Butler University Botanical Studies
Volume 13 Article 4
Pollen Study in the Gatineau Valley, Quebec
John E. Potzger
Albert Courtemanche
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/botanical The Butler University Botanical Studies journal was published by the Botany Department of Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, from 1929 to 1964. The scientific journal eaturf ed original papers primarily on plant ecology, taxonomy, and microbiology.
Recommended Citation Potzger, John E. and Courtemanche, Albert (1956) "Pollen Study in the Gatineau Valley, Quebec," Butler University Botanical Studies: Vol. 13 , Article 4. Retrieved from: https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/botanical/vol13/iss1/4
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Butler University Botanical Studies (1929-1964)
Edited by
J. E. Potzger
The Butler University Botanical Studies journal was published by the Botany Department of Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, from 1929 to 1964. The scientific journal featured original papers primarily on plant ecology, taxonomy, and microbiology. The papers contain valuable historical studies, especially floristic surveys that document Indiana’s vegetation in past decades. Authors were Butler faculty, current and former master’s degree students and undergraduates, and other Indiana botanists. The journal was started by Stanley Cain, noted conservation biologist, and edited through most of its years of production by Ray C. Friesner, Butler’s first botanist and founder of the department in 1919. The journal was distributed to learned societies and libraries through exchange.
During the years of the journal’s publication, the Butler University Botany Department had an active program of research and student training. 201 bachelor’s degrees and 75 master’s degrees in Botany were conferred during this period. Thirty-five of these graduates went on to earn doctorates at other institutions.
The Botany Department attracted many notable faculty members and students. Distinguished faculty, in addition to Cain and Friesner , included John E. Potzger, a forest ecologist and palynologist, Willard Nelson Clute, co-founder of the American Fern Society, Marion T. Hall, former director of the Morton Arboretum, C. Mervin Palmer, Rex Webster, and John Pelton. Some of the former undergraduate and master’s students who made active contributions to the fields of botany and ecology include Dwight. W. Billings, Fay Kenoyer Daily, William A. Daily, Rexford Daudenmire, Francis Hueber, Frank McCormick, Scott McCoy, Robert Petty, Potzger, Helene Starcs, and Theodore Sperry. Cain, Daubenmire, Potzger, and Billings served as Presidents of the Ecological Society of America.
Requests for use of materials, especially figures and tables for use in ecology text books, from the Butler University Botanical Studies continue to be granted. For more information, visit www.butler.edu/herbarium.
POLLEN STUDY IN THE GATINEAU VALLEY, QUEBEC'
J. E. POTZGER Butler University
ALBERT COURTEMANCHE U'niversity of M01ttreal, Quebec
The authors have repeatedly made reference to the complexity of Quebec's past glacial and forest history, determined in parr by the wasting Laurentide ice center, sea invasion, large pre-glacial lakes, altitudinal differences between the Shield and the Sr. Lawrence valley, as well as by the developments in the history of the Great Lakes. In this maze of controlling influences, the Ottawa valley is unique in its extension from the St. Lawrence valley a great distance northward into the 4• Shield. As one flies over rivers in the James Bay area today, one is impressed with the influence which valleys have on forest migrations. It is quite evident that these valleys are today centers of distribution for forests which later fan out over the whole area. In early post-glacial times, the Ottawa valley may likely have been such an avenue for migration northward as well as in to the rugged Shield. For that reason a pollen study was begun in the Gatlneau valley, a tributaty of the Ottawa river (Fig. 1), to see if the forest might give some information on differences in forest and climate as compared with areas on the Shield. GLACIAL HISTORY According to Antevs (1) the wasting Mankato ice left a prominent outwash plain and moraine in the neighborhood of Kazabazua, which he calls the Lake PROVlr Timiskaming Retreat, halting at the Cochrane moraine, 150 miles sou th of GAT James Bay. This he considers correlative with the close of Lake Algonquin. At that time trees could begin their northward mareh and invasion of the region BOGS I called Quebec. 1 • Kc METHODS 2. La Samples were taken at I-foot or more frequent intervals with the Hiller 3. He borer. These samples were placed into properly labelled vials and stoppered. In 4. el, the laboratory the Geisler (3) alcohol method was used when compacted sedi 5. Br ments scparated readily, and the Erdtman (2) KOH method was used with o 5 compacted sediments. Gentian violet served as stain. One hundred and fifty to I H H b 200 pollen grains were counted at each level. Only pollens of trees were used Sec to construct the graphs (Figs..J, 4) but pollens of shrubs and herbs were tabulated and are given as total numbers counted in Tables 1-5. Outlin 'Owing to the recent death of Dr. POlzscr correspondence relating to this paper should be directed to Albert Courtemanche.
