses about their homes and labours. "moons" and spoke of the "far away," and the spirits of their After the repast, with further protestations of friendship and dead. They knew nothing of our coming or that our ship lay a small gift or two from our personal belongings, a few buttons, snugly berthed in harbour not more than two lea~ues off, and a bright bordered handkerchief, and best of all as it seems, a ~hat .ve two were upon an exploring trip of observation and small pocket knife which the receiver calls "ewaen," repeating had come upon them as unexpectedly as they had upon us. it and opening and closing the blade almost lovingly the while, Hence upon our retirement we determined to visit them again we retire. We take care however as we do so, and are not yet If possible, and induce them to us ; in the hope of establishing acquainted with their code of good manners, not to turn our friendly relationship. This we did, and several days passed in backs upon them too abruptly I In this we recognize the usage easy company with them. We had opportunity. to observe more of several savage peoples. closely their dwellings and possessions and their order of living.

BEOTHICS OF THE EXPLOITS, NEWFOUNDLAND. From an engraving after a drawing by Cartwright.

In makin: our departure we point in the direction from which In particular we discovered through means of sigl'ls and accom· we have come, touching the hands and feet of one here and panying words that a few days previously they had "seen a there as we do so, then our own to indicate that they should great white winged creatu~e." 0 so great, larger t-han their visit us in turn. biggest canoe, moving alo11g out upon the circle of waters and In our short visit we noticed that except for evident marks of passing by. · That they had been afraid, though the men pro­ masculinity, men and women dressed alike. Our fishermen had fessed to be brave, and moved their possessions to a hidden however discarded the outer heavy garment of skin worn with crevice of rock some distance away. They had returned at the hair within when at fishing, and had donned a lighter robe night, watching and waiting to hear and know what the appear· of fur, evidently of fox, beaver or other animal. This robe was ance meant ; and that they had finally returned to their wigwams worn reaching to the knee. One old and digni.fied person whom concluding that it was a visitant from the Spirit world, going we found at home wore a great black bear skin robe with a and intent upon its own way. So they had been reassured, collar or tippet of fine silver fox. They wore no head covering, calm philosophers that they were, pursuing their fishing and save amongst the women ; thdr hair fell over their shoulders or hunting once more 1 tied loosely with a band of fur. One or two we nqticed affect­ What need to tell them that we were of that ship, the " Bride ing an ornament, a bright shell or a smooth coloured pebble of Bristol" and that she lay nearby ?. It was enough to assure from the shore. them that we were men like they ; that we had come, as they Amongst the men the hair was cut closely from the crown had, from outside (with a wave of the hand}. That we would save the "scalp lock" which fell behind or at the side, and tied come again, with. many more, to build' wigwams and live and or braided with one or two erect feathers. It appeared tha.t the work with them, and do them good. number of feathers worn indicated some rank. So a few happy days pa~sed. We saw, and learnt the names THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.-23. of several things in their every day life,-" eewaen," a cutting heads and a few stone and bone implements with decayin~ blade of stone, bone, or our knife: " codrat," a fire; "adathook," fragments of sewn skin and birch bark. These remains, with a a fish-hook; " dogernat" or "dogemat" an arrow. few bones and skeletons have been found in several parts par­ In social life we heard many phrases,-" Boyish" or " paushee ticularly alon: the North-east and North-west coasts. tapathook," a birch-bark canoe; "emmamoose, woassut At Norris Point where the remains of their work have been awoodet," a woman singing; "meeman monasthus," shake found, they were so numerous and in such variety of workman­ bands; "Buhashameth athess," Boy, sit down ; "meotick ship as to su:gest a head-quarters for their manufacture. posstheee" the wigwam smokes, "Betheok washeu," Good night. Possibly the flint and iron-stone were found in the neighbour­ Before our departure we learnt to bid them "Good night" quite hood, which would be a usual accompaniment to the limestone readily in the words they seem to love best of all. It is the deposits of that region. word Bethuk, Betheok, Betbuck, Beothic, the name for their They were a simple child-people, innocent of the boasted tribe and for their choicest salutation in saying " good bye." doings of Nations; innocent of their own, because they had no We saw the skill with which they made fire-a piece of iron­ bards nor recorders amongst themse-lves. Thus their prowess, stone p) rites, which with a harder piece struck fire. Or failing their virtues, their glory and their needs all went down into this, their ingenious " fire bow" with its crossed pieces of dry oblivion with them, save the few poor fra~ments discovered and · wood and "tinder" from the decayed fir also produced a fire kept, to witness to their existence, and incidentally to witness after considerable patience. We saw their "fire-bags" in which also the White man's cupidity and lack in human kindness. they kept and carried these things on occasions of their hunting That they came in pursuit of the chase, the primitive purpose and travelling ; their curious cooking utensils of soap-stone, or of a primitive people, is certain. And here they found this a­ failing that, of the common spruce bark. And we S'IW their plenty. But of their years few of many, No I No more may skill in making clothing of skins and the fur of the animals they we count the ages of Humanity itself, than we may with any killed in the chase, and most of all, their stores of fine "war­ certainty count the "moons" of the Red man. paint"-though it is doubtful if they ever engaged in hostilities The Beothics' Story. with another tribe. This paint was produced by their careful "Many Moons ago" might they say. "For many moons we mixing of ochre with tallow from the cariboo or bear. have been here. H~re we have built our wigwams, established So ended our visit to the Beothic camp in their summer fishing our caches, raised our deer fences and marked out our trails eccupation. So might have been the happy coming of the and camping grounds." "Whi(e Folk, the people of wonder to the L10d of their fathers. "Here we have travelled and hunted, h;we pursued the courses A Day Together. of the river valleys, have looked upcm the grand water-falls How like an impertinence it seems, in face of such tragedy where the spirits of our fathers still linger, and plodded wearily as we hope to depict; to paint our proud usages and attain­ over the marshes by the muskegs and through the forests, pur­ meAts counting upon the story of those whom we have so cruelly suing our calling, no man to say us nay. And here for many wronged and despoiled I moons we have lived peaceably with our own, feasted, joyed, Yet what else can we do? Our achievements may be, our languished and passed on with our fathers ~o the Happy time is ?lOt our own. Fur time lives on to tell what we have Hunting Grounds. done with it; and the time which called us to achieve called " There is no lake but we know. There is no trail but our feet also the Beothic to endure and suffer. have trodden from the Land of the Morning to the Shore of the We know nothing of the years of the Beothic prior to our Setting Sun. The Land has been ours by right of occupa­ coming to the New Land in A. D. 1497-1760 (lmmigration tion-for many moons it_ bas been ours. Who shall say us nay ? virtually ceased about the latter date). But even at that remote '' Come with us to our wigwa,ms when the fishing is over. period their Race had well begun. We shall not indulge in We snall take our dried fi.sh seasoned only with the sting (salt) fancy as to their origin with the ''lost tribes of Israel." That is of the sea. We shall take some of the soft skin and fe.athers of a fabric worn too thin to hold water! Nor shall we attempt to the great sea· birds (awk), and oil to preserve our mocasins and place them definitely with any tribe of "Indians" inhabiting implements. We shall take our furs, ivory and beautiful shells Eastern North America. Of one thing, however, we may be to clothe and beautify our persons, our women, our wives and certain; that physiognomy, speech and habits of life all pro­ children. We shall take it all: and we shall feast, a happy claim them to be of" Red Indian" stock closely alied in every people, safe and warm in the shelter of the sounding forest. tellin: fact with that extensive Race. There we shall listen at night to the hooting of the snowy owl, It is quite legitimate, however, to say with one worthy author the lone cry of the loon and the howl of the hungry wolf; glad that "previous to the coming of Europeans they were for many" at the thought that we are safe sheltered in our winter lodges. decades "before, hunting, gliding over the lakes and rivers in And there we shall lie on beds of the softest furs, and tell of the their birch canoes." · pleasures of the year's hu11tin~, and hear and see over again the Yet they made no progress. They left little more than a deeds of the braves gone by. name of having been. There is nothing but a few pitiful "Come with us ; for there you might trade in the richest fur remains (how pitiful we hope to show, in perhaps a futile effort of otter, fox and beaver. And there you may ira return gladden to have respect shown to what after all we share with them of our eyes with your rich colours your knives, hatchets and your common humanity). Tbey were found and remained for three cooking things. And there you shall be safe to come and go in hundred years a poor few, flitting from post to post over a safety. limited space in a comparatively small island. "Or come, and go with us to the lordly waters, where land They possessed not nor left any records, leaving not even a and water seem to meet and mingle in the depths below us; scratched name on wood or stone. They had made no advance where the mountains dip into the calm, and where while we look in the arts of life ; their only remaining work being their arrow in wonder upon them, still towering above. THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARThRLY~24

