Biomarkers in Inflammatory Childhood Diseases
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Mediators of Inflammation Biomarkers in Inflammatory Childhood Diseases Guest Editors: Wilco de Jager, Dirk Holzinger, and Ger T. Rijkers Biomarkers in Inflammatory Childhood Diseases Mediators of Inflammation Biomarkers in Inflammatory Childhood Diseases Guest Editors: Wilco de Jager, Dirk Holzinger, and Ger T. Rijkers Copyright © 2013 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved. This is a special issue published in “Mediators of Inflammation.” All articles are open access articles distributed under the Creative Com- mons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Editorial Board Anshu Agrawal, USA Nina Ivanovska, Bulgaria Vera L. Petricevich, Mexico Muzamil Ahmad, India Yong Jiang , China Peter Plomgaard, Denmark Simi Ali, UK Yona Keisari, Israel Marc Pouliot, Canada Philip Bufler, Germany Alex Kleinjan, The Netherlands Michal Amit Rahat, Israel Hidde Bult, Belgium Magdalena Klink, Poland Jean-Marie Reimund, France Elisabetta Buommino, Italy Elzbieta Kolaczkowska, Poland Alexander Riad, Germany Dianne Cooper, UK Dmitri V. Krysko, Belgium Huub Savelkoul, The Netherlands Guanglin Cui, Norway Philipp M. Lepper, Germany Natalie J. Serkova, USA Fulvio D’Acquisto, UK Changlin Li, USA Sunit Kumar Singh, India Pham My-Chan Dang, France E. Lopez-Collazo,´ Spain Dirk E. Smith, USA Beatriz De las Heras, Spain Antonio Maccio,` Italy Helen Steel, South Africa Chiara De Luca, Italy A. Malamitsi-Puchner, Greece Dennis D. Taub, USA Yves Denizot, France Sunil Kumar Manna, India Kathy Triantafilou, UK Clara Di Filippo, Italy Francesco Marotta, Italy Fumio Tsuji, Japan Bruno L. Diaz, Brazil Donna-Marie McCafferty, Canada Peter Uciechowski, Germany Maziar Divangahi, Canada Celine´ Mehats,´ France Giuseppe Valacchi, Italy Amos Douvdevani, Israel Barbro Melgert, The Netherlands Luc Vallieres,` Canada Stefanie B. Flohe,´ Germany Vinod K. Mishra, USA Jan van Amsterdam, The Netherlands Taniaˆ S. Frode,¨ Brazil Eeva Moilanen, Finland Elena Voronov, Israel Julio Galvez, Spain Eric F. Morand, Australia Jyoti J. Watters, USA Christoph Garlichs, Germany Jonas Mudter, Germany Soh Yamazaki, Japan Ronald Gladue, USA Marja Ojaniemi, Finland Satoru Yui, Japan Hermann Gram, Switzerland Sandra Oliveira, Brazil Teresa Zelante, Singapore Oreste Gualillo, Spain Andrew Parker, Switzerland Dezheng Zhao, USA Elaine Hatanaka, Brazil Jonathan Peake, Austria Freek Zijlstra, The Netherlands Contents Biomarkers in Inflammatory Childhood Diseases, Wilco de Jager, Dirk Holzinger, and Ger T. Rijkers Volume 2013, Article ID 745493, 2 pages IL-1 and IL-6 Upregulation in Children with H1N1 Influenza Virus Infection,AntonioChiaretti, Silvia Pulitano,` Giovanni Barone, Pietro Ferrara, Valerio Romano, Domenico Capozzi, and Riccardo Riccardi Volume 2013, Article ID 495848, 8 pages Evaluation of Clinical and Immunological Responses: A 2-Year Follow-Up Study in Children with Allergic Rhinitis due to House Dust Mite, Heleen Moed, Roy Gerth van Wijk, Rudi W. Hendriks, and J. C. van der Wouden Volume 2013, Article ID 345217, 8 pages Evaluation of Adipokines: Apelin, Visfatin, and Resistin in Children with Atopic Dermatitis, Edyta Machura, Maria Szczepanska, Katarzyna Ziora, Dariusz Ziora, Elzbieta Swietochowska, Malgorzata Barc-Czarnecka, and Alicja Kasperska-Zajac Volume 2013, Article ID 760691, 8 pages Circulating Cytokines and Growth Factors in Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension,MarkDuncan, BrandieD.Wagner,KeriMurray,JennaAllen,KelleyColvin,FrankJ.Accurso,andD.DunbarIvy Volume 2012, Article ID 143428, 7 pages Symptoms, but Not a Biomarker Response to Inhaled Corticosteroids, Predict Asthma in Preschool Children with Recurrent Wheeze,E.M.M.Klaassen,K.D.G.vandeKant,Q.Jobsis,¨ S. T. P. Høvig, C. P. van Schayck, G. T. Rijkers, and E. Dompeling Volume 2012, Article ID 162571, 7 pages Update of Faecal Markers of Inflammation in Children with Cystic Fibrosis,JungM.Lee, Steven T. Leach, Tamarah Katz, Andrew S. Day, Adam Jaffe, and Chee Y. Ooi Volume 2012, Article ID 948367, 6 pages Hindawi Publishing Corporation Mediators of Inflammation Volume 2013, Article ID 745493, 2 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/745493 Editorial Biomarkers in Inflammatory Childhood Diseases Wilco de Jager,1 Dirk Holzinger,2,3 and Ger T. Rijkers4,5 1 Centre of Molecular and Cellular Intervention, Department of Paediatric Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands 2 Department of Paediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children’s Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany 3 Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Muenster, 