12 VALLEY, QUEBEC!
c e complexity of Quebec's .he wasting Laurentide ice ,I differences between the evelopments in the history 5.
a valley is unique in its ance northward into the 4• tday, one is impressed with . It is quite evident that rests which later fan out Ottawa valley may likely s well as into the rugged in the Gatineau va Hey, a e forest might give some mpared wi th areas on the
e left a prominent outwash , which he calls the Lake PROVINCE OF QUEBEC aine, 150 miles sou th of GATINEAU VALLEY e of Lake Algonquin. At 45° d invasion of the region 40' BOGS BORED IN 1954 1. Kazabazua 2. Lacroix Bog (Messines) intervals with the Hiller 3. Hobblety Creek ed vials and stoppered. In 4. Cleaver Lake \. ed when compacted sedi 5. Brock Lake method was used with o 5 19 15 20 One hundred and fifty to I H A' ., Sea Ie of miles Hens of trees were used f shrubs and herbs were Tables 1-5. FIGURE 1 Outline map of the Gatineau Valley area and location of Bogs. dencc relating to this paper
13 Kazaba;wa Bog (45 0 57' N, 76 0 04' W; alt. about 600 ft.). This is a beau tiful deep twin kettle set. in glacial moraines. The twO basins are separated by a fill wall. While the lower basin still has a central open pool, the upper one (where the borjng was made) is completely closed and a dense Sphagnum mat heavily invaded by Chamaedaphne has completely solidified (Fig. 2). The bog is set about twenty feet below the sandy plain. A spruce-tamarack forest covers the separating wall. It is located about one half mile from Kazabazua. The immediate vicinity is cleared land, but foreSt with pine and oak is not far from the bog.
Lacroix Bog (46 0 16' N, 76 0 00' W; alt. approx. 600 ft.). This bog is located about 9 miles south of Maniwaki along Route No.3, on the farm (Lot 43) of Mr. Berchmans Lacroix, Messine, Canton Bouchette, Gatineau County. The bog constitutes the deepest central portion of a half mile wide, deep kettle. The northern third of the bog is covered with a sparse spruce-tamarack forest, while the balance of the mat is a dense cover of Ledum and Chamaedaphne. The slopes of the kettle are fatmed, but a rocky upland. forming the eastern border, is covered with broad-leaved forest and pine. After sevetal exploratory soundings, the boring was made in the cen rral part of the bog.
Hobbltty Creek Bog (46 0 11' N, 76 0 21' W; alt. approx. 700 ft.). This deep-set, small kettle, only about 200 feet across, is completely surrounded by moraines. A small rock basin lake is located only about 50 feet from the bog. Black sprUCe has invaded the border, and the completely closed surface is a deep mat of Sphagnum. Hobblety Creek bog is 6 miles south of the Eagle Creek Depot along the depot road. Exploratory soundings showed the deepest parr of the kettle to be in the central portion.
Cleaver L(/ke Bog (46 0 13' N, 76° 26' 35" W; alt. about 750 ft.) The origin of the bog was apparently a bay or a small lake drained along the eastern border by a creek. The lake was completely filled in, bu t a recently built dam, a mile upstream from Cleaver Lake, flooded the mar to a depth of two feet. The northeast flanking rocky upland is forested with pine, oak and birch. The low west shore was covered with spruce-tamarack forest. The boring was made in the cenrral part, several hundred feet west of the creek.
Brock Lake Bog (46 0 17' N, 76 0 20' 30" W; alt. about 700 ft.). The elongate kettle is surrounded by a deep mote, and the mat is in the quaking stage. It is about one mile northwest of the Eagle Creek Depot, a short distance from Brock Lake.
RESULTS
In its gross features, the initial climatic and forest history is strikingly Kazabazua Bog. A similar to that shown in the bogs of the St. Lawrence valley (5) and north mat of S ]. E. ] ward to Mont Tremblant Park (6). Climate must have been quite warm, for
14 It. about 600 ft.). This is a beau . The two basins are separated by central open pool, the upper one :losed and a dense Sphagnum mat etely solidified (Fig. 2). The bog . A spruce-tamarack forest covers half mile from Kazabazua. The with pine and oak is not far from tit. approx. 600 ft.). This bog is Ig Route No.3, on the farm (Lot !lton Bouchette, Gatineau County.
In of a half mile wide, deep kettle. :h a sparse spruce-tamarack forest, er of Ledum and Chamaedaphne. 'ocky upland, forming the eastern .nd pine. After several exploratory 'al part of the bog. l' W; alt. approx. 700 ft.). This cross, is completely surrounded by only about 50 feet from the bog. he completely closed surface is a og is 6 miles south of the Eagle cory soundings showed the deepest
I.
35" Wi alt. about 750 ft.) The mall lake drained along the eastern lied in, but a recently built dam, a the mat to a depth of two feet. 'rested with pine, oak and birch. e-tamarack forest. The boring was ,t west of the creek.
