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USDA Watershed Programs Facts and Figures a Reservoir of Watershed Program Information

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United States Department of USDA Watershed Programs Agriculture Facts and Figures Natural Resources Conservation Service A Reservoir of Watershed Program Information Larry W. Caldwell Conservation Engineering Division Historical Notes Number 9 May 2020 The USDA Watershed Programs have had a huge impact on rural communities and natural resources over the past 75 years. They have resulted in one of the best collections of program and natural resource data of any federal program in the nation. However, locating the data and keeping it current has been a challenge, especially with the loss of institutional knowledge due to the retirements of so many of the generations of NRCS employees and project sponsors who were involved in the planning, implementation, and maintenance of the original watershed projects. Larry Caldwell, an engineer who has worked with the Watershed Programs during his entire 51- year career with NRCS and the Oklahoma Conservation Commission, prepared this collection of information on the history, program implementation, and impacts of the watershed program from many different sources including engineering, program, and the National Inventory of Dams (NID) files. The purpose of this document is to provide a comprehensive summary of watershed information in one place. It provides brief descriptions and some context for key legislative authorities, technology developments, inventories, and results that track the evolution of the watershed movement over the past seven decades. Hopefully, this document will be helpful for future generations of NRCS staffs, project sponsors, and other stakeholders interested in the watershed program. This document describes where we have been, where we are today, and challenges for the future. Some of these data should be considered a “snapshot-in-time” look at the status of the Watershed Program since new dams will be built, more dams will be rehabilitated, and monetary benefits will increase due to inflation and land use changes. However, these data provide the basis for a description of the scope of the Watershed Program in each state. Some sections contain Caldwell’s personal interpretations based on his research, personal experiences, and more than 50 years of professional work history with the watershed program. Cover photo: Reservoir of a watershed dam in Iowa with conservation practices in upland watershed. Source: NRCS photo gallery NRCSIA99433 In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should contact the responsible Agency or USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Additionally, program information may be made available in languages other than English. USDA Watershed Programs Facts and Figures A Reservoir of Watershed Program Information Larry Caldwell, P.E. Watershed Specialist NRCS, Retired Stillwater, Oklahoma May 2020 Cover page photo descriptions: Top left: President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Assistant Secretary of Agriculture Earl Coke viewing a display of the Oklahoma Sandstone Creek project in a watershed exhibit at USDA headquarters in Washington, D.C., in 1953. Top right: Cloud Creek, Dam No. 1, the first dam constructed under the authority of the Flood Control Act of 1944; Washita County, Okla. Center left: Monument and dignitaries commemorating the end of the fifty-year service life of the first dam constructed under the authority of the Flood Control Act of 1944; Cordell, Okla.; July 3, 1998.This event initiated the watershed rehabilitation effort. Photo courtesy of Mark Harrison, Oklahoma Conservation Commission. Center right: Sergeant Major Watershed Dam No. 1 at the dedication of the first watershed dam rehabilitated with USDA funds; Roger Mills County, Okla. April 14, 2000. Photo courtesy of Mark Harrison, Oklahoma Conservation Commission. Lower Left: ARS Administrator Edward Knipling and NRCS Chief David White at monument in Oklahoma City, Okla. designating the USDA Watershed Program as a National Historic Engineering Landmark by ASABE, May 17, 2011. Photo courtesy of Mark Harrison, Oklahoma Conservation Commission. Lower right: Watershed dam with soil and water conservation practices in upland areas. Source of photo unknown About the author: Larry Caldwell is a licensed professional engineer in