" Miles we might paddle and leisure or send our canoe speed­ " But see 1 There is a string of deer just passing through our ing from shore to shore, in pursuit of the plunging deer. Or in fence of tre~s, and taking to the water with a plung forward. the time of cold we might hurry along the shore and take a " We follow them silently and without visible tmotion, though ouniniche here, a speckled ted-blooded 'dattomeish' (trout) we are keenly eager. For there will be plenty again, of meat, there. Or chance may bring us a fine fat goose for supper, with and skins, and bone for needles, hooks, spears and knives. the fine wing feathers, a gift to the coming chief. And there will be soft hair for beds and clothing. " How the pine knots burn at night, like the brilliaflt Lights "Strain forward, again, again 1 Our paddles dip rapidly and of the North along the blue above us! And how tasty and the foam rolls away from our path. The quarry is just ahead satisfying is the marrow from the shank which we spit and roast now. Ping goes the arrow, another and another. How thty over the fire 1 plunge and struggle to get away. Chug goes a spear. Ha 1 "To-morrow we shall go on trail to the forest. And 11ow to He has it. Overboard go our braves and the water is churned sleep iu the cosy bed-nests lined with the softest down and fur, into confusion as deer and braves struggle together. At last where no cold nor draft can come ; to sleep and dream and live the tomahawk falls and does its work. The deer is ours, the day over again ! another, and another; and we gather t:.p what we have, while * * * >I< * * * the herd scatters in all directions. It is a free and joyous life. "Up and away ! We have our fine bow of mountain ash, * * * * * * • with a fine sheath of slender willow and pine arrow-shafts, tip­ "But the day is long and there is time yet to pursue the hunt ped with the keen tiint head. How we beguile the long nights further. So we cache our carcases of venison and seek further. of winter while the resinuous wood blazes and lights up the We cross the lake Oflce more, to an open bay, into which from ' meotick' (wigwam); and we chip and smoothe these to a fine a high wooded slope a broad stream comes foaming, bringing point 1 gleaming white, grey and yellow sand in its flow, and to deposit "How they pierce the doter* seal, and with what force they it widely over the lake bottom. are driven to the vitals of the fleeing deer and bring him doNn 1 " How little we know of what we have fn this good land of And the stone axe tucked into the belt of black bear skin, and ours 1 That musical sound from the lake bottom --we love it the keen knife of the same 1 So let us go. but we fear it. It seems to tell of something there which has " The forest is stil-L The great pines and birches stand yet to be learned. Sweet lovely sound, clearer, harder than the amongst the lower spruce and fir like sentinels. All are good rock on which we strike our flint-tipped paddle, harder it seems and useful in their turn. See the bare stock of the great birches than the stone we use for our arrow tips. whence we have stripped the bark ; to build our wigwam by the "But htar us! Here a v.hite-skinr.ed man Y..ili ccme with lake and our new canoes for commin~ sumnier. We do not his braves from over the great sea, to bring prestnts, and talk waste time. Life is too short and uncertain, and we must keep of amity and trade Y..ith our children: alas, only to leave his guard against what we know not. name a memory, and a thought of what might have been. "See beyond up the great lake, where the blue haze comes (To be Co111£nued.) _ down veiling the shore and mingling with the waters I We know nothing of your Spirits, ror of your raving over your beauty and magnifice.nc~ of scenery and the glory of the autumn tints. But there at times we hurry by in passing, because we fear we have come too close to the abode of the Unknown and may trespass. And because we know not the Spirits we are afraid. " We know nothing yet of your noise which kills, and which comes beyond the range of our finest arrows with deal h upon its wings. We know nothing of your skill in making these and Some Days. other dreatlful thin"gs-how you have built such great canoes By Derfille Tobin. (ships) to carry thunder and lightening, to batter down the cliffs and lay waste a whole camping ground ! You may indeed yet SoME days in Spring seem very old, harness the very lightning itself to do your behe!lt, when, O ld, and dull, and dreary- Some d ays in Spring seem very young, < Baroodisick '(thunder). But our senses of sight, hearing and Young, and bright, and cheery I smell are attuned to a point far beyond you; a11d we learn and know the danger afar and beyond the range even of your death­ So me days in Spring stress note of gloom, The trees' stark limbs look tragic­ noise. Some days in Spring are full of joy, "Rock, twig and moss ; even the wet stones beyond the rim And wee buds ope like magic t of the placid water have their tale to tell us, of the game which Some morns of Spring the air so chili have passed, or of the enemy which lies waiting just beyond. A ppals the birds and mutes them- So we live and learn. But other morns when sunbeams da'uce " We cros!l the waters and hear the rush a11d roar of the angry Music most sweet salutes them I spirits as they sweep by, and lash the way into foam, and beat Some days in Spring elusive Hope u!l sometimes to the shore. Or we look below into tbe blue Seems but to rap the fingers depths, and see the great cone of sun rays pointing downward. That fain would fl ing the portals wide And it is an evil eye to be feared when it gazes upon us thus ; To haste the joy that lingers. for still water lies deep, and down there may be, the Great ~vii Some days in Spring that joy peeps out lies, and we hurry on afraid. Through myriad winsome ways, • Doter-The Bay seal, often also called the "ranger," a beautifully And then man's heart respondent leaps spotted seal somewhat smaller than the " harp" fr~ q uenting coast waters. In ecstasy of praise t THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.-25. The Rise and Fall of The Gold Standard. With Some Reference to the Quantity Theory of Money and to the Correlation of Gold and Prices. By Robert Saunders, Graduate of Boston, New York and Columbia Universities.

INTilODUCTION. is commonly assigned to Greece in about the ninth century before ~~lA:>~ OLD! What memories hover round the word I How Christ. But there are reasons for believing that it may be carried r~ deeply bas it stirred and still does stir the mind back to a very much more remote period of the past. of man I The unearthing of :old vessels from the buried cities of Egypt And then what dark memories are associated and the remains of ancient works in the gold fields of Western ~ v: f with this word "gold" ; for the very getting Asia, show that the inhabitants of these countries were familiar of it has been associated with bitterest curses and foulest with the precious metals and mined them more or less exten­ deeds. In the search for gold whole races of people have sively hundreds of years before the Chri'ltian era. been put to the sword, continents subjugated, religions and During the rivalry between Cartha~e and Rome for the trade civilizations destroyed. In the fifteenth anJ sixteenth centuries of the Orient, both of these States exported siver to India and men spent their Jives toiling as slaves in the mines of South probably obtained :old in return. During the middle ages the Italian States were still the ch~nnel by which gold, and also silver, flowed from India to Europe. Gold was employed as a form of money as early as approximately 3 0 00 B.C. At first it passed current in the form of bars, rings or chunks, usually stamped with some insignia of the ruler and measured by weight or by si ze. Coin al,!e made its first appear­ ance in about the seventh century B.C. in Lydia. The device gradually spread Westward in Europe. The Rise of Gold as a Sfandard of Value and Medium of Ellchange. Although the problem of the value of money was not in classical times the burning issue which it later became, it did not pass unnoticed. In X enophon's " Revenues of Athens," he speaks simply of the value of gold and silver, but he seems to have the money use particularly in mind. He touches briefly upon the question that became a great financial problem of the nineteenth century, namely : that gold as it appears in greater quantity becomes much les~ valuable and causes silver to bear a higher price. Here wa-; hidden the germ of the great money questicn of to-day-the question of what relationship silver should bear to ~old. The Ji~ht in which banking and finance regard gold is perhaps the most reasonable of all. To them gold serves as a standard of value, a standard for deferred payments and a base for paper money. It can do this better than any other existing commodity because it possesses as a commodity a value relative to the other commodities so stable that it performs the ROBERT SAUNDE RS , F.SQ., B.A. function of a medium of exchange more perfectly than any other, and can alc;o retain a certain stability for an extended period. and Central America in order to enrich their taskmasters. World production of gold is not erratic as, for example, the Then when those rich taskmasters from Euro pe had the metal production of tin, coal or wheat. It is of vital importance that safely aboard ship it was frequently captured on the hi~h seas the one essential quality needed in the article one uses as a basis by pirates and merchant adventurers. for exchanging all other articles has fixety ~ n value. In this twentieth century, gold, the usual base for currency Wheat and tobacco in the U. S A. and fish in N ewfoundland, issues, has become so important an agency of society, that the for examples, were just as clearly " money " when used as the understanding of its nature and functions, its tendency and article as gold and silver are to-day. But as countries became influences, is a problems which attracts the attention not merely more and more populous and commercial transactions more of the political economist and financer, but of the reading world complicated, the use of bulky products, char>geable in value,. in general. liable to decay, and of different grad,.s, was soon found trouble­ Beginnings of fhe Precious Mefals as Money. some and unsuited for the growin: ltusiftess of exchange of The be:inning of the history of the precious metals as money articles. THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.- 26.