30" Wi alt. about 700 ft.). The te, and the mat is in the quaking Eagle Creek Depot, a short distance
FIGURE 2 Kazabazua Bog. A typical consolidated kenlehole bog. Covered by a dense c and forest history is strikingly mat of Sphagnum, heavily invaded by Chamaedaphne. . Lawrence valley (5) and north J. E. Potzger (right) and Albert Courtemanche. e must have been quite warm, for
15 "'%rresillJ~I_nU~ ..Abies Larix ..Piceo lauca .....Pic. mot-I Pinus banksiana - Pinus strobus -, Acer -Betula papyr. ..B.luteo CorYilJo.IDJ0rox..., Jug!. Pop. -;'quercus 50lix Tilia ..UlmusUnknowo , I Sond I ~ ~:' I ~ -,-. :- I j I : ;>01 I..:- =• = _ - • _ _.. • I' 4;.0l_OL--r' I I , ..... I -- .• ---_ I -_.--_ ---.• -----_ --'-- ---.• I ..,,II ,.C6.0 • I I-I _ : ••-I - •-- _ ••• - •.• . I • • ::~:- r =- 1 _~ :: -- -~ :. -:- -;-_ ::.- ~ r f q::=. 10,0' II =:t 110 I ,--' -r • I I N q. IZ.O' ~ •- •- ~ ct? :~:~ r : _ :- ---:. -J :' -,-- --- .: '- ! ",",",0 . I---LJ' - I . .. ~t--.:tg~: : ===- . ::-:-:. ct Z 18.0 '. - -- 1_ ~ ~ ~?:g ~ r : ! : =- :-: ~ ~ ~~:g ~_ ~ Ii---=. __ - ._ I I __ : 2<;0' .:, • I I 2'.0·2~.O/l '"I _ I_ __ ,_• , , , ~· 2'.0_n:g~~I _- c-_=- _ =-_ _:. ._==-~_ I . .- 30.0_ I _ _ -- • _ , · , lo.Jf ,_ - - - I - I ~ I , i ~ ~ i .~ ! _I_I ]" S~.~F:1.0 I I I •~ _ _ _ .~ :-:. = ~ t~: ~. ! == ~------o ~:g~ \ - '" ~ .. g' ~ i _ _ • x"' - I I o 1910.5! : :-:.:•• _ _::- - a: ~ u 11.0i'" • _ __ _ ~ <[ . ..J Itg ~ • · .. l~:~=- =--_~~:. = i - ._._~---_... _.._~-----~~~ '" o 10 0 10 0 20 0 10 0 20 40 60 eo 20 -'-0--60 - a 10 0 10 0 !O o w 0 10 0 10 0 10 a 10 0 10 o 10 0 10 0 10 0 fO 0 10 0 ~ F'E RCENTtlGE
FIGURE 3 Profiles of bogs 1,2. See text for description.
Abies Larix Plc~QJlloucoPicJTIor . Pinus bonksiana Pinus Strobus '"df"resin Pinlnt Tsugo.Acer Betul.o~\LfJ.lutea_cp_r~QFagu5 Frax. Ju.gL...1Q~rcus Salix Tilia Ulmus UnknOil1l Sond R ~ :.~! S8.[= ..:.. ==- .:=:- : I 1.0_ ,.. .=-- = - - • I • I. 2.0_ • I .- .• .. 1 __... ~ _ • --- • • ".0 ~_ .------.. :Ie' 4.0 _ If. - _...... ~.O' I .- :- : ~ ~ ~ : • ,I • : ~:I ~:g,. I I - - I. .! ) , o~ = ::gL- - -', =- IIIIII:~ I --t--I _ •• I I _ --=----:_ I -: ---:-•• '::I =. l~:g Ek I -_- ~ L -.:. ..Jzttg~ • =- ?--! r CD :.. 15.0. --- I •• ,I .. _I---=' _.~ ----: i r I ~:t: ~ :tg:t~ .:--~--' ~ --.• ~~~§~S:=~ • 1!l.0 J • • : I ~?:g:. I _-. ••__n. .', . .., 21.1 • - , 21.J_ 1 =- ; :. _ . _.------. I I . I ! SURr.• O_~ • :- 'E I.C· · 1.5 • o .~ - I ~ ,., - i I 3.01 -- . r -.'5.0 I I '"o lD Jli·-~~:. ~ - : · ~~.~~f~' o - : I : :.. IO_~ ; •• _ • ""cr Il.O lII __.A-_ _ ~:II u :._-; ~. ..J... n:6 : 13.0,I~.O_, _. _ oj ~:Jio·0~-~20~"--;;~';:-0~0-~2O~----;",,;O---:60:;:---=.0:--0 ltLJ 20 '0 60 010010010 20 -o-io----ol'OO 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 PERCENTAGE
FIGURE 3 Profiles of bogs 1, 2. See cexc for descripcion.
