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Vñ¤Å 2014 p¶CW~ÚŠgrL~gFt~yÎ0 tg! G-4J& :]â´Gg*7 ~ke™’~VÇÇöGÑzò£gzZðƒgZŠ%~]gßð!z «~ XH O b§~'Ã~7&Z W VzµV ëZÅGg*7Xì~gFÅliÎqZt :]ZWZgzZÃÅ~gF ~kZgzZliÎÅVzhŽÔN»"îg~GÅwŠgz Z liÎÅVzŠz¼,iZ{z´Xïá *Y|(»"îg î;Æ~gFkZX‘:»ä;Ã~gFkZngÑZ]Z XDYñ0ÆŠÆyp~kZgzZ Xì@YHg¦IzC»§ÃägzZVªàZzU»ÔŽ~ ~yZ)gfÆypk]Zz3»ÃgâY{WOZŽgzZä Û ô ZÇsÆyZ ™0 lgz6g0ZÆiIz yZk]Zz Xì@Yƒv : ZDC Z 3»ÃVzgâYŒZIztZXì @Yƒïá ~(uð) |ŠzŠ~]ZWZÆkZ X‘ ¯! » î;Æ k]Zz XìYYc01‡Æ™¿6]cZ@sfzgqÃ~gFkZ ~ VzgâY ¼gzZ6Ý! èg¬~VEÔÜobZÔ¶~ ]Yqõ™ û ŒÛ ~gF t X ïá VcÈ0 CgˆgzZ ¡Yàb sî wzN»(ägzZŽÔí)IzC»§ û )gf Æ Vz01 ðZƒ gzZ VGîg ãK Ô ÆZg ~È06•wz ÅVzgâY û 7v XCƒ ãZôxÅVzgâY û :]â´Å~gF J (ïHG3";ygÃ~¤e107Ð104 )gg! û ¶7 eZ~gZzZaÅ|ŠzŠ û 6Z6 û via virus isolation and serology. UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, LAHORE IV. Herd Monitoring For serology paired sampling is required (one during acute phase and second a. Feed and water consumption and production should be carefully monitored after 2-3 weeks later. For RT PCR based diagnosis, whole blood with BOVINE EPHEMERAL FEVER (BEF) OUTBREAK INVESTIGATION SURVEY anticoagulant is required. Currently UDL is only offering the PCR based at all times. FORM diagnosis of BEF. Three to five ml of clinical case (during febrile phase) of FORM b. Typical sounds and behaviors of individual animals should be monitored suspected animal's blood with anticoagulant is required for diagnosis. Sample c. Temperature of randomly selected animals should be monitored. should be transported on ice to UDL by maintaining the 2-8 C sample 1. Name of Farm : ______V. Biosecurity transportation temperature 2. Location of Farm: ______a. Strictly adhere to all farm biosecurity measures. Other Diseases/conditions to rule out? b. Do not allow visitors during the outbreak Hyperthermia 3. Name of Contact Person: ______c. Restrict the entry of service personals and vendors. Lameness due to limb injury or due to any problem in hoof. Phone No. ______Email: ______d. Disinfect farm and farm premises using disinfectants (2% Virkon or Shipping fever/ Pasteurella CONTROL MEASURES Pyodine or 5% Bleach) 4. Type of farm: Traditional rural Closed Open TREATMENT STRATEGIES ANIMALS PRESENT IN FARMS OF PUNJAB (I) Therapeutics 5. Total number of Animals at farm : ______a. Early detection of the clinically sick cases through continuous monitoring 6. Type of Animals: Local Local cros sbred Exotic crossbred (Cardinal signs such as drop in milk production, fever, dull, depressed, off DISEASE FREE HERDS HERDS SUFFERING FROM Already Vaccinated feed, increased respiration, lameness and staggering gait to recumbency) OUTBREAK OF BEF Herd Pure Holstein -Fri esian Swedish Holstein -Fri esian b. Administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as VACCINATION Others______Phenylbutazone / ketoprofen / flunixin meglumine at recommended doses VECTOR SUPPORTIVE VECTOR Vaccination and route CONTROL TREATMENT CONTROL Titer Evaluation OF ANIMAL 7. Is BEF reported at the farm: Yes No c. Immune boosters such as Vitamin E and Selenium preparations (E-sel / (1) Vaccination Selevit) a. All animals on the farms above 6-months of age may be primed using 7a. If yes, then how the disease was confirmed ? a) Based on clinical symptoms b) Postmortem d. Calcium therapy if needed (calcium borogluconate / Milfone-C, I/V at live attenuated BEF vaccine (2mL/animal, S/C) at the start of summer. lesions c) Laboratory based diagnosis (ELISA or RT -PCR) recommended dose) Make sure vaccine is not expired or storage and handling requirements e. Antibiotics to control secondary bacterial infection like Ceftiofur sodium should be strictly adhered. 8. If Yes, when first case of BEF was reported: ______at recommended doses b. Booster dose of vaccine 4 weeks post-priming using same dose and f. Cold water therapy on body to lower body temperature route as mentioned above 8a. Any other livestock farms in surrounding area? Yes No g. Follow single needle use policy when treating or vaccinating the cows. c. Annual booster of vaccine using live attenuated BEF vaccine. 8b. If yes, then how far it is? ______(II) Nutrition and Environmental Management (II) Vector Control 8c. Was there any outbreak of BEF during the last year? Yes No a. The BEF virus spreads through biting flies, mosquitoes and midges. 8d. Did you have proper farm biosecurity at the time of BEF out break ? Yes No a. Level of calcium, selenium, vitamin C and vitamin E may be increased in b. Fly repellents such as Cypermethrin mixed with liquid paraffin. the ration of animals. 9. Which group of animals was affected with BEF ? (Please complete the following table) c. Apply Pour-on method from head to tail. Repeat after every 7 days b. Density of animals may be reduced. Overcrowding of the animals may be Vaccination of BEF Previously d. Spray of Seguvan / Neguvon @ 0.1% on breeding places of vectors affected with Total Before After No. affected Mortality avoided. Disease normally followed rainy season due to hot humid climate Group Status BEF (Y / N) (floors, walls, manure, slurry, etc) animals shipping arrival with BEF (if any) e. Remove stagnant water from the dairy farm. If Yes, (III) Isolation of sick cows (Y / N) (Y / N) mention year f. Fly count through use of white paper at various sites of farm just to Keep the infected/diseases animals in isolation and don't allow them to mix with Non-pregnant healthy ones. check the effect of fly repellents. (Count the fecal marks on the paper) Dry 1-3m pregnant cows (IV) Management of recumbent cows g. Proper disposal of manure / slurry. 4-6m pregnant a) Nursing care- Animals that have gone down should be provided with Control of Ticks and Their Monitoring 7-9m pregnant adequate shelter, water and food, as cattle left exposed in hot weather are a. Weekly spray of cypermethrin on farm Imported much more likely to die. Locally born b. Application of lime on dry floors from pregnant b) BEF can impair the swallowing reflex, so affected animals should not be c. Filling of crevices (Breeding sites) on floors / walls, etc Pregnant imported dams heifers drenched or force fed. d. Elimination of wooden structures on floors Locally born from locally c) Recumbent cows are rolled over several times a day to help avoid loss of e Monitoring of tick presence on animals to see efficacy of control inseminated dam circulation to the underside limbs, which will result in permanent muscle strategy damage. Monitoring and control for blood parasites Imported a. Animals are often having subclinical of blood parasites that may be t Locally born from pregnant d) Ensure that animal is in sternal position. Cattle that go into lateral Non- the prime caus of vaccination failure. imported dams recumbency (lying flat) can bloat and die or aspirate rumen fluid which can pregnant b. Monitor the herd for hemoparasites through random selected heifers Locally born cause pneumonia. samples. from locally c. If a herd or particular group of cows is positive for blood parasites, inseminated e) Place sand bags, hay bales to prop up animals that cannot remain sternal dam treat as per nature of the disease. without assistance. 1st lactation f) Calcium injections- if given early in the course of the illness, can be very III. Movement restriction 2nd lactation effective in helping an animal regain its footing. a. Movement of cattle from infected herd or area should be strictly Lactating cows rd prohibited during the course of outbreak/epidemic. 3 lactation th · b. Avoid new purchases and introduction of new animals into the herd. 4 lactation Female 1-3m old (if necessary, put all new purchases to strict quarantine) young stock 4-6m old Dr. Abdul Rehman +923344053221 7-12m old UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY & ANIMAL SCIENCES, LAHORE Assistant Prof. Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, UVAS Contact: Dr. Waseem Shaukat +92300 8440728 General Secretary, Corporate Dairy Farmers Association