The metals then proved their superiority-especially gold. Gold Britain in the world's markets, and because Great Britain had a does not decay; volume and great value can be easily transport­ large export trade this higher price exposed the export industries ed ; it can be divided easily into definite money units, and to a competition which they could not overcome. Therefore in does not change in value rapidly, yet it shares with any other some ways the Labour Party in Great Britain seemed justified commodity the one esential quality of also having value in itself in their opposition to the r:ountry going back to the old basis of for other purposes than for the mere basis of exchange. $4 86. There was a monkey-wrenl;lh in the wheels of commerce Why Gold Exclusively Became the Standard. and much evidence points to gold as this monkey-wrench. The The virtue of the gold unit is not that it was or i~ a perfect pound should have been stabiliz ~ d at a much lower level­ standard, but that it is less susceptible of ignorant or malicious say $4 20. abuse than alternative units. If gold has been at times some­ This leads us to the problem and the question ?-to what what unstable in value, paper standards have b l" en vastly more price a country should stabilize its currency when going back unstable. However, the maintenance of the gold standard only on a gold basis. It is a problem that cannot be di\•orced from meant that the paper currency of a country, by a deliberate freedom in trade-perfect freedom in the international move­ monetary policy, was kept in a certain parity with gold. ments of goods, services and capital. To illustrate: when a The Gold Standard in its simplest Jorm was primarily a device country has been driven to suspend tbe Gold Standard by a fall for achieving two quite consistent ends. It was a device, in the in the world price level, that means that at the world price level first place, for maintaining rates of exchange within very narrow its export industries are unremunerative. They become under­ limits; and in the second place it was a device for maintaining employed, and their development is retarded. If thi~ condition something approa ching equilibrium between the price strudure, of things is prolonged, they may be per,n mently weakened. The on the one hand, and income and cost structures on the other, suspension of the Gold Standard relieves the strain ; it raises the of particular communities. equivalent of the world price level in terms of the country's In its historical aspects the G Gld Standard (as practiced before currency. If the currency does, or is allo .ved to, depreciate to the Great War and to some extent before the present great de­ the point at which the world price level become; normally pression) was .able to achieve a certain maintenance of parity in remunerative, the relief is complete. the rates of foreign exchange in addition to maintenance of Therefore the chief importance of gold has been based up:m equilibrium in international price and income levels. the qu1.ntity of its pr.,ducti:>n, and the way in which the metal, The Rise of the Gold Standard. when produced, is applied to lubricate the wheels of commerce. The Gold Standard is a system first introduced into Great In other words, ir-~ the case of gold, the rPlation of the metal to Britain immediately after the Napoleonic wars, which ended with Banking and Exchange has been of supreme impJrtance. Waterloo in 1815. It developed into an international The fact that the Gold S cand:ud worked s J well befor:! the standard about the middle of the 187 o's, "hen Germany and Great War can be, in the main, attributed to the great financial other large nations went on that stand.nd. Just prior to the center in London in general and Great Britain in particular. Great War practically every country was on the Gold Srandard. Here was a free gold market in the true sense of the word. Here In the new world Nicaragua and Swer of the quanti•ies of gold they did not take care of temporary variations in the purchasing power represented. of the currency. In France, for example, many years prior to The rise and operation of the Gold Standard in Great Britain 1914, the authorities imposed a premium on the export of gold, is a classic example of the Gold Standard in its purest form. as a caution that gold would not move into and out of France so Tbe point that Great Britain tried to m:1intain prior to 1914 was automatically as is provided LH in a pure GJld Stanjard. that at a given moment the country required a certain quantity The Downfall of Gold. of cash to accomplish exchanges·. London maintained a free The fall of the Gold Standard in the early 193o's can in no gold market and developed the idea tllat all gold in excess of small measure be attributed to the circumstances of France's the required quantity was useless and even burdenso :-n e. These return to the G old Standard in r9z8. Tni; ::ountry returned to were the days of the free m::>veme a ts of gold, in and out of the Gold St~ndard with the French franc stabalized at a little London, and of the operation of a pure and unadulterated Gold less than four cents as ag 1inst the pre w .H pu of ' n·euly twenty Standard. cents. France was placed in a very favorable situation in her Some Aspects of fhe Operation of the Gold Standard ex port trade when her cheapened currency allow~d her to in a Modern World. undersell competitors in the fo reign trad~ -mark:ets. Besides, When Great Britain went back to the G::>ld S tandard-or when once her currency was stabilized, Frenc-h' capital abroad, more correctly the Gold Bullion Standard--in 1925 there was which had b ~ en temporarily transferred abroad during the probably between 5 and ro per cent. d ifference between Great decline of the franc, began to tlow back to France, mainly in Britain and the United States in commodity prices converted to the form of gold imports. This created a strain on other a gold basis. General prices were lower in the United Stat€s countries which had -too little gold in the first place-except, of of America, and that country could therefore undersell Great course, the U.S.A. which had an oversupply. France did not THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.- 27. live up to her obligatiOtlS as a great creditor nation. That overboard. Various acts were passed and Presidential decrees country, after Great Britain, was and is a great capital export issued in the U . S. A. in 1933, until the Gold Standard was country. To carry that resp:>nsibility successfully it should completely demolbh~d. The Presid fail to redeem the currency in gold. Another cause of the do.vnfall of gold after the 193o's was Gold and Prices. the one-sided distribution of the world's gold reserves. Some A simple examination of the b1nking system in its larger countries had a shortage, and were operating under a GJld Ex­ aspects leads to the conclusion, which one is comforted to change Standard, while t.he U.S. A. and France had some.vhere find was also reached by such polit'cal economist.s as N ewmarch, between so to 6o per cent. of the wor\J's gold. Now when the Giffien and Marshall in Great Britain, not to mention m any on depression began to take on an international aspect an extraor­ the Continent, that the most direct and immediate way in which dinary search for liquid assets began with the result t' a t there an influx of gold affects trade is by causing the banks to make was a general scramble for gold. A country would suddenly advances on easier terms, s1 stimulating enterpris! and causing find itself expJsed to a drain of gold and to the neces~ity for an increase in the demand for commJjities and services, and taking protective measures. In this way c1me the downfall c f consequently a rise in price~. The writer must give the caution, England's Gold Standard in '93 r, a crises which had its ro::> ' s h >wever, that the prestnt policies in lnttrnational Trade and io Austri~, when the bar. king communicy was unable to meet its Fi ance have the Eff ~ ct of m u ralizing the relationship between obligations. This spread to Germany where Great Britain had gold 'movements and commodity prices. large \:quid-short-term-f unds tied up. The Bank of E ' g'and and On the side of the relation bt:tween gold production and com-

SALMON COVE, BA Y DE VERDE. Hollo way Phc to.

the Government tried to save the situation by means of large modity prices, the well-known S .vedish financial authority, foreign credits, but to no avail. The B1nk was caught in the Gustax Cassel, argues that an annual production of three per maelstrom. It applied to the Gwernment for release from its cent. of the supply at any time is a cone ition for the mainten­ legal oblig.ttions to sell gnld under the Gold Standard Act d ance of the general price level, unchanged, so far as th~ gold 1925. This meant the fall of gold in that country. supply is concerned. Joseph Kitchin, in hi~. evidence presented In America, the divorce from G~ld was a deliberate step take., to the Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance in order to stop defhtion a'ld make rv)m for a rise in the price­ (1926) anives at a conclusi on sub, tan tially the same. In fact, level. It had also as its object the restoring of America's com­ since the r 92o's a lively d iscus, inn has been going on between petitive power in world markets. By this, of course, is meant European, English and American authoriti ~ s in the field. Of that, by 1933, with practically all th~ great trading nations off course, none of these men could see j ust what was to be the gold and their currencies depreciate:!, Amedca could not, on a trend to-day, with greater economy in the use of gold, a greater gold basis, compete in the foreign mukets. H.Jwever, too much production, plus the unusual aspect of seeing India delivering up stress must not be laid on this aspect of the problem. her vast hoards, which were probably hoarded there for genera­ This idea of America going off the G 1ld S andard wi thout a tions. Add to all this, a restricted movement of gold, and we find shortage of gold and with a favorable balance of international a greatly diminisht d importance as to just how much gold st;ould payments is a new experienc~. Therefore, in this case, the be produced and also the lessened relatL nship between gold the older orthodox doctrine that gold reserves would guuantee production and prices. the maintenance of the Gold Standard was completely thrown However, let us look at the practical aspects cf the problem THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.-28.

before the present world-wide financial disturbances. If prices Conclusions. rose unduly in one country, that country's balance of trade Gold has failed, at least temporarily, both as a means of pay­ would become unfavorable, and the country would be exposed ment and as a standard of value. The value of gold is to-day to a drain of gold with the consequence of a pressure on its price somewhat unstable and not even a prophet of old can tell its level sufficient to restore the old price equilibrium. On the future. other hand, a country receiving gold imports on an unduly large Still less can we te.ll what will be the outcome of the various scale would experience a rise of prices tending to counteract the exchange controls. This is a new device to control gold move­ import of gold. Thus the system would promote general stabi­ ments and maintain parities of exchange. Each of the three lization, including both an adjustment of the price levels of the powerful countries-Great Britain, the U. S. A. and France­ different countries to one another and a rational distribution of have set aside several million dollars in what is known as the worlds monetary stock of gold. " Exchange Equalization Funds." The three currencies-the The Quantity Theory of Money. pound, the franc and the dollar-are more or less linked up through the operations of these equalization funds. In fact tbe This q uantity idea of money attempts to enlighten us on the inside story of the power of these funds in international trade purchasing power of money or the general level of prices and and finance is yet to be told. then trace the dependence of prices on the amount of money All experience during the last few years repudiates the view in use. It was stated originally in a simple form suitable to a that large gold reserves increases bankin: security. For example, community in which money meant coins of precious metal. America bad plenty of :old in 1933, but her banking system To-day, for practical purposes, it is expressed in the form of easily became water-logg~d. an algebraic equation, as follows :- The return to gord does not and cannot come primarily and M V X M' V' = P T automatically by G overnment fiat. The great and powerful The explanation of the eq uation is:­ central bank of a country must, as a most important thing, accu­ M = money in circulation. mulate reserves either in the form of gold at home or abroad, or in the form of liquid credits in foreign gold centers. V = velocity of circula tion of money. Of course plenty of " men who know " cherish an early retura M ' = credit (checking accounts measured by individual to gold. The reasoning of those who advocate an early return deposit!> at the banks or by demand deposits). to gold takes on, we must admit, the character of a devotion to V' = velocity of circulation of deposits. old ideals with their practical application to-day a far different P = prices (index of prices). story. T = volume of trade. The money question is to-day subject to violent controversary. The history of money does confirm the truth of this (quation, In fact, no settl~d opinion has been given for the causes of the not in its narrower form, it is true, but in its broader aspects. downfall of gold. The writer, therefore, has attempted to For if the history of the production. of gold is compared with present the problem of Gold and International Finance trom an that of the :eneral level of commodity plices, the broad agree­ unbiased standpoint. Every writer on this subject may regard ment will be see111. himself as opening a discussion rather than formulating a final The late World War has providtd valuable materia-l on the thesis. We can, however, look at the world to-day and say with Sir Thomas White (War-time Minister of Ftoance for Canada): relationship between issues of money and the range of commo­ Though here I sit with wealth untold, dity prices. It can be gathered from the course of prices in What's the use of all my gold, F rance, Great Britain, Germany and other belligerent countries, Tie r on tie r a bove my head. If my people starve fo r b read ? that the strongest influence on the general prices of com­ N OTE.-The writer of the above article is a native Newfoundlander. modities was that exercised by the quantity of money. Of He worked for some time in S t j oh'n"s where he was active in the Church course, there are other factors that keep the price level from Lads' Brigade, the C atht dral Men's Bible C lass, etc. He graduated from Boston U niversity in 1924, New York U niversity being exactly proportionate to the quantity of -money in circu­ in 1925, and C olumbia U niversity in 1927. He has about all require· lation in any particular country. ments finished for his Doctor's D egree in the field of Commercial Science at the Wall Street Division of New York U niversity, To-day the money whose quantity regulates its value is not He spen t some six years of research into the" History of British Foreign merely gold coin, nor even gold and legal tender, but includes Inves tments" and this year presented his res ults, covering two volumes of bank credit as well ; in fact, all means of payment. Besides, twelve hundred pages, to New Yor)< University in p a, rti1f.l fulfilment of the req uirements for the Doctor's D egree. any country can raise a large superstructure of paper and ~red i t money on the same stock of gold it uses as a base for the issues of paper. The velocity of circulation is beginning to A WINTER PAGEANT. be recognized to-day as a very potent force in the whole quantity By La~;~ra Hoagland Pierce, Kansas Cify, Mo. !)f money idea. The same amount of money can be made to BARREN earth, naked trees, do a greater amount of business if it is used more actively. An Silenced songs, withered leas, increase in velocity of circulation, then, will serve instead of A c rid smoke rising hig h, C hill of frost, leaden sky ; more money. Soughing winds through the pines Of course, this whole Quantity Theory has been criticised on Wails its dirge, shrilly whine.s ; several grounds. It is said that it is a static theory, that it rests L una's light, cold and chill, on too rigid a foundation, that it admit~ credit and other substi­ Glitters white. crowns the bill ; tutes for money as factors determining the value of money itself, Rivers b road, flo wi ng strong, Turned to ice hush their song ; that it does not truthfully portray the manner in wh_ich the S now-birds brown, cpirp and cheep, money commodity is matched against the sum total of other Fl o w~r s dream, s unk in sleep; commodities. However, the basic criticism3 of the quantity. T hick on boughs snow wreaths cling, theory can be eliminated when the critics realize that the Ices c ra ck, sleet-drops s ting; quantity theory taken as a whole states : " other things being Winter reigns-Polar King, ~qual. " Nature rests, waiting Spring. THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.-29.