Abies Larix Piceaglouca Pic.mor Pinus banksiana Pinus Strobus '''''!or resin Pin.lnt. Tsuga.Acerj\~tulaJlOJlli.l'. B.luteo qorya Fagu.LFJ:QI,.-4!!9L Pop. Quercus Solix Tilia Ulmus UnknO'Ml Sand su~r.-_-----;'0.5_ • _ ..__-_ 1.0_ I. ._ ~ ~ ~:! 2.0_ 'I ._ ==- =-=-: 3.0 L----.--- - _ - -- ., • .. I :lI' 4.0 _ • I. --- . I.&J 5.01 I • __ _._-----_.. . . -_ __ 0 -• .0 _ . ~3= ~:8~ I • - ., .~--- = o _ 0 o@ ::8' I :.. .- . o • _ 0 't ~ l?:g I -__ ~ . · ~ :. itg :--' --"._- -- ~ - · CO:.. \5.0 . _ . · , o Ul 16.5 I. • .. ~;' :~:g ~~~§~§:=r ~. :z: 'If \6.0 :------=--I 0 - 0 . • 1'.01 I. I :. ~ I: f") ~?:g L..--..&~ __ _. I. 21.1 .-:..------=----....=- : = ___ ~----F--+-- 21.3_j ,I _ - -- =- :'
I i ~ i I
i:~s: - • ; , I ~:~ ~ UJ : • - • - I _ :lI' 3= 6.0· I • . .-LJ • I I· ·I • • -_ ~ ~ ::g r ~ ·- - - - ~ ~ :-~~ J--Io ffi ~ l?:g: ~ .. - -.:J > . Ic.O! , , . :. :- :--=----- -- - I • • ~~lt~: i l , : 15.0 l-- - • · ...J. · -~~--- - · ~'# :~:;:. : =-- = .. :~:5 ,. ~ ~ : ! I
l ~ i .. -L sv~r._, • : :. ~ ~ ~:~: I: - - .- I octF tg: I I :-_ - .' ~ ~ ~:g ~ - I I ' '• . 0 z~ I ~ ~ - I I' I o ::g: I = 0_ LJ ~!: ~?:f ~~ - ---- - 1 • 1 : I . :~:~:. r lD U, • • i Il.O~ ~ ~= ~ - I I • .n 'If r 1 - · .. o 10 0 10 0 20 0 10 0 20 40 60 80 0--;;20::---:''''0 60 o 10 0 10 0 10 0 20 o 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 '0 0 10010010 PERCENTAGE
FIGURE 4 Profiles of bogs 3,4, 5. See texc for descriptions. TABLE 1 Kazabazua Bog. Numbers of pollen grains of shrubs and herbs tabulated while counting Lacroix Bog. Numbers of p( the stated number of three pollens. stated number of cree pollens.
Shrubs Herbaceous Plants I Pteridophytes Shrl
'"c "'~ ~ ~ <> '0 E ~ ~ c. E .~ -.:'" ." '" E c E c. '" "'0 " "' > " '" " ~ '" ." ."" c ~ "i c. '" ~ '"c c. 0 .c 21 c" 0 " 0 > " '" .!! "' '" " '" 0 "c. c. c. ~ . :: .~ c. .c 0 0 .:i'" c 3 "' >." .~ " .c 's c " " '" <> ,; "c ; E" .. " ... .. ".. E E c. >. "E ... .c" ...c ...I "' ~" " 0 <> <> >. '">. .. '" .c'" 0 >. >. .. >. '" c. <> c E 1 Z :;: l:Q (,;) (,;) ~" ...l (,;) (,;) (,;) ~ ...l ~ rn ~ <> " 0 < '" .:i ::0 " Z ... 0 :;: (,;) Co; '" " '" l:Q'" Surf. 200 4 2 - 2 10 - 5 - - 2 - -- - - 54 Surf. 150 8 - - 4 0'6" 150 5 5 - 7 25 - 1 18 1 14 - - - -- 33 0'6" 1 l' 200 1 1 - - 1 1 - - - - - 2 1 l' ---2 2' 1 1 - 1 2 - 1 2 -- - --- - 5 1 1'6" 3' 150 3 - -- -- 1 -- - 1 2'6" 1-- 4' 200 1 - - - - 1 ---- -- .- 3' 3 5' 1 -- - -- 3 3 - - - 1 1 4' 2 3 - 2 6' " 1 - 1 -- 2 1 - -- -- - - 13 5' 200 3 1 - 2 7' 150 1 2 -- -- 1 2 3 -- - - - -- 7 6' 150 2 3 - 8' 200 ------' - - --- 7' 3 4 - 9' 1 2 -- 3 - 1 2 -- - - --- 1 8' 2 4 - 10' 3 1 --- - 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 9' 2 2 - 1 11' 3 2 - - -- 3 1 - - 1 - --- 1 10' 2 1 12' 150 2 1 - 1 - - 4 1 - - - -- 10'6" 1 3 - 13' 3 1 -- -- -- - - 1 1 -- 1 11' 200 1 4 - 1 14' 200 1 1 - - - - -- - - 1 - - - - - 11'6" 150 3 - 15' 150 5 1 - - 1 - 1 -- - - --- - 12' 125 2 1 - 1 16' 200 3 3 - - -- - --- - 1 - - -- 13' 100 1 - 1 17' 4 - - - - - 1 - - 1 -- - - -- 15' 75 18' 1 - ---- ------16'4" 100 - 2- 19' 2 3 -- -- - -- - 1 - - --- 20' 1 1 - - -- 1 - - 1 - - -- - 21' 3 1 - - -- ------1 - - 22' 1 1 - - - - ------The cooler, moist pine 23' " 2 - -- - - 2 - -- - - - - 24' 4 - ---- ------later beech-yellow birch i 25' 3 - -- -- 1 2 1 -- - - fir peak. While birch sho 26' 1 --- 1 - 1 1 2 - - -- - 27' 150 3 1 5 2 - 1 3 1 - 1 -- cooler spruce-fir period, it 28' " 4 - 4 - - 4 1 -- - --- - indicated in the Mont Trel 29' " 1 7 2 -- 1 1 1 1 - 2 ---- - 15 30' 2 8 1 - - 18 3 3 -- -- - 64 30'4" 18 --- R6 ]] n - -- - - . 