MEASURES REQUIRED TO HANDLE THE RECENT 9a. If there was any mortality due to BEF, what did you do with the died animal? Burry them Leave them openly Any other , please specify ______MEASURES REQUIRED TO HANDLE THE OUTBREAK OF BOVINE EPHEMRAL FEVER 10. Did you vaccinate your animals before the outbreak? RECENT OUTBREAK OF Bovine Ephemeral Fever (BEF); 10a. If yes, which t ype of BEF vaccine was used: Killed Live attenuated What you need to know and what you need to do? Synonyms: Three-day-sickness, Bovine enzootic fever, Vill. 10b. If not, then please indicate the reason that why don’t you vaccinate your animals against BEF? BOVINE EPHEMRAL FEVER Why BEF important? Vaccine is too expensive BEF vaccine is not available I don’t know about vaccine Other Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is an economically important viral disease of cattle and water buffalo. This disease occurs in many regions including Africa, Australia, Asia reasons, please specify______and the Middle East, often in sweeping epidemics. In Pakistan, outbreaks of BEF on 11. Manufacturing company of BEF vaccine: ______commercial dairy farms were reported first times in 2014. Its impact includes lost production (decreased milk yield), loss of condition, abortion, temporary infertility in bulls, prolonged 11a. Was the cold chain maintained during the transportation? Yes No recovery in some animals and trade restrictions. 11b. Did you get all the animals vaccinated against BEF? Yes No What causes BEF? Bovine Ephemeral Fever (BEF) is caused by the Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus 12. Whether the animals were given booster of BEF vaccine : Yes No (BEFV), a member of the genus Ephemerovirus in the family Rhabdoviridae. How BEF is spread? 13. Date and Time of BEF vaccination: Single short: ______(Morning, Afternoon, Evening) The source if infection is the animal with clinical disease and biological vectors Booster: ______(Morning, Afternoon, Evening) (arthropods). Vectors play important role in the transmission of infection. BEFV has been 13a. Did you use any insecticides for mosquito control at your farm? Yes No isolated from a mixed pool of Culicine and Anopheline mosquitoes, as well as Anopheles bancroftii, and from Culicoides (biting midges). Mosquitoes are suspected to be the most 13b. Did you purchase any animal few days/weeks before the outbreak ? Yes No important biological vectors. The disease can also be spread by intravenous inoculation of small amounts of blood. Bovine ephemeral fever is not transmitted by close contact, body 13c. If yes, did you follow quarantine measures? Yes No secretions, or aerosol droplets. 13d. Did you share any farm equipment with any other farm? Yes No Which age group at risk? 14. What types of clinical signs were observed ? (Please tick “ √” relevant box) Calves age group less than 6 month of age are least prone to infection. 1 4 . W h a t t y p e s o f c l i n i c a l s i g n s w e r e o b s e r v e d ? ( P l e a s e t i c k “ √ ” r e l e v a n t b o x ) Over conditioned animals, fresh cows and bulls are affected the most. C linical signs observ ed Clinical Signs R espiratory N asal G roup of H ead R ecum ben t Signs of bovine ephemeral fever, which occur suddenly and vary in severity, can include: distress / discharge / Lam eness / Subcut anim al s Feve r shaking / open m outh ocular stiffnes s em physem a (sternal or shiverin g · Sudden decrease in milk yield breathin g discharg e lateral ) · Biphasic to polyphasic fever (104°F to 107°F) D ry cow s · Shivering Pregnant heifers Inappetence