The Late Archbishop Howley's ·''Newfoundland Name-Lore." Republished from "The Newfoundland Quarterly," Commencing October, 1901. ARTICLE XXXI.

HE largest island i_n Placentia Bay, lying somewhat I may add that although I have heard some persons trying to towards the western shore is fix the name of Baron or Barron on this island, and have seen Meracheen. the word so spelt in some of the newspapers, no application has This word i-; French, and means the "Dog-sea." yet come, as far as I am aware, before the Nomenclature Board • The word "chien" is used by the French as the concerning the said change, nor has the matter been discussed name for a seal, thus chien de mer-sea-dog, and loup de mer­ by the Board. ( r ). sea-wolf are used frequently to express a seal. Another word Inside of Barren Island there is a harbour called for the same is "veau marin"-sea-calf. Hence the present La Plante. name "Mer-a-chien," the sea of the seals or sea-dogs. The " Evidently," ~tays Mr. LeMessurier, "here the French bad a harbour or rock seal is numerous in these waters. The name plantation, or more likely it was named so because of the wood earily and naturally became transferred from the sea or strait, or waters surrounding the island, to the island itself. On the coast of the island there is a cove callecl Dog Harbour. This is doubtless a translation from the French " Havra a chien." We have also Seal Island and Seal Harbour, all showiPg the presence of seals in this neighbourhood. There is a group of islands on the west side of Meracheen island named the Ragged Islands, This name has been alluded to in Article XIV. One of these isLu1ds is called Galton Island.' Mr. LeMessurier (Lecture, p. 77) says it is called after a Mr. Galton who was pilot vlith Captain Cook during his surveys io 1767. Mr. L~Messurier adds" I knew his (Galton's) daughter-Mrs Movelle-who ditd at Meracheen iu 1873 or '74, aged 108 years I" Another island of this group is named John De Gong.

Mr. LeMessurier thinks it is a corrup:ion of some French word. BU RG E O. I find it written on Howley's map as John de Gaunt 1., but I fear this is only a guess. There is a small island na;ned which abounded there, even in my time." I can hardly however Crane Island; admit these suppositions; rst, because tbe French never used the origin of the name is unknown. There are two plante for a "plantation." This is a purely English Elizabethan " Darren Islands." term. The French term for the same idea is a "Habitation." The smaller one, uninhabited, on the east side of Meracheen. Neither do the Frendh use the word plante for wood but bois. The larger, with a good harbour and a considerably populous There may, however, have been at1 English plantation in this settlement, on the west side towards the main land. Attempts Bay, and the French Cartographers may have written it down have recently been made to change the name of this island to La plante. It is so written on the Royal French map, after Baron Island. Mr. LeMes~turier, who in knowledge of this part Cook, of r 784. There is in this place a BELL ISLE though what of the coast is facile princeps, is indignant, and justly so, at this the application of it may be I am not aware. A little further attempted change. " As far as I can find out," he writes, south is a small group, named the. (Lecture, p. 12) " no per~ on by the name of Barron ever dwelt Durgeo Islands. there. It was named lit Sterile, because of its barren appear­ ance compared with the other islands which are all wooded. This name occurs in various places on the coast of Newfoundland Harren Island has a plateau rising about 200 or 300 feet high, and the origin oht is obscure. The best known place of the at the base of which is Western Cove and Barren Island Har­ name is the harbour on the Southern Shore of the Island, between bour. The plateau is reached from the east side by a steep bit Fortune Bay and Channell and which gives its name to one of of cliff, on which is worn some steps known as the Devil's the Electoral Districts in conjunction with LaPoile-the Dis­ Ladder. This plateau has no trees on it, and is covered with trict of moss and small berry-bearing bushes. In my experience of Durgeo and Lapoile. Placentia Bay, Barren Island was always spoken of as 'the Several attempts have been made to find the meaning and origin Barrtn Island' by the people. ' of this name. Mr. LeMessurier suggests Bras de Jean-John's THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.-30.

Arm. The name is alluderl to in Article X . when speaking of St. Kyran's, Joe Batt's Arm, which is called by the French Bras de Joe Batt. the Patron Saint of his native County of Kilkenny. The place " It is thought it may be corruption of Bras de Joe, Joe's Arm." is somewhat lor.ely, being situated in a secluded glen at the end Somewhat to the southward of Barren Island, and off the of the Northern Arm of Presque. This arm of the sea is north end of lie V alen, there is a group or ledge of rocks called entirely surrounded by high wooded mountains and closed in, The Grammers. (2 ) . except a very narrow entrance opposite Presque. The moun· This is a corruption of the French grande mere --or grand­ tains are covered up to their summits with ricb growth of mother rocks. To the westward on the main land is the foliage. The scenery is strikingly like one of the salt water harbour of locks of Scotland, such as the Garlock, Lock Long, Lock Eil, Cia lice, &c. The Presbytery is built upon a little peninsula jutting out or Clatisse ; origin and meaning unknown. I t may be a corrupt into the lake and is a most <.harming and picture~que spot. spelli ng of C . L atice for Cape Latice, by the same sort of error The fruit a11d floVI·er gardens, owing to the care and skill of the as created the names of Carpoon, Carenas, Carouge, Codroy, present Pastor- Rev. Father Doutney-and his energetic and &c., (see Art. V l ). But then it will remain to find a meaning taste(ul household, are some of the most beautiful and flourish­ for Latice. Mr. LeMessurier suggests that it may be a name ing in Newfoundland .. of a man, (French). The Rev. Fr. Walsh was nearer than perhaps he thought in A large and important island exists here called connecting the name of O liver's Cove with Oliver Cromwell. Great Isle Valen We find as far back as 1696, the Abbe Baudouin describing the or Valen I sland. Mr. LeMessurier derives the name from " a march of the French troops after the capture of St. John's says Courtier of Louis X IV's time who was deported to Placentia that having marched round Conception Bay they attacked without capturing-Car bon ear Island. They marched to Heart's Con­ tent and round the shores of Trinity Bay to Chapel Arm ; crosstd over the Isthmus of Avalon into Placentia Bay, then : " On the 19th of March, M. D'lbberville left Placentia in a boat for the Day of Cromwell. Here they met VI ith M. Peiriere who came from Bay Bulls' Arm to meet them. This is undoubtedly Oliver's Cove, holll'ever it came by the name. Mr. LeMessurit:r thinks Cromwell's Cove was come by chance. Near Burgeo is a cove Seivelly's Cove. The origin of the name is unknown. Grandy's Point is probably C

