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Opensource Mdf Queste slides sono rilasciate sotto licenza Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License a cura di Ivan Zini - https://ivanzini.wordpress.com/ # Cos’è l’Open Source? Tratto da Wikipedia: Con open source (in italiano sorgente aperto), in informatica, si indica un tipo di software o il suo modello di sviluppo o distribuzione. Un software open source è reso tale per mezzo di una licenza attraverso cui i detentori dei diritti favoriscono la modifica, lo studio, l'utilizzo e la redistribuzione del codice sorgente. Caratteristica principale dunque delle licenze open source è la pubblicazione del codice sorgente (da cui il nome). Attualmente, l'open source tende ad assumere rilievo filosofico, consistendo in una nuova concezione della vita, aperta ed ostile a qualsiasi appannaggio esclusivo, che l'open source si propone di superare mediante la condivisione della conoscenza. a cura di Ivan Zini - https://ivanzini.wordpress.com/ 2 / 23 # Filosofia del free software. Nello specifico significa che agli utenti vengono garantite le 4 libertà fondamentali secondo la filosofia free software: 1. Usare il programma come si desidera, per qualsiasi scopo. 2. Studiare come funziona il programma e di modificarlo in modo da adattarlo alle proprie necessità 3. Migliorare il programma e distribuire pubblicamente i miglioramenti apportati. 4. Ridistribuire copie in modo da aiutare il prossimo a cura di Ivan Zini - https://ivanzini.wordpress.com/ 3 / 23 # Differenza tra free software e open source Tratto da wikipedia e linux.it: Open Source e free software, seppure siano sovente utilizzati come sinonimi, hanno definizioni differenti: l'Open Source Initiative (OSI) ha definito il termine "open source" per descrivere soprattutto libertà sul codice sorgente di un'opera. Il concetto di software libero descrive più generalmente le libertà applicate ad un'opera ed è un prerequisito che il suo codice sia consultabile e modificabile, rientrando generalmente nella definizione di open source. Free software ("software libero") è il software che viene distribuito con una licenza che garantisce le libertà di utilizzo, studio, ridistribuzione e modifica a tutti coloro che ne ottengono una copia. L'open source è un modello di sviluppo incentrato sulla partecipazione comunitaria, in cui tutto il codice è pubblico e tutti possono in qualche modo contribuire al suo miglioramento e perfezionamento. Molto spesso il software libero è anche open source, e viceversa, ma non sempre! I due termini descrivono all'incirca la stessa categoria di software, ma si basano su valori fondamentalmente diversi. L'open source è una metodologia di sviluppo; il software libero è un movimento sociale. a cura di Ivan Zini - https://ivanzini.wordpress.com/ 4 / 23 # FLOSS e FOSS. “FLOSS,”, acronimo di “Free/Libre and Open Source Software,” (software libero ed open source), per evitare di esprimere una preferenza tra le due fazioni. Questo è un buon modo per esprimersi in maniera neutrale, in quanto assegna ad entrambe le fazioni eguale rilievo. Altri usano il termine “FOSS”, acronimo di “Free and Open Source Software”. a cura di Ivan Zini - https://ivanzini.wordpress.com/ 5 / 23 # Il software libero è sempre gratis? Tratto da linux.it: Non proprio: il fatto che i programmi liberi siano spesso anche gratis è una coincidenza, il prezzo c'entra poco col fatto che il software sia chiamato "libero". Non tutto il software gratuito è anche libero (e non ti garantisce dunque tutti i tuoi diritti di ridistribuzione, analisi e modifica), cosi come non tutto il software libero è necessariamente gratuito ed anzi esistono numerose aziende che offrono servizi di formazione, assistenza e personalizzazione a pagamento. Dunque il "software libero" è qualcosa di diverso dal "software gratuito" (freeware, in inglese): la disponibilità del suo codice sorgente è la discriminante fondamentale. In generale, ciò che non è "software libero", e non garantisce dunque le suddette libertà all'utente, è detto "software proprietario" (indipendentemente che sia gratuito o a pagamento). a cura di Ivan Zini - https://ivanzini.wordpress.com/ 6 / 23 # GNU General Public License Tratto da Wikipedia: La GNU General Public License (comunemente indicata con l'acronimo GNU GPL o semplicemente GPL) è una licenza fortemente copyleft per software libero, originariamente stesa nel 1989 da Richard Stallman per patrocinare i programmi creati per il sistema operativo GNU. Infatti, a differenza di altre licenze libere non- copyleft, un'opera protetta da GNU GPL deve rimanere libera, ovvero col susseguirsi delle modifiche deve continuare a garantire ai suoi utenti le cosiddette quattro libertà. La Free Software Foundation può pubblicare nuove revisioni o versioni, l'ultima delle quali fu pubblicata il 29 giugno del 2007 sotto il nome di GNU GPL v3. Il nome della licenza (General Public) è dovuto al fatto che l'autore di un qualsiasi software può applicare la licenza così com'è. L'editor di testo Emacs e il kernel Linux sono esempi di software molto diffusi che per primi adottarono tale licenza. a cura di Ivan Zini - https://ivanzini.wordpress.com/ 