29 In general, all five typ valley, are present in the differed in that it favored oak had migrated up the valley and showed its greatest abundance in the lower pioneer genus than in oth most levels of all bogs. We have here, as described by Potzger (5) for southern Quebec, climate Q.2, which was much cooler, and spruce developed a prominent peak. After a brief control, it yielded to climate Q.3 or the Jack Pine peak, when spruce and fir declined to "insignificance, marking no doubt, the major The Ottawa valley wit xerothermic period. Iy within Halliday's (4) j The region differs from the St. Lawrence valley and more easterly stations on white pine probably reacl the Shield by the persistence of Pinus strobus-Pinus resinosa to modern times, him, "Extensive areas with marking the region as a "pine belt." and red pine with a scatte
18 TABLE 2 IS tabulated while counting Lacroix Bog. Numbers of pollen grains of shrubs and herbs tabulated while counting the stated number of tree pollens.
Pteridophytes Shrubs Herbaceous plants Pteridophytes j
'". IS 1: '" '" " . IS '" .c .. >. 0 c" E t .;:: >...... '" >. .," >. 0 c 0 '">. 0 >. 0 0 .c 0 0'" ..:l ~ .. " .. .. ~ ~ r.. Z ::;: ell U U l.:I ~ ;;:: ..:l c.:> U'" U U Z E O 0 ..:l 00'" ~ 54 Surf. 150 8 4 46 3 20 5 8 1 ~ --- 33 0'6" " 1 6 3 1 1 1 2 1 l' 2 3 3 1 2 2 5 1 1'6" 1 1 1 5 1 1 2'6" 1 2 2 1 - 10 3' 3 1 1 4' (; 2 3 2 3 13 5' 200 3 1 2 1 - 1 1 1 7 6' 150 2 3 2 7' 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 I 8' 2 4 ---- 2 1 1 1 1 1 -- - I 9' 2 2 1 3 1 2 1 10' 2 1 --- I 11 1 10'6" 1 3 1 22 1 1 1-- 1 11' 200 1 4 1 1 7 1 3 1 1 11'6" 150 3 2 1 1 12' 125 2 1 1 12 I I 1 13' 100 1 1 5 1 15' 75 5 -- 16'4" 100 2 2 2
1-- The cooler, moist pine-hemlock period is clearly accentuated as wel1 as the later beech-yel1ow birch interval. This yielded here also, to the second spruce fir peak. While birch shows a bimodal pattern, correlated somewhat with the 1 cooler spruce-fir period, it does not attain the importance in the forest complex indicated in the Mont Tremblant Park region. 2 - 15 3 - 64 ·2P In general, all five types of climate (Q.I-Q.5) expressed in the St. Lawrence valley, are present in the Gatineau val1ey forest history. The overall climate differed in that it favored white and red pine, and oak was a more prominent· c>undance in the lower pioneer genus than in other parts of Quebec. zger (5) for southem developed a prominent ,r the Jack Pine peak, DISCUSSION no doubt, the major The Ottawa valley with its tributary, the Gatineau valley, are located ma1l1 ly within Halliday's (4) forest areas LA, which he describes as the area where ore easterly stations on white pine probably reached its maximt1lTI development in Canada. To quote nosa to modern times, him, "Extensive areas within the section originally supported fine stands of white and red pine with a scattering of other species." This description fits very wel1
19 TABLE 3 Cieaver Lake Bog. Num Hobblety (teek Bog. Numbers of pollen grains of shrubs and herbs tabulated while counting the stated number of tree pollens. Shrubs Herbaceous Plants I Pteridophytes I .. ..c '"c "~ ~ .!J ~ ~ "0 "~ 's "0 ., ., E ... :J E :J 'i'" .. :J ~ .;;'" E c ... ., '" :J , : ., ~ " ~ ~ ~ " ., .. " "c " " C II :J " '" ..." ..c" " c 1: ..:J , ~ '":J '" " :l 'c >< ... =. :J "... ~'" c '3 1 :J'" " c " .;; ..c 's "c "... ..c" .. " o r: , ~ E Gi . r: E t .::" :: E ... E ..c ~ " 0 :-. ..c " " c z " ~ " " " '" .. " " ... :;J"" < roo" Z < II::" U " U" r:i " :;;'" >-l ~ U" U U" Z'" Eo<'" Q 0 >-l'" .:" "" '" Surf, " Surf. 150 3 1 6 16 1 1 1 - 1 10 - - - - 3 - 2'3" 150 4 2 0'6" 3 3 11 - - -- 2 - - - - 1 - ,. 