Further out in the Bay is the very high and prominent Island Tasse De L'Argenf caJl ed from the bright colour of the reeks or silver c~:p. Mr. LeMessurier thus describes it (p. x6). Red Island. " The little harbour is cup-like, and the quartz in the rocky cliffs It is composed of a brilliant formation of red sand~tone which gives it a silver-like appearance." (See Plate Cove, Art. XII.) shows almost salmon colour in the opal light of the setting sua. The next harbour coming westward is There is but one harbour or. the island bearing the same name Bona. as the island itself. On this Mr. LeMessurier remarks, "some Latin scholar, proba­ On the east side of Meracheen there is a harbour named bly, named this place, having found it good." However I do not think the word is Latin, this appears from the peculiar way Indian Harbour. in which the people pronounce the word with a strong accent Mr. LeMessurier says Red Indian remains have been found on the latter syllable, as if it were written here. I am, powever, inclitJed to think that the name is only a Bona h. translation into E nglish of a very common F rench name, " Between this and Paradise," says Mr. LeMessurier, "there is a Havre Sauvage, rock shaped like a woman, called by the French which would be better translated Wild Cove. The entrance to La Blanche Dame." this harbour is composed of very bluff almost perpendicular I never heard of such a name, nor do I find it on any map in c'iffs which are very ~qually , hence railed Wild Cove. On the my possession. Moreover, if the French were using such a com­ western shore of Newfoundland, in St. G eorge's Bay, there is a pound they would say La Dame Blanche, just as Rose Blanche, bead called by the English &c. There is, however, in this neighbourhood a rock (I think Indian Head. it is in the surface of the cliff) called The French call it T ete Sanvage, undoubtedly from the rough La Voile Blanche, and wild appearance of the reeks which are quite in contrast " the white sail," and there is a rock called with the more ievel and placid nature of the surrounding Rochef Noir, scenery. or " Black Rock." There is an island near Harbour Buffet named haac I., pro­ The next harbour Wf! come to is one that bears the very b~bly the derivation rs the same as that of the I saacs. The plea s in~ name of most important hubour on this side of the bay-the residence Paradise. of the Magistrate-though it contains but few inhabitants is There are, as is generally the case with all our names, two of Presque. them, a great and a little, and moreover, as is also usual, the Mr. LeMessurier (p. r6) says "Preoque is well named as it is little one is bigger than the great. Many suggestions are put almost a pood." This, however, is not exactly the idea. The forward as to the origin of the name. The explanation given water or arm of the sea is indeed , as described above, almo!>t a by Mr. LeMessurier and attributed to a mythical' Mike Martin,' pond or lake and reminds one, as mentioned, of one of the I believe owes its origin to the wit of Bishop Mullock, viz: " It Scottish salt-water lochs. But in the present case the French is called Paradise because it is so hard to get into." As a name refers to the formation of the land and not of the water. matter of fact the entrance to the little harbour is guarded by a The name is an abbreviation of Presqui'e, the ordinary French very d angerous reef or chain of rocks. name for peninsula. Thus in the Brevet or Grant of Point However, I fear that I must in accordance with the truthful­ Verde to Governor Costabelle, it is called " Ia presq uile de ness and impartiably of these records of Name Lore, reject the Pointe. Verde. Anyone glancing at the map of this portion of poetical and imaginative suggellition and bring the name down Placentia Bay will see at once how cmrectly the name describes to sober matter of fact chronicle under which process t.he' name the conformation of the land. It would be entirely an island becomes simply Pardy's Cove! but for the narrow neck of land between St. Kyran's and St. The process of the change in this case is rather curious. In Leonard's the first place the name was simply given on account of the About half way between the entrance and St. Kyran's on the people who Jived there-the Pardy family-of whom there are east or right hand side, is the settlement of survivors still Jiving in the neighbouring settlements. Then the Sf. Anne's. French fishermen hearing the name mistook it for .their own This little harbour is quite secluded, being hidden from the word Paradis ( pronounced Paradee), then our fishermen, or sight of anyone coming in the bay. I do not know the origin someone knowing both French and English, translated it into of the name, that is to say, when the harbour receivt:d the name. the English Paradis'!. There can be no doubt at all that the It is rather curious that in the very oldest maps, which we pos­ place was called from the Pardy family; one of the islands of sess, such as Verazzano, 1528, and Ribero, 1527. The name Burin harbour is still called of St. Anne appears very prominently on the East or Atlantic coast of Newfoundland. There is also a Bank of St. Anne in Pardy's lslcnd. the Atlantic in the position occupied by the Grand Banks at (See Howley's map). The family were once very numerous and present. This name was immediately lost and do~s not appear of some importance in the neighbourhood. on any of the subsequent maps. It is strange how the 11ame On examining some of the old tombstones on Pardy's Island, should survive in this very small and insignificant harbour which a couple of years ago, I found one with the following inscription : must have been altogether unknown to the early navigators. HENRY PARDY, Coming southwards or westwards from the entrance of Born 18 th January, 1783, Presque we find the harbour bearing the very stran~e name of Died 1853· Toslow. Aged 70 years. This is only an abbreviation of Toslow John. It is a very curious Immediately to the westward of Paradise there is a very deep corruption for or lGng Fjord, called THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.-32.

Paradise Sound. The origin of this name is also a puzzle. " It has been written It stretches away to the northward for over twenty miles. It is in this form," says Mr. LeMessurier, "since it has been men­ sparsely inhabited, there being only two or three small harbours tioned on a chart. It may mean Martre Cote (?) or Sable or Marten Coast, or it may be a corruption of a Basque name." or settlements whose names are interesting, though the_ origins This latter seems to be the best suggestion. On page 48 of his are unknown, viz., Chandler's Harbour, Darby's Harbour, and History, Prowse gives a description of the Basque Fisheries. Monkton, at the bottom or head of the sound. In a resume of evidence taken at S. Sebastian, a certain Captain Just inside the eastern entrance to the Sound there is a small Martin de Sapiain, in giving testimony concerning the fisheries in Newfoundland, mentions many names, which cannot now be harbour called "The Dighf." verified. Among the rest Martiris, I am here reminded of a little incident which occurred here a whether this could even be metamorphosed into Marticot or not few years ago when I was making my Episcopal Visitation. seems somewhat incredible. Among tbe other names mentioned, The hospitahle and genial Parish-Priest-Rev. Fr. Doutney­ and now lost, are Cunillas, Buria (probably Burin) Chumea, and had, with the assistance of his bountiful house-keeper, provided Buria Andia (or Ondia) St. Laurenze Chumea and Andria a very dainty and sumptuous lunch neatly stowed away in a Miquele Portu (qu? Miquelon'), Chasco Portu, Sefioria, Opot basket which Fr. Doutney modestly called "a bite." Having Portu, Tres Isleas, Portuchoa (qu? Port au Choix), Eschaide finished our spiritual work in the settlement : heard Confessions, Portu, called from a man's name Juan de Echaide. celebrated Mass, preached, distributed Holy Communion, Con­ (1). BARREN IsLAND.-Since the above was written, I have firmed the children prepared for that Sacrament, visited the made another visit to this place, and I am now convinced that sick, and cha•ted generally with the old people, we turned our the correct name is "Bar-Island or Barred Island." The har­ bour is divided into the east and west harbour bv a natural attention for a while to the basket and fortified the material sand-bar, which serves as a bridge-or causeway for the people man with a portion of its contents, reserving some, however, as passing from one side to the other of the harbour. This viaduct, we had a considerable journey yet before us. When we were which is always called -by the people "The Bar,!' is now covered about half way across the Sound, m Aking for Petty Fort, under with a wooden roadway or bridge. I questined some of the a fine stiff breeze, all of a sudden Father Doutney cl ~ pped his oldest inhabitants of the place, and they were emphatic in thigh and exclaimed. "Oh, what shall we do? 1 've left the stating that the true name of the place is basket in the Bight!" Dar Harbour. " That's a very serious matter," I answered, but what is I may also add that the statement of Mr. LeMessurier, that the worse still ")"OU left the bite in the ba!>ket.'" place was called "lie Sterile because of its barren appearance, The harbour of compared with the other islands which are wooded," is not Peffy Forf correct. On the contrary, the island is nicely wooded, and is a very beautiful inlet, surrounded by gently sloping hill~, several p.Hches of it are well cultivated-showing hay meadows wooded down to the water's edge. The plarid bu!>om of the and p') tato gHdens. The new graveyard also has been selected bay is studded with several bright green i,Ja nds, -or woody on this island and occupies a considerably large area-wooded and with good depth of soil. On the contrary the other islands eyots. The principal settlement, where there is a sC"h

a. These rocks are merely "breakers" without any vegetation, showing at low water and or little harbour. There no vestige, nor tradition of any fort sunken at high water; they are as the French say ·• a fleur de existing or having ever existed here. l'eau.'' When the wi d blow srr:ong a very heavy sea is created Off the southern end of Paradise peninsula lies the island of about these rock~, ~o that the name of the rocks of Grande mer Marficof. would be quite .appropriate. NovEMBER, 191 r. t M. F. H.

HAVE YOU TRIED RED ROSE COFFEE?

YOUR GROCER WILL RECOMMEND IT. - THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.-33.