48147 Muenster, Germany 4 Department of Science, University College Roosevelt, Utrecht University Lange Noordstraat 1, 4330 AB Middelburg, The Netherlands 5 LaboratoryofMedicalMicrobiologyandImmunology,St.AntoniusHospital,P.O.Box2500,3430EMNieuwegein,TheNetherlands Correspondence should be addressed to Wilco de Jager; [email protected] Received 14 May 2013; Accepted 14 May 2013 Copyright © 2013 Wilco de Jager et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Biomarkers are of crucial importance in modern medicine [2]. Therefore, insight and progression of complex paediatric for risk-assessment, disease prevention, early diagnosis, drug diseases, in particular inflammatory diseases, can benefit target identification, drug response and monitoring of dis- from establishment and validation of a comprehensive set of ease activity. Biomarkers can be defined as characteristics biomarkers. which are measured and evaluated as indicators of a normal In this special Issue on Biomarkers in Inflammatory biologic,orpathologicprocess,orpharmacologicresponses Childhood Diseases, various paediatric diseases are discussed towards a therapeutic intervention [1]. Although the term which are either chronic such as cystic fibrosis and allergic biomarker is relatively new, biomarkers have been used for rhinitis or asthma, or acute disease with life threatening considerable time, in fact as long as clinical medicine. For complications such as paediatric pulmonary hypertension example, body temperature is a well-known biomarker for and H1N1 infection. Of interest to note is that there are fever; serum levels of C-reactive protein (the most performed several contributions which use or discuss non invasive assay in hospital laboratories) is a marker for inflammation sample to acquire biological material of a diseased organ, andglucoselevelsareusedfordiagnosisaswellastherapeutic such as exhaled breath condensate from asthmatic children, readout for controlling diabetes. and faeces of cystic fibrosis patients with potential intestinal ForthisspecialissueonBiomarkersinInflammatory inflammation. Furthermore, for optimal data mining several Childhood Diseases we took particular interest in studies researchers also implemented state of the art new multiplex dealing with biomarkers for immune mediated childhood technologies which can handle micro volumes of biological diseases. Besides the fact that biomarkers for childhood samples, and produce more insight information in compari- diseases are, due to ethical restrictions, small population son with classical methodologies. sizes, and limited sample volumes less available, in most Duncan and colleagues from Colorado, USA, report cases the normal reference range is extrapolated from adult promising new data on circulating cytokines, in particular populations or animal models and therefore not always EGF, IL-6 and VEGF, which could predict adverse events in applicable for paediatric patients. As the pediatric population children with pulmonary hypertension. In a small cohort of is in the process of development, both mentally and physically children with H1N1 infection, Chiaretti et al. from Rome, they are at risk for other hazards in comparison with adults. Italy, show that elevated IL-1 and IL-6 are associated with Furthermore, when studying the various parameters of the disease severity, but not with ultimate outcome. Moed et al. human immune system changes are observed during aging have investigated the value of a set of both cellular as well as which have to be taken in account in paediatric patients cytokine biomarkers in children with allergic rhinitis. While 2 Mediators of Inflammation the biomarker profile was of use in establishing the severity of the allergic rhinitis, long term follow-up demonstrated reduction of allergic symptoms with persistence of the in vitro cellular abnormalities. Also in predicting which children with wheezing symptoms would progress to asthma, as was studied by Klaassen et al. in Maastricht, clinical symptoms are better predictors than biomarkers in exhaled breath con- densate.Incysticfibrosis,pulmonaryinflammationisamajor clinical expression of the disease and in the majority of cases respiratory failure is the cause of mortality. Accumulating data now show that intestinal inflammation contributes to the disease and Lee et al. from Sidney, Australia review this evidence, in particular the value of faecal inflammatory markers such as calprotectin and S100A12. The final paper deals with childhood obesity. Adipose tissue is a major source for adipokines, which include hormones such as leptin and adiponectin, cytokines, as well as proteins like apelin and resistin. Machura et al. from Zabrze in Poland have