3' 200 1 l' " ------4' " 2 2' " - --- 1 ------5' 150 1 3' 1 -- 1 1 ------2 6' 2 4' - - - 1 4 - 1 1 ------7' 200 1 1 5' 1 - 1 - -- 1 1 ------1 8' " --- 6' " 2 1 - - 1 -- 3 2 ------9' 2 - 7' -- - 1 -- - 1 1 ------1 - 10' 6 1 8' 2 ------2 ------11' 150 3 9' ------1 ------12' 200 7 I 10' 4 6 - 1 - - - 2 -- - 2 - - - 2 - 13' " I 11' 1 --- 1 - 1 1 - - 2 - - 1 - - - 13'6" 8 1 12' " 2 1 3 ------1 - - 2 14' 4 13' 200 3 1 ----- 1 - 2 - - 1 - I 15' 1 7 14' 150 2 - - - 1 -- 1 ------3 I 1 15'6" 1 4 15' 200 1 ------2 ------16' 150 2 8 16' --- 1 --- 1 - - - 1 - - - - 2 1 16'6" ,. 1 - 16'6" 150 1 --- 5 - - 3 8 ------17' ~ n- 17' 4 1 ------1 - - - - 18' 2 1 - 1 - - 2 2 2 - - - - 19' 1 - - - -- 3 2 - 1 5 1 - - - - 1 to 50°. Flight over th 20' " 2 2 - 2 -- 1 5 3 - 1 3 1 - - - - 3 21' 1 2 7 1 - 9 20 1 1 1 - 12 pine plays in the forest - - - - 15 21'6" 2 2 - 5 6 1 2 - that following the III 21'3" 85 - - - - - 1 -- - - - - - - 1 pine pressed southwar which is shown in the the records of the pollen profiles from the five bogs of that region. The five N) northward. This' pollen profiles also correlate favorably with those reported by Potzger and of the Gatineau valley. Courtemanche (7) from Newington, Alfred and St. Lin bogs. According to 46°, by the weak recov pollen records, this pine belt once extended much farther into the Laurentian One can hardly ~' upland, with significant abundance to Lat. 48°, On the Shield, the pine dom valley profiles. Dnfort! inance was depressed to insignificance at the close of the major xerothermic one or all species of a period, but not in the Gatineau valley region. There is a decrease of pine in If the pioneers migral the topmost half-foot of the peat, but this might well represent the disturbance Laurentian upland in I by man, as described by Halliday (4). By observation, it is very plain that the less abundant in numb region is still pine country,' and splendid stands of pine are rebuilding by Quercus rllbra, is faun secondary succession. The five climatic c Here, as in all of lower Quebec, Jack pine replaced the spruce-fir period. ( 5) and Potzger and This Jack pine dominance swept across Quebec to its present outpost at Lat. 49"
20 TABLE 4 Ceaver Lake Bog, Numbers of pollen grains of shrubs and herbs tabulated while counting lbs and herbs tabulated while the stated number of tree pollens,
~hrubs Herbaceous plants Pteridophytes I IDb I Pteridophytes I I .,.. '" .. ] 0 '"~ ".. 0 ~ 'S ., .. e ~ ;;'" :> ., ...... ';:;.. ~ e .. .. ~ e ~ Do 0 .~ ~ '" ..'" ...... :a ~ .;:; e .. '" .. 0 " '" ~ ~ .. ~ 0 " 0 .. '" " :a ~ ;J .. ~ .. 0 -= .. Q. '" '" ~ .. .. .:: " 0 "0 ... ~ ;;::" .~ 'E" '" 0 0 .." = '" .. 0 .." ., -= " t ... -= ~ .; .. .;:; '5 e'" e'" "e '" .. .. " '" ...... 0 -= 0 " 0 .::., ".. .. Gi 0" 0 " " .. .. " 0 .. .." " -= '" .. -= .. ~ '"e " '" e 0 " roo Z :<" \.l \.l t.1 ~ :;; -l e" \.l \.l \.l Z Eo<'" Q <5 ..;l .: .. ..~ ".. -= '" " '" " ..'" ~ Z Eo< ~ <5 -l .= " '" '" '"'" Surf. I ------3 - 2'3" 150 4 2 2 2 18 5 1 - - 11 1 : - - - - - 1 - 3' 200 1 - 1 8 2 2 13 3 ------3 3 - - - - 4' 2 - - - 4 3 8 1 ------1 1 - - - - 5' 150 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 ------8 - - - - 2 - 6' 2 3 3 1 5 1 ------7 - - - - 7' 200 1 1 - 3 2 4 1 - -- 1 - - - - 1 1 - - - - 1 - 8' - - - 1 2 - 2 1 ------1 - - - - 9' 2 1 1 - 2 1 ------1 - 10' 6 1 - 1 - - 2 - - 2 - 1 ------11' 150 3 ------1 - - 1 3 - - - -- I - - - - 12' 200 7 1 - - -- - 3 ------1 2 - - - 2 - 13' 1 ------2 ------l - - 1 - - - f 13'6" 8 1 - 1 1 7 1 1 - - - - - 1 - - 2 14' " 4 - - - - 2 2 1 1 - -- l - - - , I - 1 - 15' 1 7 1 4 1 2 ------3 - 1 1 15'6" 1 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 - - - - 16' 150 2 8 6 - 4 2 4 1 - - - - 1 1 - - - - - 2 1 16'6" 1 1 1 4 1 ------17' ::l f) f) 1