(Continued from page r6.) York. The following day the Laud Line was laid to the shore, Patras, where they don't waRt anything else when genuine where the s.s. " Niagara" had arrived. Mr. McKay sent all the Labrador codfish is procurable. If proper care was given to messages from an emergency station formed by a board being this cure, the Labrador codfish would still rival all otb.ers in laid on two upright sticks. It is stated that after sending these these markets. messages, he placed the instruments in his pocket, and literally Harbour Grace Wafer Works. walked away with the station. In a short paragraph in last Chapter we announced this im­ Our space is limited or we would tell of the rejoicing in New provement to the town. It was one of the greatest benefits that York, where the City Hall was on fire that night from inflamable could be conferred. It meant a large supply of fresh water from fire works. The President was informed that the first official Bannerman Lake, and did away to a great extent with the message would be from Queen Victoria to himself, and his reply unhealthy wells that went stagnant iw warm weather. It was a would be the second message, but it was wot till August r 5th great protection against fire, which bas devastated the town. that the Cable was landed, and connections made, and these The Volunteer Fire Brigade prided themselves on tbe excel­ messages sent. lent equipment, and with ·an adeq uate supply of water, they We take the following extract from the Harbour Grace news­ astonished strangers with their accomplishments. paper, " The Conception Bayman," which speaks for itself. Telegraph and Atlantic Cables. Atlantic Cable. Mention has already been made of F rederick Gisborne, who " Our welcome to the noble mariners, who have been enabled was the prime mover of telegraphy in this country. He was to accomplish this vast enterprise, is profound and enthusiastic. ably assi3ted by Mr. Alex. M. McK ay , who came with him. We " The admirable expressions of universal feeling, and the will have more to tell about Mr. McKay, as he took a very im­ subdued and dignified replies show the apJDreciation of our people, who devoutly ascribe all to that Divine Power that has portant part later on with the At!~ ntic Cables. allowed it to succeed. Mr. Gisborne had the hard work of all pioneers, and s uccess­ " The Press have entered into a generous rivalry, and appear fully laid the cable from Cape Ray to Cape Breton, and the land actuated by the same spirit of candid and approving sentiment. lines from St. John's to Cape Ray. Although he had larger " All are anxious to rectify any injustice rendered to the visions of a Transat !antic Service, the whole credit for this original designes by Mr. F . N. Gisborne as the pioneer of this wonder~ul feat of laying the Cable must be given to Cyrus Field. vast undertaking, which this Country and the whole of America Mr. Gisborne must have made his hom!:', to a large extent, at is celebrating. Harbour Grace, as we find him contracting for steam navi~:ation " We must remind our readers that '' The Conception Bay­ on Conception Bay ; but he was supported in his work by Legis­ man" was the first paper on either side of the Atlantic to record lation of the whole Country. that the Cable had been really landed." Harbour Grace came in for important work with all the Cable It was no mean honour for our little News paper. ships in Trinity Bay, but it was their efforts in a social way to The message from Queen Victoria was congratulations- bring success to one of the great won ders of the World, that " August 15, r858.-This E lectric Cable will be an addi­ tional link connecting Great Britain with the U nited States." brought Harbour Grace into prominence. The reply from President James Buchanan was his thanks r85 r-The T elegraph Station was opened at Harbour Grace to Her Majesty- with St. John's and intervening stations. Interesting stories ,, This is a triumph more glorious than war, because of its were told of some Magistrates refusing to take evidence received usefulness to mankind." by telegraph, as they were all sceptical of its truth. This will be continued in our next, as it was another eight 1855-The first attempt to lay the Atlantic Cable was a years of arduous toil and expense before the s.s. ''Great Eastern" failure. brought success to the enterprise. r856-Cyrus Field made another attempt, but it only showed the difficulties that mus t be overcome. r857-D eep Sea Survey was undertaken. A Plateau was ~ discovered in the bed of. the Atlantic, about two miles under water, which gave great encouragement. 8novvflakes. r 857-The s.s. " Niagara" sailed from Ireland with cable, By M r s. Clyde Robe Meredith. but the cable broke in mid Atlantic. What toil and patience must have been endured. Hope had made the heart sick with SNOWFLAKES co ver the d ull earth many of its prime movers, but Cyrus Field toiled on. Year after W ith a carpet, ga y a nd white, As if the fairies were h aving year had to drag to its close with so little accomplished. It is A happy, boisterous p illow fight I only out of heroic patience that anything truly great is born. It The s nowflakes a re large and fluffy was persued in the face of thousands of di ffic ulties, and worst of As feathers the mother fairy all public incredibility. Plucked £1om out the family turkey r8 s8-The s.s. " Niagara" is at last successful, and reaches When she got the Christmas dinner ready I S nowfl akes are chaste fern s a nd c rystals, Baccalieu Island on August 4th, 1858, about 8 o'clock in the F rozen water, e lusive, white, evening. She was steaming slowly up Trinity Bay, Cyrus Field, F a iries planted in their ga rdens who was aboard, proceeded with a steam launch arriving at Bay O f the sky, close to the stars that light Bulls Arm after midnight. He was not long in reaching the Their pathway, lik e lanterns, b righ t, Staff House built by Mr. Sandy McKay, who was there with While they d o some good deed every night. L ittle fairies with their snow missiles others waiting, but had been informed two days before that Beq uea the to ea rth folk a lovely sight I another failure had occurred. The Land Line was in operation Who can tell tha t ea rthfolk s' burdens from there to St. John's, also to Cape Ray, and thence to New A re lessoned by some fairy sprite l THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTeRLY.- 34. The New President of the Newfoundland Board of Trade. OWA RDS the end of the year 1937 tbe members of The new President is only thirty-six years of age, but able the Newfoundland Board of Trade succeeded in eno ugh to have occupied several very important and responsible obtaining the consent of Mr. Geoffrey Milling to positions. H e commenced his business career witb Le•Jer ~ accept nomination for the office of President of Brothers Limited, now Uni-Lever Limited, in L ond.on in 1924, the Board for the ensuing year. At the annual and joined the Hudson's Bay Co mpany's London office in 1926. meeting of the Boa rd held in the Newfoundland Hotel, on Having spent the following year in north Baffin Land at one of January 3 rst, he was elected to that offi ce, and befo re a most the northern Arctic posts of the Hudson's Bay Co., he first visited Newfoundland in 1927 on his return fr om the North i11 the auxiliary schooner " Fort Garry." After some !Jlonths in Newfoundland on behalf of tbe Hudson's Bay Company, Mr. Milling as Director of the well known firm of Job Bros & Co., Ltd ., became a permanent resi­ dent here in 1929, and was appointed Mana:ing-Director of that firm in I 933· He occupied that position until 1936 wheR he accepted a Directorship of the firm of Bowring Bros., Ltd., which position he now holds. Mr. Milling has always been keenly interested in Arctic life and exploration, and prior to commencing business in 1924 spent several months in Spitzbergen as a member of a scientific expedition to that remote and almost unknown Arctic Island. As a Director of the well known International Grenfell Asso­ ciation, and as a close personal friend of Sir Wilfred Grenfell, Mr. Milling has for a number of years been associated with his work. He is a keen traveller and a fellow of t he Royal Geographical Society. Mr. Milling received his early ed ugati o n at Radley College, Abingdon, Berkshire, E ngland, and later at Merton College, Oxford University, where he qualified for a baci}elor of arts degree. The President has much to occupy him within the office, but being the possessor of an enviable physique he 'finds time for a good deal of strenuous exercise. To have been a member of the Oxford crew, which in 1 92 2 rowed against Cambridge in the famous yearly inter-University boat rdce, is an honour which does not come to many. It is easily unde rstood that an Oxford " blue" should not allow himself to lose, in after life, the form which during U niversity days qualified him for rare distinction GEOFFREY M ILLING, ESQ. in the sphere of sport. representative meeting delivered an impressive address upon the M r. Milling is best known in St. John's, however, as a business present condition of the country's trade with particular reference man, and as one possessing a thorough knowledge of Newfound­ to its fishing industry. land trade and its pro blems. He has always played a leadinc In his inaugural speech, the new President's facile expression part in the discussion of those problems as a member of the of the value of the Board of Trade as an institution for t he Board of Trade Council and of its s ub-committees. Tbe wise protection of trade in general, the legitimate interests of its judgment which he has shown, and the valuable advice which members, and as a medium of approach to the Commission of he has given at all times when matters of public concern were Government was received by those present as an indication that under consideration, clearly identified him as a most desirable during his tenure of offi ce their confidence in him would be tully and suitable candidate for the responsible office of P resident justified. of the Board . LOWER! ~ $ Your Fire Insurance Premiums. Ask A. E. HICKMAN CO., LTD. How to do it I P. 0 . Box 954, St. John's, Nfld., Phone 1133. Agents: THE DOMINION ATLANTIC INSURANCE CO., LTD., THE TORONTO GENERAL INSURANCE CO., and LLOYDS, LONDON. Non-Tariff Companies, .tl- T herefore, .tl- Lower R ates. THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.-35 · ACADIA ENGINES Marine and Stationary .

.. . ALSO . . .. GENUIN.E Manufacturers of full VINEGAR ESSENCE Diesel Marine Engines. IMPERIAL

Consult us before placing your order elsewhere_. ~

ACADIA GAS ENGINES, AT ALL GOOD GROCERS. ___LIMITED .. ___

SAw MILL $ GENUINE MACHINERY COAL TAR W e are now prepared to and SUPPLIES. supply the Trade with this High Quality Product, -ALSO­ Made in Newfoundland. Pumps, Pipe and Fittings, GENUINE COAL TAR is supplied in 40 Gallon Leak-proof Drums, Nails,. Bolts and Nuts, Etc. 20 Gallon Barrels, and Half-Barrels. Phone 2782. OSWORTHY, Ltd. St.John's Gas Light Co. Offices: T . A. Building, ST. JOHN'S. Duckworth Street. Lawrence Brothers, Limited. ESTABLISHED 1886. CARRIAGE and SLEIGH BUILDERS, Garrett Byrne, Ltd., Automobiles Painted and Hoods Recovered, WHOLESALE AND RET AIL Embalming and Funeral Directing attended to. Bookseller and Stationer. Telephones : f'actory, 705 ; Night a.nd Homes, 1511 W. Water Street, opposite General Post Office. 149 Gower Street. St. John's, Nfld. T elephone 538. P. 0 . Box 604.

W ben writing to Advertisers kiRdly mention "The Newfoundland Quarterly." THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.-36.

Cb~ Passing. or Cborburn Jl_. macDab.

HE community was shocked to hear of the sudden death of of the Play:round's Association. He was member of Bally Haly T Mr. Thorburn A. MacNab on the morning of February 8. Golf Club, the Rotary Club and the Murray Pond Fishin: Club. Althou~h it was not generally known, he had suffered consid­ During his residence in St. John's he became widely known, erably from heart trouble for some time, and had consulted and his efforts in so many directions were always appreciated specialists in England and Canada, but he continued actively by his fellow workers. at work. There was a Guard of Honour from the Scotch Masonic He was born at Mahone Bay, Nova Scotia, the son of Rev. Lodge, and as the Rev. james McNeill gave the committal E . and Mrs. MacNab. In 1907 he came to Newfoundland and service at the graveside, all felt how deeply they had lost a was with his brother-in-law, Mr. W. A. Muon, for several years;. dear friend. THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY joins in deepest sympathy to Mrs. MacNab and the many sorrowing relatives.