7 / 23 # Universi paralleli. Tratto da linux.it: Nel tempo il concetto di "software libero" ha contaminato svariati altri campi, ed è principio ispiratore di numerose iniziative analoghe: ● Le Creative Commons sono licenze che applicano gli stessi meccanismi di riutilizzo e condivisione alle opere artistiche (musica, video, testi…). ● Wikipedia è l'enciclopedia online cui tutti possono partecipare e da cui tutti possono attingere contenuti. ● OpenStreetMap è la mappa fatta e costantemente arricchita dagli utenti e liberamente utilizzabile in ogni contesto. Ci sono tanti modi per reclamare la propria libertà digitale, ma tutto dipende dalle tue scelte e dalla tua volontà. a cura di Ivan Zini - https://ivanzini.wordpress.com/ 8 / 23 # Linux...o meglio GNU/Linux. Tratto da Wikipedia.it: La controversia sul nome GNU/Linux, in ambito informatico, indica il dibattito sull'utilizzo dell'espressione "GNU/Linux" per etichettare un sistema operativo basato su GNU (il sistema operativo unix-like ideato da Richard Stallman nel 1984) e altresì utilizzante Linux (il kernel per sistemi operativi unix-like ideato da Linus Torvalds nel 1991). Il dibattito ha origine dopo la nascita del sistema operativo GNU, con la sua rapida diffusione grazie all'adozione del kernel Linux. Nello specifico, il movimento open source ha sempre storicamente preferito chiamare l'intero sistema operativo semplicemente "Linux" o comunque dando poca importanza a dibattiti sul nome, mentre il movimento del software libero lo ha sempre dichiarato inappropriato se per riferirsi all'intero sistema, preferendo appunto GNU/Linux. a cura di Ivan Zini - https://ivanzini.wordpress.com/ 9 / 23 # OK...cos’è GNU Linux? Quindi abbiamo capito che GNU + LInux insieme danno vita ad un sistema operativo open source e anche free, che è possibile installare sui nostri pc, portatili, ed anche server, che può sostituire Microsoft Windows o MacOS. Esistono tantissime versioni di GNU-Linux organizzate in “distribuzioni” ovvero sono raccolte di software e applicativi (software libero, si intende!) più o meno specifici per un determinato contesto, ambienti grafici più semplici oppure più performanti, per iniziare ad usare il proprio PC, anche “obsoleto”, nel pieno del potenziale. a cura di Ivan Zini - https://ivanzini.wordpress.com/ 10 / 23 # Migrazione a FOSS. Uno dei miei motti preferiti è “lento ma inesorabile” e si adatta bene immaginando uno specifico caso, ovvero uno scenario in cui un utente, che utilizza un sistema operativo e software applicativi proprietari, decide di migrare gradualmente al mondo FOSS, sostituendo per primi gli applicativi che utilizza comunemente e quotidianamente per la sua produttività, fino alla migrazione finale anche del sistema operativo su una piattaforma GNU/Linux...e da cui non tornerà più indietro! a cura di Ivan Zini - https://ivanzini.wordpress.com/ 11 / 23 # Browser, motore di ricerca e client email. Mozilla Firefox DuckDuckGo Thunderbird a cura di Ivan Zini - https://ivanzini.wordpress.com/ 12 / 23 # Office, mappe e note. Libre Office Open Street Map Simplenotes a cura di Ivan Zini - https://ivanzini.wordpress.com/ 13 / 23 # email e calendar on line, files hosting service. Tuta Nota Nextcloud OwnCloud a cura di Ivan Zini - https://ivanzini.wordpress.com/ 14 / 23 # Mailinglist mgt, videoconferenze, DaD Sympa Jitsi framalistes.org a cura di Ivan Zini - https://ivanzini.wordpress.com/ 15 / 23 # Distribuzioni GNU-Linux più utilizzate. ● Debian ● Ubuntu e derivate ● Linux Mint ● Fedora ● Open mandriva ● Elementary OS ● Open Suse ● Arch linux a cura di Ivan Zini - https://ivanzini.wordpress.com/ 16 / 23 # Foss e Trashware 1/2. Tratto da cetri-tires.org Da che i computer sono diventati un fenomeno consumistico di massa, chi produce hardware ha ovviamente interesse a venderne in continue quantità e tale interesse potrebbe mal conciliarsi con un ciclo di vita eccessivamente lungo delle componenti di un computer. Ecco allora che il periodo di vita dell’hardware viene stabilito in anticipo. Può essere programmata la rottura di un pezzettino molto piccolo ma necessario al funzionamento di un monitor, di una tastiera, di una scheda madre, e così via. E’ la logica dell’obsolescenza programmata. Oppure l’hardware può risultare obsoleto in relazione al software che viene utilizzato. Si dice in questi casi che le specifiche tecniche del PC non sono più in grado di “reggere” il sistema operativo e/o i programmi che vengono su di esso eseguiti. In ambito Windows, ad esempio, i sistemi operativi Microsoft hanno richiesto, versione dopo versione, una quantità di risorse sempre maggiore per funzionare. Questo ha reso necessario l’acquisto di computer sempre più potenti, non solo per motivi ludici, ma anche per l’uso d’ufficio. Viene da chiedersi perché le risorse necessarie per scrivere un semplice testo debbano essere cambiate da dieci anni a questa parte. Lo stesso vale per i fogli di calcolo. a cura di Ivan Zini - https://ivanzini.wordpress.com/ 17 / 23 # Foss e Trashware 2/2. Tratto da cetri-tires.org Nel settore della green economy si è ormai affermato il concetto di “trashware”.
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