The five climatic changes and fluctuations (Q.l to Q.5) listed by Potzger aced the spruce-fir period. (5) and Potzger and Courtemanche (7) for southern Quebec and the St. present outpost at Lat. 49" 21 TABLE 5 the profiles from tl Brock Lake Bog. Numbers of pollen grains of shrubs and herbs tabulated while counting 6 inch level in the the stated number of tree pollens. influence of civilized Shrubs Herbaceous plants I Pteridophytes I .. Pollen freqm '"c .. "0 ~ ~ 50 miles in the Gal "0 e e ~ 'i'" c " '" c e c methods of pollen a '" " '"<:> '" .. c > " '" ~ " ~ '" :0 $ '"~ "c '" 0 .c 0 c 0 " '" '"c '" 0 '" c " '"c 1l c ~ '" '"c ~ c of the most importar :! c '" .;: 's c .c'" <:> <:> '" 0 '" ...'" ~ ~ e'" '" .c -'" =0 c B E "F: .;: >. .." .. e'" '">. e ... '" c <:> .. 0 0 >. .. .c 0 >. >. >. " ~ '" '" ~ :;, An initial warm per i>. Z :< !Xl U U ;; ~ ...:l '-' U'" U U Z ... 0 0 ...:l w'" Surf. 200 3 1 6 5 1 2 10 1 8 by highest abundant 2'6" 1 - 3 1 1 1 - - 1 - - cover with very 10\1 3' 150 1 - - - 4 - ------4 4' 200 3 3 2 2 3 1 - - -- - decided increase in , 5' 2 -- 2 4 2 2 - -- - - 1 - 1 _. 1 Pine (low oak peak) 6' " 2 1 - -- 1 1 3 ------12 7' -------- to negligible represe 8' 150 4 -- - 2 ------pine-spruce-fir-birch 9' 7 1 - 1 1 - 6 - 1 1 ------3 10' 2 -- 1 - - 1 - - _. ------The Gatineau valley 11'6" " 3 - - 1 - - 2 4 -- 2 - - - - - and the Mont Treml 12' 200 1 - - 4 6 ------10 12'6" 5 1 5 4 2 1 - 20 alone. )3' 6 1 3 - 8 2 - 1 1 - - - - - 59
Lawrence valley also left their imprint on the forest history of the Garineau The senior authOl valley. When one compares the profiles with those reported by Potzger and Eli Lilly Research Fa Courtemanche (6) from lakes and bogs of the Mont Tremblant area, some ance of Mr. Francis I differences stand out. Spruce and fir are less abundant, the hemlock peak has the field work and f, only half the prominence it indicates in the Mt. Tremblant area as far north of the Canadian lnte ~s Lac Monroe, and progressive decline of white and red pine is not apparent. for guiding in the trif When the native vegetation comes under the influence of civilized man, it is to sample the bog on I difficult to separate climatic control from physiographic influences. However, to the Mont TrembL in the Mont Tremblant region, undisturbed secondary succession after lumber ment, Province of Qu ing shows lack of reproduction by pine, suggesting continuence of climatic especially for providir factors which began to militate against pine long befol'e civilized man entered the picture. The excellent reproduction by pine observed in the Eagle Creek area suggests that pine here is still climatically favored. Halliday (4), however, I. ANTEVS, ERNST. ( says, "In spite of the previous dominance of these species (white and red pine) Geo!. 61:195-230. and the presence of intrusive conifers from the Boreal Forest region, the general 2. ERDTMAN, G. An i characteristic is that of a mixed forest, and the dominant or competitive asso ham Mass. 1943. ci;ltion is one of sugar maple, yellow birch, hemlock and white pine." Unfor 3. GEISLER, F. A nev tunately sugar maple is so underrepresented in pollen profiles that no conclusion versity Botanical Stl 4. HALLIDAY, W. E. D can be drawn about its importance in the forest cover. As stated above, the Resources, Forest Ser profiles suggest a climate favorable to pine. There is no doubt that pine tends to 5. POTZGER, J. E. Ni: be over-emphasized in pollen profiles, but not to the extent that it would be 401. 1953. ~levated from a minor to a major position. Particular reference is here made to 6. POTZGER, J. E., AND St. Lawrence Valley 22 the profiles from the Mont Tremblant area (6). The decline of pine at the 6 inch level in the Gatineau valley profiles is interpreted as representing the d herbs tabulated while counring influence of civilized man.