A LATE NOTE! THE writer of our article on "The Gold Sta?tdard,"' page 25, has had several articles published in THE QuARTERLY. He is a native Newfoundlander who has been in the U. S. A. for several years. After taking his Bachelors Degree from Boston University he went to New Yo1k and has been a..rarded Masters Degrees from both Columbia and New York Universities. At present he is finishing his last requirement for the Doctors Degree in the financial division (known in New York as the Wall Street divi­ sion) of New York University. His two unpublbhed volumes of twelve hundred pagell 011. "The History of British Foreign Investments" has already been cited and quoted several times in Dean Madden's (of New York University), and Doctor Nadler's (of the Institute of Interna­ tional Finance) new book on " America's Experience as a Creditor Nation," publi~hed by Prentice-Hall. Those who are at all acquainted with British finance know that British investments in foreign countries total now roughly twenty billion dollars scattered all over the world. It is the greatest movement of capital in all history, and Mr. Saunders spent several years devt:loping his two volumes on the subject. About twenty years ago C. K. Hobson was awarded a Doctor of Science degree at London University for his now classic THE LATE THORBURN A. MACNAB. volume on "The Export of Capital." One other effort has been made to picture this movement of British investments abroad, He then started on his own account a<; Manufacturer's Agent and that was by Leland Jenks, of Amherst Colle~e, ill his as T. A. MacNab & Co., where he worked up a good business. volume on "The Migrations of British Capital," puhlishcd He married Miss Dorothy Gordon, daughter of the well-known in 1928. James; Gordon, of Baird, Gordon & Co.. His eldest son, Mr. Before leaving St. John's Mr. Saunders worked at Anderson's James MacNab, now continues the business. en Water Street. Prepared for College in his spare time. Mr. Thorburn MacNab was elected to the Council of the Was in the Church Lads' Brigade and helcl. a Warrant Officer's Board of Trade in 1930 and eventually became its President in rank when he left for Boston University. He took an active 1935, where he did excellent work, placing this Institution on a part in Brigade Athletics. Although a foreigner in America, be s;ound financial basis, better than it had been for many years. served for two years as a private in the Boston University URit, Fie received the heartiest vote of thanks frolll all, when he was Reserve Officers Training Corps, United States Army. retiring, for his excellent efforts in many directions to improve He belongs to the Boston University Club and Alumni Asso­ its work. ciation and has taken out membership in the Royal Economic Thorburn MacNab was ever a hard worker and a great fav­ Society (England) Academy of Political Science (New York) ourite with all. He took an active part with the Tasker Lodge and the Canadian Political Science and Historical Associations. Bllt he wishes it put on record that he cares nothing for sho\'1' of the Masonic Society and was elected, for a period, the Master or society in any form. of the Lodge. He was a prominent mttmber of the St. Andrew's Miss Louise Saunders, of the law firm of the Right Hon. Sir Kirk and was its Treasurer for several years; also member of Richard Squires, and Newfoundland's first lady lawyer, iii a St. Andrew's Society. He was President of the City Club, also sister. THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.-37. Sealing Voyage to Date. . tJe.art's Gold. As we close the · pages of this number of The By E. Doris O'Brien, Carbonear. Quarterly, April 12th, the result of the sealing H E ART'S gold to me voyage is as follows :- Are silver birch that march with banners high, Soft April snow and darting Northern lights. S.S. Sagona (discharged) ...... 20,761 And low white houses gazing out to sea, And drifting fog o'er moon-crown'd hills at night. S.S. Ranger (discharged) ...... 19,068 S.S. Terra·Nova (discharged) ...... 23,151 And these are my delight- S.S. Neptune (discharged)...... 16,899 A sun-set path across a deep blue bay, Where caplin schools the dappled waters dim, S.S. U nga va ...... 46,ooo D ark conifers against a storm-swept sky, S.S. Imogene ...... 36,200 And sea-gulls wheeling o'er the earth's deep rim.

S.S. Beothic...... 35,000 Dank oozing clad from Winter's fingers forc'd , S.S. Eagle ...... 14,ooo A drift of green across the frozen sod The last, long line of white agains t the hills, My heart ho lds these . 2 I 1,079 For this I thank you God. fire is not the only · Royal [nfield Hazard to Your Home Tradesman Low firavny carrier! Fin the breaches with a SERVICEABLE $320 ECONOMICAL LLOYD'S Householders Comprehensive Policy.

COVERS THE FOLLOWING : Fire Civil Commotion Lightning Bursting of Water Pipes Equipped with 3 Wheel Brakes, Lights, Explosion B~rst ·i~g of Heating Apparatus Legshields, Windshield. · E~ rthquak·e .-,. Burglary · For Grocer, Butc~~r,. Milk Delivery: 'fl1underbolts t­ House Breaking Subterranean Fire Theft and I or Larceny Carrying Capacity ~lir~e '. Hundred Weight. Riots Aircraft Strikes 'Loss of Rent NIGHTINGALE MOTORS, Ltd. 4 Loss of-Cash or Bank Notes FEAVER'S LANE, St. John's. 'Phone 355; Truly a Comprehensive Policy at a very small extra cost than a Fire Policy. SQUIRES & SAU'NDER·s Barristers, Solicitors and Notaries. ,· .· ENQliiRE . FURTHER - LAW AND INSURANCE OFFICES. STEE·RS LIMITED, TELEPHONES 707 & 708. 'Phone 2500. Insurance Department. l 198 Water. Street, St. John's, Nfld.

·When writing to Advertisers kindly mention "The · Newfoundland Quarterly." THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.- 38. Emerson Radio & 1938 MODELS & NOW ON DISPLAY. Prices from $45.00 and up ; Battery Radio $85.00. QUALITY SUPPL,ES, LTD.,

332 Duckworth Street, .JI. St. John's.

INSURE WITH THE Just What You Need QUEEN, For the Summer, $­ the Company having the largest A 2-Burnfr flfCTRIC Range number of Policy Holders in with oven. Newfoundland. . No Special Wiring necessary. Every satisfaction given in settling losses. $49.00 Off,ice: 137 Wate~ Street, facing Pre~c ott Str«t. Terms. P. C:· Box E 5078. Telephone 658. Newfoundland Light and rower GEO. H. HALLEY, Ltd., Agents. Company, Limited, T. J. POWER, Manager. Phone 239. St. John's.

Are Durable JOHN CLOUSTON 170·172·174. Duckworth Street, Finished, THE STORE FOR Made of the VALUE Best Material, In Stoves, Ranges, Tinware, Cooking Utensils of all kinds. and Manufactured in Newfoundland by Also, FIREPLACES, including Mantels, J. J. H EN LEY, Grates, Tiles and Brick Fireplaces. Factory and Office : Write us for Prices. Henry Street St. John's, Nf'ld. Phone 406. P. 0. Box E 3166.

Wilen writini: to Advertisers kindly mention "The Newfoundland Quarterly." THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.-39. The Reputation of Purity Factories Limited Products Is founded on Excellent Quality. THE DEMAND for them · is maintained by hosts of satisfied customers who know they can depend on receiving the original and genuine article of the same unvarying quality always. Manufactured by the Originators and Specialists of English-made Biscuits in Newfoundland. The PURITY FACTORIES, Ltd. Newfoundland's foremost manufacturers of BISCUITS and CANDIES. Does Sickness Mean No Income? Your Prescription

Every man working " on time" Will Be Filled ~ with the utmost care and accuracy if or "day's pay" should have an you entrust it to us. We make a accident and sickness policy. specialty of Prescription Work, and have brought our Dispensing De- partment to a high state of efficiency; The cost is low and the benefits many. A phone over 47 years experience. call to 190 will bring you all the information · without obligation. R. G . . MacDonald, Ltd., \N. & G. RENDELL, 254 Water Street, St. John's. Insurance Agents siryce 1804. (Opposite Dicks & Co's.) Wm. Dawe & Sons, Limited. Wood Goods made of Good Woods. Having taken over the Vail Building, corner Water Street and Spri.ngdale Street, we are now equipped with up-to-date dryi11i: facilities and are now in a posi­ tion to supply all lines of Buildin: Materials : ROOFING Mouldings of all kinds, Doors, Sashes, B. C. Fir, PLUMBING SUPPLIES Pine, Maple and Oak Flooring, Factory Fini

When writing to Advertisers kindly mention " Tae Newfoundland Quarterly." THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.-40. OUR PURCHASES OF New Spring Wall Papers HAVE ARRIVED. QUANTITY :-Enough to paper 60,00Q rooms. QUALITY :-The best obtainable, selected from Eleven Different Manufacturers.

We have many really High Class Papers at $1.50 a roll.

Plain in colouring and design, but of that rich texture which makes for beauty.

No matter what your needs in Wall Papers are, you will find what you want at TEMPLETON'S. Wall Paper Store. Inside Paint rrotect .Your rroperty. at $1.25 per Gallon. Insure with

That is what you get when you buy Niagara fire Insurance Company of New York. R. W. K. Canadian Department: Montreal, Reardon's WAS HABLE Kalsomine, W. E. BALDWIN, Manager .. Incorporated in 185o. In 5 pound package, H as been over 70 years in business. White: and Beautiful Tints. U nexcelled reputation for SERVICE, SECURITY and PROMPT PAYMENTS. Horwood Lumber Co., Ltd., A. T. GOODRIDGE, Distributors. _ _ _ Ayre's Cove. Agent for Newfoundland. '' 0 ur. 0 wn '' SWIFT'S ' JE\NEL SHORTENING Bread .and Cakes PURELY VEGETABLE An economical Purely Vegetable Shortening, · of the H ighest ·Quality. especially prepared for Baking, Frying and all Cooking purposes. Many Pleasing Varieties. Preferred by Noted Cooks. Outport Enquiries Solici-t¢a . . Packed in convenient containers; sizes I, 3, s, w, 20, 6o lb. pac:kages. - -·- - Dealers can secure their ·si.ipp1ies· from · Best by 'rest. .. ~· ·~1..;.: ~ ,, . Swift -Canadian ~co~, - ltd. EAST END BAKERY; ~ ~ Ltd-. :

Wilen writin& to Advertiseri•;kirHllf mentiol.r -•' 'Fh e ~ Newfoundla:nq ·Quarte-rly.'! THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.-41.

General Agent For Newfoundland. ~'" Railway Passengers Assurance Company (OF LONDONt ENGLAND)t The Oldest Accident Office in the World. Personal Accident, Sickness, Auto, Burglary, Plate Glass, Fidelity Bonds, and all classes of Casualty Insurance. REID BUILDINGt ST. JOHNtS.

No Possible Contamination Can get through this last defence of Purity-The final step in the safeguarding of City Dairy rasteurized Milk ~ - Delivered at your door before breakfast.

'PHONE 1700-3300 Newfoundland Butter Company, Limited, .;t. CITY DAIRY. .;t.

When writing to Advertisers kindly mention " The Newfoundland Quarterly." THE N;EWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.-42.