Oklahoma. Prior to his retirement from the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service in December 2009, he was the NRCS National Watershed Rehabilitation Program Leader in Washington DC. He worked with Congress to provide support for the watershed rehabilitation legislation that was signed into law in 2000. During his 41-year SCS/NRCS career, he served as the NRCS Oklahoma State Conservation Engineer for 15 years, the Missouri Assistant State Conservation Engineer for 5 years, and held several engineering positions with SCS in Iowa. After retirement from NRCS, he worked part-time for 10 years with the Oklahoma Conservation Commission working on watershed program issues in Oklahoma and the nation; retiring a second time in June 2019. He is currently a NRCS Earth Team volunteer working on watershed issues including preparation of this document and implementation of the DamWatch system. He has been involved with the USDA Watershed Programs during his entire 51-year career. His unofficial title has been “The Old Dam Man”. He received his degree in Agricultural Engineering from Iowa State University. He was born and raised on a farm in northwest Iowa. He currently lives in Stillwater, Oklahoma. 2 Table of Contents 1. List of Figures ..……………………………………………………………………….....5 2. Preface …………………………………………………………………………………...8 Introduction ....……………………………………………………………………….….10 3. Quick Reference Data ..………………………………………………………………..11 Talking Points …..……………………………………………………………………….18 The Perfect Storm of Conditions with Aging Dams ..………………………………. 22 4. Watershed Program Authorities: Background …………………………………………………………………….. 24 Watershed Dam Description …………………………………………………..26 Flood Control Act of 1944 .……………………………………………………. 29 Pilot Watershed Program …………………………………………………….. 34 Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954 ……………….... 38 Resource Conservation and Development Program ……………………... 43 All Watershed Programs ……………………………………………………….45 Congressional Districts with Watershed Dams ………...……………...........59 Watershed Projects within the Mississippi River Basin ………………........60 5. Watershed Rehabilitation ………………………………………………………….…..62 Lessons Learned During Rehabilitation ……………………………………...68 Assessments ……………………………………………………………………70 Dams with Corrugated Metal Pipe Principal Spillways ……………………..72 6. Watershed Program Benefits Monetary Benefits ………………………………………………………………75 POINTS Benefits Data is Conservative……………………………………….81 Non-monetary Benefits ………………………………………………………...83 1987 Evaluations of the Watershed Program ..……………………………...84 National Watershed Benefits Model ………………………………………….84 7. Watershed Program Appropriations Watershed Operations ………………………………………………………....88 Watershed Rehabilitation ……………………………………………………...90 All Watershed Programs ……………………………………………………….92 8. Hazard Classification Potential.………………………………………………………..97 9. Evolution of SCS/NRCS Dam Design Criteria 1948 to 2019 ……………………..103 History of the Original SCS Dams Inventory Database ……………………….…..111 10. Emergency Action Plans ……………………………………………………………..112 3 11. Responding to Extreme Events and Potential Dam Failures ...…………………..114 Potential for Loss of Life Due to Dam Failures …………………………………….116 Watershed Dams Can and Have Failed ……………………………………………121 12. DamWatch …………………………………………………………………………......122 13. Loss of Institutional Knowledge ……………………………………………………...128 14. Special Studies of Oklahoma Watershed Dams Dams in Series ………………………………………………………………..130 Residents Near Watershed Dams …………………………………………..130 Summary of Potential Damage Locations ………………………………….131 Impact of Watershed Dams on COE and BOR Dams ………………...…..133 Auxiliary Spillway Flow Analysis ………………………………………….....135 15. Efforts to Correct Errors and Inconsistencies in Watershed Data …………...…..141 16. A Salute to the Past and Challenges for the Future ………………………...…….144 17. Watershed Trivia ………………………………………………………………….......146 18. Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………………...147 19. Bibliography of Watershed Historic Documents …………………………………...149 20. Appendix 1: Listing of 1,269 Watershed Projects with 11,841 Dams 21. Appendix 2: Listing of 840 Watershed Projects without Dams 22. Appendix 3: Listing of 183 Deauthorized Watershed Projects 23. Appendix 4: Summary of Average Annual Benefits for Projects with Dams 24. Appendix 5: Listing of Funded Rehabilitation Projects as of April 2020 25. Appendix 6: “Break Glass in Case of
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