SUMMARY lanlo Pt.ridophYte. I Pollen frequencies in the deposits of five bogs covering a radius of about i1.. 0 50 miles in the Gatineau Valley of Quebec were determined by conventional e ~ ~ E methods of pollen analysis. It is concluded that the Gatineau Valley was one .~ .. :a" =~ ~ ""= Q "..= 0 of the most important routes for plant migration during early post-glacial times. 0 ~'" .. = '" 8'" c '... "e ... '" '" An initial warm period (similar to that of all southern Quebec) is suggested Q <5 ..:l ~ rJ).'" ;;> by highest abundance of oak in the first or second foot-level and pine forest 1 8 LO cover with very low spruce fir. Cooling climate followed soon, marked by a 4 decided increase in abundance of spruce. Succession is similar at all five bogs. 1- 1 - 1 1 Pine (low oak peak) to pine-spruce, to Jack pine, while spruce and fir decreased 12 to negligible representation, to white-red pine with minor hemlock peak, to pine-spruce-fir-birch which suggests cooling climate during the recent past. 1- 3 The Gatineal.l valley apparently differs climatically from all of southern Quebec 2 and the Mont TrembIam Park region, which can not be attributed to latitude ---- - 10 alone. 2 - - 20 I 1 \ - 59 ==-.2.= ACKNOWLEDGMENT rest histOry of the Gatineau The senior author acknowledges with gratitude the research grant from the Ise reported by Potzger and Eli Lilly Research Foundation, Indianapolis, Indiana, which provided the assist Mont Tremblant area, some ance of Mr. Francis Hueber. We express tbanks to Mr. Hueber for assistance in ldant, the hemlock peak has the field work and for preparation of the slides; to Mr. A. C. Dixon, forester Tremblant area as far north of the Canadian International Paper Co. at the Eagle Creek Depot, Maniwaki, Ind red pine is not apparent. for guiding in the trip to Cleaver Lake; to Mr. Berchmans Lacroix for permission uence of civilized man, it is to sample the Dog on his property; to Mr. Jules Milette for preparation of graphs; graphic influences. However, to the Mont Tremblam Biological Station of the Game and Fisheries Depart hry succession after lumber ment, Province of Quebec, for laboratory facilities and helpfulness in field work, ting continuence of climatic especially for providing transportation facilities. before civilized man entered observed in the Eagle Creek LITERATURE CITED
.ored. Halliday (4), however, l. ANTEVS. ERNST. Geochronology of the Degbcial and Neothermal Ages. Jour. species (white and red pine) Geo!' 6[:195-230. 1953. real Forest region, the general 2. ERDTM .... N, G. An introdUCtion to pollen analysis. Chronica Botanic. Co., \'Valt lominant or competitive asso ham Mass. 1943. 3. GEISLER, F. A new method of separating fossil pollen from pe'l[' Burler Uni oOck and white pine." Unfor versity Botanical Studies 3:141-149. 1935, len profiles that no conclus:on 4. H,\,LLIDAY, \'17. E. D. A forest classification for Canad,\. Can. Dept. Mines and cover. As stated above, the Resources, Forest Service, BulL 89. 1937. is no doubt that pine tends to 5. I'OTZGER, J. E. Nineteen bogs from southern Quebec. Can. J. Botany, 31:383 the extent that it would be 401. 1953. 6. PO'[ZGER,]. E., AND A. COURTEMA~CHF. A series of bogs across Quebec from the lar reference is here made to Sf. Lawrence Valley to J.lmes Bay. Can. Jour. Bot. 34:473-500. 1956. 23