Established 18 17.-HEAD OFFICE : M ONTR E A L. PRESIDENT-Sir Charles Gordon, G.B.E. G ENERAL MANAGERS: Jackson Dodds, G. W . Spin ney. Capital...... $36,000,000.00. Rest and Undivided Profits... 40, I 64,863.00 Total Assets-In excess of... . . 800,000,000.00 Fiscal Agents in London for the Dominion of Canada.~ .A& .At .At Bankers for the Government of Newfoundland. London, England, Branches-47 Threadneedle Street, and 9 Waterloo Place. Branches in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, and every Province of the Dominion of Canada. Newfoundland-Curling, Corner Brook, Grand Falls, St. George's, and Buchans (Sub-Agency). St. John's - H. D. SUCKLING, Manager. D. 0. ATKINSON, Asst. Manager. Commercial Letters of Credit, and Travellers' Letters of Credit issued available in all parts of the world. Special attention given to Savings Accounts "'hich may be opened by deposits of $1.00 and upwards. Toledo Scales GANONG'S NO SPRINGS ~ HONEST WEIGHT The Plaskon Duplex (Gs) Chocolates F or Over S ixty Years the F inest in the Land. G ood T aste to Give, D elig htful to R eceive. VAN BERKEL MEAT SLICERS THE WOR LD'S BEST.

Is the latest addition to the Toledo family of ENTERPRISE Counter, Bench, Portable, Hanging, Industrial, and Motor Truck Scales. MANUFACTURING CO. Call and see this Wonder Scale T he L argest Meat Chopper and Coffee Mill Or write for particulars. Factory in the World. FRED. V. CHESMAN, Representative. 178 Water Street, St . .John's.

When writing to Advertisers kindly mention "The Newfoun dland Q uarterly." THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARThRLY.-43.

ESTABLISHED 1836 When you require Insurance of any kind \Write, Phone or \Wire THE LIVERPOOL & LONDON & GLOBE

INSURANCE COMPANY, LIMITED. 1 BOWRING BROTHERS, LTD., Agents for _Newfoundland. Parker & Monroe, Ltd. The Pioneer -~ Honest Value SHOE HOUSE, -full weight-careful delivery-that'• the way we keep our .old autemen Lead ing M anufacturers and Jobbers of Men's, and make new oaea coaat&adJI Women's and Children's ~l'boae cod•J• FOOTWEAR. Also, Sole Agents for A. HARVEY & CO., Ltd. " Excel , Long Rubbers. Write for Prices.

ESTABLISHED l880, PARKER & MONROE, Ltd., Still Going Strong. The Shoe Men.

Fire Insurance Effect it wi~h old, reliable and Carnell's Funeral Home • prompt-paymg company. Under the Management of Carnell's Carriage Factory, Ltd., Embalmers and t=uneral Directors. Most up-to-date Motor Hearse and Priva1e Ambulance. Closed Hearse Open Hearse Cb~ Yorksbir~ Always a\·a il able. lnsuranc( Com.,anv. £td. The most com p rehe nsive stock of C as kets and Mountings a h,·ay o n ba nd- Losses by Gas, Lightning and Fores t Fires not excepted. Ask for rate A. G. CARNELL, Prop., GEOFFREY CARNELL, Manager. bdo .e insuring elsewhere . All info rmatio n gladly given. Phones 595 Day ; 1237 Night and Holiday. McGRATH & t=URLONG, Barristef', Solicitors & Notary Public, Agent " Q ua lity Without Extravaga nce." Office : 263 Duc kworth Street. Phone 61. & THISTLE'S & Charles F. Gam~erg, Shoe Repair Service PAINTER and DECORATOR. 24-Hour Service. ~~~- Work called for and delivered. Residence and Workshop : 21 Barnes Road, Phone 3146. Opp. Bowring's Grocery. ' P hone J853 R. St. John's, Nfld.

When writing to Advertisers kindly mention "The Newfoundland Quarterly." THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTERLY.-44. Job Brothers & Co., Ltd., ST. .JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND. fieneral Merchants and fxporters of Newfoundland rroducts. Codfish, Cod Oil, Cod Liver Oil, Seal Oil and Skins, Frozen Fish, "Hubay" and "Labdor" Brand Frozen Salmon, Berries, &c. Provisions, Groceries, Naval Stores, Fishing Supplies, Salt, &c. ·MOREY'S COAL Welsh and American Anthracite, North Sydney Screened Coal, Besco Coke. AGENTS FOR: Royal Insurance Co., Ltd., Liverpool (Fire and Life), · National Fire Insurance Co., of Hartford, Union Marine and General Insurance Co., Ltd., Liverpool. MANAGERS OF: Ungava Steamship Company, Limited.-S.S. " U nga va," S.S. " Neptune." 13eautlJ 06ieletf1 ;fore"er. " ffiarfi t!>uerlJ Pfct.,. CLANCY & CO., LTD. Those who love and remember ( Successors to J. D. Ryan.) have a sacred mission to perform­ The selection of a suitable memotial is the fi nal tribute that loving ca1 e can bestow. - . -Importers of-- A Meonmeot or Headstooe car\'ed and lettered by the Skinner sculp­ tors and artist5, means everlastir.g sati•faction. Groceries and Provisions. We U5e only a •pecial grade of best •elected Marble-white or blue. HYLAN Write to-day for a beautiful selection of photos and mail order - ,-=:~=====::!:::?="1 form and price Ji,t Distributors of Get the quality that made the name famous. THE MASTER CRAFTSMEN OF MEMORIAL ART. CORONA TEA. Skinner's Monumental Works, 353 Duckworth Street, St. John's, Nfld. 369 Duckworth Street, P. 0. Box 884 'Phone 40. P. 0. Box 422. Establbhed 1874-

RAWLINS CROSS GROCERY, The Bennett Brewing Co., \N. MURPHY, - Limited.--• J. - DEALER IN- Brewers and Bottlers of Delicious Provisions, fine firoceries, fruits, · GOLDEN LAGER. fresh Meats, Sausages, ftc. 140 Military Road, 75 Prescott Street, and 148 Water Street West. DOMINION ALEt TELEPHONES 3200 and 3201. DOMINION STOUT. The Newfoundland Quarterly. -AN ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE- Issued every third month about the 15th of March, June, S eptember and December from the office · HAIG ALEt 38 Prescott Street, St. John's, Newfoundland. JO.HN ) . EVANS, SR., -:- -:- -:- PRINTER AND P&OPlliETOit HAIG STOUT. To whom all Communications should be addressed. Subscription Rates; Newfoundland Produces no Better Beers Single Copies, each __ _ . ___ . __ ...... _. .. _. _. _ •..•.•.•.•. 20 cents. P. 0. Box 23. Phone 159. One Year, in advance, Newfoundland .. _ ... ___ . .. __ ...... •.•. 8o " Foreign Subscriptions (including Canada)_...... • • . . . • • • • • • 90 "

When writing to . Advertisers kiridly mention "The Newfoundland Quarterly." ,... ~ THE N E WFO U N D L AND QUARTERLY. / ------~~ FURNESS RED CROSS LINE W eek ly Fast Passenger and Freight Service between N EW YORK, HALIFAX, N. S. , ST. JOHN ' S, NFLD. S .S . "Fo rt A mhe r st" o r S.S. "Fort Townshend" leaves New .York and St. John's every Saturday; Halifax, Monday night via St. Pierre; due St. John's Thursday.

T hrough Rates Quoted to FOrts in West Indies, South America and Far East.

The maintenance of a regular Schedule provides Importers and Exporters with the most expediti­ ous means of transporting their goods.

The Courteous Service which the Passenger receives tliroug hout the · voyage is a guarantee of a pleasant trip.

S. S. FORT AMHERST and S. S. FORT TOWNSHEND. Harvey & Co., Ltd., Furness Red Cross Line, Furness, Withy & Co., Ltd., S f. J ohn' s, N .F., Agents. F urne ss Hous e , 34 Whit ehall Sf., New York City. Halifax, N.S., Agents. Pie r 96, North Riv e r, New York City. The White Clothing Co.), Ltd. Marine Agencies Wholesale Manufacturers of Limit ed. ======Steamship owners, Agents and Operators ''Victory'' Brand Clothing, .

Operating Regular Sailings to FOR MEN AND BOYS. ·N.· .r. Mediterranean, - Also, Ladies' Coats : Leather, Serg~ ; etc., \ American -5tr.le . . Ov~ ralls, Work Shirts, Pants, Bre.eks, Raglans. Oporto, Brazil I Latest designs in Suits, Overcoats, etc. and West Indies. L arge stocks ready for the trade. Water Street, fast, St. John's, Nfld. Merchants, place your order now. M. F". MURPHY CO., S. E. GARLAND, HAIR DRESSING PARLORS, Established 1898-Water Street, near Steer's Cove-opp. Queen Theatre. .~ Leading Books~ll~~ , At your Service every business day from 9 a.m. to 190' Duckworth Street. 8 p.m. ; S aturdays, to I 1.45 p.m. We specialize in · The same courteous an d efficient attention to one a ll. Prices in accordance with the times. Newfoundland Literature.

When writing to Advertisers kind ly mention " The Newfoundland Quarterly." THE NEWFOUNDLAND QUARTE R L Y.

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Practice keeps your golf score down. • . W I N G S keep your smo king pleasure up. In the locker room On top with and on the fairway . W I N G S are breaking all popularity records. · .:1- .:1- .:1- .:1- .JI. ~INGS.

Save your empty WINGS packages for valuable premiums.

( · NEWFOUNDLAND'S F INEST BEE R

Why India Pale Ale Fires Sold at Board of Liquor, Licemed Hotels and not Will on Newfoundland Railways and Steamers. Fully Occur! Protect?

The Sun Insurance Office Limited, of London, England. T. A. MAcNAB & CO., LTD. Newfoundland Brewery, Ltd. Agents for Newfoundland, ST. JOHN'S BR EWE RS City Club Building. A ND BOTTLERS. 'Phone 444. P. 0. B. 785. Phone 575 P. 0. Box 5047 E ... ~------~ When writing to Advertisers kindly mention •· T he N ewfoundland Q uarterly."