N on- · Tearing pregnant · Stiffness and lameness heifers · Serous nasal discharge Lactating · Drooling cow s · Pulmonary emphysema/open mouth breathing Y oung stock · Increased heart rate · Tachypnea or dyspnea Suckle r · Atony of forestomaches W eane r · Depression G row e r Post Mortem Lesions B ulls 15. Which type of postmortem lesions were observed? (please tick “√” relevant box) BEF is an inflammatory disease. The most common lesions include fibrin–rich fluid in the pleural, peritoneal and pericardial cavities. Variable amounts of fluid in joint 1 5 .W h ic h ty opf ep o s tm o r telems io n s w eorbes e r v e d ? ( p le a s e tic k “ √ ” r e le v a n t b o x ) P o s t M o r te m L e s io n s capsules. Serofibrinous polysynovitis, polyarthritis, polytendinitis, and cellulitis are common. Patchy edema may be apparent in the lungs and lymphadenitis is often seen. F lu id in S u b c u t G r o u p P u lm o n a r y B lo o d in H e m o r r h a g e s E d e m a o f b o d y e m p h y s e m a e m p h y s ea m T ra c h e a o n h e a r t ly m p h n o d e s Petechial hemorrhages or edema may be found in the lymph nodes. Areas of focal necrosis c a v iti e s a t w ith e r are common in the major muscle groups. D r y

c o w s Morbidity and Mortality

L a c ta tin BEF can occur as localized outbreaks or in seasonal epizootics. During epizootics, the

g c o w s pattern of spread seems to be influenced by the prevailing winds. Most cases are seen in the He if e r s summer and early fall, and outbreaks are often associated with high rainfall. Y o u n g

S to c k The morbidity rate is highly variable, and can be as high as 80% or as low as 1-10%.

Morbidity varies with the age and condition of the animal, as well as any immunity it may have. 1 6 .W h a t ty p e o f tr e a tm e n t w a s g iv e n ? The mortality rate is 1-2% in most outbreaks, but it can be as high as 30% in cattle. T y p e o f d r u g N a m e o f s a lt R e s p o n s e t o t r e a t m e n t R e m a r k s How to Diagnose BEF?

N S A ID s Diagnosis of BEF is currently based on three types of testing A n tip y r e tic

A n tib io t ic a- Serology

S e le n iu m + V it . E b- Virus isolation ______y S te r o i d s c- RT PCR d e r e v o c e r t o N F lu id th e r a p y Diagnosis is normally made on the basis of clinical ground during major epidemics. Cases A n y o th e r

( p le a s e s p e c if y ) during early epidemic and sporadic cases can be confirmed via a d r e t f a d e r e v o c e R UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY & ANIMAL SCIENCES, LAHORE